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Świderski G, Kalinowska M, Gołębiewska E, Świsłocka R, Lewandowski W, Kowalczyk N, Naumowicz M, Cudowski A, Pietryczuk A, Nalewajko-Sieliwoniuk E, Wysocka I, Arciszewska Ż, Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz B. Structures, Antioxidant Properties, and Antimicrobial Properties of Eu(III), Gd(III), and Dy(III) Caffeinates and p-Coumarates. Molecules 2023; 28:6506. [PMID: 37764282 PMCID: PMC10535667 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28186506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/24/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, we investigated the structures of lanthanide (Eu(III), Dy(III), and Gd(III)) complexes with p-coumaric (p-CAH2) and caffeic (CFAH3) acids using the FTIRKBr, FTIRATR, and Raman spectroscopic methods. The compositions of the solid phase caffeinates and p-coumarates were obtained on the basis of the amounts of hydrogen and carbon determined using an elemental analysis. The degree of hydration and the thermal decomposition of each compound were examined via a thermal analysis of TG, DTG, and DSC. Antioxidant spectroscopic tests were performed using the DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl radical), FRAP (ferric reducing antioxidant activity), and ABTS (2,2'-azino-bis-(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (diammonium salt radical cation) methods. The antimicrobial activity of each compound against Escherichia coli, Bacillus subtilis, and Candida albicans was investigated. The electrical properties of the liposomes which mimicked the microbial surfaces formed in the electrolyte containing the tested compounds were also investigated. The above biological properties of the obtained complexes were compared with the activities of p-CAH2 and CFAH3. The obtained data suggest that lanthanide complexes are much more thermally stable and have higher antimicrobial and antioxidant properties than the ligands (with the exception of CFAH3 in the case of antioxidant activity tests). The Gd(III) complexes revealed the highest biological activity among the studied lanthanide complexes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Świderski
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland (E.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Monika Kalinowska
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland (E.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Ewelina Gołębiewska
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland (E.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Renata Świsłocka
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland (E.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Włodzimierz Lewandowski
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland (E.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Natalia Kowalczyk
- Department of Chemistry Biology and Biotechnology, Bialystok University of Technology, Wiejska 45E, 15-351 Bialystok, Poland (E.G.); (N.K.)
| | - Monika Naumowicz
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland
| | - Adam Cudowski
- Department of Water Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (A.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Anna Pietryczuk
- Department of Water Ecology, Faculty of Biology, University of Bialystok, Ciołkowskiego 1J, 15-245 Bialystok, Poland; (A.C.); (A.P.)
| | - Edyta Nalewajko-Sieliwoniuk
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland (Ż.A.); (B.G.-Ż.)
| | - Izabela Wysocka
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland (Ż.A.); (B.G.-Ż.)
| | - Żaneta Arciszewska
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland (Ż.A.); (B.G.-Ż.)
| | - Beata Godlewska-Żyłkiewicz
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, University of Bialystok, K. Ciołkowskiego 1K, 15-245 Białystok, Poland (Ż.A.); (B.G.-Ż.)
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Efimova SS, Malykhina AI, Ostroumova OS. Triggering the Amphotericin B Pore-Forming Activity by Phytochemicals. MEMBRANES 2023; 13:670. [PMID: 37505036 PMCID: PMC10384262 DOI: 10.3390/membranes13070670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/13/2023] [Indexed: 07/29/2023]
Abstract
The macrolide polyene antibiotic amphotericin B (AmB), remains a valuable drug to treat systemic mycoses due to its wide antifungal activity and low probability of developing resistance. The high toxicity of AmB, expressed in nephropathy and hemolysis, could be partially resolved by lowering therapeutic AmB concentration while maintaining efficacy. This work discusses the possibility of using plant polyphenols and alkaloids to enhance the pore-forming and consequently antifungal activity of AmB. We demonstrated that phloretin, phlorizin, naringenin, taxifolin, quercetin, biochanin A, genistein, resveratrol, and quinine led to an increase in the integral AmB-induced transmembrane current in the bilayers composed of palmitoyloleoylphosphocholine and ergosterol, while catechin, colchicine, and dihydrocapsaicin did not practically change the AmB activity. Cardamonin, 4'-hydroxychalcone, licochalcone A, butein, curcumin, and piperine inhibited AmB-induced transmembrane current. Absorbance spectroscopy revealed no changes in AmB membrane concentration with phloretin addition. A possible explanation of the potentiation is related to the phytochemical-produced changes in the elastic membrane properties and the decrease in the energy of formation of the lipid mouth of AmB pores, which is partially confirmed by differential scanning microcalorimetry. The possibility of AmB interaction with cholesterol in the mammalian cell membranes instead of ergosterol in fungal membranes, determines its high toxicity. The replacement of ergosterol with cholesterol in the membrane lipid composition led to a complete loss or a significant decrease in the potentiating effects of tested phytochemicals, indicating low potential toxicity of these compounds and high therapeutic potential of their combinations with the antibiotic. The discovered combinations of AmB with plant molecules that enhance its pore-forming ability in ergosterol-enriched membranes, seem to be promising for further drug development in terms of the toxicity decrease and efficacy improvement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Svetlana S Efimova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna I Malykhina
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Olga S Ostroumova
- Laboratory of Membrane and Ion Channel Modeling, Institute of Cytology of Russian Academy of Sciences, Tikhoretsky 4, 194064 Saint Petersburg, Russia
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Chou S, Li Q, Wu H, Li J, Chang YF, Shang L, Li J, Wang Z, Shan A. Selective Antifungal Activity and Fungal Biofilm Inhibition of Tryptophan Center Symmetrical Short Peptide. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158231. [PMID: 34360998 PMCID: PMC8348200 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Revised: 07/19/2021] [Accepted: 07/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans, an opportunistic fungus, causes dental caries and contributes to mucosal bacterial dysbiosis leading to a second infection. Furthermore, C.albicans forms biofilms that are resistant to medicinal treatment. To make matters worse, antifungal resistance has spread (albeit slowly) in this species. Thus, it has been imperative to develop novel, antifungal drug compounds. Herein, a peptide was engineered with the sequence of RRFSFWFSFRR-NH2; this was named P19. This novel peptide has been observed to exert disruptive effects on fungal cell membrane physiology. Our results showed that P19 displayed high binding affinity to lipopolysaccharides (LPS), lipoteichoic acids (LTA) and the plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol (PI), phosphatidylserine (PS), cardiolipin, and phosphatidylglycerol (PG), further indicating that the molecular mechanism of P19 was not associated with the receptor recognition, but rather related to competitive interaction with the plasma membrane. In addition, compared with fluconazole and amphotericin B, P19 has been shown to have a lower potential for resistance selection than established antifungal agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuli Chou
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Qiuke Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Hua Wu
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jinze Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Yung-Fu Chang
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA;
| | - Lu Shang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Jiawei Li
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Zhihua Wang
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
| | - Anshan Shan
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Northeast Agricultural University, Harbin 150030, China; (S.C.); (Q.L.); (H.W.); (J.L.); (L.S.); (J.L.); (Z.W.)
