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Gobry JJ, Bachwenkizi HS, Kimambo ON, Ngassapa FN, Kilulya KF. Occurrence of Harmful Algal Blooms in Freshwater Sources of Mindu and Nyumba ya Mungu Dams, Tanzania. J Toxicol 2023; 2023:5532962. [PMID: 37876836 PMCID: PMC10593555 DOI: 10.1155/2023/5532962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2023] [Revised: 09/05/2023] [Accepted: 09/13/2023] [Indexed: 10/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful algal blooms (HABs) pose a significant threat to aquatic ecosystems and human health due to the production of toxins. The identification and quantification of these toxins are crucial for water quality management decisions. This study used DNA analysis (PCR techniques) to identify toxin-producing strains and liquid-chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to quantify microcystins in samples from Mindu and Nyumba ya Mungu Dams in Tanzania. The results showed that HABs were detected in both dams. The BLAST results revealed that the 16S gene sequences of uncultured samples were very similar to an Antarctic cyanobacterium, Leptolyngbya sp, Anabaena sp, and Microcystis aeruginosa. Sequences of the cultured samples were most similar to Nodularia spumigena, Amazoninema brasiliense, Anabaena sp, and Microcystis aeruginosa. Further analyses showed that the nucleotide sequence similarity of uncultured isolates from this study and those from the GenBank ranged from 85 to 100%. For cultured isolates from this study and others from the GenBank, nucleotide identity ranged from 81 to 100%. The molecular identification of Microcystis aeruginosa confirmed the presence of HABs in both Mindu and Nyumba ya Mungu Dams in Tanzania. At Mindu Dam, the mean concentrations (± standard deviation) of microcystin-LR, -RR, and -YR were 1.08 ± 0.749 ppm, 0.120 ± 0.0211 ppm, and 1.37 ± 0.862 ppm, respectively. Similarly, at Nyumba ya Mungu Dam, the concentrations of microcystin-LR, -RR, and -YR were 1.07 ± 0.499 ppm, 0.124 ± 0.0224 ppm, and 0.961 ± 0.408 ppm, respectively. This paper represents the first application of PCR and LC-MS/MS to study microcystins in small freshwater reservoirs in Tanzania. This study confirms the presence of toxin-producing strains of Microcystis aeruginosa in both dams and also provides evidence of the occurrence of microcystins from these strains. These findings contribute in improving the monitoring of HABs contamination and their potential impact on water quality in Tanzanian reservoirs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josephine J. Gobry
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
- Department of Water Resources, Water Institute, P.O. Box 35059, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Hilda S. Bachwenkizi
- Tanzania Agricultural Research Institute, Mikocheni, P.O. Box 6226, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Offoro N. Kimambo
- Department of Geography & Environmental Studies, Sokoine University of Agriculture, Morogoro, Tanzania
| | - Faustin N. Ngassapa
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
| | - Kessy F. Kilulya
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural and Applied Science, University of Dar es Salaam, P.O. Box 35061, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
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2
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Ecological Dynamics of Broad- and Narrow-Host-Range Viruses Infecting the Bloom-Forming Toxic Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2023; 89:e0211122. [PMID: 36688685 PMCID: PMC9972985 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02111-22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is predicted to interact and coexist with diverse broad- and narrow-host-range viruses within a bloom; however, little is known about their affects on Microcystis population dynamics. Here, we developed a real-time PCR assay for the quantification of these viruses that have different host ranges. During the sampling period, total Microcystis abundance showed two peaks in May and August with a temporary decrease in June. The Microcystis population is largely divided into three phylotypes based on internal transcribed sequences (ITS; ITS types I to III). ITS I was the dominant phylotype (66% to 88%) except in June. Although the ITS II and III phylotypes were mostly less abundant, these phylotypes temporarily increased to approximately equivalent abundances of the ITS I population in June. During the same sampling period, the abundances of the broad-host-range virus MVGF_NODE331 increased from April to May and from July to October with a temporary decrease in June, in which its dynamics were in proportion to the increase of total Microcystis abundances regardless of changes in host ITS population composition. In contrast, the narrow-host-range viruses MVG_NODE620 and Ma-LMM01 were considerably less abundant than the broad-host-range virus and generally did not fluctuate in the environment. Considering that M. aeruginosa could increase the abundance and sustain the bloom under the prevalence of the broad-host-range virus, host abundant and diverse antiviral mechanisms might contribute to coexistence with its viruses. IMPORTANCE The bloom-forming toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa interacts with diverse broad- and narrow-host-range viruses. However, the dynamics of the Microcystis population (at the intraspecies level) and viruses with different host ranges remain unknown. Our real-time PCR assays unveiled that the broad-host-range virus gradually increased in abundance over the sampling period, in proportion to the increase in total Microcystis abundance regardless of changes in genotypic composition. The narrow-host-range viruses were considerably less abundant than the broad-host-range virus and did not generally fluctuate in the environment. The expansion and maintenance of the Microcystis bloom even under the increased infection by the broad-host-range virus suggested that highly abundant and diverse antiviral mechanisms allowed them to coexist with viruses under selective pressure. This paper expands our knowledge about the ecological dynamics of Microcystis viruses and provides potential insights into their coexistence with their host.
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Goshtasbi H, Atazadeh E, Movafeghi A. Polyphasic study of three cyanobacteria species from Kani Barazan international wetland in the northwest of Iran using morphological, molecular, biochemical, and bioinformatics approaches. Biologia (Bratisl) 2022. [DOI: 10.1007/s11756-021-00940-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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4
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Tee HS, Wood SA, Bouma-Gregson K, Lear G, Handley KM. Genome Streamlining, Plasticity, and Metabolic Versatility Distinguish Co-occurring Toxic and Nontoxic Cyanobacterial Strains of Microcoleus. mBio 2021; 12:e0223521. [PMID: 34700377 PMCID: PMC8546630 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02235-21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacterial bloom occurrences have increased worldwide due to climate change and eutrophication, causing nuisance and animal deaths. Species from the benthic cyanobacterial genus Microcoleus are ubiquitous and form thick mats in freshwater systems, such as rivers, that are sometimes toxic due to the production of potent neurotoxins (anatoxins). Anatoxin-producing (toxic) strains typically coexist with non-anatoxin-producing (nontoxic) strains in mats, although the reason for this is unclear. To determine the genetic mechanisms differentiating toxic and nontoxic Microcoleus, we sequenced and assembled genomes from 11 cultures and compared these to another 31 Microcoleus genomes. Average nucleotide identities (ANI) indicate that toxic and nontoxic strains are distinct species (ANI, <95%), and only 6% of genes are shared across all 42 genomes, suggesting a high level of genetic divergence among Microcoleus strains. Comparative genomics showed substantial genome streamlining in toxic strains and a potential dependency on external sources for thiamine and sucrose. Toxic and nontoxic strains are further differentiated by an additional set of putative nitrate transporter (nitrogen uptake) and cyanophycin (carbon and nitrogen storage) genes, respectively. These genes likely confer distinct competitive advantages based on nutrient availability and suggest nontoxic strains are more robust to nutrient fluctuations. Nontoxic strains also possess twice as many transposable elements, potentially facilitating greater genetic adaptation to environmental changes. Our results offer insights into the divergent evolution of Microcoleus strains and the potential for cooperative and competitive interactions that contribute to the co-occurrence of toxic and nontoxic species within mats. IMPORTANCE Microcoleus autumnalis, and closely related Microcoleus species, compose a geographically widespread group of freshwater benthic cyanobacteria. Canine deaths due to anatoxin-a poisoning, following exposure to toxic proliferations, have been reported globally. While Microcoleus proliferations are on the rise, the mechanisms underpinning competition between, or coexistence of, toxic and nontoxic strains are unknown. This study identifies substantial genetic differences between anatoxin-producing and non-anatoxin-producing strains, pointing to reduced metabolic flexibility in toxic strains, and potential dependence on cohabiting nontoxic strains. Results provide insights into the metabolic and evolutionary differences between toxic and nontoxic Microcoleus, which may assist in predicting and managing aquatic proliferations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hwee Sze Tee
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | | | - Keith Bouma-Gregson
- U.S. Geological Survey, California Water Science Center, Sacramento, California, USA
| | - Gavin Lear
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kim M. Handley
- School of Biological Sciences, The University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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5
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Drobac Backović D, Tokodi N, Marinović Z, Lujić J, Dulić T, Simić SB, Đorđević NB, Kitanović N, Šćekić I, Urbányi B, Meriluoto J, Svirčev Z. Cyanobacteria, cyanotoxins, and their histopathological effects on fish tissues in Fehérvárcsurgó reservoir, Hungary. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2021; 193:554. [PMID: 34357469 PMCID: PMC8346436 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-021-09324-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/17/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are important members of lake plankton, but they have the ability to form blooms and produce cyanotoxins and thus cause a number of adverse effects. Freshwater ecosystems around the world have been investigated for the distribution of cyanobacteria and their toxins and the effects they have on the ecosystems. Similar research was performed on the Fehérvárcsurgó reservoir in Hungary during 2018. Cyanobacteria were present and blooming, and the highest abundance was recorded in July (2,822,000 cells/mL). The species present were Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, Microcystis flos-aquae, Microcystis wesenbergii, Cuspidothrix issatschenkoi, Dolichospermum flos-aquae, and Snowella litoralis. In July and September, the microcystin encoding gene mcyE and the saxitoxin encoding gene sxtG were amplified in the biomass samples. While a low concentration of microcystin-RR was found in one water sample from July, analyses of Abramis brama and Carassius gibelio caught from the reservoir did not show the presence of the investigated microcystins in the fish tissue. However, several histopathological changes, predominantly in gills and kidneys, were observed in the fish, and the damage was more severe during May and especially July, which coincides with the increase in cyanobacterial biomass during the summer months. Cyanobacteria may thus have adverse effects in this ecosystem.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damjana Drobac Backović
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nada Tokodi
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia.
