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Surano A, del Grosso C, Musio B, Todisco S, Giampetruzzi A, Altamura G, Saponari M, Gallo V, Mastrorilli P, Boscia D, Saldarelli P. Exploring the xylem-sap to unravel biological features of Xylella fastidiosa subspecies pauca ST53 in immune, resistant and susceptible crop species through metabolomics and in vitro studies. FRONTIERS IN PLANT SCIENCE 2024; 14:1343876. [PMID: 38312355 PMCID: PMC10834688 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2023.1343876] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 12/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/06/2024]
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa subsp. pauca ST53 (Xfp) is a pathogenic bacterium causing one of the most severe plant diseases currently threatening the olive-growing areas of the Mediterranean, the Olive Quick Decline Syndrome (OQDS). The majority of the olive cultivars upon infections more or less rapidly develop severe desiccation phenomena, while few are resistant (e.g. Leccino and FS17), being less impacted by the infections. The present study contributes to elucidating the basis of the resistance phenomenon by investigating the influence of the composition of the xylem sap of plant species on the rate of bacterial multiplication. Xylem saps from Xfp host and non-host species were used for growing the bacterium in vitro, monitoring bacterial growth, biofilm formation, and the expression of specific genes. Moreover, species-specific metabolites, such as mannitol, quinic acid, tartaric acid, and choline were identified by non-targeted NMR-based metabolomic analysis in olive, grapevine, and citrus. In general, the xylem saps of immune species, including grapevine and citrus, were richer in amino acids, organic acids, and glucose. The results showed greater bacterial growth in the olive cultivar notoriously susceptible to Xfp (Cellina di Nardò), compared to that recorded in the resistant cultivar Leccino. Conversely, higher biofilm formation occurred in Leccino compared to Cellina di Nardò. Using the xylem saps of two Xfp-immune species (citrus and grapevine), a divergent bacterial behavior was recorded: low planktonic growth and biofilm production were detected in citrus compared to the grapevine. A parallel evaluation of the expression of 15 genes showed that Xfp directs its molecular functions mainly to virulence. Overall, the results gained through this multidisciplinary study contribute to extending the knowledge on the host-pathogen interaction, while confirming that the host response and resistance mechanism have a multifactorial basis, most likely with a cumulative effect on the phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antony Surano
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Carmine del Grosso
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Biagia Musio
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Stefano Todisco
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Giampetruzzi
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Altamura
- CRSFA-Centro Ricerca, Sperimentazione e Formazione in Agricoltura Basile Caramia, Locorotondo, Italy
| | - Maria Saponari
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Vito Gallo
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.r.l.—Spin-Off Company of Polytechnic University of Bari, Noci, Italy
| | - Piero Mastrorilli
- Department of Civil, Environmental, Land, Building Engineering and Chemistry (DICATECh), Polytechnic University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- Innovative Solutions S.r.l.—Spin-Off Company of Polytechnic University of Bari, Noci, Italy
| | - Donato Boscia
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
| | - Pasquale Saldarelli
- Institute for Sustainable Plant Protection, National Research Council (CNR), Bari, Italy
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Grapevine phenolic compounds influence cell surface adhesion of Xylella fastidiosa and bind to lipopolysaccharide. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0240101. [PMID: 33007036 PMCID: PMC7531785 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0240101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial phytopathogen Xylella fastidiosa specifically colonizes the plant vascular tissue through a complex process of cell adhesion, biofilm formation, and dispersive movement. Adaptation to the chemical environment of the xylem is essential for bacterial growth and progression of infection. Grapevine xylem sap contains a range of plant secondary metabolites such as phenolics, which fluctuate in response to pathogen infection and plant physiological state. Phenolic compounds are often involved in host-pathogen interactions and influence infection dynamics through signaling activity, antimicrobial properties, and alteration of bacterial phenotypes. The effect of biologically relevant concentrations of phenolic compounds coumaric acid, gallic acid, epicatechin, and resveratrol on growth of X. fastidiosa was assessed in vitro. None of these compounds inhibited bacterial growth, but epicatechin and gallic acid reduced cell-surface adhesion. Cell-cell aggregation decreased with resveratrol treatment, but the other phenolic compounds tested had minimal effect on aggregation. Expression of attachment (xadA) and aggregation (fimA) related genes were altered by presence of the phenolic compounds, consistent with observed phenotypes. All four of the phenolic compounds bound to purified X. fastidiosa lipopolysaccharide (LPS), a major cell-surface component. Information regarding the impact of chemical environment on pathogen colonization in plants is important for understanding the infection process and factors associated with host susceptibility.
