1
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Ricciardelli A, Pollio A, Costantini M, Zupo V. Harmful and beneficial properties of cyanotoxins: Two sides of the same coin. Biotechnol Adv 2023; 68:108235. [PMID: 37567398 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2023.108235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2022] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
Cyanotoxins are by definition "harmful agents" produced by cyanobacteria. Their toxicity has been extensively studied and reviewed over the years. Cyanotoxins have been commonly classified, based on their poisonous effects on mammals, into three main classes, neurotoxins, hepatotoxins and dermatotoxins, and, considering their chemical features, mainly identified as peptides, alkaloids and lipopolysaccharides. Here we propose a broader subdivision of cyanotoxins into eight distinct classes, taking into account their molecular structures, biosynthesis and modes of action: alkaloids, non-ribosomal peptides, polyketides, non-protein amino acids, indole alkaloids, organophosphates, lipopeptides and lipoglycans. For each class, the structures and primary mechanisms of toxicity of the main representative cyanotoxins are reported. Despite their powerful biological activities, only recently scientists have considered the biotechnological potential of cyanotoxins, and their applications both in medical and in industrial settings, even if only a few of these have reached the biotech market. In this perspective, we discuss the potential uses of cyanotoxins as anticancer, antimicrobial, and biocidal agents, as common applications for cytotoxic compounds. Furthermore, taking into account their mechanisms of action, we describe peculiar potential bioactivities for several cyanotoxin classes, such as local anaesthetics, antithrombotics, neuroplasticity promoters, immunomodulating and antifouling agents. In this review, we aim to stimulate research on the potential beneficial roles of cyanotoxins, which require interdisciplinary cooperation to facilitate the discovery of innovative biotechnologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annarita Ricciardelli
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthìa, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonino Pollio
- Department of Biology, University of Naples Federico II, Complesso Universitario Monte S. Angelo, via Cinthìa, 80125 Naples, Italy.
| | - Maria Costantini
- Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Via Ammiraglio Ferdinando Acton, 80133 Naples, Italy.
| | - Valerio Zupo
- Ecosustainable Marine Biotechnology Department, Stazione Zoologica Anton Dohrn, Ischia Marine Centre, Punta San Pietro, 80077 Naples, Italy.
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2
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Slathia N, Gupta A, Kapoor K. I2/ TBHP Reagent System: A Modern Paradigm for Organic Transformations. European J Org Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/ejoc.202200460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Kamal Kapoor
- University of Jammu Department of Chemistry Department of Chemistry 180006 Jammu INDIA
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3
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Massarotti A, Brunelli F, Aprile S, Giustiniano M, Tron GC. Medicinal Chemistry of Isocyanides. Chem Rev 2021; 121:10742-10788. [PMID: 34197077 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.1c00143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In eons of evolution, isocyanides carved out a niche in the ecological systems probably thanks to their metal coordinating properties. In 1859 the first isocyanide was synthesized by humans and in 1950 the first natural isocyanide was discovered. Now, at the beginning of XXI century, hundreds of isocyanides have been isolated both in prokaryotes and eukaryotes and thousands have been synthesized in the laboratory. For some of them their ecological role is known, and their potent biological activity as antibacterial, antifungal, antimalarial, antifouling, and antitumoral compounds has been described. Notwithstanding, the isocyanides have not gained a good reputation among medicinal chemists who have erroneously considered them either too reactive or metabolically unstable, and this has restricted their main use to technical applications as ligands in coordination chemistry. The aim of this review is therefore to show the richness in biological activity of the isocyanide-containing molecules, to support the idea of using the isocyanide functional group as an unconventional pharmacophore especially useful as a metal coordinating warhead. The unhidden hope is to convince the skeptical medicinal chemists of the isocyanide potential in many areas of drug discovery and considering them in the design of future drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Massarotti
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Francesca Brunelli
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Silvio Aprile
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
| | - Mariateresa Giustiniano
- Dipartimento di Farmacia, Università degli Studi di Napoli "Federico II", Via D. Montesano 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy
| | - Gian Cesare Tron
- Dipartimento di Scienze del Farmaco, Università del Piemonte Orientale, Largo Donegani 2, 28100 Novara, Italy
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4
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Śliwińska-Wilczewska S, Wiśniewska K, Konarzewska Z, Cieszyńska A, Barreiro Felpeto A, Lewandowska AU, Latała A. The current state of knowledge on taxonomy, modulating factors, ecological roles, and mode of action of phytoplankton allelochemicals. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 773:145681. [PMID: 33940759 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.145681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2020] [Revised: 01/09/2021] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Allelopathy is widespread in marine, brackish, and freshwater habitats. Literature data indicate that allelopathy could offer a competitive advantage for some phytoplankton species by reducing the growth of competitors. It is also believed that allelopathy may affect species succession. Thus, allelopathy may play a role in the development of blooms. Over the past few decades, the world's coastal waters have experienced increases in the numbers of cyanobacterial and microalgal blooming events. Understanding how allelopathy is implicated with other biological and environmental factors as a bloom-development mechanism is an important topic for future research. This review focuses on a taxonomic overview of allelopathic cyanobacteria and microalgae, the biological and environmental factors that affect allelochemical production, their role in ecological dynamics, and their physiological modes of action, as well as potential industrial applications of allelopathic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sylwia Śliwińska-Wilczewska
- Division of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland.