- Correspondence:
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Khalaf RA, Fattouh N, Medvecky M, Hrabak J. Whole genome sequencing of a clinical drug resistant Candida albicans isolate reveals known and novel mutations in genes involved in resistance acquisition mechanisms. J Med Microbiol 2021; 70:001351. [PMID: 33909551 PMCID: PMC8289213 DOI: 10.1099/jmm.0.001351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic pathogen accounting for the majority of cases of Candida infections. Currently, C. albicans are developing resistance towards different classes of antifungal drugs and this has become a global health burden that does not spare Lebanon. This study aims at determining point mutations in genes known to be involved in resistance acquisition and correlating resistance to virulence and ergosterol content in the azole resistant C. albicans isolate CA77 from Lebanon. This pilot study is the first of its kind to be implemented in Lebanon. We carried out whole genome sequencing of the azole resistant C. albicans isolate CA77 and examined 18 genes involved in antifungal resistance. To correlate genotype to phenotype, we evaluated the virulence potential of this isolate by injecting it into BALB/c mice and we quantified membrane ergosterol. Whole genome sequencing revealed that eight out of 18 genes involved in antifungal resistance were mutated in previously reported and novel residues. These genotypic changes were associated with an increase in ergosterol content but no discrepancy in virulence potential was observed between our isolate and the susceptible C. albicans control strain SC5314. This suggests that antifungal resistance and virulence potential in this antifungal resistant isolate are not correlated and that resistance is a result of an increase in membrane ergosterol content and the occurrence of point mutations in genes involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy A. Khalaf
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Nour Fattouh
- Department of Natural Sciences, Lebanese American University, PO Box 36, Byblos, Lebanon
| | - Matej Medvecky
- Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health and Comparative Medicine, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jaroslav Hrabak
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital in Pilsen, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic
- Biomedical Center, Faculty of Medicine in Pilsen, Charles University, 32300 Pilsen, Czech Republic
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Li S, Xue G, Zhao H, Feng Y, Yan C, Cui J, Xie X, Yuan J. Quantitative proteomics analysis of Mycoplasma pneumoniae identifies potential macrolide resistance determinants. AMB Express 2021; 11:26. [PMID: 33580372 PMCID: PMC7881084 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-021-01187-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 02/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Mycoplasma pneumoniae is one of the leading causes of community-acquired pneumonia in children and adolescents. Because of the wide application of macrolides in clinical treatment, macrolide-resistant M. pneumoniae strains have become increasingly common worldwide. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying drug resistance in M. pneumoniae are poorly understood. In the present work, we analyzed the whole proteomes of macrolide-sensitive and macrolide-resistant strains of M. pneumoniae using a tandem mass tag-labeling quantitative proteomic technique, Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD022220. In total, 165 differentially expressed proteins were identified, of which 80 were upregulated and 85 were downregulated in the drug-resistant strain compared with the sensitive strain. Functional analysis revealed that these proteins were predominantly involved in protein and peptide biosynthesis processes, the ribosome, and transmembrane transporter activity, which implicates them in the mechanism(s) of resistance of M. pneumoniae to macrolides. Our results provide new insights into drug resistance in M. pneumoniae and identify potential targets for further studies on resistance mechanisms in this bacterium.
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Grahl MVC, Lopes FC, Martinelli AHS, Carlini CR, Fruttero LL. Structure-Function Insights of Jaburetox and Soyuretox: Novel Intrinsically Disordered Polypeptides Derived from Plant Ureases. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25225338. [PMID: 33207637 PMCID: PMC7696265 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25225338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Revised: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Intrinsically disordered proteins (IDPs) and intrinsically disordered regions (IDRs) do not have a stable 3D structure but still have important biological activities. Jaburetox is a recombinant peptide derived from the jack bean (Canavalia ensiformis) urease and presents entomotoxic and antimicrobial actions. The structure of Jaburetox was elucidated using nuclear magnetic resonance which reveals it is an IDP with small amounts of secondary structure. Different approaches have demonstrated that Jaburetox acquires certain folding upon interaction with lipid membranes, a characteristic commonly found in other IDPs and usually important for their biological functions. Soyuretox, a recombinant peptide derived from the soybean (Glycine max) ubiquitous urease and homologous to Jaburetox, was also characterized for its biological activities and structural properties. Soyuretox is also an IDP, presenting more secondary structure in comparison with Jaburetox and similar entomotoxic and fungitoxic effects. Moreover, Soyuretox was found to be nontoxic to zebra fish, while Jaburetox was innocuous to mice and rats. This profile of toxicity affecting detrimental species without damaging mammals or the environment qualified them to be used in biotechnological applications. Both peptides were employed to develop transgenic crops and these plants were active against insects and nematodes, unveiling their immense potentiality for field applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus V. Coste Grahl
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 90610-000, Brazil;
| | - Fernanda Cortez Lopes
- Graduate Program in Cellular and Molecular Biology, Center of Biotechnology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Av. Bento Gonçalves 9500, Building 43431, Porto Alegre CEP 91501-970, RS, Brazil;
| | - Anne H. Souza Martinelli
- Department of Biophysics & Deparment of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology-Biosciences Institute (IB), Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, UFRGS, Porto Alegre 91501-970, RS, Brazil;
| | - Celia R. Carlini
- Graduate Program in Medicine and Health Sciences, Brain Institute of Rio Grande do Sul (InsCer), Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre CEP 90610-000, Brazil;
- Brain Institute and School of Medicine, Pontifícia Universidade Católica do Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS), Porto Alegre 90610-000, RS, Brazil
- Correspondence: (C.R.C.); (L.L.F.); Tel.: +55-51-3320-3485 (C.R.C.); +54-351-535-3850 (L.L.F.)
| | - Leonardo L. Fruttero
- Departamento de Bioquímica Clínica, Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Nacional de Córdoba, Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina
- Centro de Investigaciones en Bioquímica Clínica e Inmunología (CIBICI), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Córdoba CP 5000, Argentina
- Correspondence: (C.R.C.); (L.L.F.); Tel.: +55-51-3320-3485 (C.R.C.); +54-351-535-3850 (L.L.F.)