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Laboratory of Metabolomics, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 7, 30387, Krakow, Poland.
| | - Zoran Marinović
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Department of Aquaculture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Jelena Lujić
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Reproductive Genomics, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Tamara Dulić
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Snežana B Simić
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena B Đorđević
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Kragujevac, Radoja Domanovića 12, 34000, Kragujevac, Serbia
| | - Nevena Kitanović
- Department of Aquaculture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Ilija Šćekić
- Department of Aquaculture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Béla Urbányi
- Department of Aquaculture, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Páter Károly u. 1, Gödöllő, 2100, Hungary
| | - Jussi Meriluoto
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - Zorica Svirčev
- Faculty of Sciences, Department of Biology and Ecology, University of Novi Sad, Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3, 21000, Novi Sad, Serbia
- Faculty of Science and Engineering, Biochemistry, Åbo Akademi University, Tykistökatu 6 A, 20520, Turku, Finland
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6
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Ballesteros I, Terán P, Guamán-Burneo C, González N, Cruz A, Castillejo P. DNA barcoding approach to characterize microalgae isolated from freshwater systems in Ecuador. NEOTROPICAL BIODIVERSITY 2021. [DOI: 10.1080/23766808.2021.1920296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ballesteros
- AgroScience & Food Research Group, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Paulina Terán
- AgroScience & Food Research Group, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | | | - Nory González
- AgroScience & Food Research Group, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Alejandra Cruz
- Ingeniería en Biotecnología. Facultad de Ingenierías y Ciencias Aplicadas, Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
| | - Pablo Castillejo
- Grupo de Investigación en Biodiversidad, Medio Ambiente y Salud (BIOMAS), Universidad de las Américas, Quito, Ecuador
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7
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Sidelev S, Zubishina A, Chernova E. Distribution of microcystin-producing genes in Microcystis colonies from some Russian freshwaters: Is there any correlation with morphospecies and colony size? Toxicon 2020; 184:136-142. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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Yuan J, Kim HJ, Filstrup CT, Guo B, Imerman P, Ensley S, Yoon KJ. Utility of a PCR-based method for rapid and specific detection of toxigenic Microcystis spp. in farm ponds. J Vet Diagn Invest 2020; 32:369-381. [PMID: 32306863 DOI: 10.1177/1040638720916156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microcystis is a widespread freshwater cyanobacterium that can produce microcystin, a potent hepatotoxin harmful to animals and humans. Therefore, it is crucial to monitor for the presence of toxigenic Microcystis spp. to provide early warning of potential microcystin contamination. Microscopy, which has been used traditionally to identify Microcystis spp., cannot differentiate toxigenic from non-toxigenic Microcystis. We developed a PCR-based method to detect toxigenic Microcystis spp. based on detection of the microcystin synthetase C (mcyC) gene and 16S rRNA gene. Specificity was validated against toxic and nontoxic M. aeruginosa strains, as well as 4 intergeneric freshwater cyanobacterial strains. Analytical sensitivity was as low as 747 fg/µL genomic DNA (or 3 cells/µL) for toxic M. aeruginosa. Furthermore, we tested 60 water samples from 4 farm ponds providing drinking water to swine facilities in the midwestern United States using this method. Although all water samples were positive for Microcystis spp. (i.e., 16S rRNA gene), toxigenic Microcystis spp. were detected in only 34 samples (57%). Seventeen water samples contained microcystin (0.1-9.1 μg/L) determined with liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry, of which 14 samples (82%) were positive for mcyC. A significant correlation was found between the presence of toxigenic Microcystis spp. and microcystin in water samples (p = 0.0004). Our PCR method can be a low-cost molecular tool for rapid and specific identification of toxigenic Microcystis spp. in farm ponds, improving detection of microcystin contamination, and ensuring water safety for farm animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yuan
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Hyun-Joong Kim
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Christopher T Filstrup
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Baoqing Guo
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Paula Imerman
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Steve Ensley
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
| | - Kyoung-Jin Yoon
- Departments of Veterinary Diagnostic and Production Animal Medicine (Yuan, Guo, Imerman, Ensley, Yoon), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Food Science and Human Nutrition (Kim), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Ecology, Evolution and Organismal Biology (Filstrup), Iowa State University, Ames, IA.,Current addresses: Department of Anatomy and Physiology, Kansas State University, Manhattan, KS (Ensley).,Department of Food Engineering, Mokpo National University, Muan, Republic of Korea (Kim).,Large Lakes Observatory and Minnesota Sea Grant, University of Minnesota-Duluth, Duluth, MN (Filstrup)
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Ninio S, Lupu A, Viner-Mozzini Y, Zohary T, Sukenik A. Multiannual variations in Microcystis bloom episodes - Temperature drives shift in species composition. HARMFUL ALGAE 2020; 92:101710. [PMID: 32113609 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2019.101710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2019] [Revised: 11/20/2019] [Accepted: 11/27/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are notorious for producing water blooms and for toxin formation. Toxic cyanobacterial blooms present an ever-increasing serious threat to both the quality of drinking water and recreational uses and severely disrupt aquatic ecosystems, worldwide. In many cases, such blooms are dominated by toxic Microcystis sp. that produce a family of structurally similar hepatotoxins, known as microcystins (MCs). Here we present a retrospective analysis of Microcystis seasonal blooms from Lake Kinneret (Sea of Galilee, Israel) indicating that the population is composed of at least 25 different genotypes and two different chemo-types, whose relative abundance changes over decades. Based on a long-term record of biotic and abiotic parameters and laboratory experiments we propose that minor increase in water temperature, but not in salinity, may affect Microcystis community structure by changing the relative abundance of species/strains from toxic to less or non-toxic species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shira Ninio
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KLL) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), P.O.Box 447, Migdal, 49500, Israel
| | - Achsa Lupu
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KLL) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), P.O.Box 447, Migdal, 49500, Israel
| | - Yehudit Viner-Mozzini
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KLL) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), P.O.Box 447, Migdal, 49500, Israel
| | - Tamar Zohary
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KLL) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), P.O.Box 447, Migdal, 49500, Israel
| | - Assaf Sukenik
- Kinneret Limnological Laboratory (KLL) Israel Oceanographic and Limnological Research (IOLR), P.O.Box 447, Migdal, 49500, Israel.
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10
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Cooccurrence of Broad- and Narrow-Host-Range Viruses Infecting the Bloom-Forming Toxic Cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Appl Environ Microbiol 2019; 85:AEM.01170-19. [PMID: 31324627 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01170-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Viruses play important roles in regulating the abundance and composition of bacterial populations in aquatic ecosystems. The bloom-forming toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa is predicted to interact with diverse cyanoviruses, resulting in Microcystis population diversification. However, current knowledge of the genomes from these viruses and their infection programs is limited to those of Microcystis virus Ma-LMM01. Here, we performed a time series sampling at a small pond in Japan during a Microcystis bloom and then investigated the genomic information and transcriptional dynamics of Microcystis-interacting viruses using metagenomic and metatranscriptomic approaches. We identified 15 viral genomic fragments classified into three groups, groups I (including Ma-LMM01), II (high abundance and transcriptional activity), and III (new lineages). According to the phylogenetic distribution of Microcystis strains possessing spacers against each viral group, the group II-original viruses interacted with all three phylogenetically distinct Microcystis population types (phylotypes), whereas the groups I and III-original viruses interacted with only one or two phylotypes, indicating the cooccurrence of broad- (group II) and narrow (groups I and III)-host-range viruses in the bloom. These viral fragments showed the highest transcriptional levels during daytime regardless of their genomic differences. Interestingly, M. aeruginosa expressed antiviral defense genes in the environment, unlike what was seen with an Ma-LMM01 infection in a previous culture experiment. Given that broad-host-range viruses often induce antiviral responses within alternative hosts, our findings suggest that such antiviral responses might inhibit viral multiplication, mainly that of broad-host-range viruses like those in group II.IMPORTANCE The bloom-forming toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa is thought to have diversified its population through the interactions between host and viruses in antiviral defense systems. However, current knowledge of viral genomes and infection programs is limited to those of Microcystis virus Ma-LMM01, which was a narrow host range in which it can escape from the highly abundant host defense systems. Our metagenomic approaches unveiled the cooccurrence of narrow- and broad-host-range Microcystis viruses, which included fifteen viral genomic fragments from Microcystis blooms that were classified into three groups. Interestingly, Microcystis antiviral defense genes were expressed against viral infection in the environment, unlike what was seen in a culture experiment with Ma-LMM01. Given that viruses with a broad host range often induce antiviral responses within alternative hosts, our findings suggest that antiviral responses inhibit viral reproduction, especially that of broad-range viruses like those in group II. This paper augments our understanding of the interactions between M. aeruginosa and its viruses and fills an important knowledge gap.
