1
|
Host-specific signal perception by PsaR2 LuxR solo induces Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae virulence traits. Microbiol Res 2022; 260:127048. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micres.2022.127048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
|
2
|
de Souza JB, Almeida-Souza HO, Zaini PA, Alves MN, de Souza AG, Pierry PM, da Silva AM, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM, Nascimento R. Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca Strains Fb7 and 9a5c from Citrus Display Differential Behavior, Secretome, and Plant Virulence. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E6769. [PMID: 32942709 PMCID: PMC7555403 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/12/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa colonizes the xylem of various cultivated and native plants worldwide. Citrus production in Brazil has been seriously affected, and major commercial varieties remain susceptible to Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC). Collective cellular behaviors such as biofilm formation influence virulence and insect transmission of X. fastidiosa. The reference strain 9a5c produces a robust biofilm compared to Fb7 that remains mostly planktonic, and both were isolated from symptomatic citrus trees. This work deepens our understanding of these distinct behaviors at the molecular level, by comparing the cellular and secreted proteomes of these two CVC strains. Out of 1017 identified proteins, 128 showed differential abundance between the two strains. Different protein families were represented such as proteases, hemolysin-like proteins, and lipase/esterases, among others. Here we show that the lipase/esterase LesA is among the most abundant secreted proteins of CVC strains as well, and demonstrate its functionality by complementary activity assays. More severe symptoms were observed in Nicotiana tabacum inoculated with strain Fb7 compared to 9a5c. Our results support that systemic symptom development can be accelerated by strains that invest less in biofilm formation and more in plant colonization. This has potential application in modulating the bacterial-plant interaction and reducing disease severity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Brito de Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Hebréia Oliveira Almeida-Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Paulo Adriano Zaini
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Mônica Neli Alves
- Department of Technology, School of Agricultural and Veterinary Studies, São Paulo State University (FCAV/UNESP), Via de Acesso Prof. Paulo Donato Castellane, Jaboticabal SP 14884-900, Brazil;
- Citriculture Defense Fund (Fundecitrus), Av. Dr. Adhemar Pereira de Barros 201, Araraquara SP 14807-040, Brazil
| | - Aline Gomes de Souza
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Paulo Marques Pierry
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil; (P.M.P.); (A.M.d.S.)
| | - Aline Maria da Silva
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Chemistry, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes 748, São Paulo SP 05508-000, Brazil; (P.M.P.); (A.M.d.S.)
| | - Luiz Ricardo Goulart
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| | - Abhaya M. Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, College of Agriculture and Environmental Sciences, University of California, Davis, 1 Shields Ave, Davis, CA 95616, USA;
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Institute of Biotechnology, Federal University of Uberlandia, Av. Amazonas, Bloco 2E, Campus Umuarama, Uberlandia MG 38400-902, Brazil; (J.B.d.S.); (H.O.A.-S.); (A.G.d.S.); (L.R.G.); (R.N.)
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Stincone P, Miyamoto KN, Timbe PPR, Lieske I, Brandelli A. Nisin influence on the expression of Listeria monocytogenes surface proteins. J Proteomics 2020; 226:103906. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2020.103906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2020] [Revised: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 07/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
4
|
Prabhu D, Rajamanikandan S, Anusha SB, Chowdary MS, Veerapandiyan M, Jeyakanthan J. In silico Functional Annotation and Characterization of Hypothetical Proteins from Serratia marcescens FGI94. BIOL BULL+ 2020; 47:319-331. [PMID: 32834707 PMCID: PMC7394047 DOI: 10.1134/s1062359020300019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2019] [Revised: 09/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/30/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Serratia marcescens, rod-shaped Gram-negative bacteria is classified as an opportunistic pathogen in the family Enterobacteriaceae. It causes a wide variety of infections in humans, including urinary, respiratory, ocular lens and ear infections, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, meningitis and septicemia. Unfortunately, over the past decade, antibiotic resistance has become a serious health care issue; the effective means to control and dissemination of S. marcescens resistance is the need of hour. The whole genome sequencing of S. marcescens FGI94 strain contains 4434 functional proteins, among which 690 (15.56%) proteins were classified under hypothetical. In the present study, we applied the power of various bioinformatics tools on the basis of protein family comparison, motifs, functional properties of amino acids and genome context to assign the possible functions for the HPs. The pseudo sequences (protein sequence that contain ≤100 amino acid residues) are eliminated from the study. Although we have successfully predicted the function for 483 proteins, we were able to infer the high level of confidence only for 108 proteins. The predicted HPs were classified into various classes such as enzymes, transporters, binding proteins, cell division, cell regulatory and other proteins. The outcome of the study could be helpful to understand the molecular mechanism in bacterial pathogenesis and also provide an insight into the identification of potential targets for drug and vaccine development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Prabhu
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Campus, 630004 Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu India
| | - S Rajamanikandan
- ICAR-National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, 560064 Yelahanka, Bengaluru India
| | - S Baby Anusha
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sathyabama University, 600119 Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - M Sushma Chowdary
- Department of Bioinformatics, Sathyabama University, 600119 Chennai, Tamil Nadu India
| | - M Veerapandiyan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Campus, 630004 Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu India
| | - J Jeyakanthan
- Department of Bioinformatics, Alagappa University, Science Campus, 630004 Karaikudi, Tamil Nadu India
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Mauricio FN, Soratto TAT, Diogo JA, Boscariol-Camargo RL, De Souza AA, Coletta-Filho HD, Silva JAA, Medeiros AH, Machado MA, Cristofani-Yaly M. Analysis of Defense-Related Gene Expression in Citrus Hybrids Infected by Xylella fastidiosa. PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2019; 109:301-306. [PMID: 30480473 DOI: 10.1094/phyto-09-18-0366-fi] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Resistance to Xylella fastidiosa was evaluated in 264 hybrids of crosses between Murcott tangor (Citrus reticulata × Citrus sinensis) and Pera sweet orange (C. sinensis) under field conditions. Uninfected hybrids were grafted with buds collected from Pera sweet orange plants infected with X. fastidiosa, forming a plant with two scions (i.e., hybrid branches and Pera sweet orange branches). From these plants, we chose 10 genotypes with three biological replicates. We evaluated gene expression, bacterial multiplication, and citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) symptom development in both scions. X. fastidiosa was not detected in most hybrid scions and none showed disease symptoms. In contrast, all Pera sweet orange scions were infected with X. fastidiosa and expressed symptoms of CVC. We quantified the expression of 12 defense-related genes by qPCR comparing resistant to susceptible scions. We suggest that some of these genes are involved in resistance of the hybrids to X. fastidiosa, since their expression was significantly higher in the resistant hybrid scions than in tolerant hybrids and scions originated from CVC symptomatic Pera sweet orange buds. However, we note that these data should be interpreted carefully, as the plant genotypes tested are related but necessarily distinct (hybrids of C. reticulata and C. sinensis, in relation to a C. sinensis control). A principal component analysis revealed a relationship between the expression of these genes and hybrid scions, and between scions that originated from infected buds and the presence of the bacteria and plant symptoms. Multiyear field trials are necessary to develop plant resistance to X. fastidiosa. While the experimental design used here had limitations, it allowed us to identify a set of genes potentially involved in Citrus sp. resistance to this pathogen. Future work on the role of these genes in plant defenses to X. fastidiosa infection is necessary to confirm their importance in the displayed resistance phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F N Mauricio
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, and tenth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, C.P.04, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil 13490-970; first, second, and eighth authors: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Araras, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, São Paulo; and seventh author: Pólo Regional Alta Mogiana, C.P. 35, Colina, SP, Brazil
| | - T A T Soratto
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, and tenth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, C.P.04, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil 13490-970; first, second, and eighth authors: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Araras, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, São Paulo; and seventh author: Pólo Regional Alta Mogiana, C.P. 35, Colina, SP, Brazil
| | - J A Diogo
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, and tenth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, C.P.04, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil 13490-970; first, second, and eighth authors: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Araras, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, São Paulo; and seventh author: Pólo Regional Alta Mogiana, C.P. 35, Colina, SP, Brazil
| | - R L Boscariol-Camargo
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, and tenth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, C.P.04, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil 13490-970; first, second, and eighth authors: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Araras, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, São Paulo; and seventh author: Pólo Regional Alta Mogiana, C.P. 35, Colina, SP, Brazil
| | - A A De Souza