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Ballard E, Weber J, Melchers WJG, Tammireddy S, Whitfield PD, Brakhage AA, Brown AJP, Verweij PE, Warris A. Recreation of in-host acquired single nucleotide polymorphisms by CRISPR-Cas9 reveals an uncharacterised gene playing a role in Aspergillus fumigatus azole resistance via a non-cyp51A mediated resistance mechanism. Fungal Genet Biol 2019; 130:98-106. [PMID: 31128273 PMCID: PMC6876285 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2019.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The human host comprises a range of specific niche environments. In order to successfully persist, pathogens such as Aspergillus fumigatus must adapt to these environments. One key example of in-host adaptation is the development of resistance to azole antifungals. Azole resistance in A. fumigatus is increasingly reported worldwide and the most commonly reported mechanisms are cyp51A mediated. Using a unique series of A. fumigatus isolates, obtained from a patient suffering from persistent and recurrent invasive aspergillosis over 2 years, this study aimed to gain insight into the genetic basis of in-host adaptation. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) unique to a single isolate in this series, which had developed multi-azole resistance in-host, were identified. Two nonsense SNPs were recreated using CRISPR-Cas9; these were 213* in svf1 and 167* in uncharacterised gene AFUA_7G01960. Phenotypic analyses including antifungal susceptibility testing, mycelial growth rate assessment, lipidomics analysis and statin susceptibility testing were performed to associate genotypes to phenotypes. This revealed a role for svf1 in A. fumigatus oxidative stress sensitivity. In contrast, recapitulation of 167* in AFUA_7G01960 resulted in increased itraconazole resistance. Comprehensive lipidomics analysis revealed decreased ergosterol levels in strains containing this SNP, providing insight to the observed itraconazole resistance. Decreases in ergosterol levels were reflected in increased resistance to lovastatin and nystatin. Importantly, this study has identified a SNP in an uncharacterised gene playing a role in azole resistance via a non-cyp51A mediated resistance mechanism. This mechanism is of clinical importance, as this SNP was identified in a clinical isolate, which acquired azole resistance in-host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eloise Ballard
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Jakob Weber
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Willem J G Melchers
- Centre for Expertise in Mycology and Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Seshu Tammireddy
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, UK
| | - Phillip D Whitfield
- Lipidomics Research Facility, Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of the Highlands and Islands, UK
| | - Axel A Brakhage
- Department of Molecular and Applied Microbiology, Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöll Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Alistair J P Brown
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK
| | - Paul E Verweij
- Centre for Expertise in Mycology and Department of Medical Microbiology, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, the Netherlands
| | - Adilia Warris
- MRC Centre for Medical Mycology at the University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen Fungal Group, Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, UK.
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Kundu D, Hameed S, Fatima Z, Pasrija R. Phospholipid biosynthesis disruption renders the yeast cells sensitive to antifungals. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2019; 65:121-131. [DOI: 10.1007/s12223-019-00713-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Gurubasavaraj PM, Charantimath JS. Recent Advances in Azole Based Scaffolds as Anticandidal Agents. LETT DRUG DES DISCOV 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1570180815666180917125916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Aim:The present review aims to explore the development of novel antifungal agents, such as pharmacology, pharmacokinetics, spectrum of activity, safety, toxicity and other aspects that involve drug-drug interactions of the azole antifungal agents.Introduction:Fungal infections in critically ill and immune-compromised patients are increasing at alarming rates, caused mainly by Candida albicans an opportunistic fungus. Despite antifungal annihilators like amphotericin B, azoles and caspofungin, these infections are enormously increasing. The unconventional increase in such patients is a challenging task for the management of antifungal infections especially Candidiasis. Moreover, problem of toxicity associated with antifungal drugs on hosts and rise of drug-resistance in primary and opportunistic fungal pathogens has obstructed the success of antifungal therapy.Conclusion:Hence, to conflict these problems new antifungal agents with advanced efficacy, new formulations of drug delivery and novel compounds which can interact with fungal virulence are developed and used to treat antifungal infections.
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Cationic surfactants as antifungal agents. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2018; 103:97-112. [PMID: 30374671 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-9467-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 10/21/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Fungi-in being responsible for causing diseases in animals and humans as well as environmental contaminations in health and storage facilities-represent a serious concern to health security. Surfactants are a group of chemical compounds used in a broad spectrum of applications. The recently considered potential employment of cationic surfactants as antifungal or fungistatic agents has become a prominent issue in the development of antifungal strategies, especially if such surface-active agents can be synthesized in an eco-friendly manner. In this review, we describe the antifungal effect and the reported mechanisms of action of several types of cationic surfactants and also include a discussion of the contribution of these surfactants to the inhibition of yeast-based-biofilm formation. Furthermore, the putative mechanism of arginine-based tensioactive compounds as antifungal agents and their applications are also analyzed.
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Nanosynthesis of Silver-Calcium Glycerophosphate: Promising Association against Oral Pathogens. Antibiotics (Basel) 2018; 7:antibiotics7030052. [PMID: 29954143 PMCID: PMC6163287 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics7030052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanobiomaterials combining remineralization and antimicrobial abilities would bring important benefits to control dental caries. This study aimed to produce nanocompounds containing calcium glycerophosphate (CaGP) and silver nanoparticles (AgNP) by varying the reducing agent of silver nitrate (sodium borohydride (B) or sodium citrate (C)), the concentration of silver (1% or 10%), and the CaGP forms (nano or commercial), and analyze its characterization and antimicrobial activity against ATCC Candida albicans (10231) and Streptococcus mutans (25175) by the microdilution method. Controls of AgNP were produced and silver ions (Ag+) were quantified in all of the samples. X-ray diffraction, UV-Vis, and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis demonstrated AgNP associated with CaGP. Ag+ ions were considerably higher in AgCaGP/C. C. albicans was susceptible to nanocompounds produced with both reducing agents, regardless of Ag concentration and CaGP form, being Ag10%CaGP-N/C the most effective compound (19.5–39.0 µg Ag mL−1). While for S. mutans, the effectiveness was observed only for AgCaGP reduced by citrate, also presenting Ag10%CaGP-N the highest effectiveness (156.2–312.5 µg Ag mL−1). Notably, CaGP enhanced the silver antimicrobial potential in about two- and eight-fold against C. albicans and S. mutans when compared with the AgNP controls (from 7.8 to 3.9 and from 250 to 31.2 µg Ag mL−1, respectively). The synthesis that was used in this study promoted the formation of AgNP associated with CaGP, and although the use of sodium borohydride (B) resulted in a pronounced reduction of Ag+, the composite AgCaGP/B was less effective against the microorganisms that were tested.