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11
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Pérez-Carrascal OM, Terrat Y, Giani A, Fortin N, Greer CW, Tromas N, Shapiro BJ. Coherence of Microcystis species revealed through population genomics. ISME JOURNAL 2019; 13:2887-2900. [PMID: 31363173 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-019-0481-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 06/05/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis is a genus of freshwater cyanobacteria, which causes harmful blooms in ecosystems worldwide. Some Microcystis strains produce harmful toxins such as microcystin, impacting drinking water quality. Microcystis colony morphology, rather than genetic similarity, is often used to classify Microcystis into morphospecies. Yet colony morphology is a plastic trait, which can change depending on environmental and laboratory culture conditions, and is thus an inadequate criterion for species delineation. Furthermore, Microcystis populations are thought to disperse globally and constitute a homogeneous gene pool. However, this assertion is based on relatively incomplete characterization of Microcystis genomic diversity. To better understand these issues, we performed a population genomic analysis of 33 newly sequenced genomes mainly from Canada and Brazil. We identified 17 Microcystis clusters of genomic similarity, five of which correspond to monophyletic clades containing at least three newly sequenced genomes. Four out of these five clades match to named morphospecies. Notably, M. aeruginosa is paraphyletic, distributed across 12 genomic clusters, suggesting it is not a coherent species. A few clades of closely related isolates are specific to a unique geographic location, suggesting biogeographic structure over relatively short evolutionary time scales. Higher homologous recombination rates within than between clades further suggest that monophyletic groups might adhere to a Biological Species-like concept, in which barriers to gene flow maintain species distinctness. However, certain genes-including some involved in microcystin and micropeptin biosynthesis-are recombined between monophyletic groups in the same geographic location, suggesting local adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Yves Terrat
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
| | - Alessandra Giani
- Federal University of Minas Gerais, Belo Horizonte, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | | | - Nicolas Tromas
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada.
| | - B Jesse Shapiro
- Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, QC, Canada
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12
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Riba M, Kiss-Szikszai A, Gonda S, Boros G, Vitál Z, Borsodi AK, Krett G, Borics G, Ujvárosi AZ, Vasas G. Microcystis Chemotype Diversity in the Alimentary Tract of Bigheaded Carp. Toxins (Basel) 2019; 11:toxins11050288. [PMID: 31121822 PMCID: PMC6563263 DOI: 10.3390/toxins11050288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Most cyanobacterial organisms included in the genus Microcystis can produce a wide repertoire of secondary metabolites. In the mid-2010s, summer cyanobacterial blooms of Microcystis sp. occurred regularly in Lake Balaton. During this period, we investigated how the alimentary tract of filter-feeding bigheaded carps could deliver different chemotypes of viable cyanobacteria with specific peptide patterns. Twenty-five Microcystis strains were isolated from pelagic plankton samples (14 samples) and the hindguts of bigheaded carp (11 samples), and three bloom samples were collected from the scums of cyanobacterial blooms. An LC-MS/MS-based untargeted approach was used to analyze peptide patterns, which identified 36 anabaenopeptin, 17 microginin, and 13 microcystin variants. Heat map clustering visualization was used to compare the identified chemotypes. A lack of separation was observed in peptide patterns of Microcystis that originated from hindguts, water samples, and bloom-samples. Except for 13 peptides, all other congeners were detected from the viable and cultivated chemotypes of bigheaded carp. This finding suggests that the alimentary tract of bigheaded carps is not simply an extreme habitat, but may also supply the cyanobacterial strains that represent the pelagic chemotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milán Riba
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Attila Kiss-Szikszai
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Sándor Gonda
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Boros
- Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Zoltán Vitál
- Balaton Limnological Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, H-8237 Tihany, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Kériné Borsodi
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
- Danube Research Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gergely Krett
- Department of Microbiology, ELTE Eötvös Loránd University, H-1117 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Borics
- Danube Research Institute, MTA Centre for Ecological Research, H-1113 Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Andrea Zsuzsanna Ujvárosi
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
| | - Gábor Vasas
- Department of Botany, Institute of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, H-4032 Debrecen, Hungary.
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13
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Le Manach S, Duval C, Marie A, Djediat C, Catherine A, Edery M, Bernard C, Marie B. Global Metabolomic Characterizations of Microcystis spp. Highlights Clonal Diversity in Natural Bloom-Forming Populations and Expands Metabolite Structural Diversity. Front Microbiol 2019; 10:791. [PMID: 31057509 PMCID: PMC6477967 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2019.00791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are photosynthetic prokaryotes capable of synthesizing a large variety of secondary metabolites that exhibit significant bioactivity or toxicity. Microcystis constitutes one of the most common cyanobacterial genera, forming the intensive blooms that nowadays arise in freshwater ecosystems worldwide. Species in this genus can produce numerous cyanotoxins (i.e., toxic cyanobacterial metabolites), which can be harmful to human health and aquatic organisms. To better understand variations in cyanotoxin production between clones of Microcystis species, we investigated the diversity of 24 strains isolated from the same blooms or from different populations in various geographical areas. Strains were compared by genotyping with 16S-ITS fragment sequencing and metabolite chemotyping using LC ESI-qTOF mass spectrometry. While genotyping can help to discriminate among different species, the global metabolome analysis revealed clearly discriminating molecular profiles among strains. These profiles could be clustered primarily according to their global metabolite content, then according to their genotype, and finally according to their sampling location. A global molecular network of all metabolites produced by Microcystis species highlights the production of a wide set of chemically diverse metabolites, including a few microcystins, many aeruginosins, microginins, cyanopeptolins, and anabaenopeptins, together with a large set of unknown molecules. These components, which constitute the molecular biodiversity of Microcystis species, still need to be investigated in terms of their structure and potential bioactivites (e.g., toxicity).
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Affiliation(s)
- Séverine Le Manach
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Charlotte Duval
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Arul Marie
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Chakib Djediat
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Arnaud Catherine
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Marc Edery
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Cécile Bernard
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
| | - Benjamin Marie
- UMR 7245 MNHN/CNRS Molécules de Communication et Adaptation des Micro-organismes, Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle, Paris, France
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14
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Li H, Alsanea A, Barber M, Goel R. High-throughput DNA sequencing reveals the dominance of pico- and other filamentous cyanobacteria in an urban freshwater Lake. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 661:465-480. [PMID: 30677691 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.01.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The current study presents findings related to algal blooms in a fresh water lake, which has been experiencing severe cyanobacterial blooms (CyanoHABs). Primarily, picocyanobacteria belonging to the genus Synechococcus and filamentous cyanobacterial group belonging to Aphanizomenon and Dolichospermum dominated top water column during non-bloom and bloom periods respectively. The dominance of Synechococcus in early summer informs that blooming in Utah Lake starts in early summer and then later is taken over by other bloom-forming cyanobacteria, such as species belonging to the genus Aphanizomenon. A strong negative correlation (r = -0.9, p < 0.001) was found between the occurrence of Aphanizomenon and Synechococcus which correlates very well with the fact that the blooms of these two different cyanobacteria never coexisted. The predominance of cyanobacteria in 2017 was attributed more to temperature (r = 0.18, p < 0.001). The Actinobacteria was negatively correlated with primary production and high chlorophyll a concentration. Flavobacterium and Limnohabitans were the main phytoplankton colonizers and predators detected that could secrete extracellular enzymes to degrade algal exudates (such as proteins and polysaccharides). Additionally, cyanotoxins producers Microcystis aeruginosa and Planktothrix accounted for up to 12.43% and 7.04% of total cyanobacteria abundance during blooms. The relative abundance of chloroplast reads was overall lower than the cyanobacteria reads, except for the May 5th sampling in 2017. There was inter-annual variability in the bloom-associated heterotrophic bacterial populations, but these populations were consistent with bloom-associated bacterial populations found in other lakes. Community diversity analysis for both Shannon and Simpson indices indicated lower community diversity during the bloom period. The beta diversity conducted by PCoA and UPGMA trees suggested the significant temporal rather than spatial impacts on shaping the phytoplankton community structures during the summer season.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanyan Li
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Anwar Alsanea
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Michael Barber
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA
| | - Ramesh Goel
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Utah, UT, USA.
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15
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Gu Y, Gao X, Jiang Y, Peng X, Li R. Molecular characterization and toxin quantification of Microcystis panniformis: A microcystin producer in Lake Taihu, China. J Environ Sci (China) 2019; 76:359-367. [PMID: 30528027 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2018.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2017] [Revised: 05/23/2018] [Accepted: 05/24/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Microcystis panniformis is a bloom forming species with flat panniform-like colonies. This species was recently found in Lake Taihu, China. To specifically characterize M. panniformis based on isolated strains, morphological examination on colonial transition and genetic examination are needed. Three M. panniformis strains isolated from a water bloom sample in Lake Taihu were characterized by molecular analysis and toxin quantification. Phylogenetic analysis based on both 16S rRNA gene and internal transcribed spacer (ITS) between 16S and 23S rRNA genes were performed and compared to facilitate easy identification of the species. Relatively high similarities (98%-99%) were shown in 16S rDNA sequences between the strains of M. panniformis and those of other Microcystis species, whereas the similarities for ITS sequences were 88%-95%. In the phylogenetic tree based on the 16S rDNA sequences, the M. panniformis and M. aeruginosa strains were intermixed together with no clear division, whereas all of the M. panniformis strains were clustered together in a single clade based on the ITS sequences based phylogenyetic tree. The mcyE gene was detected in all three strains, and microcystin was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The molecular detection and toxin production of M. panniformis strains are of great significance for the environmental risk assessment of Microcystis blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yilu Gu
- Key laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China; Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan.
| | - Xiaofeng Gao
- Department of Urban Engineering, The University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- School of Environmental Studies, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China
| | - Xin Peng
- Key laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China
| | - Renhui Li
- Key laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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16
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Li M, Xiao M, Zhang P, Hamilton DP. Morphospecies-dependent disaggregation of colonies of the cyanobacterium Microcystis under high turbulent mixing. WATER RESEARCH 2018; 141:340-348. [PMID: 29804020 DOI: 10.1016/j.watres.2018.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/10/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Preventing formation of large colonies and reducing colony size of the cyanobacterium Microcystis may lead to reductions in bloom formation. Here we investigated the effects of artificial mixing on morphology and disaggregation dynamics of Microcystis colonies in vivo, using a stirring device and a laser particle analyzer. The turbulent dissipation rate (ε) was varied from 0.020 to 0.364 m2 s-3. We hypothesized that colonies of M. aeruginosa and M. ichthyoblabe would be more susceptible to disaggregation from turbulent mixing than colonies of M. wesenbergii. Our results showed that colony size of M. aeruginosa and M. ichthyoblabe decreased with increased turbulence intensity and duration of stirring for ε > 0.094 m2 s-3, while M. wesenbergii showed less obvious changes in colony size with mixing. Spherical M. wesenbergii colonies exposed to high turbulence intensities for 30 min gradually transitioned to colony morphologies similar to M. ichthyoblabe and M. aeruginosa-like colonies (irregular, elongated or lobed, with distinct holes). Our results suggest that turbulent mixing is an important factor driving morphological changes of Microcystis colonies, and artificial mixing may effectively reduce colony size of Microcystis, thereby preventing bloom formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A & F University, Yangling 712100, PR China; Collaborative Innovation Center of Water Security for Water Source Region of Mid-line of South-to-North Diversion Project, Nanyang Normal University, Nanyang, 473061, PR China.