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Chakraborty S, Nascimento R, Zaini PA, Gouran H, Rao BJ, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Sequence/structural analysis of xylem proteome emphasizes pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinases and β-1, 3-glucanases as key players in grapevine defense against Xylella fastidiosa. PeerJ 2016; 4:e2007. [PMID: 27257535 PMCID: PMC4888286 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 04/13/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Xylella fastidiosa, the causative agent of various plant diseases including Pierce’s disease in the US, and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis in Brazil, remains a continual source of concern and economic losses, especially since almost all commercial varieties are sensitive to this Gammaproteobacteria. Differential expression of proteins in infected tissue is an established methodology to identify key elements involved in plant defense pathways. Methods. In the current work, we developed a methodology named CHURNER that emphasizes relevant protein functions from proteomic data, based on identification of proteins with similar structures that do not necessarily have sequence homology. Such clustering emphasizes protein functions which have multiple copies that are up/down-regulated, and highlights similar proteins which are differentially regulated. As a working example we present proteomic data enumerating differentially expressed proteins in xylem sap from grapevines that were infected with X. fastidiosa. Results. Analysis of this data by CHURNER highlighted pathogenesis related PR-1 proteins, reinforcing this as the foremost protein function in xylem sap involved in the grapevine defense response to X. fastidiosa. β-1, 3-glucanase, which has both anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities, is also up-regulated. Simultaneously, chitinases are found to be both up and down-regulated by CHURNER, and thus the net gain of this protein function loses its significance in the defense response. Discussion. We demonstrate how structural data can be incorporated in the pipeline of proteomic data analysis prior to making inferences on the importance of individual proteins to plant defense mechanisms. We expect CHURNER to be applicable to any proteomic data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America; Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama , Uberlândia Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Basuthkar J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, Maharashtra , India
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
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Chakraborty S, Nascimento R, Zaini PA, Gouran H, Rao BJ, Goulart LR, Dandekar AM. Sequence/structural analysis of xylem proteome emphasizes pathogenesis-related proteins, chitinases and β-1, 3-glucanases as key players in grapevine defense against Xylella fastidiosa. PeerJ 2016. [PMID: 27257535 DOI: 10.7717/peerj2007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background. Xylella fastidiosa, the causative agent of various plant diseases including Pierce's disease in the US, and Citrus Variegated Chlorosis in Brazil, remains a continual source of concern and economic losses, especially since almost all commercial varieties are sensitive to this Gammaproteobacteria. Differential expression of proteins in infected tissue is an established methodology to identify key elements involved in plant defense pathways. Methods. In the current work, we developed a methodology named CHURNER that emphasizes relevant protein functions from proteomic data, based on identification of proteins with similar structures that do not necessarily have sequence homology. Such clustering emphasizes protein functions which have multiple copies that are up/down-regulated, and highlights similar proteins which are differentially regulated. As a working example we present proteomic data enumerating differentially expressed proteins in xylem sap from grapevines that were infected with X. fastidiosa. Results. Analysis of this data by CHURNER highlighted pathogenesis related PR-1 proteins, reinforcing this as the foremost protein function in xylem sap involved in the grapevine defense response to X. fastidiosa. β-1, 3-glucanase, which has both anti-microbial and anti-fungal activities, is also up-regulated. Simultaneously, chitinases are found to be both up and down-regulated by CHURNER, and thus the net gain of this protein function loses its significance in the defense response. Discussion. We demonstrate how structural data can be incorporated in the pipeline of proteomic data analysis prior to making inferences on the importance of individual proteins to plant defense mechanisms. We expect CHURNER to be applicable to any proteomic data set.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandeep Chakraborty
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Rafael Nascimento
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America; Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Paulo A Zaini
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama , Uberlândia Minas Gerais , Brazil
| | - Hossein Gouran
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
| | - Basuthkar J Rao