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Järvå M, Lay FT, Phan TK, Humble C, Poon IKH, Bleackley MR, Anderson MA, Hulett MD, Kvansakul M. X-ray structure of a carpet-like antimicrobial defensin-phospholipid membrane disruption complex. Nat Commun 2018; 9:1962. [PMID: 29773800 PMCID: PMC5958116 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-04434-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/26/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Defensins are cationic antimicrobial peptides expressed throughout the plant and animal kingdoms as a first line of defense against pathogens. Membrane targeting and disruption is a crucial function of many defensins, however the precise mechanism remains unclear. Certain plant defensins form dimers that specifically bind the membrane phospholipids phosphatidic acid (PA) and phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate, thereby triggering the assembly of defensin-lipid oligomers that permeabilize cell membranes. To understand this permeabilization mechanism, here we determine the crystal structure of the plant defensin NaD1 bound to PA. The structure reveals a 20-mer that adopts a concave sheet- or carpet-like topology where NaD1 dimers form one face and PA acyl chains form the other face of the sheet. Furthermore, we show that Arg39 is critical for PA binding, oligomerization and fungal cell killing. These findings identify a putative defensin-phospholipid membrane attack configuration that supports a longstanding proposed carpet mode of membrane disruption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Järvå
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Fung T Lay
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Thanh Kha Phan
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Cassandra Humble
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Ivan K H Poon
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark R Bleackley
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Marilyn A Anderson
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia
| | - Mark D Hulett
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
| | - Marc Kvansakul
- Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, La Trobe Institute for Molecular Science, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria, 3086, Australia.
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13
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Flasiński M, Kowal S, Broniatowski M, Wydro P. Influence of Parabens on Bacteria and Fungi Cellular Membranes: Studies in Model Two-Dimensional Lipid Systems. J Phys Chem B 2018; 122:2332-2340. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.7b10152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Michał Flasiński
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical
Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Sara Kowal
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical
Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Marcin Broniatowski
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical
Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Paweł Wydro
- Department
of Environmental Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry and ‡Department of Physical
Chemistry and Electrochemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, Jagiellonian University, Gronostajowa 2, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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14
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Rapid Evaporative Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (REIMS) Provides Accurate Direct from Culture Species Identification within the Genus Candida. Sci Rep 2016; 6:36788. [PMID: 27841356 PMCID: PMC5107957 DOI: 10.1038/srep36788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the genus Candida, such as C. albicans and C. parapsilosis, are important human pathogens. Other members of this genus, previously believed to carry minimal disease risk, are increasingly recognised as important human pathogens, particularly because of variations in susceptibilities to widely used anti-fungal agents. Thus, rapid and accurate identification of clinical Candida isolates is fundamental in ensuring timely and effective treatments are delivered. Rapid Evaporative Ionisation Mass Spectrometry (REIMS) has previously been shown to provide a high-throughput platform for the rapid and accurate identification of bacterial and fungal isolates. In comparison to commercially available matrix assisted laser desorption ionisation time of flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF), REIMS based methods require no preparative steps nor time-consuming cell extractions. Here, we report on the ability of REIMS-based analysis to rapidly and accurately identify 153 clinical Candida isolates to species level. Both handheld bipolar REIMS and high-throughput REIMS platforms showed high levels of species classification accuracy, with 96% and 100% of isolates classified correctly to species level respectively. In addition, significantly different (FDR corrected P value < 0.05) lipids within the 600 to 1000 m/z mass range were identified, which could act as species-specific biomarkers in complex microbial communities.
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15
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Lara HH, Romero-Urbina DG, Pierce C, Lopez-Ribot JL, Arellano-Jiménez MJ, Jose-Yacaman M. Effect of silver nanoparticles on Candida albicans biofilms: an ultrastructural study. J Nanobiotechnology 2015; 13:91. [PMID: 26666378 PMCID: PMC4678641 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-015-0147-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Candida albicans is the most common pathogenic fungus isolated in bloodstream infections in hospitalized patients, and candidiasis represents the fourth most common infection in United States hospitals, mostly due to the increasing numbers of immune- and medically-compromised patients. C. albicans has the ability to form biofilms and morphogenetic conversions between yeast and hyphal morphologies contribute to biofilm development and represent an essential virulence factor. Moreover, these attached communities of cells are surrounded by a protective exopolymeric matrix that effectively shelters Candida against the action of antifungals. Because of dismal outcomes, novel antifungal strategies, and in particular those targeting biofilms are urgently required. As fungi are eukaryotic, research and development of new antifungal agents has been difficult due to the limited number of selective targets, also leading to toxicity. Results By microwave-assisted techniques we obtained pure 1 nm spherical silver nanoparticles ideal for their potential biological applications without adding contaminants. A phenotypic assay of C. albicans demonstrated a potent dose-dependent inhibitory effect of silver nanoparticles on biofilm formation, with an IC50 of 0.089 ppm. Also silver nanoparticles demonstrated efficacy when tested against pre-formed C. albicans biofilms resulting in an IC50 of 0.48 ppm. The cytotoxicity assay resulted in a CC50 of 7.03 ppm. The ultrastructural differences visualized under SEM with silver nanoparticles treatment were changes in the surface appearance of the yeast from smooth to rough thus indicating outer cell wall damage. On the fungal pre-formed biofilm true hyphae was mostly absent, as filamentation was inhibited. TEM measurement of the cell-wall width of C. albicans after treatment resulted in significant enlargement (206 ± 11 nm) demonstrating membrane permeabilization. Conclusions Our results demonstrate that silver nanoparticles are potent inhibitors of C. albicans biofilm formation. SEM observations are consistent with an overall loss of structure of biofilms mostly due to disruption of the outer cell membrane/wall and inhibition of filamentation.TEM indicates the permeabilization of the cell wall and subsequent disruption of the structural layers of the outer fungal cell wall. The anti-biofilm effects are via cell wall disruption. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-015-0147-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Humberto H Lara
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - Dulce G Romero-Urbina
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - Christopher Pierce
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - Jose L Lopez-Ribot
- Department of Biology and South Texas Center for Emerging Infectious Diseases, The University of Texas at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - M Josefina Arellano-Jiménez
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
| | - Miguel Jose-Yacaman
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, The University of Texas at San Antonio, One UTSA Circle, San Antonio, TX, 78249, USA.