| | - Man Xiao
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia; School of Environment, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
| | - Pei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Hydrology-Water Resources and Hydraulic Engineering, Hohai University, Nanjing, 210098, PR China; School of Civil Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - David P Hamilton
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, QLD 4111, Australia
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17
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Xiao M, Li M, Reynolds CS. Colony formation in the cyanobacterium
Microcystis. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2018; 93:1399-1420. [DOI: 10.1111/brv.12401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 176] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 01/16/2018] [Accepted: 01/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Man Xiao
- College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A & F University Yangling 712100 China
- Australian Rivers Institute, School of Environment and Science Griffith University Nathan Queensland 4111 Australia
| | - Ming Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment Northwest A & F University Yangling 712100 China
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18
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Meyer KA, Davis TW, Watson SB, Denef VJ, Berry MA, Dick GJ. Genome sequences of lower Great Lakes Microcystis sp. reveal strain-specific genes that are present and expressed in western Lake Erie blooms. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183859. [PMID: 29020009 PMCID: PMC5647855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Blooms of the potentially toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis are increasing worldwide. In the Laurentian Great Lakes they pose major socioeconomic, ecological, and human health threats, particularly in western Lake Erie. However, the interpretation of "omics" data is constrained by the highly variable genome of Microcystis and the small number of reference genome sequences from strains isolated from the Great Lakes. To address this, we sequenced two Microcystis isolates from Lake Erie (Microcystis aeruginosa LE3 and M. wesenbergii LE013-01) and one from upstream Lake St. Clair (M. cf aeruginosa LSC13-02), and compared these data to the genomes of seventeen Microcystis spp. from across the globe as well as one metagenome and seven metatranscriptomes from a 2014 Lake Erie Microcystis bloom. For the publically available strains analyzed, the core genome is ~1900 genes, representing ~11% of total genes in the pan-genome and ~45% of each strain's genome. The flexible genome content was related to Microcystis subclades defined by phylogenetic analysis of both housekeeping genes and total core genes. To our knowledge this is the first evidence that the flexible genome is linked to the core genome of the Microcystis species complex. The majority of strain-specific genes were present and expressed in bloom communities in Lake Erie. Roughly 8% of these genes from the lower Great Lakes are involved in genome plasticity (rapid gain, loss, or rearrangement of genes) and resistance to foreign genetic elements (such as CRISPR-Cas systems). Intriguingly, strain-specific genes from Microcystis cultured from around the world were also present and expressed in the Lake Erie blooms, suggesting that the Microcystis pangenome is truly global. The presence and expression of flexible genes, including strain-specific genes, suggests that strain-level genomic diversity may be important in maintaining Microcystis abundance during bloom events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Anthony Meyer
- Cooperative Institute for Great Lakes Research (CIGLR), University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Timothy W. Davis
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory, Ann Arbor, MI, United
States of America
| | - Susan B. Watson
- Environment and Climate Change Canada, Burlington, ON,
Canada
| | - Vincent J. Denef
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Michelle A. Berry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
| | - Gregory J. Dick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, MI, United States of America
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19
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Capelli C, Ballot A, Cerasino L, Papini A, Salmaso N. Biogeography of bloom-forming microcystin producing and non-toxigenic populations of Dolichospermum lemmermannii (Cyanobacteria). HARMFUL ALGAE 2017; 67:1-12. [PMID: 28755712 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2017.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2016] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In the last decades, the cyanobacterium Dolichospermum lemmermannii showed an increasing spread to Southern Europe, raising serious concerns due to its ability to produce cyanotoxins. The widening of its geographic distribution and the observation of strains showing high optimum temperature underline its ecological heterogeneity, suggesting the existence of different ecotypes. To investigate its biogeography, new isolates from different European water bodies, together with strains maintained by the Norwegian Institute for Water Research Culture Collection of Algae, were genetically characterised for the 16S rRNA gene and compared with strains obtained from public repositories. Geographic distance highly influenced the differentiation of genotypes, further suggesting the concurrent role of geographic isolation, physical barriers and environmental factors in promoting the establishment of phylogenetic lineages adapted to specific habitats. Differences among populations were also examined by morphological analysis and evaluating the toxic potential of single strains, which revealed the exclusive ability of North European strains to produce microcystins, whereas the populations in Southern Europe tested negative for a wide range of cyanotoxins. The high dispersion ability and the existence of toxic genotypes indicate the possible spread of harmful blooms in other temperate regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilla Capelli
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy; Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy.
| | - Andreas Ballot
- Norwegian Institute for Water Research (NIVA), Gaustadalléen 21, 0349 Oslo, Norway
| | - Leonardo Cerasino
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
| | - Alessio Papini
- Department of Biology, University of Florence, Via Madonna del Piano 6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Firenze, Italy
| | - Nico Salmaso
- Research and Innovation Centre, Fondazione Edmund Mach, Via E. Mach 1, 38010 San Michele all'Adige, TN, Italy
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20
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A qPCR-Based Tool to Diagnose the Presence of Harmful Cyanobacteria and Cyanotoxins in Drinking Water Sources. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:ijerph14050547. [PMID: 28531121 PMCID: PMC5451997 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14050547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Revised: 05/14/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Harmful cyanobacteria have been an important concern for drinking water quality for quite some time, as they may produce cyanotoxins and odorants. Microcystis and Cylindrospermopsis are two common harmful cyanobacterial genera detected in freshwater lakes and reservoirs, with microcystins (MCs) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) as their important metabolites, respectively. In this study, two sets of duplex qPCR systems were developed, one for quantifying potentially-toxigenic Microcystis and Microcystis, and the other one for cylindrospermopsin-producing cyanobacteria and Cylindrospermopsis. The duplex qPCR systems were developed and validated in the laboratory by using 338 samples collected from 29 reservoirs in Taiwan and her offshore islands. Results show that cell numbers of Microcystis and Cylindorspermopsis enumerated with microscopy, and MCs and CYN concentrations measured with the enzyme-linked immuno-sorbent assay method, correlated well with their corresponding gene copies determined with the qPCR systems (range of coefficients of determination R2 = 0.392−0.740). The developed qPCR approach may serve as a useful tool for the water industry to diagnose the presence of harmful cyanobacteria and the potential presence of cyanotoxins in source waters.
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21
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Berry MA, White JD, Davis TW, Jain S, Johengen TH, Dick GJ, Sarnelle O, Denef VJ. Are Oligotypes Meaningful Ecological and Phylogenetic Units? A Case Study of Microcystis in Freshwater Lakes. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:365. [PMID: 28337183 PMCID: PMC5341627 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.00365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Oligotyping is a computational method used to increase the resolution of marker gene microbiome studies. Although oligotyping can distinguish highly similar sequence variants, the resulting units are not necessarily phylogenetically and ecologically informative due to limitations of the selected marker gene. In this perspective, we examine how oligotyping data is interpreted in recent literature, and we illustrate some of the method’s constraints with a case study of the harmful bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis. We identified three Microcystis oligotypes from a western Lake Erie bacterial community 16S rRNA gene (V4 region) survey that had previously clustered into one OTU. We found the same three oligotypes and two additional sequence variants in 46 Microcystis cultures isolated from Michigan inland lakes spanning a trophic gradient. In Lake Erie, shifts in Microcystis oligotypes corresponded to spatial nutrient gradients and temporal transitions in bloom toxicity. In the cultures, Microcystis oligotypes showed preferential distributions for different trophic states, but genomic data revealed that the oligotypes identified in Lake Erie did not correspond to toxin gene presence. Thus, oligotypes could not be used for inferring toxic ecotypes. Most strikingly, Microcystis oligotypes were not monophyletic. Our study supports the utility of oligotyping for distinguishing sequence types along certain ecological features, while it stresses that 16S rRNA gene sequence types may not reflect ecologically or phylogenetically cohesive populations. Therefore, we recommend that studies employing oligotyping or related tools consider these caveats during data interpretation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle A Berry
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Jeffrey D White
- Department of Biology, Framingham State University Framingham, MA, USA
| | - Timothy W Davis
- NOAA Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Sunit Jain
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Thomas H Johengen
- Cooperative Institute for Limnology and Ecosystems Research, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Gregory J Dick
- Department of Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Orlando Sarnelle
- Department of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University East Lansing, MI, USA
| | - Vincent J Denef
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Michigan Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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22
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Liyanage HM, Magana Arachchi DN, Chandrasekaran NV. Genetic divergence among toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria of the dry zone of Sri Lanka. SPRINGERPLUS 2016; 5:2026. [PMID: 27995003 PMCID: PMC5125326 DOI: 10.1186/s40064-016-3680-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Accepted: 11/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Sri Lanka has rich cyanobacterial diversity, however, only few studies have been conducted to identify the potential toxin producers in water bodies used for human consumption. As the detection of cyanotoxin is vital in water quality management, a study was done by employing 16S rRNA gene to explore the genetic divergence, phylogenetic relationships and potential toxin producing cyanobacteria in reservoirs and well waters in the dry zone of Sri Lanka. Forty five, 16S rRNA gene sequences were assayed and phylogenetic tree was constructed. Among 45 isolates, 20 isolates were classified as unidentified cyanobacteria and considered as novel cyanobacterial genera. Of 25 identified isolates, seven isolates were identified up to species level. With 16S rRNA phylogeny, 20 unidentified cyanobacterial isolates were able to place on their taxonomic positions up to order level. Results revealed that water samples understudy had vast cyanobacterial diversity with potential microcystin (MC) and cylindrospermopsin (CYN) producers and eleven clusters clearly demonstrated five cyanobacterial orders with more than 90% similarity irrespective to their toxicity which showed the suitability of 16S rRNA gene for taxonomic differentiation. Sixteen isolates had the potential to produce MC and two isolates to produce CYN. Findings of the study confirm the rich cyanobacterial diversity and the divergence among the potential cyanotoxin producers in the dry zone water bodies of Sri Lanka.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harshini M Liyanage
- National Institute of Fundamental Studies (NIFS), Hantana Road, Kandy, 20000 Sri Lanka
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23