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research , Mumbai, Maharashtra , India
| | - Luiz R Goulart
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlândia, Campus Umuarama, Uberlândia Minas Gerais, Brazil; Department of Medical Microbiology and Immunology, University of California, Davis (UC Davis), CA, United States of America
| | - Abhaya M Dandekar
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of California, Davis (UC Davis) , CA , United States of America
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Cursino L, Athinuwat D, Patel KR, Galvani CD, Zaini PA, Li Y, De La Fuente L, Hoch HC, Burr TJ, Mowery P. Characterization of the Xylella fastidiosa PD1671 gene encoding degenerate c-di-GMP GGDEF/EAL domains, and its role in the development of Pierce's disease. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0121851. [PMID: 25811864 PMCID: PMC4374697 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0121851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2014] [Accepted: 02/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Xylella fastidiosa is an important phytopathogenic bacterium that causes many serious plant diseases including Pierce's disease of grapevines. X. fastidiosa is thought to induce disease by colonizing and clogging xylem vessels through the formation of cell aggregates and bacterial biofilms. Here we examine the role in X. fastidiosa virulence of an uncharacterized gene, PD1671, annotated as a two-component response regulator with potential GGDEF and EAL domains. GGDEF domains are found in c-di-GMP diguanylate cyclases while EAL domains are found in phosphodiesterases, and these domains are for c-di-GMP production and turnover, respectively. Functional analysis of the PD1671 gene revealed that it affected multiple X. fastidiosa virulence-related phenotypes. A Tn5 PD1671 mutant had a hypervirulent phenotype in grapevines presumably due to enhanced expression of gum genes leading to increased exopolysaccharide levels that resulted in elevated biofilm formation. Interestingly, the PD1671 mutant also had decreased motility in vitro but did not show a reduced distribution in grapevines following inoculation. Given these responses, the putative PD1671 protein may be a negative regulator of X. fastidiosa virulence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luciana Cursino
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Dusit Athinuwat
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Kelly R. Patel
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Cheryl D. Galvani
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Paulo A. Zaini
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Yaxin Li
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Harvey C. Hoch
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Thomas J. Burr
- Department of Plant Pathology and Plant Microbe Biology, Cornell University, New York State Agricultural Experiment Station, Geneva, New York, United States of America
| | - Patricia Mowery
- Department of Biology, Hobart and William Smith Colleges Geneva, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Dugé de Bernonville T, Noël LD, SanCristobal M, Danoun S, Becker A, Soreau P, Arlat M, Lauber E. Transcriptional reprogramming and phenotypical changes associated with growth ofXanthomonas campestrispv.campestrisin cabbage xylem sap. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2014; 89:527-41. [DOI: 10.1111/1574-6941.12345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/22/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Dugé de Bernonville
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 441; INRA; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 2594; CNRS; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Laurent D. Noël
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 441; INRA; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 2594; CNRS; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Magali SanCristobal
- UMR 1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage; INRA; Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage; Université de Toulouse INPT ENSAT; Castanet-Tolosan France
- UMR 1388 Génétique, Physiologie et Systèmes d'Elevage; Université de Toulouse INPT ENVT; Toulouse France
| | - Saida Danoun
- Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales (LRSV); UMR 5546; Université de Toulouse, UPS; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Laboratoire de Recherches en Sciences Végétales (LRSV); UMR 5546; CNRS; Castanet-Tolosan France
| | - Anke Becker
- Loewe Center for Synthetic Microbiology and Department of Biology; Philipps-Universität Marburg; Marburg Germany
| | - Paul Soreau
- CEA Cadarache; IBEB-SBVME; Research Group in Applied Phytotechnics; UMR 6191 CNRS-CEA; Aix-Marseille University; Saint-Paul-lez-Durance Cedex France
| | - Matthieu Arlat
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 441; INRA; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 2594; CNRS; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Université de Toulouse, UPS; Toulouse France
| | - Emmanuelle Lauber
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 441; INRA; Castanet-Tolosan France
- Laboratoire des Interactions Plantes Micro-organismes (LIPM); UMR 2594; CNRS; Castanet-Tolosan France