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16
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Audenaert K, Vanheule A, Höfte M, Haesaert G. Deoxynivalenol: a major player in the multifaceted response of Fusarium to its environment. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 6:1-19. [PMID: 24451843 PMCID: PMC3920246 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6010001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 151] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2013] [Revised: 12/16/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (DON), produced by several Fusarium spp., acts as a virulence factor and is essential for symptom development after initial wheat infection. Accumulating evidence shows that the production of this secondary metabolite can be triggered by diverse environmental and cellular signals, implying that it might have additional roles during the life cycle of the fungus. Here, we review data that position DON in the saprophytic fitness of Fusarium, in defense and in the primary C and N metabolism of the plant and the fungus. We combine the available information in speculative models on the role of DON throughout the interaction with the host, providing working hypotheses that await experimental validation. We also highlight the possible impact of control measures in the field on DON production and summarize the influence of abiotic factors during processing and storage of food and feed matrices. Altogether, we can conclude that DON is a very important compound for Fusarium to cope with a changing environment and to assure its growth, survival, and production of toxic metabolites in diverse situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kris Audenaert
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg, 1, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Adriaan Vanheule
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg, 1, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Monica Höfte
- Department of Crop Protection, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Coupure links 653, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
| | - Geert Haesaert
- Department of Applied BioSciences, Faculty Bioscience Engineering, Ghent University, Valentin Vaerwyckweg, 1, Ghent 9000, Belgium.
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17
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Novel Regulatory Mechanisms of Pathogenicity and Virulence to Combat MDR in Candida albicans. Int J Microbiol 2013; 2013:240209. [PMID: 24163696 PMCID: PMC3791847 DOI: 10.1155/2013/240209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Revised: 08/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Continuous deployment of antifungals in treating infections caused by dimorphic opportunistic pathogen Candida albicans has led to the emergence of drug resistance resulting in cross-resistance to many unrelated drugs, a phenomenon termed multidrug resistance (MDR). Despite the current understanding of major factors which contribute to MDR mechanisms, there are many lines of evidence suggesting that it is a complex interplay of multiple factors which may be contributed by still unknown mechanisms. Coincidentally with the increased usage of antifungal drugs, the number of reports for antifungal drug resistance has also increased which further highlights the need for understanding novel molecular mechanisms which can be explored to combat MDR, namely, ROS, iron, hypoxia, lipids, morphogenesis, and transcriptional and signaling networks. Considering the worrying evolution of MDR and significance of C. albicans being the most prevalent human fungal pathogen, this review summarizes these new regulatory mechanisms which could be exploited to prevent MDR development in C. albicans as established from recent studies.
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18
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Prasad R, Singh A. Lipids of Candida albicans and their role in multidrug resistance. Curr Genet 2013; 59:243-50. [PMID: 23974286 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-013-0402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Over the years, lipids of non-pathogenic yeast such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae have been characterized to some details; however, a comparable situation does not exist for the human pathogenic fungi. This review is an attempt to bring in recent advances made in lipid research by employing high throughput lipidomic methods in terms of lipid analysis of pathogenic yeasts. Several pathogenic fungi exhibit multidrug resistance (MDR) which they acquire during the course of a treatment. Among the several causal factors, lipids by far have emerged as one of the critical contributors in the MDR acquisition in human pathogenic Candida. In this article, we have particularly focused on the role of lipids involved in cross talks between different cellular circuits that impact the acquisition of MDR in Candida.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, 110067, India,
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19
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Evolutionary dynamics of Candida albicans during in vitro evolution. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2011; 10:1413-21. [PMID: 21890821 DOI: 10.1128/ec.05168-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
While mechanisms of resistance to major antifungal agents have been characterized in Candida albicans, little is known about the evolutionary trajectories during the emergence of drug resistance. Here, we examined the evolutionary dynamics of C. albicans that evolved in vitro in the presence or absence of fluconazole using the visualizing evolution in real-time (VERT) method, a novel experimental approach that facilitates the systematic isolation of adaptive mutants that arise in the population. We found an increase in the frequency of adaptive events in the presence of fluconazole compared to the no-drug controls. Analysis of the evolutionary dynamics revealed that mutations that led to increased drug resistance appeared frequently and that mutants with increased levels of resistance arose in independent lineages. Interestingly, most adaptive mutants with increased fitness in the presence of the drug did not exhibit a significant fitness decrease in the absence of the drug, supporting the idea that rapid resistance can arise from mutations in strains maintained in the population prior to exposure to the drug.
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20
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Singh A, Prasad R. Comparative lipidomics of azole sensitive and resistant clinical isolates of Candida albicans reveals unexpected diversity in molecular lipid imprints. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19266. [PMID: 21559392 PMCID: PMC3084813 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2011] [Accepted: 03/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Although transcriptome and proteome approaches have been applied to determine the regulatory circuitry behind multidrug resistance (MDR) in Candida, its lipidome remains poorly characterized. Lipids do acclimatize to the development of MDR in Candida, but exactly how the acclimatization is achieved is poorly understood. In the present study, we have used a high-throughput mass spectrometry-based shotgun approach and analyzed the lipidome of genetically matched clinical azole-sensitive (AS) and -resistant (AR) isolates of C. albicans. By comparing the lipid profiling of matched isolates, we have identified major classes of lipids and determined more than 200 individual molecular lipid species among these major classes. The lipidome analysis has been statistically validated by principal component analysis. Although each AR isolate was similar with regard to displaying a high MIC to drugs, they had a distinct lipid imprint. There were some significant commonalities in the lipid profiles of these pairs, including molecular lipid species ranging from monounsaturated to polyunsaturated fatty acid-containing phosphoglycerides. Consistent fluctuation in phosphatidyl serine, mannosylinositolphosphorylceramides, and sterol esters levels indicated their compensatory role in maintaining lipid homeostasis among most AR isolates. Notably, overexpression of either CaCdr1p or CaMdr1p efflux pump proteins led to a different lipidomic response among AR isolates. This study clearly establishes the versatility of lipid metabolism in handling azole stress among various matched AR isolates. This comprehensive lipidomic approach will serve as a resource for assessing strategies aimed at disrupting the functions of Candida lipids, particularly the functional interactions between lipids and MDR determinants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashutosh Singh