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Xu S, Sun Q, Zhou X, Tan X, Xiao M, Zhu W, Li M. Polysaccharide biosynthesis-related genes explain phenotype-genotype correlation of Microcystis colonies in Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu, China. Sci Rep 2016; 6:35551. [PMID: 27752091 PMCID: PMC5067575 DOI: 10.1038/srep35551] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2016] [Accepted: 09/30/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The 16S rDNA, 16S-23S rDNA-ITS, cpcBA-IGS, mcy gene and several polysaccharide biosynthesis-related genes (epsL and TagH) were analyzed along with the identification of the morphology of Microcystis colonies collected in Lake Taihu in 2014. M. wesenbergii colonies could be distinguished directly from other colonies using espL. TagH divided all of the samples into two clusters but failed to distinguish different phenotypes. Our results indicated that neither morphology nor molecular tools including 16S rDNA, 16S-23S ITS and cpcBA-IGS could distinguish toxic and non-toxic species among the identified Microcystis species. No obvious relationship was detected between the phenotypes of Microcystis and their genotypes using 16S, 16S-23S and cpcBA-IGS, but polysaccharide biosynthesis-related genes may distinguish the Microcystis phenotypes. Furthermore, the sequences of the polysaccharide biosynthesis-related genes (espL and TagH) extracted from Microcystis scums collected throughout 2015 was analyzed. Samples dominated by M. ichthyoblabe (60-100%) and M. wesenbergii (60-100%) were divided into different clade by both espL and TagH, respectively. Therefore, it was confirmed that M. wesenbergii and M. ichthyoblabe could be distinguished by the polysaccharide biosynthesis-related genes (espL and TagH). This study is of great significance in filling the gap between classification of molecular biology and the morphological taxonomy of Microcystis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shutu Xu
- College of Agronomy, Northwest A &F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.,College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A &F University, Yangling 712100, PR China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xiaohua Zhou
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Xiao Tan
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Man Xiao
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Qld 4111, Australia
| | - Wei Zhu
- College of Environment, Hohai University, Nanjing 210098, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- College of Resources and Environment, Northwest A &F University, Yangling 712100, PR China.,Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, PR China
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24
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Genetic characterization of Microcystis aeruginosa isolates from Portuguese freshwater systems. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:118. [PMID: 27263013 DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2063-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are microorganisms that pose a serious threat to the aquatic waterways through the production of dense blooms under eutrophic conditions and the release of toxic secondary metabolites-cyanotoxins. Within cyanobacteria, the colonial planktonic Microcystis aeruginosa is widely distributed in both fresh and brackish aquatic environments throughout the world being frequently observed in the Portuguese water systems. Apart from the well-established distribution of M. aeruginosa in Portugal, knowledge of its genetic diversity and population structure is unknown. Therefore, in this study twenty-seven strains were obtained from the North, Centre and South regions of Portugal and were subjected to extensive phylogenetic analyses using simultaneously four distinct genetic markers (16S rRNA, 16S-23S ITS, DNA gyrase subunit ß and cell division protein (ftsZ)) encompassing in total 2834 bp. With this work we characterized the phylogenetic relationship among the Portuguese strains, with the southern strains showing higher genetic structure relatively to the North and Centre strains. A total of fifteen genotypes were determined for M. aeruginosa in Portuguese water systems revealing a high genetic diversity. This is also the first study to report geographic variation on the population structure of the Portuguese M. aeruginosa.
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25
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Sun LW, Jiang WJ, Sato H, Kawachi M, Lu XW. Rapid Classification and Identification of Microcystis aeruginosa Strains Using MALDI-TOF MS and Polygenetic Analysis. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156275. [PMID: 27227555 PMCID: PMC4881969 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix-assisted laser desorption-ionization-time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) was used to establish a rapid, simple, and accurate method to differentiate among strains of Microcystis aeruginosa, one of the most prevalent types of bloom-forming cyanobacteria. M. aeruginosa NIES-843, for which a complete genome has been sequenced, was used to characterize ribosomal proteins as biomarkers and to optimize conditions for observing ribosomal proteins as major peaks in a given mass spectrum. Thirty-one of 52 ribosomal subunit proteins were detected and identified along the mass spectrum. Fifty-five strains of M. aeruginosa from different habitats were analyzed using MALDI-TOF MS; among these samples, different ribosomal protein types were observed. A polygenetic analysis was performed using an unweighted pair-group method with arithmetic means and different ribosomal protein types to classify the strains into five major clades. Two clades primarily contained toxic strains, and the other three clades contained exclusively non-toxic strains. This is the first study to differentiate cyanobacterial strains using MALDI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Wei Sun
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
- * E-mail: (LWS); (HS)
| | - Wen-Jing Jiang
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
| | - Hiroaki Sato
- Environmental Measurement Technology Group, Environmental Management Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
- * E-mail: (LWS); (HS)
| | - Masanobu Kawachi
- Biodiversity Resource Conservation Section, Center for Environmental Biology and Ecosystem Studies, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Xi-Wu Lu
- School of Energy & Environment, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China
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26
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Zhang JY, Guan R, Zhang HJ, Li H, Xiao P, Yu GL, Du L, Cao DM, Zhu BC, Li RH, Lu ZH. Complete genome sequence and genomic characterization of Microcystis panniformis FACHB 1757 by third-generation sequencing. Stand Genomic Sci 2016; 11:11. [PMID: 26823957 PMCID: PMC4730716 DOI: 10.1186/s40793-016-0130-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacterial genus Microcystis is well known as the main group that forms harmful blooms in water. A strain of Microcystis, M. panniformis FACHB1757, was isolated from Meiliang Bay of Lake Taihu in August 2011. The whole genome was sequenced using PacBio RS II sequencer with 48-fold coverage. The complete genome sequence with no gaps contained a 5,686,839 bp chromosome and a 38,683 bp plasmid, which coded for 6,519 and 49 proteins, respectively. Comparison with strains of M. aeruginosa and some other water bloom-forming cyanobacterial species revealed large-scale structure rearrangement and length variation at the genome level along with 36 genomic islands annotated genome-wide, which demonstrates high plasticity of the M. panniformis FACHB1757 genome and reveals that Microcystis has a flexible genome evolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun-Yi Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China.,Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuxi, 214121 China
| | - Rui Guan
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China
| | - Hu-Jun Zhang
- Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuxi, 214121 China
| | - Hua Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | - Peng Xiao
- Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Marine Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060 China
| | - Gong-Liang Yu
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | - Lei Du
- Nextomics Biosciences Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | - De-Min Cao
- Nextomics Biosciences Co., Ltd., Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | - Bing-Chuan Zhu
- Wuxi Environmental Monitoring Center, Wuxi, 214121 China
| | - Ren-Hui Li
- Institute of Hydrobiology, The Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, Hubei 430072 China
| | - Zu-Hong Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioelectronics, School of Biological Sciences and Medical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, 210096 China.,Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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27
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Hu L, Shan K, Lin L, Shen W, Huang L, Gan N, Song L. Multi-Year Assessment of Toxic Genotypes and Microcystin Concentration in Northern Lake Taihu, China. Toxins (Basel) 2016; 8:toxins8010023. [PMID: 26784229 PMCID: PMC4728545 DOI: 10.3390/toxins8010023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 01/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Lake Taihu is the third-largest freshwater lake in China and has been suffering from cyanobacterial blooms for over two decades. The northern part of the lake, Meiliang Bay, is known to be at high risk of dense and sustained Microcystis blooms and toxins. This study aimed to investigate and record the annual and seasonal dynamics of toxic genotype, Microcystis morphospecies succession and microcystin variation. It also aimed to find out the underlying driving factors influencing the dynamic changes. Microcystin (MC) and the Microcystis genotype were quantified using HPLC and quantitative real-time PCR, respectively. Our study, over three consecutive years, showed that the pattern of morphospecies succession was seasonally distinct and annually consistent. During the same period in 2012, 2013 and 2014, the average MC were, on dry weight basis, 733 μg·g−1, 844 μg·g−1, 870 μg·g−1, respectively. The proportion of toxic Microcystis accounted for 41%, 44% and 52%, respectively. Cell bound microcystin was found to correlate with the percentage of toxic Microcystis. Based on historical and current data, we conclude that annual bloom toxicity was relatively stable or possibly increased over the last decade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lili Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Kun Shan
- Institute of Electronic Information Technology, Chongqing Institute of Green and Intelligent Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chongqing 400714, China.
| | - Lizhou Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Wei Shen
- Changzhou Environmental Monitoring Center, Changzhou 213001, China.
| | - Licheng Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Nanqin Gan
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
| | - Lirong Song
- State Key Laboratory of Freshwater Ecology and Biotechnology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan 430072, China.
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28
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Li M, Peng Q, Xiao M. Using interval maxima regression (IMR) to determine environmental optima controlling Microcystis spp. growth in Lake Taihu. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 23:774-784. [PMID: 26336849 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-015-5313-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Fortnightly investigations at 12 sampling sites in Meiliang Bay and Gonghu Bay of Lake Taihu (China) were carried out from June to early November 2010. The relationship between abiotic factors and cell density of different Microcystis species was analyzed using the interval maxima regression (IMR) to determine the optimum temperature and nutrient concentrations for growth of different Microcystis species. Our results showed that cell density of all the Microcystis species increased along with the increase of water temperature, but Microcystis aeruginosa adapted to a wide range of temperatures. The optimum total dissolved nitrogen concentrations for M. aeruginosa, Microcystis wesenbergii, Microcystis ichthyoblabe, and unidentified Microcystis were 3.7, 2.0, 2.4, and 1.9 mg L(-1), respectively. The optimum total dissolved phosphorus concentrations for different species were M. wesenbergii (0.27 mg L(-1)) > M. aeruginosa (0.1 mg L(-1)) > M. ichthyoblabe (0.06 mg L(-1)) ≈ unidentified Microcystis, and the iron (Fe(3+)) concentrations were M. wesenbergii (0.73 mg L(-1)) > M. aeruginosa (0.42 mg L(-1)) > M. ichthyoblabe (0.35 mg L(-1)) > unidentified Microcystis (0.09 mg L(-1)). The above results suggest that if phosphorus concentration was reduced to 0.06 mg L(-1) or/and iron concentration was reduced to 0.35 mg L(-1) in Lake Taihu, the large colonial M. wesenbergii and M. aeruginosa would be replaced by small colonial M. ichthyoblabe and unidentified Microcystis. Thereafter, the intensity and frequency of the occurrence of Microcystis blooms would be reduced by changing Microcystis species composition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Li
- College of Natural Resources and Environment, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Plant Nutrition and the Agri-environment in Northwest China, Ministry of Agriculture, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiang Peng
- College of Food Science, Northwest A&F University, Yangling, 712100, People's Republic of China
| | - Man Xiao
- Australian Rivers Institute, Griffith University, Nathan, Queensland, 4111, Australia.