| | - Kinga Wiśniewska
- Division of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Zofia Konarzewska
- Division of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Agata Cieszyńska
- Institute of Oceanology Polish Academy of Sciences, Department of Marine Physics, Marine Biophysics Laboratory, Sopot, Poland
| | - Aldo Barreiro Felpeto
- Interdisciplinary Center of Marine and Environmental Research-CIMAR/CIIMAR, University of Porto, Av. General Norton de Matos s/n, 4450-208 Matosinhos, Portugal
| | - Anita U Lewandowska
- Division of Marine Chemistry and Environmental Protection, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
| | - Adam Latała
- Division of Marine Ecosystems Functioning, Institute of Oceanography, University of Gdańsk, Av. Piłsudskiego 46, 81-378 Gdynia, Poland
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5
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Abstract
Covering: up to mid-2020 Terpenoids, also called isoprenoids, are the largest and most structurally diverse family of natural products. Found in all domains of life, there are over 80 000 known compounds. The majority of characterized terpenoids, which include some of the most well known, pharmaceutically relevant, and commercially valuable natural products, are produced by plants and fungi. Comparatively, terpenoids of bacterial origin are rare. This is counter-intuitive to the fact that recent microbial genomics revealed that almost all bacteria have the biosynthetic potential to create the C5 building blocks necessary for terpenoid biosynthesis. In this review, we catalogue terpenoids produced by bacteria. We collected 1062 natural products, consisting of both primary and secondary metabolites, and classified them into two major families and 55 distinct subfamilies. To highlight the structural and chemical space of bacterial terpenoids, we discuss their structures, biosynthesis, and biological activities. Although the bacterial terpenome is relatively small, it presents a fascinating dichotomy for future research. Similarities between bacterial and non-bacterial terpenoids and their biosynthetic pathways provides alternative model systems for detailed characterization while the abundance of novel skeletons, biosynthetic pathways, and bioactivies presents new opportunities for drug discovery, genome mining, and enzymology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey D Rudolf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Tyler A Alsup
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Baofu Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
| | - Zining Li
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611, USA.
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6
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Hohlman RM, Sherman DH. Recent advances in hapalindole-type cyanobacterial alkaloids: biosynthesis, synthesis, and biological activity. Nat Prod Rep 2021; 38:1567-1588. [PMID: 34032254 DOI: 10.1039/d1np00007a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 1984 up to the end of 2020Hapalindoles, fischerindoles, ambiguines and welwitindolinones are all members of a class of indole alkaloid natural products that have been isolated from the Stigonematales order of cyanobacteria. These compounds possess a polycyclic ring system, unique functional groups and various stereo- and regiochemical isomers. Since their initial isolation in 1984, they have been explored as potential therapeutics due to their wide variety of biological activities. Although numerous groups have pursued total syntheses of these densely functionalized structures, hapalindole biosynthesis has only recently been unveiled. Several groups have uncovered a wide range of novel enzymes that catalyze formation and tailoring of the hapalindole-type metabolites. In this article, we provide an overview of these natural products, their biological activities, highlight general synthetic routes, and provide an extensive review on the surprising biosynthetic processes leading to these structurally diverse metabolites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert M Hohlman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - David H Sherman
- Life Sciences Institute, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA. and Department of Medicinal Chemistry, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
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7
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Liu Y, Xu M, Xie K, Liu S. Total Synthesis of Calothrixin B
via
an Intramolecular Baylis‐Hillman Cyclization/6π Electrocyclization/Dehydro‐aromatization Sequence and a Specific Oxidative Quinone Formation. Adv Synth Catal 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.202001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yuancui Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 PR China
| | - Mei Xu
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Kaiqiang Xie
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550014 China
| | - Sheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Functions and Applications of Medicinal Plants Guizhou Medical University Guiyang 550014 PR China
- Key Laboratory of Chemistry for Natural Products of Guizhou Province Chinese Academy of Sciences Guiyang 550014 China
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8
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Nowruzi B, Porzani SJ. Toxic compounds produced by cyanobacteria belonging to several species of the order Nostocales: A review. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 41:510-548. [PMID: 33289164 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are well recognised as producers of a wide range of natural compounds that are in turn recognised as toxins that have potential and useful applications in the future as pharmaceutical agents. The order Nostocales, which is largely overlooked in this regard, has become increasingly recognised as a source of toxin producers including Anabaena, Nostoc, Hapalosiphon, Fischerella, Anabaenopsis, Aphanizomenon, Gloeotrichia, Cylindrospermopsis, Scytonema, Raphidiopsis, Cuspidothrix, Nodularia, Stigonema, Calothrix, Cylindrospermum and Desmonostoc species. The toxin compounds (i.e., microcystins, nodularin, anatoxins, ambiguines, fischerindoles and welwitindolinones) and metabolites are about to have a destructive effect on both inland and aquatic environment aspects. The present review gives an overview of the various toxins that are extracted by the order Nostocales. The current research suggests that these compounds that are produced by cyanobacterial species have promising future considerations as potentially harmful algae and as promising leads for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bahareh Nowruzi
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Samaneh Jafari Porzani
- Department of Biology, Science and Research Branch, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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9
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10
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Wang Z. Advances in the Asymmetric Total Synthesis of Natural Products Using Chiral Secondary Amine Catalyzed Reactions of α,β-Unsaturated Aldehydes. Molecules 2019; 24:E3412. [PMID: 31546876 PMCID: PMC6767148 DOI: 10.3390/molecules24183412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 09/14/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chirality is one of the most important attributes for its presence in a vast majority of bioactive natural products and pharmaceuticals. Asymmetric organocatalysis methods have emerged as a powerful methodology for the construction of highly enantioenriched structural skeletons of the target molecules. Due to their extensive application of organocatalysis in the total synthesis of bioactive molecules and some of them have been used in the industrial synthesis of drugs have attracted increasing interests from chemists. Among the chiral organocatalysts, chiral secondary amines (MacMillan's catalyst and Jorgensen's catalyst) have been especially considered attractive strategies because of their impressive efficiency. Herein, we outline advances in the asymmetric total synthesis of natural products and relevant drugs by using the strategy of chiral secondary amine catalyzed reactions of α,β-unsaturated aldehydes in the last eighteen years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonglei Wang
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Qufu Normal University, Qufu 273165, China.
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11
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Vargas DF, Larghi EL, Kaufman TS. The 6π-azaelectrocyclization of azatrienes. Synthetic applications in natural products, bioactive heterocycles, and related fields. Nat Prod Rep 2019; 36:354-401. [PMID: 30090891 DOI: 10.1039/c8np00014j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Covering: 2006 to 2018 The application of the 6π-azaelectrocyclization of azatrienes as a key strategy for the synthesis of natural products, their analogs and related bioactive or biomedically-relevant compounds (from 2006 to date) is comprehensively reviewed. Details about reaction optimization studies, relevant reaction mechanisms and conditions are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Didier F Vargas
- Instituto de Química Rosario (IQUIR, CONICET-UNR), Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas - Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, 2000 Rosario, Argentina.