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajendra Prasad
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
- * E-mail:
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21
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Sun LM, Cheng AX, Wu XZ, Zhang HJ, Lou HX. Synergistic mechanisms of retigeric acid B and azoles against Candida albicans. J Appl Microbiol 2010; 108:341-8. [PMID: 20002912 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2672.2009.04429.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIMS To clarify the underlying synergistic antifungal mechanisms of retigeric acid B (RAB) in combination with azoles against Candida albicans. METHODS AND RESULTS Increased accumulation of rhodamine 123 in C. albicans was measured by both spectrophotometric method and flow cytometry. The inhibitory properties to the drug efflux of C. albicans were determined spectrophotometrically. The decreased cellular ergosterol synthesis was measured using its unique spectrophotometric absorbance profile, and the downregulation expression levels of CDR1 and ERG11 were detected by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Transmission electron microscopy investigation found the wrinkled cell membrane and the impaired cell wall. CONCLUSIONS RAB synergizes the antifungal effect of azoles against C. albicans by inhibiting efflux pump activity, targeting the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway and increasing the fluidity for the resulted ergosterol depletion. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY Investigating the mechanism of the synergy between RAB and azoles against C. albicans will help us to uncover the antifungal roles of this lichen-derived triterpene acid and find its possible clinical applications in overcoming fungal resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L M Sun
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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22
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A putative P-type ATPase, Apt1, is involved in stress tolerance and virulence in Cryptococcus neoformans. EUKARYOTIC CELL 2009; 9:74-83. [PMID: 19949048 DOI: 10.1128/ec.00289-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The export of virulence factors, such as the capsule polysaccharide, to the cell surface is a critical aspect of the pathogenicity of Cryptococcus neoformans. A view of capsule export via exocytosis and extracellular vesicles is emerging, but the molecular mechanisms underlying virulence factor transport pathways remain to be established. In this study, we characterized the APT1 gene, which encodes a predicted integral membrane P-type ATPase belonging to the type IV, Drs2 family of aminophospholipid translocases (flippases) (APTs). APTs maintain the phospholipid asymmetry that is critical in membrane fusion events for trafficking and in establishing cell polarity. Deletion of the APT1 gene resulted in phenotypes consistent with similar roles in C. neoformans. These included altered actin distribution, increased sensitivity to stress conditions (oxidative and nitrosative stress) and to trafficking inhibitors, such as brefeldin A and monensin, a reduction in exported acid phosphatase activity, and hypersensitivity to the antifungal drugs amphotericin B, fluconazole, and cinnamycin. However, there was no difference in growth, capsule size, or melanin production between the wild type and the apt1 mutant strains at either 30 degrees C or 37 degrees C. Despite the absence of an influence on these major virulence factors, Apt1 was required for survival during interactions with macrophages, and apt1 mutants exhibited attenuated virulence in a mouse inhalation model of cryptococcosis. Therefore, Apt1 contributes to virulence and the stress response in C. neoformans through apparent functions in membrane fusion and trafficking that do not influence the deposition of major virulence factors, such as capsule and melanin, outside the cell.
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23
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François IEJA, Bink A, Vandercappellen J, Ayscough KR, Toulmay A, Schneiter R, van Gyseghem E, Van den Mooter G, Borgers M, Vandenbosch D, Coenye T, Cammue BPA, Thevissen K. Membrane rafts are involved in intracellular miconazole accumulation in yeast cells. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:32680-5. [PMID: 19783660 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m109.014571] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Azoles inhibit ergosterol biosynthesis, resulting in ergosterol depletion and accumulation of toxic 14alpha-methylated sterols in membranes of susceptible yeast. We demonstrated previously that miconazole induces actin cytoskeleton stabilization in Saccharomyces cerevisiae prior to induction of reactive oxygen species, pointing to an ancillary mode of action. Using a genome-wide agar-based screening, we demonstrate in this study that S. cerevisiae mutants affected in sphingolipid and ergosterol biosynthesis, namely ipt1, sur1, skn1, and erg3 deletion mutants, are miconazole-resistant, suggesting an involvement of membrane rafts in its mode of action. This is supported by the antagonizing effect of membrane raft-disturbing compounds on miconazole antifungal activity as well as on miconazole-induced actin cytoskeleton stabilization and reactive oxygen species accumulation. These antagonizing effects point to a primary role for membrane rafts in miconazole antifungal activity. We further show that this primary role of membrane rafts in miconazole action consists of mediating intracellular accumulation of miconazole in yeast cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle E J A François
- Centre of Microbial and Plant Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3001 Heverlee, Belgium
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24
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Relative contributions of the Candida albicans ABC transporters Cdr1p and Cdr2p to clinical azole resistance. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2009; 53:1344-52. [PMID: 19223631 DOI: 10.1128/aac.00926-08] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans frequently develops resistance to treatment with azole drugs due to the acquisition of gain-of-function mutations in the transcription factor Tac1p. Tac1p hyperactivation in azole-resistant isolates results in the constitutive overexpression of several genes, including CDR1 and CDR2, which encode two homologous transporters of the ATP-binding cassette family. Functional studies of Cdr1p and Cdr2p have been carried out so far by heterologous expression in the budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae and by gene deletion or overexpression in azole-sensitive C. albicans strains in which CDR1 expression is low and CDR2 expression is undetectable. Thus, the direct demonstration that CDR1 and CDR2 overexpression causes azole resistance in clinical strains is still lacking, as is our knowledge of the relative contribution of each transporter to clinical azole resistance. In the present study, we used the SAT1 flipper system to delete the CDR1 and CDR2 genes from clinical isolate 5674. This strain is resistant to several azole derivatives due to a strong hyperactive mutation in Tac1p and expresses high levels of Cdr1p and Cdr2p. We found that deleting CDR1 had a major effect, reducing resistance to fluconazole (FLC), ketoconazole (KTC), and itraconazole (ITC) by 6-, 4-, and 8-fold, respectively. Deleting CDR2 had a much weaker effect, reducing FLC or KTC resistance by 1.5-fold, and had no effect on ITC resistance. These results demonstrate that Cdr1p is a major determinant of azole resistance in strain 5674 and potentially in other clinical strains overexpressing Cdr1p and Cdr2p, while Cdr2p plays a more minor role.