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, and tenth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, C.P.04, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil 13490-970; first, second, and eighth authors: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Araras, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, São Paulo; and seventh author: Pólo Regional Alta Mogiana, C.P. 35, Colina, SP, Brazil
| | - H D Coletta-Filho
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, and tenth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, C.P.04, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil 13490-970; first, second, and eighth authors: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Araras, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, São Paulo; and seventh author: Pólo Regional Alta Mogiana, C.P. 35, Colina, SP, Brazil
| | - J A A Silva
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, and tenth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, C.P.04, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil 13490-970; first, second, and eighth authors: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Araras, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, São Paulo; and seventh author: Pólo Regional Alta Mogiana, C.P. 35, Colina, SP, Brazil
| | - A H Medeiros
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, and tenth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, C.P.04, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil 13490-970; first, second, and eighth authors: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Araras, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, São Paulo; and seventh author: Pólo Regional Alta Mogiana, C.P. 35, Colina, SP, Brazil
| | - M A Machado
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, and tenth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, C.P.04, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil 13490-970; first, second, and eighth authors: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Araras, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, São Paulo; and seventh author: Pólo Regional Alta Mogiana, C.P. 35, Colina, SP, Brazil
| | - M Cristofani-Yaly
- First, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, ninth, and tenth authors: Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira/IAC, C.P.04, Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil 13490-970; first, second, and eighth authors: Universidade Federal de São Carlos, Campus Araras, Rodovia Anhanguera, Km 174, Araras, São Paulo; and seventh author: Pólo Regional Alta Mogiana, C.P. 35, Colina, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Silva MMD, Andrade MDS, Bauermeister A, Merfa MV, Forim MR, Fernandes JB, Vieira PC, Silva MFDGFD, Lopes NP, Machado MA, Souza AAD. A Simple Defined Medium for the Production of True Diketopiperazines in Xylella fastidiosa and Their Identification by Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography-Electrospray Ionization Ion Trap Mass Spectrometry. Molecules 2017; 22:E985. [PMID: 28608830 PMCID: PMC6152636 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22060985] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Diketopiperazines can be generated by non-enzymatic cyclization of linear dipeptides at extreme temperature or pH, and the complex medium used to culture bacteria and fungi including phytone peptone and trypticase peptone, can also produce cyclic peptides by heat sterilization. As a result, it is not always clear if many diketopiperazines reported in the literature are artifacts formed by the different complex media used in microorganism growth. An ideal method for analysis of these compounds should identify whether they are either synthesized de novo from the products of primary metabolism and deliver true diketopiperazines. A simple defined medium (X. fastidiosa medium or XFM) containing a single carbon source and no preformed amino acids has emerged as a method with a particularly high potential for the grown of X. fastidiosa and to produce genuine natural products. In this work, we identified a range of diketopiperazines from X. fastidiosa 9a5c growth in XFM, using Ultra-Fast Liquid Chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. Diketopiperazines are reported for the first time from X. fastidiosa, which is responsible for citrus variegated chlorosis. We also report here fatty acids from X. fastidiosa, which were not biologically active as diffusible signals, and the role of diketopiperazines in signal transduction still remains unknown.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Moacir Dos Santos Andrade
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905 São Carlos-SP, Brazil.
| | - Anelize Bauermeister
- Núcleo Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcus Vinícius Merfa
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, CP 04, 13490-970 Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil.
| | - Moacir Rossi Forim
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905 São Carlos-SP, Brazil.
| | - João Batista Fernandes
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905 São Carlos-SP, Brazil.
| | - Paulo Cezar Vieira
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, CP 676, 13565-905 São Carlos-SP, Brazil.
| | | | - Norberto Peporine Lopes
- Núcleo Pesquisas em Produtos Naturais e Sintéticos, Faculdade de Ciências Farmacêuticas de Ribeirão Preto, Universidade de São Paulo, 14040-903 Ribeirão Preto-SP, Brazil.
| | - Marcos Antônio Machado
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, CP 04, 13490-970 Cordeirópolis-SP, Brazil.
| | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Abstract
Among all the systems developed by enterobacteria to face osmotic stress, only osmoregulated periplasmic glucans (OPGs) were found to be modulated during osmotic fluxes. First detected in 1973 by E.P. Kennedy's group in a study of phospholipid turnover in Escherichia coli, OPGs have been shown across alpha, beta, and gamma subdivisions of the proteobacteria. Discovery of OPG-like compounds in the epsilon subdivision strongly suggested that the presence of periplasmic glucans is essential for almost all proteobacteria. This article offers an overview of the different classes of OPGs. Then, the biosynthesis of OPGs and their regulation in E. coli and other species are discussed. Finally, the biological role of OPGs is developed. Beyond structural function, OPGs are involved in pathogenicity, in particular, by playing a role in signal transduction pathways. Recently, OPG synthesis proteins have been suggested to control cell division and growth rate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Bontemps-Gallo
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Bohin
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| | - Jean-Marie Lacroix
- Univ. Lille, CNRS, UMR 8576-UGSF-Unité de Glycobiologie Structurale et Fonctionnelle, F 59000 Lille, France
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Castiblanco LF, Sundin GW. New insights on molecular regulation of biofilm formation in plant-associated bacteria. JOURNAL OF INTEGRATIVE PLANT BIOLOGY 2016; 58:362-72. [PMID: 26377849 DOI: 10.1111/jipb.12428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex bacterial assemblages with a defined three-dimensional architecture, attached to solid surfaces, and surrounded by a self-produced matrix generally composed of exopolysaccharides, proteins, lipids and extracellular DNA. Biofilm formation has evolved as an adaptive strategy of bacteria to cope with harsh environmental conditions as well as to establish antagonistic or beneficial interactions with their host. Plant-associated bacteria attach and form biofilms on different tissues including leaves, stems, vasculature, seeds and roots. In this review, we examine the formation of biofilms from the plant-associated bacterial perspective and detail the recently-described mechanisms of genetic regulation used by these organisms to orchestrate biofilm formation on plant surfaces. In addition, we describe plant host signals that bacterial pathogens recognize to activate the transition from a planktonic lifestyle to multicellular behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luisa F Castiblanco
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences and Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| | - George W Sundin
- Department of Plant, Soil and Microbial Sciences and Center for Microbial Pathogenesis, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, 48824, USA
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Mendes JS, Santiago ADS, Toledo MAS, Rosselli-Murai LK, Favaro MTP, Santos CA, Horta MAC, Crucello A, Beloti LL, Romero F, Tasic L, de Souza AA, de Souza AP. VapD in Xylella fastidiosa Is a Thermostable Protein with Ribonuclease Activity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0145765. [PMID: 26694028 PMCID: PMC4687846 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0145765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/08/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa strain 9a5c is a gram-negative phytopathogen that is the causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), a disease that is responsible for economic losses in Brazilian agriculture. The most well-known mechanism of pathogenicity for this bacterial pathogen is xylem vessel occlusion, which results from bacterial movement and the formation of biofilms. The molecular mechanisms underlying the virulence caused by biofilm formation are unknown. Here, we provide evidence showing that virulence-associated protein D in X. fastidiosa (Xf-VapD) is a thermostable protein with ribonuclease activity. Moreover, protein expression analyses in two X. fastidiosa strains, including virulent (Xf9a5c) and nonpathogenic (XfJ1a12) strains, showed that Xf-VapD was expressed during all phases of development in both strains and that increased expression was observed in Xf9a5c during biofilm growth. This study is an important step toward characterizing and improving our understanding of the biological significance of Xf-VapD and its potential functions in the CVC pathosystem.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Juliano S. Mendes
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - André da S. Santiago
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Marcelo A. S. Toledo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Luciana K. Rosselli-Murai
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Marianna T. P. Favaro
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Clelton A. Santos
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Maria Augusta C. Horta
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Aline Crucello
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Lilian L. Beloti
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
| | - Fabian Romero
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-970
| | - Ljubica Tasic
- Departamento de Química Orgânica, Instituto de Química, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-970
| | | | - Anete P. de Souza
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-875
- Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, SP, Brazil, CEP 13083-862