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12
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Awakawa T, Abe I. Molecular basis for the plasticity of aromatic prenyltransferases in hapalindole biosynthesis. Beilstein J Org Chem 2019; 15:1545-1551. [PMID: 31354873 PMCID: PMC6632223 DOI: 10.3762/bjoc.15.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 07/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Aromatic prenyltransferases (PTases) are enzymes that catalyze Friedel–Crafts reactions between aromatic compounds and isoprenoid diphosphates. In hapalindole biosynthesis, the aromatic PTases AmbP1 and AmbP3 exhibit surprisingly plastic selectivities. AmbP1 not only transfers the geranyl group on the C-3 of cis-indolylvinyl isonitrile, but also on the C-2, which is supressed in the presence of Mg2+ ions. AmbP3 transfers the dimethylallyl group on C-2 of hapalindole U in the reverse manner, but on C-2 of its C-10 stereoisomer in the normal manner. This review highlights the molecular bases of the AmbP1 and AmbP3 functions, elucidated through their X-ray crystal structures. The knowledge presented here will contribute to the understanding of aromatic PTase reactions and will enhance their uses as biocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takayoshi Awakawa
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
| | - Ikuro Abe
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan.,Collaborative Research Institute for Innovative Microbiology, The University of Tokyo, Yayoi 1-1-1, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-8657, Japan
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13
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Batsalova T, Basheva D, Bardarov K, Bardarov V, Dzhambazov B, Teneva I. Assessment of the cytotoxicity, antioxidant activity and chemical composition of extracts from the cyanobacterium Fischerella major Gomont. CHEMOSPHERE 2019; 218:93-103. [PMID: 30469008 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.11.097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2018] [Revised: 11/13/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Cyanoprokaryotes (Cyanobacteria/Cyanophyta) are ancient photosynthetic prokaryotic organisms with cosmopolitan distribution. They are producers of a number of biologically active substances with antitumor and antifungal activity, vitamins, antibiotics, algaecides, insecticides, repellents, hormones, immunosuppressants and toxins. So far, the cyanobacterium Fischerella major Gomont has not been studied regarding its impact on the environment and human health. In this study, the cytotoxic, antioxidant and antitumor activities of four extracts prepared from Fischerella major were evaluated in vitro. In addition, the total phenolic content and the potential for production of cyanotoxins were also analyzed. The conducted GC/MS analysis identified 45 compounds with different chemical nature and biological activity. Presence of microcystins and saxitoxins was detected in all Fischerella major extracts. In vitro testing on cell cultures showed a significant concentration- and time-dependent cytotoxic effect on all cell lines (HeLa, SK-Hep-1 and FL) treated at three exposure times (24, 48 and 72 h) with four extracts. A selective antitumor effect was not observed. This is the first study demonstrating biological activity of extracts from Fischerella major, which makes it an interesting subject for further research, including environmental risk assessments (as producer of cyanotoxins) or as a potential source of pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsvetelina Batsalova
- Department of Developmental Biology, Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski", 24 Tsar Assen St, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Diyana Basheva
- Department of Botany, Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski", 24 Tsar Assen St, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | | | | | - Balik Dzhambazov
- Department of Developmental Biology, Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski", 24 Tsar Assen St, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria
| | - Ivanka Teneva
- Department of Botany, Plovdiv University "Paisii Hilendarski", 24 Tsar Assen St, 4000 Plovdiv, Bulgaria.
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14
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Johnson RE, Ree H, Hartmann M, Lang L, Sawano S, Sarpong R. Total Synthesis of Pentacyclic (-)-Ambiguine P Using Sequential Indole Functionalizations. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:2233-2237. [PMID: 30702879 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.8b13388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The first synthesis of a pentacyclic ambiguine (ambiguine P) is reported. The synthesis takes advantage of sequential alkylations of an indole core to rapidly construct the pentacyclic framework of the natural product. Key to the success of the synthesis was the use of a Nicholas reaction to alkylate at C2, crafting a fused seven-membered ring that is characteristic of the pentacyclic ambiguines, as well as the use of an amide-directed functionalization at C12 to set a requisite quaternary center. A versatile late-stage intermediate was prepared that may be applicable to the synthesis of the other pentacyclic ambiguines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca E Johnson
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Hwisoo Ree
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Marco Hartmann
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Laura Lang
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Shota Sawano
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - Richmond Sarpong
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
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15
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Heravi MM, Zadsirjan V, Saedi P, Momeni T. Applications of Friedel-Crafts reactions in total synthesis of natural products. RSC Adv 2018; 8:40061-40163. [PMID: 35558228 PMCID: PMC9091380 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra07325b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2018] [Accepted: 11/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Over the years, Friedel-Crafts (FC) reactions have been acknowledged as the most useful and powerful synthetic tools for the construction of a special kind of carbon-carbon bond involving an aromatic moiety. Its stoichiometric and, more recently, its catalytic procedures have extensively been studied. This reaction in recent years has frequently been used as a key step (steps) in the total synthesis of natural products and targeted complex bioactive molecules. In this review, we try to underscore the applications of intermolecular and intramolecular FC reactions in the total syntheses of natural products and complex molecules, exhibiting diverse biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Majid M Heravi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Vahideh Zadsirjan
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Pegah Saedi
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
| | - Tayebeh Momeni
- Department of Chemistry, School of Science, Alzahra University Vanak Tehran Iran +98 2188041344 +98 9121329147
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16