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29
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Song G, Jiang Y, Yu G, Li R. Genotypes of ITS region of rRNA in Microcystis (Cyanobacteria) populations in Erhai Lake (China) and their correlation with eutrophication level. J Basic Microbiol 2015; 55:1203-11. [PMID: 26098704 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201500080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies on spatiotemporal changes of Microcystis genotypes have shown that the existence and succession of dominant genotypes always occur in eutrophicated freshwater bodies. However, few studies have focused on the correlation between genotype composition and eutrophication level. In the present study, clone libraries of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rrn operon were sequenced from Microcystis populations in Erhai Lake, a subtropical plateau lake in the preliminary eutrophication stage. The genotype composition of the Microcystis populations was highly variable at spatiotemporal scales, and 473 ITS genotypes were identified from the 800 ITS sequences obtained. However, no significantly dominant ITS genotypes existed in the lake. Comparison of Erhai Lake with four major lakes in China, namely, Taihu, Chaohu, Gucheng, and Shijiu Lakes, showed that the Microcystis ITS genotypes and genetic diversity were negatively correlated with eutrophication level. Extensive comparison of the Microcystis ITS genotypes from waters worldwide revealed that 440 ITS genotypes were unique to Erhai Lake, and no obvious phylogenetic correlations can be detected among the dominant genotypes from different water bodies. The high genetic diversity of the Microcystis populations in Erhai Lake may have resulted from the effect of the early stage of eutrophication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gaofei Song
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Yongguang Jiang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China.,Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Marine Bio-resource and Eco-environment, College of Life Sciences, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, P.R. China
| | - Gongliang Yu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
| | - Renhui Li
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, P.R. China
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30
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Lee TA, Rollwagen-Bollens G, Bollens SM, Faber-Hammond JJ. Environmental influence on cyanobacteria abundance and microcystin toxin production in a shallow temperate lake. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2015; 114:318-325. [PMID: 25060409 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2014.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/08/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
The increasing frequency of harmful cyanobacterial blooms in freshwater systems is a commonly recognized problem due to detrimental effects on water quality. Vancouver Lake, a shallow, tidally influenced lake in the flood plain of the Columbia River within the city of Vancouver, WA, USA, has experienced numerous summertime cyanobacterial blooms, dominated by Aphanizomenon sp. and Anabaena sp. Cyanobacteria abundance and toxin (microcystin) levels have been monitored in this popular urban lake for several years; however, no previous studies have identified which cyanobacteria species produce toxins, nor analyzed how changes in environmental variables contribute to the fluctuations in toxic cyanobacteria populations. We used a suite of molecular techniques to analyze water samples from Vancouver Lake over two summer bloom cycles (2009 and 2010). Both intracellular and extracellular microcystin concentrations were measured using an ELISA kit. Intracellular microcystin concentrations exceeded WHO guidelines for recreational waters several times throughout the sampling period. PCR results demonstrated that Microcystis sp. was the sole microcystin-producing cyanobacteria species present in Vancouver Lake, although Microcystis sp. was rarely detected in microscopical counts. qPCR results indicated that the majority of the Microcystis sp. population contained the toxin-producing gene (mcyE), although Microcystis sp. abundance rarely exceeded 1 percent of overall cyanobacteria abundance. Non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) revealed that PO4-P was the main environmental variable influencing the abundance of toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria, as well as intracellular microcystin concentrations. Our study underscores the importance of using molecular genetic techniques, in addition to traditional microscopy, to assess the importance of less conspicuous species in the dynamics of harmful algal blooms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tammy A Lee
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA.
| | - Gretchen Rollwagen-Bollens
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Stephen M Bollens
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
| | - Joshua J Faber-Hammond
- School of the Environment, Washington State University, 14204 NE Salmon Creek Avenue, Vancouver, WA 98686, USA
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31
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Whole Genome Sequence of the Non-Microcystin-Producing Microcystis aeruginosa Strain NIES-44. GENOME ANNOUNCEMENTS 2015; 3:3/2/e00135-15. [PMID: 25792056 PMCID: PMC4384123 DOI: 10.1128/genomea.00135-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is a typical algal bloom-forming cyanobacterium. This report describes the whole-genome sequence of a non-microcystin-producing strain of Microcystis aeruginosa, NIES-44, which was isolated from a Japanese lake.
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32
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OKANO K, SUZUKI E, OHTA S, MIYATA N, TANI Y, OZAKI Y. Seasonal Changes in Cyanotoxin Microcystin and Toxic Cyanobacteria in Lake Hachiro. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.2965/jswe.38.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kunihiro OKANO
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Eiji SUZUKI
- Department of Biological Production, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Shiori OHTA
- Graduate School of Bioresource Sciences, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Naoyuki MIYATA
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University
| | - Yukinori TANI
- Department of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Yasuo OZAKI
- Department of Biological Environment, Akita Prefectural University
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33
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Morphospecies and genospecies of Microcystis during blooms in eutrophic Lake Taihu (China) in autumn. BIOCHEM SYST ECOL 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bse.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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34
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Moreira C, Spillane C, Fathalli A, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. African origin and europe-mediated global dispersal of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Curr Microbiol 2014; 69:628-33. [PMID: 24952206 DOI: 10.1007/s00284-014-0628-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is a bloom-forming cyanobacteria, which currently has a cosmopolitan distribution. Since M. aeruginosa can produce toxic compounds across all continents that it inhabits, it is of major public health relevance to assess its origin and dispersal. Thus, we conducted a worldwide study using 29 isolates representative of all the main continents, and used a concatenated genetic system for phylogenetic analyses consisting of four genetic markers (spanning ca. 3,485 bp). Our results support an early origin of M. aeruginosa in the African continent, with a subsequent dispersal to establish a second genetic pool in the European continent, from where M. aeruginosa then colonized the remaining continental regions. Our findings indicate that the European population has a cosmopolitan distribution, and is genetically closer to populations from Africa and North America. Our study also highlights the utility of using a concatenated dataset for phylogenetic inferences in cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Universidade do Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal
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35
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Kuno S, Sako Y, Yoshida T. Diversification of CRISPR within coexisting genotypes in a natural population of the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Microbiology (Reading) 2014; 160:903-916. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.073494-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) confers adaptive immunity against phages via sequence fragments (spacers) derived from mobile genetic elements (MGEs), thus serving as a memory of past host–phage co-evolution. To understand co-evolutionary dynamics in natural settings, we examined CRISPR diversity in 94 isolates of Microcystis aeruginosa from a small eutrophic pond. Fifty-two isolates possessed the CRISPR and were classified into 22 different CRISPR-related genotypes, suggesting stable coexistence of multiple genotypes with different phage susceptibility. Seven CRISPR-related genotypes showed variation of spacers at the leader-end of the CRISPR, indicating active spacer addition from MGEs. An abundant phylotype (based on the internal transcribed spacer of the rRNA gene) contained different CRISPR spacer genotypes with the same CRISPR-associated cas2 gene. These data suggest that selective phage infection and possibly plasmid transfer may contribute to maintenance of multiple genotypes of M. aeruginosa and that rapid co-evolution within a host–phage combination may be driven by increased contact frequency. Forty-two isolates lacked detectable CRISPR loci. Relative abundance of the CRISPR-lacking genotypes in the population suggests that CRISPR loss may be selected for enhanced genetic exchange.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sotaro Kuno
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Yoshihiko Sako
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
| | - Takashi Yoshida
- Graduate School of Agriculture, Kyoto University, Kitashirakawa-Oiwake, Sakyo-ku, Kyoto 606-8502, Japan
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36
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Estimating cyanobacteria community dynamics and its relationship with environmental factors. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2014; 11:1141-60. [PMID: 24448632 PMCID: PMC3924496 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph110101141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The cyanobacteria community dynamics in two eutrophic freshwater bodies (Tiegang Reservoir and Shiyan Reservoir) was studied with both a traditional microscopic counting method and a PCR-DGGE genotyping method. Results showed that cyanobacterium Phormidium tenue was the predominant species; twenty-six cyanobacteria species were identified in water samples collected from the two reservoirs, among which fourteen were identified with the morphological method and sixteen with the PCR-DGGE method. The cyanobacteria community composition analysis showed a seasonal fluctuation from July to December. The cyanobacteria population peaked in August in both reservoirs, with cell abundances of 3.78 × 108 cells L-1 and 1.92 × 108 cells L-1 in the Tiegang and Shiyan reservoirs, respectively. Canonical Correspondence Analysis (CCA) was applied to further investigate the correlation between cyanobacteria community dynamics and environmental factors. The result indicated that the cyanobacteria community dynamics was mostly correlated with pH, temperature and total nitrogen. This study demonstrated that data obtained from PCR-DGGE combined with a traditional morphological method could reflect cyanobacteria community dynamics and its correlation with environmental factors in eutrophic freshwater bodies.