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Gardiner M, Fernandes ND, Nowakowski D, Raftery M, Kjelleberg S, Zhong L, Thomas T, Egan S. VarR controls colonization and virulence in the marine macroalgal pathogen Nautella italica R11. Front Microbiol 2015; 6:1130. [PMID: 26528274 PMCID: PMC4602140 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2015.01130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence to suggest that macroalgae (seaweeds) are susceptible to infectious disease. However, to date, little is known about the mechanisms that facilitate the colonization and virulence of microbial seaweed pathogens. One well-described example of a seaweed disease is the bleaching of the red alga Delisea pulchra, which can be caused by the bacterium Nautella italica R11, a member of the Roseobacter clade. This pathogen contains a unique luxR-type gene, varR, which we hypothesize controls its colonization and virulence. We show here that a varR knock-out strain is deficient in its ability to cause disease in D. pulchra and is defective in biofilm formation and attachment to a common algal polysaccharide. Moreover complementation of the varR gene in trans can restore these functions to the wild type levels. Proteomic analysis of bacterial cells in planktonic and biofilm growth highlight the potential importance of nitrogen scavenging, mobilization of energy reserves, and stress resistance in the biofilm lifestyle of N. italica R11. Moreover, we show that VarR regulates the expression of a specific subset of biofilm-associated proteins. Taken together these data suggest that VarR controls colonization and persistence of N. italica R11 on the surface of a macroalgal host and that it is an important regulator of virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Gardiner
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Neil D Fernandes
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Dennis Nowakowski
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Mark Raftery
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Staffan Kjelleberg
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia ; Singapore Centre on Environmental Life Sciences Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore Singapore
| | - Ling Zhong
- Bioanalytical Mass Spectrometry Facility, Mark Wainwright Analytical Centre, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Torsten Thomas
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Suhelen Egan
- School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, Centre for Marine Bio-Innovation, The University of New South Wales Sydney, NSW, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Dourado MN, Santos DS, Nunes LR, Costa de Oliveira RLBD, de Oliveira MV, Araújo WL. Differential gene expression in Xylella fastidiosa 9a5c during co-cultivation with the endophytic bacterium Methylobacterium mesophilicum SR1.6/6. J Basic Microbiol 2015. [PMID: 26218710 DOI: 10.1002/jobm.201400916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC), colonizes plant xylem, reducing sap flow, and inducing internerval chlorosis, leaf size reduction, necrosis, and harder and smaller fruits. This bacterium may be transmitted from plant to plant by sharpshooter insects, including Bucephalogonia xanthopis. The citrus endophytic bacterium Methylobacterium mesophilicum SR1.6/6 colonizes citrus xylem and previous studies showed that this strain is also transferred from plant to plant by B. xanthopis (Insecta), suggesting that this endophytic bacterium may interact with X. fastidiosa in planta and inside the insect vector during co-transmission by the same insect vector. To better understand the X. fastidiosa behavior in the presence of M. mesophilicum, we evaluated the X. fastidiosa transcriptional profile during in vitro interaction with M. mesophilicum SR1.6/6. The results showed that during co-cultivation, X. fastidiosa down-regulated genes related to growth and up-regulated genes related to energy production, stress, transport, and motility, suggesting the existence of a specific adaptive response to the presence of M. mesophilicum in the culture medium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Daiene Souza Santos
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, NIB, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil
| | - Luiz Roberto Nunes
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, NIB, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil.,Centro de Ciências Naturais e Humanas, Universidade Federal do ABC (UFABC), Santo André, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Welington Luiz Araújo
- Núcleo Integrado de Biotecnologia, NIB, University of Mogi das Cruzes, Mogi das Cruzes, SP, Brazil.,Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1374-Ed. Biomédicas II, Cidade Universitária, São Paulo, 05508-900, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Santos CA, Janissen R, Toledo MAS, Beloti LL, Azzoni AR, Cotta MA, Souza AP. Characterization of the TolB-Pal trans-envelope complex from Xylella fastidiosa reveals a dynamic and coordinated protein expression profile during the biofilm development process. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2015; 1854:1372-81. [PMID: 26049080 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2015] [Revised: 05/22/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The intriguing roles of the bacterial Tol-Pal trans-envelope protein complex range from maintenance of cell envelope integrity to potential participation in the process of cell division. In this study, we report the characterization of the XfTolB and XfPal proteins of the Tol-Pal complex of Xylella fastidiosa. X. fastidiosa is a major plant pathogen that forms biofilms inside xylem vessels, triggering the development of diseases in important cultivable plants around the word. Based on functional complementation experiments in Escherichia coli tolB and pal mutant strains, we confirmed the role of xftolB and xfpal in outer membrane integrity. In addition, we observed a dynamic and coordinated protein expression profile during the X. fastidiosa biofilm development process. Using small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS), the low-resolution structure of the isolated XfTolB-XfPal complex in solution was solved for the first time. Finally, the localization of the XfTolB and XfPal polar ends was visualized via immunofluorescence labeling in vivo during bacterial cell growth. Our results highlight the major role of the components of the cell envelope, particularly the TolB-Pal complex, during the different phases of bacterial biofilm development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clelton A Santos
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Richard Janissen
- Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcelo A S Toledo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Lilian L Beloti
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Adriano R Azzoni
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Escola Politécnica, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Monica A Cotta
- Instituto de Fisica Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | - Anete P Souza
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil; Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Comparative genomic analysis of coffee-infecting Xylella fastidiosa strains isolated from Brazil. Microbiology (Reading) 2015; 161:1018-1033. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.000068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
|
14
|
Cursino L, Athinuwat D, Patel KR, Galvani CD, Zaini PA, Li Y, De La Fuente L, Hoch HC, Burr TJ, Mowery P. Characterization of the Xylella fastidiosa PD1671 gene encoding degenerate c-di-GMP GGDEF/EAL domains, and its role in the development of Pierce's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121851. [PMID: 25811864 PMCID: PMC4374697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is an important phytopathogenic bacterium that causes many serious plant diseases including Pierce's disease of grapevines. X. fastidiosa is thought to induce disease by colonizing and clogging xylem vessels through the formation of cell aggregates and bacterial biofilms. Here we examine the role in X. fastidiosa virulence of an uncharacterized gene, PD1671, annotated as a two-component response regulator with potential GGDEF and EAL domains. GGDEF domains are found in c-di-GMP diguanylate cyclases while EAL domains are found in phosphodiesterases, and these domains are for c-di-GMP production and turnover, respectively. Functional analysis of the PD1671 gene revealed that it affected multiple X. fastidiosa virulence-related phenotypes. A Tn5 PD1671 mutant had a hypervirulent phenotype in grapevines presumably due to enhanced expression of gum genes leading to increased exopolysaccharide levels that resulted in elevated biofilm formation. Interestingly, the PD1671 mutant also had decreased motility in vitro but did not show a reduced distribution in grapevines following inoculation. Given these responses, the putative PD1671 protein may be a negative regulator of X. fastidiosa virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Cursino
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Dusit Athinuwat
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Kelly R. Patel
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Cheryl D. Galvani
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Harvey C. Hoch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Burr
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia Mowery
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Geneva, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Muranaka LS, Giorgiano TE, Takita MA, Forim MR, Silva LFC, Coletta-Filho HD, Machado MA, de Souza AA. N-acetylcysteine in agriculture, a novel use for an old molecule: focus on controlling the plant-pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. PLoS One 2013; 8:e72937. [PMID: 24009716 PMCID: PMC3751844 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0072937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a plant pathogen bacterium that causes diseases in many different crops. In citrus, it causes Citrus Variegated Chlorosis (CVC). The mechanism of pathogenicity of this bacterium is associated with its capacity to colonize and form a biofilm in the xylem vessels of host plants, and there is not yet any method to directly reduce populations of this pathogen in the field. In this study, we investigated the inhibitory effect of N-Acetylcysteine (NAC), a cysteine analogue used mainly to treat human diseases, on X. fastidiosa in different experimental conditions. Concentrations of NAC over 1 mg/mL reduced bacterial adhesion to glass surfaces, biofilm formation and the amount of exopolysaccharides (EPS). The minimal inhibitory concentration of NAC was 6 mg/mL. NAC was supplied to X. fastidiosa-infected plants in hydroponics, fertigation, and adsorbed to organic fertilizer (NAC-Fertilizer). HPLC analysis indicated that plants absorbed NAC at concentrations of 0.48 and 2.4 mg/mL but not at 6 mg/mL. Sweet orange plants with CVC symptoms treated with NAC (0.48 and 2.4 mg/mL) in hydroponics showed clear symptom remission and reduction in bacterial population, as analyzed by quantitative PCR and bacterial isolation. Experiments using fertigation and NAC-Fertilizer were done to simulate a condition closer to that normally is used in the field. For both, significant symptom remission and a reduced bacterial growth rate were observed. Using NAC-Fertilizer the lag for resurgence of symptoms on leaves after interruption of the treatment increased to around eight months. This is the first report of the anti-bacterial effect of NAC against a phytopathogenic bacterium. The results obtained in this work together with the characteristics of this molecule indicate that the use of NAC in agriculture might be a new and sustainable strategy for controlling plant pathogenic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lígia S. Muranaka