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Muthu Ramalingam B, Dhatchana Moorthy N, Chowdhury SR, Mageshwaran T, Vellaichamy E, Saha S, Ganesan K, Rajesh BN, Iqbal S, Majumder HK, Gunasekaran K, Siva R, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Calothrixins B and their Deoxygenated Analogues. J Med Chem 2018; 61:1285-1315. [PMID: 29313676 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b01797] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
A series of calothrixin B (2) analogues bearing substituents at the 'E' ring and their corresponding deoxygenated quinocarbazoles lacking quinone unit were synthesized. The cytotoxicities of calothrixins 1, 2, and 15b-p and quinocarbazole analogues were investigated against nine cancer cell lines. The quinocarbazoles 21a and 25a inhibited the catalytic activity of human topoisomerase II. The plasmid DNA cleavage abilities of calothrixins 1, 2, and 15b-p identified compound 15h causing DNA cleavage comparable to that of calothrixin A (1). Calothrixin A (1), 3-fluorocalothrixin 15h and 4-fluoroquinocarbazole 21b induced extensive DNA damage followed by apoptotic cell death. Spectral and plasmid unwinding studies demonstrated an intercalative mode of binding for quinocarbazoles. We identified two promising drug candidates, the 3-fluorocalothrixin B 15h with low toxicity in animal model and its deoxygenated derivative 4-fluoroquinocarbazole 21b as having potent cytotoxicity against NCI-H460 cell line with a GI50 of 1 nM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bose Muthu Ramalingam
- Department of Organic Chemistry, University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Nachiappan Dhatchana Moorthy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India.,Research and Development Centre, Orchid Pharma Ltd , Sholinganallur, Chennai 600 119, India
| | - Somenath Roy Chowdhury
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | | | - Elangovan Vellaichamy
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Madras , Guindy Campus, Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Sourav Saha
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | - Karthikeyan Ganesan
- Research and Development Centre, Orchid Pharma Ltd , Sholinganallur, Chennai 600 119, India
| | - B Navin Rajesh
- Research and Development Centre, Orchid Pharma Ltd , Sholinganallur, Chennai 600 119, India
| | - Saleem Iqbal
- CAS in Crystallography & Biophysics, University of Madras , Chennai 600 025, India
| | - Hemanta K Majumder
- Division of Infectious Diseases & Immunology, Indian Institute of Chemical Biology , 4 Raja S. C. Mullick Road, Jadavpur, Kolkata 700032, India
| | | | - Ramamoorthy Siva
- School of Bio Sciences and Technology, VIT University , Vellore 632 014, India
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17
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Novel Effective Small-Molecule Antibacterials against Enterococcus Strains. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22122193. [PMID: 29232858 PMCID: PMC6149733 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22122193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2017] [Revised: 11/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Enterococcus species cause increasing numbers of infections in hospitals. They contribute to the increasing mortality rates, mostly in patients with comorbidities, who suffer from severe diseases. Enterococcus resistances against most antibiotics have been described, including novel antibiotics. Therefore, there is an ongoing demand for novel types of antibiotics that may overcome bacterial resistances. We discovered a novel class of antibiotics resulting from a simple one-pot reaction of indole and o-phthaldialdehyde. Differently substituted indolyl benzocarbazoles were yielded. Both the indole substitution and the positioning at the molecular scaffold influence the antibacterial activity towards the various strains of Enterococcus species with the highest relevance to nosocomial infections. Structure-activity relationships are discussed, and the first lead compounds were identified as also being effective in the case of a vancomycin resistance.
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Mori-Quiroz LM, Dekarske MM, Prinkki AB, Clift MD. Exploiting Alkylquinone Tautomerization for the Total Synthesis of Calothrixin A and B. J Org Chem 2017; 82:12257-12266. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.7b02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Luis M. Mori-Quiroz
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Madeline M. Dekarske
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Austin B. Prinkki
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
| | - Michael D. Clift
- Department of Chemistry, The University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, United States
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Ramalingam BM, Mohanakrishnan AK. Synthesis of oxacalothrixin B and its analogues involving iodine/TBHP-mediated electrocyclization. Tetrahedron Lett 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tetlet.2017.06.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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20
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Swain SS, Paidesetty SK, Padhy RN. Antibacterial, antifungal and antimycobacterial compounds from cyanobacteria. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 90:760-776. [PMID: 28419973 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2016] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Infections from multidrug resistant (MDR) pathogenic bacteria, fungi and Mycobacterium tuberculosis remain progressively intractable. The search of effective antimicrobials from other possible non-conventional sources against MDR pathogenic bacteria, fungi and mycobacteria is call of the day. This review considers 121 cyanobacterial compounds or cyano-compounds with antimicrobial activities. Chemical structures of cyano-compounds were retrieved from ChemSpider and PubChem databases and were visualized by the software ChemDraw Ultra. Chemical information on cyano-compounds pertaining to Lipinski rules of five was assessed. The reviewed cyano-compounds belong to the following chemical classes (with examples): alkaloids (ambiguine isonitriles and 12-epi-hapalindole E isonitrile), aromatic compounds (benzoic acid and cyanobacterin), cyclic depsipeptides (cryptophycin 52 and lyngbyabellin A), cyclic peptides (calophycin and tenuecyclamides), cyclic undecapeptides (kawaguchipeptins and lyngbyazothrin A), cyclophane (carbamidocyclophane), extracellular pigment (nostocine A), fatty acids (alpha-dimorphecolic acid and majusculonic acid), linear peptides (muscoride A), lipopeptides (fischerellins and scytonemin A), nucleosides (tolytoxin and tubercidin), phenols (ambigols and 4-4'-hydroxybiphenyl), macrolides (scytophycin A and tolytoxin), polyketides (malyngolide and nostocyclyne), polyphenyl ethers (crossbyanol A), porphinoids (tolyporphin J) and terpenoids (noscomin and scytoscalarol). Cyanobacteria appear to be a diverse source of compounds with antimicrobial activity. Further attention is required to elucidate whether those could be applied as pharmaceuticals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shasank S Swain
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Sudhir K Paidesetty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India
| | - Rabindra N Padhy
- Central Research Laboratory, Institute of Medical Sciences and Sum Hospital, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan University, Kalinga Nagar, Bhubaneswar 751003, Odisha, India.