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37
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Monchamp ME, Pick FR, Beisner BE, Maranger R. Nitrogen forms influence microcystin concentration and composition via changes in cyanobacterial community structure. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85573. [PMID: 24427318 PMCID: PMC3888438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The eutrophication of freshwaters is a global health concern as lakes with excess nutrients are often subject to toxic cyanobacterial blooms. Although phosphorus is considered the main element regulating cyanobacterial biomass, nitrogen (N) concentration and more specifically the availability of different N forms may influence the overall toxicity of blooms. In this study of three eutrophic lakes prone to cyanobacterial blooms, we examined the effects of nitrogen species and concentrations and other environmental factors in influencing cyanobacterial community structure, microcystin (MC) concentrations and MC congener composition. The identification of specific MC congeners was of particular interest as they vary widely in toxicity. Different nitrogen forms appeared to influence cyanobacterial community structure leading to corresponding effects on MC concentrations and composition. Total MC concentrations across the lakes were largely explained by a combination of abiotic factors: dissolved organic nitrogen, water temperature and ammonium, but Microcystis spp. biomass was overall the best predictor of MC concentrations. Environmental factors did not appear to affect MC congener composition directly but there were significant associations between specific MC congeners and particular species. Based on redundancy analyses (RDA), the relative biomass of Microcystis aeruginosa was associated with MC-RR, M. wesenbergii with MC-LA and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae with MC-YR. The latter two species are not generally considered capable of MC production. Total nitrogen, water temperature, ammonium and dissolved organic nitrogen influenced the cyanobacterial community structure, which in turn resulted in differences in the dominant MC congener and the overall toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marie-Eve Monchamp
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Frances R. Pick
- Center for Advanced Research in Environmental Genomics, Department of Biology, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Beatrix E. Beisner
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Department of Biological Sciences, University of Quebec at Montreal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
| | - Roxane Maranger
- Groupe de Recherche Interuniversitaire en Limnologie et en Environnement Aquatique (GRIL), Département de Sciences Biologiques, Université de Montréal, Montréal, Québec, Canada
- * E-mail:
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38
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Gkelis S, Zaoutsos N. Cyanotoxin occurrence and potentially toxin producing cyanobacteria in freshwaters of Greece: a multi-disciplinary approach. Toxicon 2013; 78:1-9. [PMID: 24275084 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxicon.2013.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria harmful algal blooms (or CyanoHABs) represent one of the most conspicuous waterborne microbial hazards in aquatic environments mostly due to the production of harmful secondary metabolites, known as cyanotoxins. In freshwaters of Greece only the presence of microcystins (MCs) has been reported despite the increasing occurrence of species able to produce other cyanotoxins too. In this paper, we studied the occurrence of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in water samples collected from six lakes and reservoirs in Greece. A multi-technique approach was applied by the use of microscopy, molecular, and immunological methods. Cyanobacteria were found in all the sites ranging from 4.7 × 10³ to 5.3 × 10⁸ individuals L⁻¹, representing >70% of the total phytoplankton abundance. Microcystins (MCs), cylindrospermopsins (CYNs), and saxitoxins (STXs) were detected using ELISA, in concentrations ranging from 3.9 to 108 μg L⁻¹, from 0.3 to 2.8 μg L⁻¹ and from 0.4 to 1.2 μg L⁻¹, respectively. In half of the samples examined more than one cyanotoxins were detected. Our results document the first report on the occurrence of CYN and STX in freshwaters of Greece and show that potential STX producers are Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Aphanizomenon flos-aquae. Further studies are needed to assess potential CYN producers. This study provides further data on the distribution and toxicity of C. raciborskii and Aph. flos-aquae and documents a C. raciborskii dominated bloom producing STX in Europe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyros Gkelis
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece.
| | - Nikos Zaoutsos
- Department of Botany, School of Biology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, GR-541 24 Thessaloniki, Greece
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Shukla E, Singh SS, Mishr AK. Fingerprinting and phylogeny of some heterocystous cyanobacteria using short tandemly repeated repetitive and highly iterated palindrome sequences. Microbiology (Reading) 2013. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026261714010123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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Moreira C, Vasconcelos V, Antunes A. Phylogeny and biogeography of cyanobacteria and their produced toxins. Mar Drugs 2013; 11:4350-69. [PMID: 24189276 PMCID: PMC3853732 DOI: 10.3390/md11114350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Phylogeny is an evolutionary reconstruction of the past relationships of DNA or protein sequences and it can further be used as a tool to assess population structuring, genetic diversity and biogeographic patterns. In the microbial world, the concept that everything is everywhere is widely accepted. However, it is much debated whether microbes are easily dispersed globally or whether they, like many macro-organisms, have historical biogeographies. Biogeography can be defined as the science that documents the spatial and temporal distribution of a given taxa in the environment at local, regional and continental scales. Speciation, extinction and dispersal are proposed to explain the generation of biogeographic patterns. Cyanobacteria are a diverse group of microorganisms that inhabit a wide range of ecological niches and are well known for their toxic secondary metabolite production. Knowledge of the evolution and dispersal of these microorganisms is still limited, and further research to understand such topics is imperative. Here, we provide a compilation of the most relevant information regarding these issues to better understand the present state of the art as a platform for future studies, and we highlight examples of both phylogenetic and biogeographic studies in non-symbiotic cyanobacteria and cyanotoxins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristiana Moreira
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.M.); (V.V.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Vitor Vasconcelos
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.M.); (V.V.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
| | - Agostinho Antunes
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas, 289, Porto 4050-123, Portugal; E-Mails: (C.M.); (V.V.)
- Biology Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Porto, Rua do Campo Alegre, Porto 4169-007, Portugal
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Ohbayashi K, Hodoki Y, Kobayashi Y, Okuda N, Nakano SI. Genotypic composition and the relationship between genotypic composition and geographical proximity of the cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa in western Japan. Can J Microbiol 2013; 59:266-72. [PMID: 23586751 DOI: 10.1139/cjm-2012-0724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Microcystis aeruginosa is one of the bloom-forming harmful algae in freshwater ecosystems. We genetically characterized Microcystis populations during bloom-forming periods in various reservoirs, lakes, and ponds in Japan during 2009. Using phylogenetic analysis, we evaluated the relationship between current genotype expansions and geographic location within western Japan and intraspecific variation. Microcystis aeruginosa colonies were isolated at 15 sites and were analyzed by sequencing the 16S-23S internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region of the ribosomal operon, and the potential to produce toxins was assessed by PCR-based detection of the microcystin synthetase gene mcyG. In total, 171 colonies were separated into 41 genotypes. The highest genotypic composition was detected in the south basin of Lake Biwa and the lowest in Lagoon Iba. Cluster analysis indicated no obvious association between genotypic composition and geographic distance. Thus, clear genetic differentiation accompanied by geographic origins was not found in western Japan. The resulting neighbor-joining tree revealed 3 clusters, 2 of which contained strains that showed both nonamplification and amplification of the mcyG gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kako Ohbayashi
- Center for Ecological Research, Kyoto University, Hirano, Otsu, Shiga 520-2113 Japan
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Yoshida-Takashima Y, Yoshida M, Ogata H, Nagasaki K, Hiroishi S, Yoshida T. Cyanophage infection in the bloom-forming cyanobacteria Microcystis aeruginosa in surface freshwater. Microbes Environ 2012; 27:350-5. [PMID: 23047146 PMCID: PMC4103541 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me12037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Host-like genes are often found in viral genomes. To date, multiple host-like genes involved in photosynthesis and the pentose phosphate pathway have been found in phages of marine cyanobacteria Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus. These gene products are predicted to redirect host metabolism to deoxynucleotide biosynthesis for phage replication while maintaining photosynthesis. A cyanophage, Ma-LMM01, infecting the toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa, was isolated from a eutrophic freshwater lake and assigned as a member of a new lineage of the Myoviridae family. The genome encodes a host-like NblA. Cyanobacterial NblA is known to be involved in the degradation of the major light harvesting complex, the phycobilisomes. Ma-LMM01 nblA gene showed an early expression pattern and was highly transcribed during phage infection. We speculate that the co-option of nblA into Microcystis phages provides a significant fitness advantage to phages by preventing photoinhibition during infection and possibly represents an important part of the co-evolutionary interactions between cyanobacteria and their phages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukari Yoshida-Takashima
- Subsurface Geobiology Advanced Research Team, Extremobiosphere Research Program, Institute of Biogeosciences, Japan Agency for Marine-Earth Science and Technology, 2–15 Natsushima-cho, Yokosuka, Kanagawa 237–0061, Japan
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Identification and enumeration of Microcystis using a sandwich hybridization assay. J Microbiol 2012; 50:186-90. [PMID: 22538645 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-012-1418-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Based on sequence analyses of phycocyanin intergenic spacers (PC-IGS) from Microcystis, Anabaena, Aphanizomenon, and Planktothrix (Oscillatoria) strains, a genus-specific probe pair TF/TR was designed, and a sandwich hybridization assay was established to quantitatively detect Microcystis. Through BLAST and cyanobacterial culture tests, TF/TR was demonstrated to be specific for Microcystis. A calibration curve for the sandwich hybridization assay was established, and the lowest detected concentration was 100 cell/ml. Laboratory and field samples were analyzed with both sandwich hybridization assay and microscopy. The biotic and abiotic components of the samples were of little disturbance to the sandwich hybridization assay. The results showed no distinct difference between the two methods. In this study, a sandwich hybridization assay was established to detect Microcystis, providing an alternative to traditional microscopic, morphology-based methods.