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
- Departamento de Genética e Biologia Molecular, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Thais E. Giorgiano
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marco A. Takita
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Moacir R. Forim
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de São Carlos, São Carlos, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luis F. C. Silva
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Marcos A. Machado
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Alessandra A. de Souza
- Centro de Citricultura Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico, Cordeirópolis, São Paulo, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Santos CA, Saraiva AM, Toledo MAS, Beloti LL, Crucello A, Favaro MTP, Horta MAC, Santiago AS, Mendes JS, Souza AA, Souza AP. Initial biochemical and functional characterization of a 5'-nucleotidase from Xylella fastidiosa related to the human cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase I. Microb Pathog 2013; 59-60:1-6. [PMID: 23474016 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2013.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2012] [Revised: 02/18/2013] [Accepted: 02/22/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The 5'-nucleotidases constitute a ubiquitous family of enzymes that catalyze either the hydrolysis or the transfer of esterified phosphate at the 5' position of nucleoside monophosphates. These enzymes are responsible for the regulation of nucleotide and nucleoside levels in the cell and can interfere with the phosphorylation-dependent activation of nucleoside analogs used in therapies targeting solid tumors and viral infections. In the present study, we report the initial biochemical and functional characterization of a 5'-nucleotidase from Xylella fastidiosa that is related to the human cytosolic 5'-nucleotidase I. X. fastidiosa is a plant pathogenic bacterium that is responsible for numerous economically important crop diseases. Biochemical assays confirmed the phosphatase activity of the recombinant purified enzyme and revealed metal ion dependence for full enzyme activity. In addition, we investigated the involvement of Xf5'-Nt in the formation of X. fastidiosa biofilms, which are structures that occlude the xylem vessels of susceptible plants and are strictly associated with bacterial pathogenesis. Using polyclonal antibodies against Xf5'-Nt, we observed an overexpression of Xf5'-Nt during the initial phases of X. fastidiosa biofilm formation that was not observed during X. fastidiosa planktonic growth. Our results demonstrate that the de/phosphorylation network catalyzed by 5'-nucleotidases may play an important role in bacterial biofilm formation, thereby contributing novel insights into bacterial nucleotide metabolism and pathogenicity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clelton A Santos
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Toledo M, Santos C, Mendes J, Pelloso A, Beloti L, Crucello A, Favaro M, Santiago A, Schneider D, Saraiva A, Stach-Machado D, Souza A, Trivella D, Aparicio R, Tasic L, Azzoni A, Souza A. Small-angle X-ray scattering and in silico modeling approaches for the accurate functional annotation of an LysR-type transcriptional regulator. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-PROTEINS AND PROTEOMICS 2013; 1834:697-707. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2012.12.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2012] [Revised: 12/24/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
18
|
Santos CA, Toledo MAS, Trivella DBB, Beloti LL, Schneider DRS, Saraiva AM, Crucello A, Azzoni AR, Souza AA, Aparicio R, Souza AP. Functional and structural studies of the disulfide isomerase DsbC from the plant pathogenXylella fastidiosareveals a redox-dependent oligomeric modulationin vitro. FEBS J 2012; 279:3828-43. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1742-4658.2012.08743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Revised: 08/01/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Clelton A. Santos
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brazil
| | - Marcelo A. S. Toledo
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brazil
| | - Daniela B. B. Trivella
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia; Instituto de Química; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brazil
| | - Lilian L. Beloti
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brazil
| | - Dilaine R. S. Schneider
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brazil
| | - Antonio M. Saraiva
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brazil
| | - Aline Crucello
- Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brazil
| | | | | | - Ricardo Aparicio
- Laboratório de Biologia Estrutural e Cristalografia; Instituto de Química; Universidade Estadual de Campinas; Brazil
| | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Lorite GS, de Souza AA, Neubauer D, Mizaikoff B, Kranz C, Cotta MA. On the role of extracellular polymeric substances during early stages of Xylella fastidiosa biofilm formation. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2012; 102:519-25. [PMID: 23164974 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2012.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
The structural integrity and protection of bacterial biofilms are intrinsically associated with a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances (EPS) produced by the bacteria cells. However, the role of these substances during biofilm adhesion to a surface remains largely unclear. In this study, the influence of EPS on Xylella fastidiosa biofilm formation was investigated. This bacterium is associated with economically important plant diseases; it presents a slow growth rate and thus allows us to pinpoint more precisely the early stages of cell-surface adhesion. Scanning electron microscopy and atomic force microscopy show evidence of EPS production in such early stages and around individual bacteria cells attached to the substrate surface even a few hours after inoculation. In addition, EPS formation was investigated via attenuated total reflectance (ATR) Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). To this end, X. fastidiosa cells were inoculated within an ATR liquid cell assembly. IR-ATR spectra clearly reveal EPS formation already during the early stages of X. fastidiosa biofilm formation, thereby providing supporting evidence for the hypothesis of the relevance of the EPS contribution to the adhesion process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Lorite
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Rua Sergio Buarque de Holanda, no 777 Cidade Universitária Zeferino Vaz, 13083-859 Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Petrocelli S, Tondo ML, Daurelio LD, Orellano EG. Modifications of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri lipopolysaccharide affect the basal response and the virulence process during citrus canker. PLoS One 2012; 7:e40051. [PMID: 22792211 PMCID: PMC3391215 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0040051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri (Xac) is the phytopathogen responsible for citrus canker, one of the most devastating citrus diseases in the world. A broad range of pathogens is recognized by plants through so-called pathogen-associated molecular patterns (PAMPs), which are highly conserved fragments of pathogenic molecules. In plant pathogenic bacteria, lipopolisaccharyde (LPS) is considered a virulence factor and it is being recognized as a PAMP. The study of the participation of Xac LPS in citrus canker establishment could help to understand the molecular bases of this disease. In the present work we investigated the role of Xac LPS in bacterial virulence and in basal defense during the interaction with host and non host plants. We analyzed physiological features of Xac mutants in LPS biosynthesis genes (wzt and rfb303) and the effect of these mutations on the interaction with orange and tobacco plants. Xac mutants showed an increased sensitivity to external stresses and differences in bacterial motilities, in vivo and in vitro adhesion and biofilm formation. Changes in the expression levels of the LPS biosynthesis genes were observed in a medium that mimics the plant environment. Xacwzt exhibited reduced virulence in host plants compared to Xac wild-type and Xacrfb303. However, both mutant strains produced a lower increase in the expression levels of host plant defense-related genes respect to the parental strain. In addition, Xac LPS mutants were not able to generate HR during the incompatible interaction with tobacco plants. Our findings indicate that the structural modifications of Xac LPS impinge on other physiological attributes and lead to a reduction in bacterial virulence. On the other hand, Xac LPS has a role in the activation of basal defense in host and non host plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Silvana Petrocelli
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - María Laura Tondo
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Lucas D. Daurelio
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elena G. Orellano
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Suipacha 531, Rosario, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Rosselli-Murai LK, Sforça ML, Sassonia RC, Azzoni AR, Murai MJ, de Souza AP, Zeri AC. Structural characterization of the H-NS protein from Xylella fastidiosa and its interaction with DNA. Arch Biochem Biophys 2012; 526:22-8. [PMID: 22772065 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2012.06.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2012] [Revised: 06/20/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The nucleoid-associated protein H-NS is a major component of the bacterial nucleoid involved in DNA compaction and transcription regulation. The NMR solution structure of the Xylella fastidiosa H-NS C-terminal domain (residues 56-134) is presented here and consists of two beta-strands and two alpha helices, with one loop connecting the two beta-strands and a second loop connecting the second beta strand and the first helix. The amide (1)H and (15)N chemical shift signals for a sample of XfH-NS(56-134) were monitored in the course of a titration series with a 14-bp DNA duplex. Most of the residues involved in contacts to DNA are located around the first and second loops and in the first helix at a positively charged side of the protein surface. The overall structure of the Xylella H-NS C-terminal domain differ significantly from Escherichia coli and Salmonella enterica H-NS proteins, even though the DNA binding motif in loop 2 adopt similar conformation, as well as β-strand 2 and loop 1. Interestingly, we have also found that the DNA binding site is expanded to include helix 1, which is not seen in the other structures.