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21
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Advances in the Chemistry of Natural and Semisynthetic Topoisomerase I/II Inhibitors. STUDIES IN NATURAL PRODUCTS CHEMISTRY 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-444-63929-5.00002-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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22
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Van Wichelen J, Vanormelingen P, Codd GA, Vyverman W. The common bloom-forming cyanobacterium Microcystis is prone to a wide array of microbial antagonists. HARMFUL ALGAE 2016; 55:97-111. [PMID: 28073551 DOI: 10.1016/j.hal.2016.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2015] [Revised: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Many degraded waterbodies around the world are subject to strong proliferations of cyanobacteria - notorious for their toxicity, high biomass build-up and negative impacts on aquatic food webs - the presence of which puts serious limits on the human use of affected water bodies. Cyanobacterial blooms are largely regarded as trophic dead ends since they are a relatively poor food source for zooplankton. As a consequence, their population dynamics are generally attributed to changes in abiotic conditions (bottom-up control). Blooms however generally contain a vast and diverse community of micro-organisms of which some have shown devastating effects on cyanobacterial biomass. For Microcystis, one of the most common bloom-forming cyanobacteria worldwide, a high number of micro-organisms (about 120 taxa) including viruses, bacteria, microfungi, different groups of heterotrophic protists, other cyanobacteria and several eukaryotic microalgal groups are currently known to negatively affect its growth by infection and predation or by the production of allelopathic compounds. Although many of these specifically target Microcystis, sharp declines of Microcystis biomass in nature are only rarely assigned to these antagonistic microbiota. The commonly found strain specificity of their interactions may largely preclude strong antagonistic effects on Microcystis population levels but may however induce compositional shifts that can change ecological properties such as bloom toxicity. These highly specific interactions may form the basis of a continuous arms race (co-evolution) between Microcystis and its antagonists which potentially limits the possibilities for (micro)biological bloom control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen Van Wichelen
- Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), 9000 Gent, Belgium.
| | - Pieter Vanormelingen
- Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), 9000 Gent, Belgium
| | - Geoffrey A Codd
- Biological and Environmental Sciences, School of Natural Sciences, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, Scotland, UK
| | - Wim Vyverman
- Protistology and Aquatic Ecology, Biology Department, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 (S8), 9000 Gent, Belgium
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Walton K, Berry JP. Indole Alkaloids of the Stigonematales (Cyanophyta): Chemical Diversity, Biosynthesis and Biological Activity. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:md14040073. [PMID: 27058546 PMCID: PMC4849077 DOI: 10.3390/md14040073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The cyanobacteria are well recognized as producers of a wide array of bioactive metabolites including toxins, and potential drug candidates. However, a limited number of taxa are generally considered with respect to both of these aspects. That said, the order Stigonematales, although largely overlooked in this regard, has become increasingly recognized as a source of bioactive metabolites relevant to both human and environmental health. In particular, the hapalindoles and related indole alkaloids (i.e., ambiguines, fischerindoles, welwitindolinones) from the order, represent a diverse, and phylogenetically characteristic, class of secondary metabolites with biological activity suggestive of potential as both environmental toxins, and promising drug discovery leads. The present review gives an overview of the chemical diversity of biologically active metabolites from the Stigonematales—and particularly the so-called hapalindole-type alkaloids—including their biosynthetic origins, and their pharmacologically and toxicologically relevant bioactivities. Taken together, the current evidence suggests that these alkaloids, and the associated cyanobacterial taxa from the order, warrant future consideration as both potentially harmful (i.e., “toxic”) algae, and as promising leads for drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine Walton
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
| | - John P Berry
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Marine Science Program, Florida International University, 3000 NE 151st Street, North Miami, FL 33181, USA.
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Cyanobacterial Metabolite Calothrixins: Recent Advances in Synthesis and Biological Evaluation. Mar Drugs 2016; 14:17. [PMID: 26771620 PMCID: PMC4728514 DOI: 10.3390/md14010017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Revised: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The marine environment is host to unparalleled biological and chemical diversity, making it an attractive resource for the discovery of new therapeutics for a plethora of diseases. Compounds that are extracted from cyanobacteria are of special interest due to their unique structural scaffolds and capacity to produce potent pharmaceutical and biotechnological traits. Calothrixins A and B are two cyanobacterial metabolites with a structural assembly of quinoline, quinone, and indole pharmacophores. This review surveys recent advances in the synthesis and evaluation of the biological activities of calothrixins. Due to the low isolation yields from the marine source and the promise this scaffold holds for anticancer and antimicrobial drugs, organic and medicinal chemists around the world have embarked on developing efficient synthetic routes to produce calothrixins. Since the first review appeared in 2009, 11 novel syntheses of calothrixins have been published in the efforts to develop methods that contain fewer steps and higher-yielding reactions. Calothrixins have shown their potential as topoisomerase I poisons for their cytotoxicity in cancer. They have also been observed to target various aspects of RNA synthesis in bacteria. Further investigation into the exact mechanism for their bioactivity is still required for many of its analogs.
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Maimone TJ, Ishihara Y, Baran PS. Scalable Total Syntheses of (-)-Hapalindole U and (+)-Ambiguine H. Tetrahedron 2015; 71:3652-3665. [PMID: 25983347 PMCID: PMC4430130 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.11.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The Stigonemataceae family of cyanobacteria produces a class of biogenetically related indole natural products that include hapalindoles and ambiguines. In this full account, a practical route to the tetracyclic hapalindole family is presented by way of an eight-step, enantiospecific, protecting-group-free total synthesis of (-)-hapalindole U that features an oxidative indole-enolate coupling. With gram-scale access to hapalindole U, the first total synthesis of an ambiguine alkaloid, (+)-ambiguine H, was completed via an isonitrile-assisted prenylation of an indole followed by a photofragmentation cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas J. Maimone
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Yoshihiro Ishihara
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | - Phil S. Baran
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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26
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Raja R, Hemaiswarya S, Ganesan V, Carvalho IS. Recent developments in therapeutic applications of Cyanobacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol 2015; 42:394-405. [PMID: 25629310 DOI: 10.3109/1040841x.2014.957640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) are photosynthetic prokaryotes having applications in human health with numerous biological activities and as a dietary supplement. It is used as a food supplement because of its richness in nutrients and digestibility. Many cyanobacteria (Microcystis sp, Anabaena sp, Nostoc sp, Oscillatoria sp., etc.) produce a great variety of secondary metabolites with potent biological activities. Cyanobacteria produce biologically active and chemically diverse compounds belonging to cyclic peptides, lipopeptides, fatty acid amides, alkaloids and saccharides. More than 50% of the marine cyanobacteria are potentially exploitable for extracting bioactive substances which are effective in killing cancer cells by inducing apoptotic death. Their role as anti-viral, anti-tumor, antimicrobial, anti-HIV and a food additive have also been well established. However, such products are at different stages of clinical trials and only a few compounds have reached to the market.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rathinam Raja
- a Food Science Lab, Meditbio, Faculty of Sciences and Technology , University of Algarve , Faro , Portugal and
| | - Shanmugam Hemaiswarya
- a Food Science Lab, Meditbio, Faculty of Sciences and Technology , University of Algarve , Faro , Portugal and
| | | | - Isabel S Carvalho
- a Food Science Lab, Meditbio, Faculty of Sciences and Technology , University of Algarve , Faro , Portugal and
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27
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Ramkumar N, Nagarajan R. Formal total synthesis of calothrixin B and its N-benzyl analogues. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra18120h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
A formal total synthesis of calothrixin B and its N-benzyl analogues has been reported from (2-chlorophenyl)boronic acid, 8-bromophenanthridine-dione and benzylamines.