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Otten TG, Paerl HW. Phylogenetic inference of colony isolates comprising seasonal Microcystis blooms in Lake Taihu, China. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY 2011; 62:907-918. [PMID: 21667196 DOI: 10.1007/s00248-011-9884-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 05/20/2011] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
Blooms of the toxin-producing cyanobacterium, Microcystis spp., are an increasingly prevalent water quality problem and health hazard worldwide. China's third largest lake, Lake Taihu, has been experiencing progressively more severe Microcystis blooms over the past three decades. In 2009 and 2010, individual Microcystis colonies, consisting of four different morphospecies, were isolated and genotyped using a whole-cell multiplex PCR assay. The 16S-23S rDNA-ITS sequences were aligned based on Bayesian inference and indicated that one morphospecies was genetically unique (Microcystis wesenbergii) and three were indistinguishable (Microcystis aeruginosa, Microcystis flos-aquae, and Microcystis ichthyoblabe). Microcystin (mcyB) genes were detected intermittently in two of the morphospecies while the other two morphospecies lacked the mcyB gene in all samples. Water temperature was found to influence bloom formation and morphotype prevalence, and chlorophyll a and temperature were positively and significantly correlated with microcystin concentration. Cooler water temperatures promoted toxigenic strains of Microcystis. Wind appeared to influence the distribution of morphotypes across the lake, with M. aeruginosa and M. ichthyoblabe being more susceptible to wind stress than M. wesenbergii and M. flos-aquae. The results of this study indicated that the blooms were composed of a variety of Microcystis morphospecies, with more genotypes observed than can be attributed to individual morphotypes. We conclude that morphology is not a reliable indicator of toxigenicity in Lake Taihu, and caution should be exercised when the M. aeruginosa morphotype is present because it is capable of producing MC-LR, the most toxic microcystin isoform.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy G Otten
- Department of Environmental Sciences and Engineering, Institute of Marine Sciences, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 3431 Arendell St., Morehead City, NC 28557, USA.
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Gan N, Xiao Y, Zhu L, Wu Z, Liu J, Hu C, Song L. The role of microcystins in maintaining colonies of bloom-forming Microcystis spp. Environ Microbiol 2011; 14:730-42. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-2920.2011.02624.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/15/2022]
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Engene N, Rottacker EC, Kaštovský J, Byrum T, Choi H, Ellisman MH, Komárek J, Gerwick WH. Moorea producens gen. nov., sp. nov. and Moorea bouillonii comb. nov., tropical marine cyanobacteria rich in bioactive secondary metabolites. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2011; 62:1171-1178. [PMID: 21724952 DOI: 10.1099/ijs.0.033761-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The filamentous cyanobacterial genus Moorea gen. nov., described here under the provisions of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, is a cosmopolitan pan-tropical group abundant in the marine benthos. Members of the genus Moorea are photosynthetic (containing phycocyanin, phycoerythrin, allophycocyanin and chlorophyll a), but non-diazotrophic (lack heterocysts and nitrogenase reductase genes). The cells (discoid and 25-80 µm wide) are arranged in long filaments (<10 cm in length) and often form extensive mats or blooms in shallow water. The cells are surrounded by thick polysaccharide sheaths covered by a rich diversity of heterotrophic micro-organisms. A distinctive character of this genus is its extraordinarily rich production of bioactive secondary metabolites. This is matched by genomes rich in polyketide synthase and non-ribosomal peptide synthetase biosynthetic genes which are dedicated to secondary metabolism. The encoded natural products are sometimes responsible for harmful algae blooms and, due to morphological resemblance to the genus Lyngbya, this group has often been incorrectly cited in the literature. We here describe two species of the genus Moorea: Moorea producens sp. nov. (type species of the genus) with 3L(T) as the nomenclature type, and Moorea bouillonii comb. nov. with PNG5-198(R) as the nomenclature type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niclas Engene
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Erin C Rottacker
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jan Kaštovský
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - Tara Byrum
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Hyukjae Choi
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Mark H Ellisman
- National Center for Microscopy and Imaging Research, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Jiří Komárek
- Institute of Botany, Czech Academy of Science, Dukelská 135, Třeboň, Czech Republic.,Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic
| | - William H Gerwick
- Center for Marine Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, and the Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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van Gremberghe I, Leliaert F, Mergeay J, Vanormelingen P, Van der Gucht K, Debeer AE, Lacerot G, De Meester L, Vyverman W. Lack of phylogeographic structure in the freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa suggests global dispersal. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19561. [PMID: 21573169 PMCID: PMC3088681 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2010] [Accepted: 04/11/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Free-living microorganisms have long been assumed to have ubiquitous distributions with little biogeographic signature because they typically exhibit high dispersal potential and large population sizes. However, molecular data provide contrasting results and it is far from clear to what extent dispersal limitation determines geographic structuring of microbial populations. We aimed to determine biogeographical patterns of the bloom-forming freshwater cyanobacterium Microcystis aeruginosa. Being widely distributed on a global scale but patchily on a regional scale, this prokaryote is an ideal model organism to study microbial dispersal and biogeography. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS The phylogeography of M. aeruginosa was studied based on a dataset of 311 rDNA internal transcribed spacer (ITS) sequences sampled from six continents. Richness of ITS sequences was high (239 ITS types were detected). Genetic divergence among ITS types averaged 4% (maximum pairwise divergence was 13%). Preliminary analyses revealed nearly completely unresolved phylogenetic relationships and a lack of genetic structure among all sequences due to extensive homoplasy at multiple hypervariable sites. After correcting for this, still no clear phylogeographic structure was detected, and no pattern of isolation by distance was found on a global scale. Concomitantly, genetic differentiation among continents was marginal, whereas variation within continents was high and was mostly shared with all other continents. Similarly, no genetic structure across climate zones was detected. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE The high overall diversity and wide global distribution of common ITS types in combination with the lack of phylogeographic structure suggest that intercontinental dispersal of M. aeruginosa ITS types is not rare, and that this species might have a truly cosmopolitan distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ineke van Gremberghe
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Joachim Mergeay
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Research Institute for Nature and Forest, Geraardsbergen, Belgium
| | - Pieter Vanormelingen
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | - Ann-Eline Debeer
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Gissell Lacerot
- Department of Aquatic Ecology and Water Quality Management, Wageningen University, Wageningen, The Netherlands
- Facultad de Ciencias, Sección Limnología, Universidad de la República, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Luc De Meester
- Laboratory of Aquatic Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Laboratory of Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
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Fathalli A, Jenhani ABR, Moreira C, Welker M, Romdhane M, Antunes A, Vasconcelos V. Molecular and phylogenetic characterization of potentially toxic cyanobacteria in Tunisian freshwaters. Syst Appl Microbiol 2011; 34:303-10. [PMID: 21493030 DOI: 10.1016/j.syapm.2010.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2010] [Revised: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
This study presents a genetic characterization of 27 potentially toxic cyanobacterial strains isolated from seven reservoirs located in the north and centre of Tunisia. These strains belonged mainly to Microcystis aeruginosa, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii and Planktothrix agardhii species. Their toxicological potential was evaluated by molecular biology tools, which showed that none of the isolated strains carried segments of the gene cluster responsible for the production of cylindrospermopsin and saxitoxin. The majority of Microcystis isolates were able to synthesize microcystin, since they presented the six characteristic segments of the microcystin synthetase mcy cluster (mcyA, -B, -C, -D, -E and -G). This was further confirmed by MALDI-TOF analysis that showed the presence of eight microcystin variants, including microcystin-LR. The taxonomic identification of the strains was assessed based on the variability of the 16S rRNA gene sequences. Furthermore, the 16S-23S rRNA ITS sequences of Microcystis isolates and rpoC1 sequences of Cylindrospermopsis strains were also used in the phylogenetic analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afef Fathalli
- Unité de Recherche Ecosystèmes et Ressources Aquatiques, Institut National Agronomique de Tunisie, Tunis Mahrajène, Tunisia
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Lin S, Shen J, Liu Y, Wu X, Liu Q, Li R. Molecular evaluation on the distribution, diversity, and toxicity of Microcystis (Cyanobacteria) species from Lake Ulungur--a mesotrophic brackish desert lake in Xinjiang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2011; 175:139-150. [PMID: 20517642 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-010-1500-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2009] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
The distribution and diversity of the waterbloom-forming cyanobacteria, mainly including Microcystis species, were investigated using molecular approaches in Lake Ulungur, an increasingly eutrophic and brackish lake located in Xinjiang, China. Real-time PCR analyses showed the abundance of Microcystis 16S rDNA gene copies in the Ulungur Lake is low, at 7.2×10(4) copies L(-1) average and 4.5×10(5) copies L(-1) at maximum. Two Microcystis species, M. aeruginosa (Kützing) Lemmermann and Microcystis wesenbergii (Komárek) Komárek were, for the first time, reported in this lake. The mcyA gene-specific PCR determination on the isolates of Microcystis showed that the M. aeruginosa strains are all mcyA-containing genotypes, while M. wesenbergii are non-mcyA-containing ones. The microcystin contents of the toxic M. aeruginosa strains were shown to be lower than those of the Microcystis strains isolated from other eutrophic lakes in China. Phylogenetic analyses based on 16S rRNA and rpoC1 genes showed that the Microcystis strains isolated from the Ulungur Lake were not genetically divergent from those isolated in the other freshwaters. Such an investigation would contribute to the knowledge on the bloom-forming cyanobacteria of the increasingly eutrophic and saline lakes in the desert area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Aquatic Biodiversity and Conservation Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Wuhan, 430072, China
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Mateo P, Perona E, Berrendero E, Leganés F, Martín M, Golubić S. Life cycle as a stable trait in the evaluation of diversity of Nostoc from biofilms in rivers. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2011; 76:185-98. [PMID: 21223333 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.01040.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The diversity within the genus Nostoc is still controversial and more studies are needed to clarify its heterogeneity. Macroscopic species have been extensively studied and discussed; however, the microscopic forms of the genus, especially those from running waters, are poorly known and likely represented by many more species than currently described. Nostoc isolates from biofilms of two Spanish calcareous rivers were characterized comparing the morphology and life cycle in two culture media with different levels of nutrients and also comparing the 16S rRNA gene sequences. The results showed that trichome shape and cellular dimensions varied considerably depending on the culture media used, whereas the characteristics expressed in the course of the life cycle remained stable for each strain independent of the culture conditions. Molecular phylogenetic analysis confirmed the distinction between the studied strains established on morphological grounds. A balanced approach to the evaluation of diversity of Nostoc in the service of autecological studies requires both genotypic information and the evaluation of stable traits. The results of this study show that 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity serves as an important criterion for characterizing Nostoc strains and is consistent with stable attributes, such as the life cycle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pilar Mateo
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain.
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