Collapse
|
22
|
Silva MS, De Souza AA, Takita MA, Labate CA, Machado MA. Analysis of the biofilm proteome of Xylella fastidiosa. Proteome Sci 2011; 9:58. [PMID: 21939513 PMCID: PMC3187737 DOI: 10.1186/1477-5956-9-58] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Accepted: 09/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Xylella fastidiosa is limited to the xylem of the plant host and the foregut of insect vectors (sharpshooters). The mechanism of pathogenicity of this bacterium differs from other plant pathogens, since it does not present typical genes that confer specific interactions between plant and pathogens (avr and/or hrp). The bacterium is injected directly into the xylem vessels where it adheres and colonizes. The whole process leads to the formation of biofilms, which are considered the main mechanism of pathogenicity. Cells in biofilms are metabolically and phenotypically different from their planktonic condition. The mature biofilm stage (phase of higher cell density) presents high virulence and resistance to toxic substances such as antibiotics and detergents. Here we performed proteomic analysis of proteins expressed exclusively in the mature biofilm of X. fastidiosa strain 9a5c, in comparison to planktonic growth condition. RESULTS We found a total of 456 proteins expressed in the biofilm condition, which correspond to approximately 10% of total protein in the genome. The biofilm showed 37% (or 144 proteins) different protein than we found in the planktonic growth condition. The large difference in protein pattern in the biofilm condition may be responsible for the physiological changes of the cells in the biofilm of X. fastidiosa. Mass spectrometry was used to identify these proteins, while real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction monitored expression of genes encoding them. Most of proteins expressed in the mature biofilm growth were associated with metabolism, adhesion, pathogenicity and stress conditions. Even though the biofilm cells in this work were not submitted to any stress condition, some stress related proteins were expressed only in the biofilm condition, suggesting that the biofilm cells would constitutively express proteins in different adverse environments. CONCLUSIONS We observed overexpression of proteins related to quorum sensing, proving the existence of communication between cells, and thus the development of structuring the biofilm (mature biofilm) leading to obstruction of vessels and development of disease. This paper reports a first proteomic analysis of mature biofilm of X. fastidiosa, opening new perspectives for understanding the biochemistry of mature biofilm growth in a plant pathogen.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana S Silva
- Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, SP, Brazil
- Centro APTA Citros 'Sylvio Moreira'(CCSM), Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Marco A Takita
- Centro APTA Citros 'Sylvio Moreira'(CCSM), Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Labate
- Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, Escola Superior de Agricultura 'Luiz de Queiroz', Universidade de São Paulo (USP), Piracicaba, SP, Brazil
| | - Marcos A Machado
- Centro APTA Citros 'Sylvio Moreira'(CCSM), Cordeirópolis, SP, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Chatelet DS, Wistrom CM, Purcell AH, Rost TL, Matthews MA. Xylem structure of four grape varieties and 12 alternative hosts to the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidious. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:73-85. [PMID: 21546428 PMCID: PMC3119617 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf), responsible for Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine, colonizes the xylem conduits of vines, ultimately killing the plant. However, Vitis vinifera grapevine varieties differ in their susceptibility to Xf and numerous other plant species tolerate Xf populations without showing symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the xylem structure of grapevines with different susceptibilities to Xf infection, as well as the xylem structure of non-grape plant species that support or limit movement of Xf to determine if anatomical differences might explain some of the differences in susceptibility to Xf. METHODS Air and paint were introduced into leaves and stems to examine the connectivity between stem and leaves and the length distribution of their vessels. Leaf petiole and stem anatomies were studied to determine the basis for the free or restricted movement of Xf into the plant. KEY RESULTS There were no obvious differences in stem or petiole vascular anatomy among the grape varieties examined, nor among the other plant species that would explain differences in resistance to Xf. Among grape varieties, the more tolerant 'Sylvaner' had smaller stem vessel diameters and 20 % more parenchyma rays than the other three varieties. Alternative hosts supporting Xf movement had slightly longer open xylem conduits within leaves, and more connection between stem and leaves, when compared with alternative hosts that limit Xf movement. CONCLUSIONS Stem--leaf connectivity via open xylem conduits and vessel length is not responsible for differences in PD tolerance among grape varieties, or for limiting bacterial movement in the tolerant plant species. However, it was found that tolerant host plants had narrower vessels and more parenchyma rays, possibly restricting bacterial movement at the level of the vessels. The implications of xylem structure and connectivity for the means and regulation of bacterial movement are discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- David S. Chatelet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Christina M. Wistrom
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - Alexander H. Purcell
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - Thomas L. Rost
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mark A. Matthews
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Trevors JT. Viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria: Gene expression in planktonic and biofilm cells. J Microbiol Methods 2011; 86:266-73. [PMID: 21616099 DOI: 10.1016/j.mimet.2011.04.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Revised: 04/21/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Viable but non-culturable (VBNC) bacteria are common in nutrient poor and/or stressed environments as planktonic cells and biofilms. This article discusses approaches to researching VBNC bacteria to obtain knowledge that is lacking on their gene expression while in the VBNC state, and when they enter into and then recover from this state, when provided with the necessary nutrients and environmental conditions to support growth and cell division. Two-dimensional gel electrophoresis of proteins, global gene expression, reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis and sequencing by synthesis coupled with data on cell numbers, viability and species present are central to understanding the VBNC state.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J T Trevors
- Laboratory of Microbiology, School of Environmental Sciences, Rm. 3320 Bovey Building, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd., East, Guelph, Ontario, Canada N1G 2W1.
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Karunakaran E, Mukherjee J, Ramalingam B, Biggs CA. "Biofilmology": a multidisciplinary review of the study of microbial biofilms. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2011; 90:1869-81. [PMID: 21538113 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-011-3293-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2010] [Revised: 03/26/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The observation of biofilm formation is not a new phenomenon. The prevalence and significance of biofilm and aggregate formation in various processes have encouraged extensive research in this field for more than 40 years. In this review, we highlight techniques from different disciplines that have been used to successfully describe the extracellular, surface and intracellular elements that are predominant in understanding biofilm formation. To reduce the complexities involved in studying biofilms, researchers in the past have generally taken a parts-based, disciplinary specific approach to understand the different components of biofilms in isolation from one another. Recently, a few studies have looked into combining the different techniques to achieve a more holistic understanding of biofilms, yet this approach is still in its infancy. In order to attain a global understanding of the processes involved in the formation of biofilms and to formulate effective biofilm control strategies, researchers in the next decade should recognise that the study of biofilms, i.e. biofilmology, has evolved into a discipline in its own right and that mutual cooperation between the various disciplines towards a multidisciplinary research vision is vital in this field.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Esther Karunakaran
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, ChELSI Institute, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Lorite GS, Rodrigues CM, de Souza AA, Kranz C, Mizaikoff B, Cotta MA. The role of conditioning film formation and surface chemical changes on Xylella fastidiosa adhesion and biofilm evolution. J Colloid Interface Sci 2011; 359:289-95. [PMID: 21486669 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2011.03.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2010] [Revised: 03/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/18/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Biofilms are complex microbial communities with important biological functions including enhanced resistance against external factors like antimicrobial agents. The formation of a biofilm is known to be strongly dependent on substrate properties including hydrophobicity/hydrophilicity, structure, and roughness. The adsorption of (macro)molecules on the substrate, also known as conditioning film, changes the physicochemical properties of the surface and affects the bacterial adhesion. In this study, we investigate the physicochemical changes caused by Periwinkle wilt (PW) culture medium conditioning film formation on different surfaces (glass and silicon) and their effect on X. fastidiosa biofilm formation. Contact angle measurements have shown that the film formation decreases the surface hydrophilicity degree of both glass and silicon after few hours. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) images show the glass surface roughness is drastically reduced with conditioning film formation. First-layer X. fastidiosa biofilm on glass was observed in the AFM liquid cell after a period of time similar to that determined for the hydrophilicity changes. In addition, attenuation total reflection-Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy supports the AFM observation, since the PW absorption spectra increases with time showing a stronger contribution from the phosphate groups. Although hydrophobic and rough surfaces are commonly considered to increase bacteria cell attachment, our results suggest that these properties are not as important as the surface functional groups resulting from PW conditioning film formation for X. fastidiosa adhesion and biofilm development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela S Lorite