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Affiliation(s)
- Lori L. Burrows
- Department of Biochemistry and Biomedical Sciences, Michael G. DeGroote Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada;
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Burdman S, Bahar O, Parker JK, De La Fuente L. Involvement of Type IV Pili in Pathogenicity of Plant Pathogenic Bacteria. Genes (Basel) 2011; 2:706-35. [PMID: 24710288 PMCID: PMC3927602 DOI: 10.3390/genes2040706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Revised: 10/08/2011] [Accepted: 10/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Type IV pili (T4P) are hair-like appendages found on the surface of a wide range of bacteria belonging to the β-, γ-, and δ-Proteobacteria, Cyanobacteria and Firmicutes. They constitute an efficient device for a particular type of bacterial surface motility, named twitching, and are involved in several other bacterial activities and functions, including surface adherence, colonization, biofilm formation, genetic material uptake and virulence. Tens of genes are involved in T4P synthesis and regulation, with the majority of them being generally named pil/fim genes. Despite the multiple functionality of T4P and their well-established role in pathogenicity of animal pathogenic bacteria, relatively little attention has been given to the role of T4P in plant pathogenic bacteria. Only in recent years studies have begun to examine with more attention the relevance of these surface appendages for virulence of plant bacterial pathogens. The aim of this review is to summarize the current knowledge about T4P genetic machinery and its role in the interactions between phytopathogenic bacteria and their plant hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saul Burdman
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and the Otto Warburg Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Ofir Bahar
- Department of Plant Pathology and Microbiology and the Otto Warburg Center for Agricultural Biotechnology, The Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
| | - Jennifer K Parker
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
| | - Leonardo De La Fuente
- Department of Entomology and Plant Pathology, Auburn University, Auburn, AL 36849, USA.
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Chatelet DS, Wistrom CM, Purcell AH, Rost TL, Matthews MA. Xylem structure of four grape varieties and 12 alternative hosts to the xylem-limited bacterium Xylella fastidious. ANNALS OF BOTANY 2011; 108:73-85. [PMID: 21546428 PMCID: PMC3119617 DOI: 10.1093/aob/mcr106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 03/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The bacterium Xylella fastidiosa (Xf), responsible for Pierce's disease (PD) of grapevine, colonizes the xylem conduits of vines, ultimately killing the plant. However, Vitis vinifera grapevine varieties differ in their susceptibility to Xf and numerous other plant species tolerate Xf populations without showing symptoms. The aim of this study was to examine the xylem structure of grapevines with different susceptibilities to Xf infection, as well as the xylem structure of non-grape plant species that support or limit movement of Xf to determine if anatomical differences might explain some of the differences in susceptibility to Xf. METHODS Air and paint were introduced into leaves and stems to examine the connectivity between stem and leaves and the length distribution of their vessels. Leaf petiole and stem anatomies were studied to determine the basis for the free or restricted movement of Xf into the plant. KEY RESULTS There were no obvious differences in stem or petiole vascular anatomy among the grape varieties examined, nor among the other plant species that would explain differences in resistance to Xf. Among grape varieties, the more tolerant 'Sylvaner' had smaller stem vessel diameters and 20 % more parenchyma rays than the other three varieties. Alternative hosts supporting Xf movement had slightly longer open xylem conduits within leaves, and more connection between stem and leaves, when compared with alternative hosts that limit Xf movement. CONCLUSIONS Stem--leaf connectivity via open xylem conduits and vessel length is not responsible for differences in PD tolerance among grape varieties, or for limiting bacterial movement in the tolerant plant species. However, it was found that tolerant host plants had narrower vessels and more parenchyma rays, possibly restricting bacterial movement at the level of the vessels. The implications of xylem structure and connectivity for the means and regulation of bacterial movement are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- David S. Chatelet
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, Brown University, Providence, RI 02906, USA
| | - Christina M. Wistrom
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - Alexander H. Purcell
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy and Management, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-3114, USA
| | - Thomas L. Rost
- Department of Plant Biology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
| | - Mark A. Matthews
- Department of Viticulture and Enology, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA
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