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28
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Ramkumar N, Nagarajan R. Total synthesis of calothrixin B via sequential Sonogashira coupling/copper-catalyzed oxidative cyclization. Org Biomol Chem 2015; 13:11046-51. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ob01766a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A total synthesis of the antimalarial indolo[3,2-j]phenanthridine alkaloid calothrixin B is reported.
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30
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Cagide E, Becher PG, Louzao MC, Espiña B, Vieytes MR, Jüttner F, Botana LM. Hapalindoles from the Cyanobacterium Fischerella: Potential Sodium Channel Modulators. Chem Res Toxicol 2014; 27:1696-706. [DOI: 10.1021/tx500188a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Eva Cagide
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Paul G. Becher
- Institute
of Plant Biology, Limnological
Station, University of Zürich, 8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland
| | - M. Carmen Louzao
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Begoña Espiña
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Mercedes R. Vieytes
- Departamento
de Fisiología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
| | - Friedrich Jüttner
- Institute
of Plant Biology, Limnological
Station, University of Zürich, 8802 Kilchberg, Switzerland
| | - Luis M. Botana
- Departamento
de Farmacología, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Santiago de Compostela, 27002 Lugo, Spain
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31
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Xu S, Nguyen T, Pomilio I, Vitale MC, Velu SE. Total Synthesis of Calothrixins A and B via Oxidative Radical Reaction of Cyclohexenone with Aminophenanthridinedione. Tetrahedron 2014; 70:5928-5933. [PMID: 25663720 DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2014.06.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bioactive indolo[3,2-j]phenanthridine alkaloids, calothrixin B and its N-oxide derivative calothrixin A have been synthesized via an oxidative free radical reaction. calothrixin B is generated from the commercially available 2,4,5-trimethoxybenzaldehyde in only 7 steps. The key step in this synthesis is the Mn(OAc)3 mediated oxidative free radical reaction of 9-(benzylamino)phenanthridine -7,10-dione with cyclohexenone to form 12-benzyl-12H-indolo[3,2-j]phenanthridine-7,13-dione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Xu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1240, USA
| | - Thao Nguyen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1240, USA
| | - Irene Pomilio
- Exchange program students from the University of "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Maria C Vitale
- Exchange program students from the University of "G. d'Annunzio" Chieti-Pescara, Via dei Vestini 66013, Chieti, Italy
| | - Sadanandan E Velu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 901 14th Street South, Birmingham, AL 35294-1240, USA ; Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1720 2nd Avenue South, Birmingham, AL 35294-3300, USA
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Mal D, Roy J, Biradha K. Regiodivergent and short total synthesis of calothrixins. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8196-203. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01309c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Bhat V, Dave A, MacKay JA, Rawal VH. The Chemistry of Hapalindoles, Fischerindoles, Ambiguines, and Welwitindolinones. THE ALKALOIDS: CHEMISTRY AND BIOLOGY 2014; 73:65-160. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-411565-1.00002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
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Nagarajan M, Maruthanayagam V, Sundararaman M. SAR analysis and bioactive potentials of freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacterial compounds: a review. J Appl Toxicol 2012; 33:313-49. [PMID: 23172644 DOI: 10.1002/jat.2833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2012] [Revised: 08/29/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria resemble the marine forms in producing divergent chemicals such as linear, cyclic and azole containing peptides, alkaloids, cyclophanes, terpenes, lactones, etc. These metabolites have wider biomedical potentials in targeting proteases, cancers, parasites, pathogens and other cyanobacteria and algae (allelopathy). Among the various families of non-marine cyanobacterial peptides reported, many of them are acting as serine protease inhibitors. While the micropeptin family has a preference for chymotrypsin inhibition rather than other serine proteases, the aeruginosin family targets trypsin and thrombin. In addition, cyanobacterial compounds such as scytonemide A, lyngbyazothrins C and D and cylindrocyclophanes were found to inhibit 20S proteosome. Apart from proteases, metabolites blocking the other targets of cancer pathways may exhibit cytotoxic effect. Colon and rectum, breast, lung and prostate are the worst affecting cancers in humans and are deduced to be inhibited by both peptidic and non-peptidic compounds. Moreover, the growth of infections causing parasites such as Plasmodium, Leishmania and Trypanosoma are well controlled by peptides: aerucyclamides A-D, tychonamides and alkaloids: nostocarboline and calothrixins. Likewise, varieties of cyanobacterial compounds tend to inhibit serious infectious disease causing bacterial, fungal and viral agents. Interestingly, portoamides, spiroidesin, nostocyclamide and kasumigamide are the allelopathic peptides determined to suppress the growth of toxic cyanobacteria and nuisance algae. Thus cyanobacterial compounds have a broad bioactive spectrum; the analysis of SAR studies will not only assist to find out the mode of action but also reveal bioactive key components. Thereby, developing the drugs bearing these bioactive skeletons to treat various illnesses is wide open.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Nagarajan
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, School of Marine Sciences, Bharathidasan University, Tiruchirappalli-, 620 024, Tamil Nadu, India
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Matsumoto K, Choshi T, Hourai M, Zamami Y, Sasaki K, Abe T, Ishikura M, Hatae N, Iwamura T, Tohyama S, Nobuhiro J, Hibino S. Synthesis and antimalarial activity of calothrixins A and B, and their N-alkyl derivatives. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4762-4. [PMID: 22727670 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2012] [Revised: 05/09/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized calothrixin B using our developed biomimetic method and derived N-alkyl-calothrixins A and B. The in vitro antimalarial activity of the calothrixin derivatives, including calothrixins A and B, against the Plasmodium falciparum FCR-3 strain was evaluated. All test compounds exhibited antimalarial activity over a concentration range of 6.4×10(-6)-1.2×10(-7) M.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Matsumoto
- Graduate School of Pharmacy & Pharmaceutical Sciences, and Faculty of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Fukuyama University, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 729-0292, Japan
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Abstract
This review covers the literature on the chemically mediated ecology of cyanobacteria, including ultraviolet radiation protection, feeding-deterrence, allelopathy, resource competition, and signalling. To highlight the chemical and biological diversity of this group of organisms, evolutionary and chemotaxonomical studies are presented. Several technologically relevant aspects of cyanobacterial chemical ecology are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N Leão
- CIIMAR/CIMAR, Center for Marine and Environmental Research, University of Porto, Rua dos Bragas 289, 4050-123, Porto, Portugal.