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Instituto de Física Gleb Wataghin, Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Campinas, SP, Brazil.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Mhedbi-Hajri N, Jacques MA, Koebnik R. Adhesion mechanisms of plant-pathogenic Xanthomonadaceae. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 715:71-89. [PMID: 21557058 DOI: 10.1007/978-94-007-0940-9_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The family Xanthomonadaceae is a wide-spread family of bacteria belonging to the gamma subdivision of the Gram-negative proteobacteria, including the two plant-pathogenic genera Xanthomonas and Xylella, and the related genus Stenotrophomonas. Adhesion is a widely conserved virulence mechanism among Gram-negative bacteria, no matter whether they are human, animal or plant pathogens, since attachment to the host tissue is one of the key early steps of the bacterial infection process. Bacterial attachment to surfaces is mediated by surface structures that are anchored in the bacterial outer membrane and cover a broad group of fimbrial and non-fimbrial structures, commonly known as adhesins. In this chapter, we discuss recent findings on candidate adhesins of plant-pathogenic Xanthomonadaceae, including polysaccharidic (lipopolysaccharides, exopolysaccharides) and proteineous structures (chaperone/usher pili, type IV pili, autotransporters, two-partner-secreted and other outer membrane adhesins), their involvement in the formation of biofilms and their mode of regulation via quorum sensing. We then compare the arsenals of adhesins among different Xanthomonas strains and evaluate their mode of selection. Finally, we summarize the sparse knowledge on specific adhesin receptors in plants and the possible role of RGD motifs in binding to integrin-like plant molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nadia Mhedbi-Hajri
- Pathologie Végétale (UMR077 INRA-Agrocampus Ouest-Université d'Angers), Beaucouzé, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Caserta R, Takita MA, Targon ML, Rosselli-Murai LK, de Souza AP, Peroni L, Stach-Machado DR, Andrade A, Labate CA, Kitajima EW, Machado MA, de Souza AA. Expression of Xylella fastidiosa fimbrial and afimbrial proteins during biofilm formation. Appl Environ Microbiol 2010; 76:4250-9. [PMID: 20472735 PMCID: PMC2897468 DOI: 10.1128/aem.02114-09] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete sequencing of the Xylella fastidiosa genome revealed characteristics that have not been described previously for a phytopathogen. One characteristic of this genome was the abundance of genes encoding proteins with adhesion functions related to biofilm formation, an essential step for colonization of a plant host or an insect vector. We examined four of the proteins belonging to this class encoded by genes in the genome of X. fastidiosa: the PilA2 and PilC fimbrial proteins, which are components of the type IV pili, and XadA1 and XadA2, which are afimbrial adhesins. Polyclonal antibodies were raised against these four proteins, and their behavior during biofilm development was assessed by Western blotting and immunofluorescence assays. In addition, immunogold electron microscopy was used to detect these proteins in bacteria present in xylem vessels of three different hosts (citrus, periwinkle, and hibiscus). We verified that these proteins are present in X. fastidiosa biofilms but have differential regulation since the amounts varied temporally during biofilm formation, as well as spatially within the biofilms. The proteins were also detected in bacteria colonizing the xylem vessels of infected plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R. Caserta
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| | - M. A. Takita
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| | - M. L. Targon
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| | - L. K. Rosselli-Murai
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| | - A. P. de Souza
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| | - L. Peroni
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| | - D. R. Stach-Machado
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| | - A. Andrade
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| | - C. A. Labate
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| | - E. W. Kitajima
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| | - M. A. Machado
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| | - A. A. de Souza
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira/IAC, Rodovia Anhanguera Km 158, Cordeirópolis SP, Brazil 13490-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Centro de Biologia Molecular e Engenharia Genética, Departamento de Genética e Evolução, Instituto de Biologia, P.O. Box 6010, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Universidade Estadual de Campinas/UNICAMP, Laboratório de Imunologia Aplicada, Departamento de Microbiologia e Imunologia, Rua Monteiro Lobato s/n, Campinas SP, Brazil 13083-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Laboratório Max Feffer de Genética de Plantas, Departamento de Genética, P.O. Box 83, Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13400-970, Escola Superior de Agricultura “Luiz de Queiroz”/USP, Núcleo de Apoio à Pesquisa em Microscopia Eletrônica Aplicada à Pesquisa Agropecuária (NAP/MEPA), Piracicaba SP, Brazil 13418-900
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Fogaça AC, Zaini PA, Wulff NA, da Silva PIP, Fázio MA, Miranda A, Daffre S, da Silva AM. Effects of the antimicrobial peptide gomesin on the global gene expression profile, virulence and biofilm formation of Xylella fastidiosa. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2010; 306:152-9. [PMID: 20370836 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2010.01950.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
In the xylem vessels of susceptible hosts, such as citrus trees, Xylella fastidiosa forms biofilm-like colonies that can block water transport, which appears to correlate to disease symptoms. Besides aiding host colonization, bacterial biofilms play an important role in resistance against antimicrobial agents, for instance antimicrobial peptides (AMPs). Here, we show that gomesin, a potent AMP from a tarantula spider, modulates X. fastidiosa gene expression profile upon 60 min of treatment with a sublethal concentration. DNA microarray hybridizations revealed that among the upregulated coding sequences, some are related to biofilm production. In addition, we show that the biofilm formed by gomesin-treated bacteria is thicker than that formed by nontreated cells or cells exposed to streptomycin. We have also observed that the treatment of X. fastidiosa with a sublethal concentration of gomesin before inoculation in tobacco plants correlates with a reduction in foliar symptoms, an effect possibly due to the trapping of bacterial cells to fewer xylem vessels, given the enhancement in biofilm production. These results warrant further investigation of how X. fastidiosa would respond to the AMPs produced by citrus endophytes and by the insect vector, leading to a better understanding of the mechanism of action of these molecules on bacterial virulence.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andréa C Fogaça
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Zaini PA, De La Fuente L, Hoch HC, Burr TJ. Grapevine xylem sap enhances biofilm development by Xylella fastidiosa. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2009; 295:129-34. [PMID: 19473259 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2009.01597.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is able to form biofilms within xylem vessels of many economically important crops. Vessel blockage is believed to be a major contributor to disease development caused by this bacterium. This report shows that Vitis riparia xylem sap increases growth rate and induces a characteristic biofilm architecture as compared with biofilms formed in PD2 and PW media. In addition, stable cultures could be maintained, frozen and reestablished in xylem sap. These findings are important as xylem sap provides a natural medium that facilitates the identification of virulence determinants of Pierce's disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulo A Zaini
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant-Microbe Biology, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Cornell University, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Gottig N, Garavaglia BS, Garofalo CG, Orellano EG, Ottado J. A filamentous hemagglutinin-like protein of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, the phytopathogen responsible for citrus canker, is involved in bacterial virulence. PLoS One 2009; 4:e4358. [PMID: 19194503 PMCID: PMC2632755 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0004358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2008] [Accepted: 12/29/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri, the phytopathogen responsible for citrus canker has a number of protein secretion systems and among them, at least one type V protein secretion system belonging to the two-partner secretion pathway. This system is mainly associated to the translocation of large proteins such as adhesins to the outer membrane of several pathogens. Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri possess a filamentous hemagglutinin-like protein in close vicinity to its putative transporter protein, XacFhaB and XacFhaC, respectively. Expression analysis indicated that XacFhaB was induced in planta during plant-pathogen interaction. By mutation analysis of XacFhaB and XacFhaC genes we determined that XacFhaB is involved in virulence both in epiphytic and wound inoculations, displaying more dispersed and fewer canker lesions. Unexpectedly, the XacFhaC mutant in the transporter protein produced an intermediate virulence phenotype resembling wild type infection, suggesting that XacFhaB could be secreted by another partner different from XacFhaC. Moreover, XacFhaB mutants showed a general lack of adhesion and were affected in leaf surface attachment and biofilm formation. In agreement with the in planta phenotype, adhesin lacking cells moved faster in swarming plates. Since no hyperflagellation phenotype was observed in this bacteria, the faster movement may be attributed to the lack of cell-to-cell aggregation. Moreover, XacFhaB mutants secreted more exopolysaccharide that in turn may facilitate its motility. Our results suggest that this hemagglutinin-like protein is required for tissue colonization being mainly involved in surface attachment and biofilm formation, and that plant tissue attachment and cell-to-cell aggregation are dependent on the coordinated action of adhesin molecules and exopolysaccharides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Gottig
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Betiana S. Garavaglia
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Cecilia G. Garofalo
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Elena G. Orellano
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
| | - Jorgelina Ottado
- Molecular Biology Division, Instituto de Biología Molecular y Celular de Rosario, Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas, Facultad de Ciencias Bioquímicas y Farmacéuticas, Universidad Nacional de Rosario, Rosario, Argentina