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25
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Deising HB, Reimann S, Pascholati SF. Mechanisms and significance of fungicide resistance. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:286-95. [PMID: 24031218 PMCID: PMC3768401 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-838220080002000017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2007] [Revised: 02/19/2008] [Accepted: 03/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review article, we show that occurrence of fungicide resistance is one of the most important issues in modern agriculture. Fungicide resistance may be due to mutations of genes encoding fungicide targets (qualitative fungicide resistance) or to different mechanisms that are induced by sub-lethal fungicide stress. These mechanisms result in different and varying levels of resistance (quantitative fungicide resistance). We discuss whether or not extensive use of fungicides in agricultural environments is related to the occurrence of fungicide resistance in clinical environments. Furthermore, we provide recommendations of how development of fungicide resistant pathogen populations may be prevented or delayed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger B Deising
- Martin-Luther-University, Faculty of Natural Sciences III, Institute of Agricultural and Nutritional Sciences, Phytopathology and Plant Protection , Halle (Saale) , Germany
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26
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Mishra NN, Prasad T, Sharma N, Gupta DK. Membrane fluidity and lipid composition of fluconazole resistant and susceptible strains of Candida albicans isolated from diabetic patients. Braz J Microbiol 2008; 39:219-25. [PMID: 24031205 PMCID: PMC3768405 DOI: 10.1590/s1517-83822008000200004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2007] [Revised: 11/04/2007] [Accepted: 02/18/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Ten clinical isolates of Candida albicans, five strains belonging to each of fluconazole resistant and susceptible groups isolated from diabetic patients, were studied for the membrane fluidity and lipid composition. Compared to fluconazole susceptible strains, fluconazole resistant ones exhibited enhanced membrane fluidity as measured by fluorescence polarization technique. The increased membrane fluidity was reflected in the decreased p-values exhibited by the resistant strains. On the other hand, susceptible isolates contained higher amount of ergosterol, almost twice as compared to resistant isolates which might have contributed to their lower membrane fluidity. However, no significant alteration was observed in the phospholipid and fatty acid composition of these isolates. Labeling experiments with fluorescamine dye revealed that the percentage of the exposed aminophospholipid, phosphatidylethanolamine was highest in the resistant strains as compared to the susceptible strains, indicating a possible overexpression of CDR1 and CDR2 genes in resistant strains. The results presented here suggest that the changes in the ergosterol content and overexpression of ABC transporter genes CDR1 and CDR2 could contribute to fluconazole resistance in C. albicans isolated from diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nagendra N Mishra
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Allahabad , Allahabad , India
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27
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Batova M, Borecka-Melkusova S, Simockova M, Dzugasova V, Goffa E, Subik J. Functional characterization of the CgPGS1 gene reveals a link between mitochondrial phospholipid homeostasis and drug resistance in Candida glabrata. Curr Genet 2008; 53:313-22. [PMID: 18343926 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-008-0187-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2008] [Revised: 03/04/2008] [Accepted: 03/05/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Cardiolipin and its precursor phosphatidylglycerol are two anionic phospholipids that are essential for the biogenesis of functional mitochondria. To assess their role in mitochondrial and cellular functions in the pathogenic yeast Candida glabrata, a functional characterization of the CgPGS1 gene encoding the phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase has been carried out. Transposon insertion mutation in CgPGS1 resulted in the loss of phosphatidylglycerolphosphate synthase activity and in deficiency of both phosphatidylglycerol and cardiolipin. The Cgpgs1 Delta mutant cells displayed reduced amounts of cytochrome b and cytochrome a, and had impaired growth on minimal media containing non-fermentable carbon and energy sources. They did not grow at elevated temperatures and failed to form colonies after induction of mitochondrial DNA deletions. The mutant cells also displayed a decreased susceptibility to fluconazole, ketoconazole, clotrimazole, voriconazole and posaconazole. In the Cgpgs1 Delta mutant, a quantitative real time PCR revealed enhanced mRNA levels for multidrug resistance associated genes such as CgPDR1 encoding transcriptional activator and CgCDR1, CgPDH1 and CgSNQ2 coding for drug efflux transporters. These results indicate that CgPGS1 and anionic phospholipids are required for optimal mitochondrial functions and maintenance of yeast susceptibility to azole antifungals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Batova
- Department of Microbiology and Virology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Mlynska dolina B-2, 842 15 Bratislava 4, Slovak Republic
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Costa-de-Oliveira S, Araujo R, Silva-Dias A, Pina-Vaz C, Rodrigues AG. Propofol lipidic infusion promotes resistance to antifungals by reducing drug input into the fungal cell. BMC Microbiol 2008; 8:9. [PMID: 18201378 PMCID: PMC2258299 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2180-8-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2007] [Accepted: 01/17/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The administration of non-antifungal drugs during patient hospitalization might be responsible for discrepancies between in vitro and in vivo susceptibility to antifungals. Propofol is often administered to intensive care units as a sedative. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of propofol lipidic infusion upon the growth and susceptibility profile of pathogenic fungi. Candida and Aspergillus were studied regarding the ability to grow and its susceptibility profile to antifungals in the presence of propofol infusion (Fresenius®) (1.25, 2.5 and 5 mg.ml-1) and its lipidic vehicle. The intensity of fluorescence after staining with FUN1, in the presence and absence of propofol infusion, was determined by flow cytometry. Radioactivity assays were also performed in order to quantify the input of [3H]- itraconazole into the fungal cell in the presence of propofol. Assays were repeated after addition of sodium azide, in order to block efflux pumps. Results Propofol infusion promoted budding of Candida and the germination of Aspergillus, latter forming a lipid layer around the hypha. An increase of minimal fungicidal concentrations regarding both Candida and Aspergillus strains was found for all antifungals when incubated simultaneously with propofol infusion. A decrease of the intensity of fluorescence of Candida cells was systematically observed, as well as a significant reduced intracellular uptake of [3H] itraconazole in cells treated with propofol infusion, even after the blockade of efflux pumps. The results obtained when testing with the lipid vehicle were similar. Conclusion Propofol infusion, due to its lipidic vehicle, increased the fungal germination and promoted resistance to antifungals. This effect seems to be related to the reduced access and/or permeabilization to fungal cells by antifungals.