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Chlipala GE, Mo S, Orjala J. Chemodiversity in freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria - a source for drug discovery. Curr Drug Targets 2011; 12:1654-73. [PMID: 21561419 PMCID: PMC3244969 DOI: 10.2174/138945011798109455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cyanobacteria are considered a promising source for new pharmaceutical lead compounds and a large number of chemically diverse and bioactive metabolites have been obtained from cyanobacteria over the last few decades. This review highlights the structural diversity of natural products from freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria. The review is divided into three areas: cytotoxic metabolites, protease inhibitors, and antimicrobial metabolites. The first section discusses the potent cytotoxins cryptophycin and tolytoxin. The second section covers protease inhibitors from freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria and is divided in five subsections according to structural class: aeruginosins, cyanopeptolins, microviridins, anabaenopeptins, and microginins. Structure activity relationships are discussed within each protease inhibitor class. The third section, antimicrobial metabolites from freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria, is divided by chemical class in three subsections: alkaloids, peptides and terpenoids. These examples emphasize the structural diversity and drug development potential of natural products from freshwater and terrestrial cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E. Chlipala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois, 60612
| | - Shunyan Mo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois, 60612
| | - Jimmy Orjala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St., Chicago, Illinois, 60612
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38
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Mo S, Krunic A, Santarsiero BD, Franzblau SG, Orjala J. Hapalindole-related alkaloids from the cultured cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua. PHYTOCHEMISTRY 2010; 71:2116-23. [PMID: 20965528 PMCID: PMC2981615 DOI: 10.1016/j.phytochem.2010.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2010] [Revised: 07/21/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2010] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Four hapalindole-related alkaloids, namely fischambiguines A and B, ambiguine P, ambiguine Q nitrile as well as ambiguine G nitrile were identified from the cultured cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua (UTEX 1903). The structures were determined by spectroscopic analysis including MS, 1D and 2D NMR and X-ray crystallography. The alkaloids possessed fused pentacyclic and hexacyclic carbon skeletons. Fischambiguine B displayed a strong inhibitory activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis with an MIC value of 2 μM, with no detectable cytotoxicity in a Vero cell line.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyan Mo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Aleksej Krunic
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Bernard D. Santarsiero
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
- Center for Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, University of Illinois at Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | - Scott G. Franzblau
- Institute for Tuberculosis Research, University of Illinois at Chicago, 833 S. Wood St. Room 412, Chicago, Illinois 60612
| | - Jimmy Orjala
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
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Leão PN, Vasconcelos MTSD, Vasconcelos VM. Allelopathy in freshwater cyanobacteria. Crit Rev Microbiol 2010; 35:271-82. [PMID: 19863381 DOI: 10.3109/10408410902823705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Freshwater cyanobacteria produce several bioactive secondary metabolites with diverse chemical structure, which may achieve high concentrations in the aquatic medium when cyanobacterial blooms occur. Some of the compounds released by cyanobacteria have allelopathic properties, influencing the biological processes of other phytoplankton or aquatic plants. These kinds of interactions are more easily detectable under laboratory studies; however their ecological relevance is often debated. Recent research has discovered new allelopathic properties in some cyanobacteria species, new allelochemicals and elucidated some of the allelopathic mechanisms. Ecosystem-level approaches have shed some light on the factors that influence allelopathic interactions, as well as how cyanobacteria may be able to modulate their surrounding environment by means of allelochemical release. Nevertheless, the role of allelopathy in cyanobacteria ecology is still not well understood, and its clarification should benefit from carefully designed field studies, chemical characterization of allelochemicals and new methodological approaches at the "omics" level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro N Leão
- CIIMAR/CIMAR-LA, Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental, Porto, Portugal.