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Monds RD, O'Toole GA. The developmental model of microbial biofilms: ten years of a paradigm up for review. Trends Microbiol 2009; 17:73-87. [PMID: 19162483 DOI: 10.1016/j.tim.2008.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 353] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2008] [Revised: 11/07/2008] [Accepted: 11/07/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
For the past ten years, the developmental model of microbial biofilm formation has served as the major conceptual framework for biofilm research; however, the paradigmatic value of this model has begun to be challenged by the research community. Here, we critically evaluate recent data to determine whether biofilm formation satisfies the criteria requisite of a developmental system. We contend that the developmental model of biofilm formation must be approached as a model in need of further validation, rather than utilized as a platform on which to base empirical research and scientific inference. With this in mind, we explore the experimental approaches required to further our understanding of the biofilm phenotype, highlighting evolutionary and ecological approaches as a natural complement to rigorous mechanistic studies into the causal basis of biofilm formation. Finally, we discuss a second model of biofilm formation that serves as a counterpoint to our discussion of the developmental model. Our hope is that this article will provide a platform for discussion about the conceptual underpinnings of biofilm formation and the impact of such frameworks on shaping the questions we ask, and the answers we uncover, during our research into these microbial communities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Russell D Monds
- Bio-X Program, Department of Chemical and Systems Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Rudrappa T, Biedrzycki ML, Bais HP. Causes and consequences of plant-associated biofilms. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2008; 64:153-66. [PMID: 18355294 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2008.00465.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The rhizosphere is the critical interface between plant roots and soil where beneficial and harmful interactions between plants and microorganisms occur. Although microorganisms have historically been studied as planktonic (or free-swimming) cells, most are found attached to surfaces, in multicellular assemblies known as biofilms. When found in association with plants, certain bacteria such as plant growth promoting rhizobacteria not only induce plant growth but also protect plants from soil-borne pathogens in a process known as biocontrol. Contrastingly, other rhizobacteria in a biofilm matrix may cause pathogenesis in plants. Although research suggests that biofilm formation on plants is associated with biological control and pathogenic response, little is known about how plants regulate this association. Here, we assess the biological importance of biofilm association on plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thimmaraju Rudrappa
- Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, University of Delaware, Newark, DE 19711, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Chatterjee S, Almeida RPP, Lindow S. Living in two worlds: the plant and insect lifestyles of Xylella fastidiosa. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PHYTOPATHOLOGY 2008; 46:243-71. [PMID: 18422428 DOI: 10.1146/annurev.phyto.45.062806.094342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
Diseases caused by Xylella fastidiosa have attained great importance worldwide as the pathogen and its insect vectors have been disseminated. Since this is the first plant pathogenic bacterium for which a complete genome sequence was determined, much progress has been made in understanding the process by which it spreads within the xylem vessels of susceptible plants as well as the traits that contribute to its acquisition and transmission by sharpshooter vectors. Although this pathogen shares many similarities with Xanthomonas species, such as its use of a small fatty acid signal molecule to coordinate virulence gene expression, the traits that it utilizes to cause disease and the manner in which they are regulated differ substantially from those of related plant pathogens. Its complex lifestyle as both a plant and insect colonist involves traits that are in conflict with these stages, thus apparently necessitating the use of a gene regulatory scheme that allows cells expressing different traits to co-occur in the plant.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Subhadeep Chatterjee
- Department of Plant and Microbial Biology, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Abstract
Plants support a diverse array of bacteria, including parasites, mutualists, and commensals on and around their roots, in the vasculature, and on aerial tissues. These microbes have a profound influence on plant health and productivity. Bacteria physically interact with surfaces to form complex multicellular and often multispecies assemblies, including biofilms and smaller aggregates. There is growing appreciation that the intensity, duration, and outcome of plant-microbe interactions are significantly influenced by the conformation of adherent microbial populations. Biofilms on different tissues have unique properties, reflecting the prevailing conditions at those sites. Attachment is required for biofilm formation, and bacteria interact with plant tissues through adhesins including polysaccharides and surface proteins, with initial contact often mediated by active motility. Recognition between lectins and their cognate carbohydrates is a common means of specificity. Biofilm development and the resulting intimate interactions with plants often require cell-cell communication between colonizing bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Danhorn
- Department of Biology, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Rodrigues CM, Takita MA, Coletta-Filho HD, Olivato JC, Caserta R, Machado MA, de Souza AA. Copper resistance of biofilm cells of the plant pathogen Xylella fastidiosa. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2007; 77:1145-57. [PMID: 17992525 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1232-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2007] [Revised: 09/26/2007] [Accepted: 09/28/2007] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is a phytopathogen that causes diseases in different plant species. The development of disease symptoms is associated to the blockage of the xylem vessels caused by biofilm formation. In this study, we evaluated the sensitivity of biofilm and planktonic cells to copper, one of the most important antimicrobial agents used in agriculture. We measured the exopolysaccharides (EPS) content in biofilm and planktonic cells and used real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction to evaluate the expression of the genes encoding proteins involved in cation/multidrug extrusion (acrA/B, mexE/czcA, and metI) and others associated with different copper resistance mechanisms (copB, cutA1, cutA2, and cutC) in the X. fastidiosa biofilm formed in two different media. We confirmed that biofilms are less susceptible to copper than planktonic cells. The amount of EPS seems to be directly related to the resistance and it varies according to the media where the cells are grown. The same was observed for gene expression. Nevertheless, some genes seem to have a greater importance in biofilm cells resistance to copper. Our results suggest a synergistic effect between diffusion barriers and other mechanisms associated with bacterial resistance in this phytopathogen. These mechanisms are important for a bacterium that is constantly under stress conditions in the host.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carolina M Rodrigues
- Centro APTA Citros Sylvio Moreira, Instituto Agronômico de Campinas, Cordeirópolis, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Roper MC, Greve LC, Labavitch JM, Kirkpatrick BC. Detection and visualization of an exopolysaccharide produced by Xylella fastidiosa in vitro and in planta. Appl Environ Microbiol 2007; 73:7252-8. [PMID: 17827325 PMCID: PMC2168192 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00895-07] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2007] [Accepted: 08/29/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Many phytopathogenic bacteria, such as Ralstonia solanacearum, Pantoea stewartii, and Xanthomonas campestris, produce exopolysaccharides (EPSs) that aid in virulence, colonization, and survival. EPS can also contribute to host xylem vessel blockage. The genome of Xylella fastidiosa, the causal agent of Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine, contains an operon that is strikingly similar to the X. campestris gum operon, which is responsible for the production of xanthan gum. Based on this information, it has been hypothesized that X. fastidiosa is capable of producing an EPS similar in structure and composition to xanthan gum but lacking the terminal mannose residue. In this study, we raised polyclonal antibodies against a modified xanthan gum polymer similar to the predicted X. fastidiosa EPS polymer. We used enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to quantify production of EPS from X. fastidiosa cells grown in vitro and immunolocalization microscopy to examine the distribution of X. fastidiosa EPS in biofilms formed in vitro and in planta and assessed the contribution of X. fastidiosa EPS to the vascular occlusions seen in PD-infected grapevines.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Caroline Roper
- Department of Plant Pathology, University of California, Davis, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Ojha A, Hatfull GF. The role of iron in Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilm formation: the exochelin siderophore is essential in limiting iron conditions for biofilm formation but not for planktonic growth. Mol Microbiol 2007; 66:468-83. [PMID: 17854402 PMCID: PMC2170428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2958.2007.05935.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Many species of mycobacteria form structured biofilm communities at liquid–air interfaces and on solid surfaces. Full development of Mycobacterium smegmatis biofilms requires addition of supplemental iron above 1 μM ferrous sulphate, although addition of iron is not needed for planktonic growth. Microarray analysis of the M. smegmatis transcriptome shows that iron-responsive genes – especially those involved in siderophore synthesis and iron uptake – are strongly induced during biofilm formation reflecting a response to iron deprivation, even when 2 μM iron is present. The acquisition of iron under these conditions is specifically dependent on the exochelin synthesis and uptake pathways, and the strong defect of an iron–exochelin uptake mutant suggests a regulatory role of iron in the transition to biofilm growth. In contrast, although the expression of mycobactin and iron ABC transport operons is highly upregulated during biofilm formation, mutants in these systems form normal biofilms in low-iron (2 μM) conditions. A close correlation between iron availability and matrix-associated fatty acids implies a possible metabolic role in the late stages of biofilm maturation, in addition to the early regulatory role. M. smegmatis surface motility is similarly dependent on iron availability, requiring both supplemental iron and the exochelin pathway to acquire it.