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Blagović B, Rupcić J, Mesarić M, Marić V. Lipid analysis of the plasma membrane and mitochondria of brewer's yeast. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 2005; 50:24-30. [PMID: 15954530 DOI: 10.1007/bf02931290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The plasma membrane and mitochondria of bottom fermenting brewer's yeast obtained as a by-product of industrial beer production were isolated and the lipid fraction was analyzed. The phospholipid content accounted for 78 mg/g protein in the plasma membrane and 59 mg/g protein in the mitochondria. Major phospholipids in both preparations were phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylcholine and phosphatidylethanolamine but their proportions differed significantly. In the plasma membrane phosphatidylinositol, and in the mitochondria phosphatidylcholine were present in the highest concentration (37 and 30%, respectively). The main classes of neutral lipids (triacylglycerols, ergosterol, squalene and steryl esters) were twice more abundant in the plasma membrane than in the mitochondria (61 and 33 mg/g protein, respectively). A characteristic of the neutral lipid composition of both organelles was the low content of ergosterol (12 and 7 mg/g protein, respectively) and a high content of squalene (25 and 22 mg/g protein). The main feature of the fatty acid composition of both organelles was the preponderance of saturated fatty acids (78 and 79%, respectively), among which palmitic acid was the principal one. The most expressed characteristics of lipid fractions of the analyzed plasma membranes and mitochondria, high concentration of squalene and preponderance of saturated fatty acids are the consequences of anaerobic growth conditions. The lack of oxygen had possibly the strongest effect on the lipid composition of the plasma membranes and mitochondria of bottom fermenting brewer's yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Blagović
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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Mukhopadhyay K, Prasad T, Saini P, Pucadyil TJ, Chattopadhyay A, Prasad R. Membrane sphingolipid-ergosterol interactions are important determinants of multidrug resistance in Candida albicans. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48:1778-87. [PMID: 15105135 PMCID: PMC400589 DOI: 10.1128/aac.48.5.1778-1787.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, we examined the importance of membrane ergosterol and sphingolipids in the drug susceptibilities of Candida albicans. We used three independent methods to test the drug susceptibilities of erg mutant cells, which were defective in ergosterol biosynthesis. While spot and filter disk assays revealed that erg2 and erg16 mutant cells of C. albicans became hypersensitive to almost all of the drugs tested (i.e., 4-nitroquinoline oxide, terbinafine, o-phenanthroline, itraconazole, and ketoconazole), determination of the MIC at which 80% of the cells were inhibited revealed more than fourfold increase in susceptibility to ketoconazole and terbinafine. Treatment of wild-type C. albicans cells with fumonisin B1 resulted in 45% inhibition of sphingolipid biosynthesis and caused cells to become hypersensitive to the above drugs. Although erg mutants displayed enhanced membrane fluidity and passive diffusion, these changes alone were not sufficient to elicit the observed hypersusceptibility phenotype of erg mutants. For example, the induction in vitro of a 12% change in the membrane fluidity of C. albicans cells by a membrane fluidizer, benzyl alcohol, did not affect the drug susceptibilities of Candida cells. Additionally, the surface localization of green fluorescent protein-tagged Cdr1p, a major drug efflux pump protein of C. albicans, revealed that any disruption in ergosterol and sphingolipid interactions also interfered with its proper surface localization and functioning. A 50% reduction in the efflux of the Cdr1p substrate, rhodamine 6G, in erg mutant cells or in cells with a reduced sphingolipid content suggested a strong correlation between these membrane lipid components and this major efflux pump protein. Taken together, the results of our study demonstrate for the first time that there is an interaction between membrane ergosterol and sphingolipids, that a reduction in the content of either of these two components results in a disruption of this interaction, and that this disruption has deleterious effects on the drug susceptibilities of C. albicans cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Mukhopadhyay
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067. Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Hyderabad 500007, India
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Rogers PD, Barker KS. Genome-wide expression profile analysis reveals coordinately regulated genes associated with stepwise acquisition of azole resistance in Candida albicans clinical isolates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2003; 47:1220-7. [PMID: 12654650 PMCID: PMC152536 DOI: 10.1128/aac.47.4.1220-1227.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Candida albicans is an opportunistic human fungal pathogen and a causative agent of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC), the most frequent opportunistic infection among patients with AIDS. Fluconazole and other azole antifungal agents have proven effective in the management of OPC; however, with increased use of these agents treatment failures have occurred. Such failures have been associated with the emergence of azole-resistant strains of C. albicans. In the present study we examined changes in the genome-wide gene expression profile of a series of C. albicans clinical isolates representing the stepwise acquisition of azole resistance. In addition to genes previously associated with azole resistance, we identified many genes whose differential expression was for the first time associated with this phenotype. Furthermore, the expression of these genes was correlated with that of the known resistance genes CDR1, CDR2, and CaMDR1. Genes coordinately regulated with the up-regulation of CDR1 and CDR2 included the up-regulation of GPX1 and RTA3 and the down-regulation of EBP1. Genes coordinately regulated with the up-regulation of CaMDR1 included the up-regulation of IFD1, IFD4, IFD5, IFD7, GRP2, DPP1, CRD2, and INO1 and the down-regulation of FET34, OPI3, and IPF1222. Several of these appeared to be coordinately regulated with both the CDR genes and CaMDR1. Many of these genes are involved in the oxidative stress response, suggesting that reduced susceptibility to oxidative damage may contribute to azole resistance. Further evaluation of the role these genes and their respective gene products play in azole antifungal resistance is warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- P David Rogers
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA.
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Mukhopadhyay K, Kohli A, Prasad R. Drug susceptibilities of yeast cells are affected by membrane lipid composition. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46:3695-705. [PMID: 12435664 PMCID: PMC132749 DOI: 10.1128/aac.46.12.3695-3705.2002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2002] [Revised: 05/15/2002] [Accepted: 08/29/2002] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study we have exploited isogenic erg mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae to examine the contribution of an altered lipid environment on drug susceptibilities of yeast cells. It is observed that erg mutants, which possess high levels of membrane fluidity, were hypersensitive to the drugs tested, i.e., cycloheximide (CYH), o-phenanthroline, sulfomethuron methyl, 4-nitroquinoline oxide, and methotrexate. Most of the erg mutants except mutant erg4 were, however, resistant to fluconazole (FLC). By using the fluorophore rhodamine-6G and radiolabeled FLC to monitor the passive diffusion, it was observed that erg mutant cells elicited enhanced diffusion. The addition of a membrane fluidizer, benzyl alcohol (BA), to S. cerevisiae wild-type cells led to enhanced membrane fluidity. However, a 10 to 12% increase in BA-induced membrane fluidity did not alter the drug susceptibilities of the S. cerevisiae wild-type cells. The enhanced diffusion observed in erg mutants did not seem to be solely responsible for the observed hypersensitivity of erg mutants. In order to ascertain the functioning of drug extrusion pumps encoding the genes CDR1 (ATP-binding cassette family) and CaMDR1 (MFS family) of Candida albicans in a different lipid environment, they were independently expressed in an S. cerevisiae erg mutant background. While the fold change in drug resistance mediated by CaMDR1 remained the same or increased in erg mutants, susceptibility to FLC and CYH mediated by CDR1 was increased (decrease in fold resistance). Our results demonstrate that between the two drug extrusion pumps, Cdr1p appeared to be more adversely affected by the fluctuations in the membrane lipid environment (particularly to ergosterol). By using 6-[(7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazol-4-yl) amino-hexanoyl] sphingosyl phosphocholine (a fluorescent analogue of sphingomyelin), a close interaction between membrane ergosterol and sphingomyelin which appears to be disrupted in erg mutants is demonstrated. Taken together it appears that multidrug resistance in yeast is closely linked to the status of membrane lipids, wherein the overall drug susceptibility phenotype of a cell appears to be an interplay among drug diffusion, extrusion pumps, and the membrane lipid environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kasturi Mukhopadhyay
- Membrane Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi-110067, India
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