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40
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Hibino S, Choshi T, Tohyama S, Matsumoto K, Yamabuki A, Hieda Y, Nobuhiro J. Total Synthesis of Bioactive Indolo[3,2-j]phenanthridine Alkaloid, Calothrixin B. HETEROCYCLES 2010. [DOI: 10.3987/com-10-s(e)11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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41
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Rastogi RP, Sinha RP. Biotechnological and industrial significance of cyanobacterial secondary metabolites. Biotechnol Adv 2009; 27:521-39. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2009.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2009] [Revised: 04/13/2009] [Accepted: 04/14/2009] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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42
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Mo S, Krunic A, Chlipala G, Orjala J. Antimicrobial ambiguine isonitriles from the cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:894-9. [PMID: 19371071 PMCID: PMC2765494 DOI: 10.1021/np800751j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Five new antibacterial ambiguine K-O isonitriles (1-5) and eight previously described indole alkaloids were isolated from the cultured cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua (UTEX 1903) by bioassay-guided fractionation. The planar structures of the new compounds were determined by spectroscopic analysis including MS and 1D and 2D NMR. X-ray crystallography was used to determine the absolute stereoconfiguration of ambiguine K isonitrile. The isolates were evaluated for their antibacterial activities against a set of bacterial targets, including Mycobacterium tuberculosis and Bacillus anthracis. Ambiguine K and M isonitriles showed the most potent activity against M. tuberculosis, with MIC values of 6.6 and 7.5 microM, respectively. Ambiguine A isonitrile showed the most potent activity against B. anthracis, with a MIC of 1.0 microM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunyan Mo
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry and Pharmacognosy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60612, USA
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43
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Khan QA, Lu J, Hecht SM. Calothrixins, a new class of human DNA topoisomerase I poisons. JOURNAL OF NATURAL PRODUCTS 2009; 72:438-442. [PMID: 19203291 DOI: 10.1021/np8007232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Calothrixins A (1) and B (2) were converted to their O- and N-methylated derivatives, respectively. All four compounds were found to act as poisons of DNA topoisomerase I and to do so reversibly. Three of the calothrixins (1-3) were tested for their cytotoxicity toward cultured (p53 proficient) CEM leukemia cells and found to exhibit IC(50) values ranging from 0.20 to 5.13 muM. The cell cycle effects of calothrixins 1-3 were also studied. Calothrixin B (2) produced G(1) arrest at 0.1 muM concentration, while higher concentrations of calothrixins 1 and 3 resulted in cell accumulation in both the S and G(2)/M phases of the cell cycle. The cell cycle effects produced by the calothrixins were more readily reversible upon removal of the compounds than those produced by camptothecin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qasim A Khan
- Center for BioEnergetics, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona 85287, USA
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44
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45
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Richter JM, Ishihara Y, Masuda T, Whitefield BW, Llamas T, Pohjakallio A, Baran PS. Enantiospecific total synthesis of the hapalindoles, fischerindoles, and welwitindolinones via a redox economic approach. J Am Chem Soc 2008; 130:17938-54. [PMID: 19035635 PMCID: PMC2634302 DOI: 10.1021/ja806981k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 238] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Full details are provided for the total synthesis of several members of the hapalindole family of natural products, including hapalindole Q, 12-epi-hapalindole D, 12-epi-fischerindole U, 12-epi-fischerindole G, 12-epi-fischerindole I, and welwitindolinone A. Use of the recently developed direct indole coupling enabled an efficient, practical, scalable, and protecting-group-free synthesis of each of these natural products. The original biosynthetic proposal is reviewed, and a revised biosynthetic hypothesis is suggested, validated by the above syntheses. The syntheses are also characterized by an adherence to the concept of "redox economy". Analogous to "atom economy" or "step economy", "redox economy" minimizes the superfluous redox manipulations within a synthesis; rather, the oxidation state of intermediates linearly and steadily increases throughout the course of the synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy M Richter
- Department of Chemistry, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
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46
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Cyanobacterial toxins as allelochemicals with potential applications as algaecides, herbicides and insecticides. Mar Drugs 2008; 6:117-46. [PMID: 18728763 PMCID: PMC2525484 DOI: 10.3390/md20080007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2008] [Revised: 05/01/2008] [Accepted: 05/12/2008] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cyanobacteria ("blue-green algae") from marine and freshwater habitats are known to produce a diverse array of toxic or otherwise bioactive metabolites. However, the functional role of the vast majority of these compounds, particularly in terms of the physiology and ecology of the cyanobacteria that produce them, remains largely unknown. A limited number of studies have suggested that some of the compounds may have ecological roles as allelochemicals, specifically including compounds that may inhibit competing sympatric macrophytes, algae and microbes. These allelochemicals may also play a role in defense against potential predators and grazers, particularly aquatic invertebrates and their larvae. This review will discuss the existing evidence for the allelochemical roles of cyanobacterial toxins, as well as the potential for development and application of these compounds as algaecides, herbicides and insecticides, and specifically present relevant results from investigations into toxins of cyanobacteria from the Florida Everglades and associated waterways.
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47
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Cyanobacterial Toxins as Allelochemicals with Potential Applications as Algaecides, Herbicides and Insecticides. Mar Drugs 2008. [DOI: 10.3390/md6020117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Abstract
This article describes the utility of certain readily accessible, ring-fusedgem-dihalogenocyclopropanes as building blocks for the synthesis of heterocyclic and biologically active compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin G. Banwell
- 1Research School of Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Studies,The Australian National University, Canberra, ACT 0200, Australia
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McErlean CS, Sperry J, Blake AJ, Moody CJ. Synthesis of the calothrixins, pentacyclic indolo[3,2-j]phenanthridine alkaloids, using a biomimetic approach. Tetrahedron 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2007.08.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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50
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Berry JP, Gantar M, Gibbs PDL, Schmale MC. The zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo as a model system for identification and characterization of developmental toxins from marine and freshwater microalgae. Comp Biochem Physiol C Toxicol Pharmacol 2007; 145:61-72. [PMID: 17020820 PMCID: PMC2573033 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpc.2006.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2006] [Revised: 07/08/2006] [Accepted: 07/10/2006] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
The zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryo has emerged as an important model of vertebrate development. As such, this model system is finding utility in the investigation of toxic agents that inhibit, or otherwise interfere with, developmental processes (i.e. developmental toxins), including compounds that have potential relevance to both human and environmental health, as well as biomedicine. Recently, this system has been applied increasingly to the study of microbial toxins, and more specifically, as an aquatic animal model, has been employed to investigate toxins from marine and freshwater microalgae, including those classified among the so-called "harmful algal blooms" (HABs). We have developed this system for identification and characterization of toxins from cyanobacteria (i.e. "blue-green algae") isolated from the Florida Everglades and other freshwater sources in South and Central Florida. Here we review the use of this system as it has been applied generally to the investigation of toxins from marine and freshwater microalgae, and illustrate this utility as we have applied it to the detection, bioassay-guided fractionation and subsequent characterization of developmental toxins from freshwater cyanobacteria.
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Affiliation(s)
- John P Berry
- Marine Biology and Fisheries, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33149, USA.
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