Collapse
|
39
|
Andersen PC, Brodbeck BV, Oden S, Shriner A, Leite B. Influence of xylem fluid chemistry on planktonic growth, biofilm formation and aggregation ofXylella fastidiosa. FEMS Microbiol Lett 2007; 274:210-7. [PMID: 17610515 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6968.2007.00827.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is the causal agent of Pierce's disease in grapevines. The mechanisms of pathogenicity are largely due to occlusion of xylem vessels by aggregation of X. fastidiosa and biofilm formation. Xylella fastidiosa was subjected to xylem fluids with varying chemistries to examine the effects of nutritional components on bacterial growth in vitro. The exposure of X. fastidiosa to xylem fluids collected from different Vitis genotypes resulted in highly significant differences in both planktonic growth and biofilm formation. Planktonic growth of X. fastidiosa in Vitis xylem fluid was correlated to the concentration of citric acid, amino acids (glutamic acid, glutamine, histidine, valine, methionine, isoleucine and phenylalanine) and inorganic ions (copper, magnesium, phosphorus and zinc). Biofilm formation was correlated to many amino acids at 1 h of incubation. Xylem fluid from Vitis rotundifolia cv. Noble (fluid that supported low planktonic growth) was supplemented with the compounds that were correlated above to levels found in Vitis champinii cv. Ramsey (fluid that supported high planktonic growth) to determine the direct impact of xylem constituents on the growth characteristics of X. fastidiosa. Augmentation of fluid from Noble with the amino acids listed above, citric acid, calcium and magnesium resulted in increased planktonic growth and aggregation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Peter C Andersen
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Quincy, FL 32351, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Li Y, Hao G, Galvani CD, Meng Y, Fuente LDL, Hoch HC, Burr TJ. Type I and type IV pili of Xylella fastidiosa affect twitching motility, biofilm formation and cell-cell aggregation. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2007; 153:719-726. [PMID: 17322192 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.2006/002311-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa, an important phytopathogenic bacterium, causes serious plant diseases including Pierce's disease of grapevine. It is reported here that type I and type IV pili of X. fastidiosa play different roles in twitching motility, biofilm formation and cell-cell aggregation. Type I pili are particularly important for biofilm formation and aggregation, whereas type IV pili are essential for motility, and also function in biofilm formation. Thirty twitching-defective mutants were generated with an EZ : : TN transposome system, and several type-IV-pilus-associated genes were identified, including fimT, pilX, pilY1, pilO and pilR. Mutations in fimT, pilX, pilO or pilR resulted in a twitch-minus phenotype, whereas the pilY1 mutant was twitching reduced. A mutation in fimA resulted in a biofilm-defective and twitching-enhanced phenotype. A fimA/pilO double mutant was twitch minus, and produced almost no visible biofilm. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that the pili, when present, were localized to one pole of the cell. Both type I and type IV pili were present in the wild-type isolate and the pilY1 mutant, whereas only type I pili were present in the twitch-minus mutants. The fimA mutant produced no type I pili. The fimA/pilO double mutant produced neither type I nor type IV pili.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yaxin Li
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University - New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Guixia Hao
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University - New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Cheryl D Galvani
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University - New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Yizhi Meng
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University - New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University - New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - H C Hoch
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University - New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| | - Thomas J Burr
- Department of Plant Pathology, Cornell University - New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, NY 14456, USA
| |
Collapse
|
41
|
An D, Parsek MR. The promise and peril of transcriptional profiling in biofilm communities. Curr Opin Microbiol 2007; 10:292-6. [PMID: 17573234 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2007.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2007] [Accepted: 05/25/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
DNA microarray technology has been successfully used to identify genes that contribute to biofilm formation for a handful of bacterial species. However, as the number of profiling studies increases, it is becoming increasingly apparent that these data might miss important aspects of biofilm development. One reason for this is the inability of current experimental designs to resolve spatial and functional heterogeneity in the biofilm community. Thus, an emerging challenge is to use transcriptional profiling in combination with techniques that can identify and separate relevant subpopulations within a biofilm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dingding An
- Department of Microbiology, University of Washington, School of Medicine, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Seattle, WA 98195-7242, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Setubal JC, Moreira LM, da Silva ACR. Bacterial phytopathogens and genome science. Curr Opin Microbiol 2006; 8:595-600. [PMID: 16125997 DOI: 10.1016/j.mib.2005.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2005] [Accepted: 08/17/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
There are now fourteen completed genomes of bacterial phytopathogens, all of which have been generated in the past six years. These genomes come from a phylogenetically diverse set of organisms, and range in size from 870 kb to more than 6Mb. The publication of these annotated genomes has significantly helped our understanding of bacterial plant disease. These genomes have also provided important information about bacterial evolution. Examples of recently completed genomes include: Pseudomonas syringae pv tomato, which is notable for its large repertoire of effector proteins; Leifsonia xyli subsp. xyli, the first Gram-positive bacterial genome to be sequenced; and Phytoplasma asteris, the small genome that lacks important functions previously thought to be essential in a bacterium.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- João C Setubal
- Virginia Bioinformatics Institute and Department of Computer Science, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg, VA 24060-0477, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
43
|
Guilhabert MR, Kirkpatrick BC. Identification of Xylella fastidiosa antivirulence genes: hemagglutinin adhesins contribute a biofilm maturation to X. fastidios and colonization and attenuate virulence. MOLECULAR PLANT-MICROBE INTERACTIONS : MPMI 2005; 18:856-68. [PMID: 16134898 DOI: 10.1094/mpmi-18-0856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Xylella fastidosa, a gram-negative, xylem-limited bacterium, is the causal agent of several economically important plant diseases, including Pierce's disease (PD) and citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC). Until recently, the inability to transform or produce transposon mutants of X. fastidosa had been a major impediment to identifying X. fastidosa genes that mediate pathogen and plant interactions. A random transposon (Tn5) library of X. fastidosa was constructed and screened for mutants showing more severe symptoms and earlier grapevine death (hypervirulence) than did vines infected with the wild type. Seven hypervirulent mutants identified in this screen moved faster and reached higher populations than the wild type in grapevines. These results suggest that X. fastidosa attenuates its virulence in planta and that movement is important in X. fastidosa virulence. The mutated genes were sequenced and none had been described previously as antivirulence genes, although six of them showed similarity with genes of known functions in other organisms. One transposon insertion inactivated a hemagglutinin adhesin gene (PD2118), which we named HxfA. Another mutant in a second putative X. fastidosa hemagglutinin gene, PD1792 (HxfB), was constructed, and further characterization of these hxf mutants suggests that X. fastidosa hemagglutinins mediate contact between X. fastidosa cells, which results in colony formation and biofilm maturation within the xylem vessels.
Collapse
|
44
|
Abstract
DNA microarray technology has been used to identify the global gene expression profile of biofilm cells. This is an interesting case study in how DNA microarray technology has advanced the molecular understanding of an understudied research area. DNA microarray analyses have suggested that there may be common responses upon biofilm formation, such as the repression of flagella genes and hyper-expression of genes for adhesion and ribosomal protein. They have also assisted in the identification of transcription factors that affect the formation of biofilms and indicated that there may not be biofilm-specific genes, arguing against biofilm formation being a developmental process. Instead, the DNA microarray data suggest that biofilms may have a unique pattern of gene expression, in which sub-sets of genes expressed in biofilms are also expressed under different planktonic conditions, but only in the biofilm are they all expressed simultaneously.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Beth A Lazazzera
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology and Molecular Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, 1602 Molecular Sciences Bldg, 405 Hilgard Ave, Los Angeles, California 90095, USA. beth.microbio.ucla.edu
| |
Collapse
|