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Xu Z, Yang J, Xin X, Liu C, Li L, Mei X, Li M. Merits and challenges of iPSC-derived organoids for clinical applications. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1188905. [PMID: 37305682 PMCID: PMC10250752 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1188905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have entered an unprecedented state of development since they were first generated. They have played a critical role in disease modeling, drug discovery, and cell replacement therapy, and have contributed to the evolution of disciplines such as cell biology, pathophysiology of diseases, and regenerative medicine. Organoids, the stem cell-derived 3D culture systems that mimic the structure and function of organs in vitro, have been widely used in developmental research, disease modeling, and drug screening. Recent advances in combining iPSCs with 3D organoids are facilitating further applications of iPSCs in disease research. Organoids derived from embryonic stem cells, iPSCs, and multi-tissue stem/progenitor cells can replicate the processes of developmental differentiation, homeostatic self-renewal, and regeneration due to tissue damage, offering the potential to unravel the regulatory mechanisms of development and regeneration, and elucidate the pathophysiological processes involved in disease mechanisms. Herein, we have summarized the latest research on the production scheme of organ-specific iPSC-derived organoids, the contribution of these organoids in the treatment of various organ-related diseases, in particular their contribution to COVID-19 treatment, and have discussed the unresolved challenges and shortcomings of these models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziran Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Lequn Branch, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Jiaxu Yang
- Department of Neonatology, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xianyi Xin
- Department of Pediatric Cardiovascular Medicine, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chengrun Liu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lisha Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xianglin Mei
- Department of pathology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Meiying Li
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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2
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Artemova D, Vishnyakova P, Gantsova E, Elchaninov A, Fatkhudinov T, Sukhikh G. The prospects of cell therapy for endometriosis. J Assist Reprod Genet 2023; 40:955-967. [PMID: 36964451 PMCID: PMC10239410 DOI: 10.1007/s10815-023-02772-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Endometriosis is a chronic inflammatory estrogen-dependent disease characterized by the growth of endometrial-like tissue outside the physiological region. Despite the fact that this disease is common, laparoscopic surgery is currently the gold standard in the treatment of endometriosis. In this regard, it is necessary to develop new effective methods of minimally invasive therapy for endometriosis. One of the promising areas in the treatment of endometriosis is cell therapy. Cellular therapy is a vast branch of therapeutic methods with various agents. Potential cell therapies for endometriosis may be based on the principle of targeting aspects of the pathogenesis of the disease: suppression of estrogen receptor activity, angiogenesis, fibrosis, and a decrease in the content of stem cells in endometriosis foci. In addition, immune cells such as NK cells and macrophages may be promising agents for cell therapy of endometriosis. Standing apart in the methods of cell therapy is the replacement therapy of endometriosis. Thus, many studies in the field of the pathogenesis of endometriosis can shed light not only on the causes of the disease and may contribute to the development of new methods for personalized cell therapy of endometriosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Artemova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Polina Vishnyakova
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Gantsova
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
| | - Andrey Elchaninov
- Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of Federal State Budgetary Scientific Institution "Petrovsky National Research Centre of Surgery", Moscow, Russia
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Timur Fatkhudinov
- Research Institute of Molecular and Cellular Medicine, Peoples' Friendship University of Russia (RUDN University), Moscow, Russia.
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Gennady Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of Ministry of Healthcare of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
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A Simplified and Effective Approach for the Isolation of Small Pluripotent Stem Cells Derived from Human Peripheral Blood. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11030787. [PMID: 36979766 PMCID: PMC10045871 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11030787] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/24/2023] [Accepted: 03/03/2023] [Indexed: 03/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pluripotent stem cells are key players in regenerative medicine. Embryonic pluripotent stem cells, despite their significant advantages, are associated with limitations such as their inadequate availability and the ethical dilemmas in their isolation and clinical use. The discovery of very small embryonic-like (VSEL) stem cells addressed the aforementioned limitations, but their isolation technique remains a challenge due to their small cell size and their efficiency in isolation. Here, we report a simplified and effective approach for the isolation of small pluripotent stem cells derived from human peripheral blood. Our approach results in a high yield of small blood stem cell (SBSC) population, which expresses pluripotent embryonic markers (e.g., Nanog, SSEA-3) and the Yamanaka factors. Further, a fraction of SBSCs also co-express hematopoietic markers (e.g., CD45 and CD90) and/or mesenchymal markers (e.g., CD29, CD105 and PTH1R), suggesting a mixed stem cell population. Finally, quantitative proteomic profiling reveals that SBSCs contain various stem cell markers (CD9, ITGA6, MAPK1, MTHFD1, STAT3, HSPB1, HSPA4), and Transcription reg complex factors (e.g., STAT5B, PDLIM1, ANXA2, ATF6, CAMK1). In conclusion, we present a novel, simplified and effective isolating process that yields an abundant population of small-sized cells with characteristics of pluripotency from human peripheral blood.
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Raval J, Trivedi R, Suman S, Kukrety A, Prajapati P. NANO-BIOTECHNOLOGY AND ITS INNOVATIVE PERSPECTIVE IN DIABETES MANAGEMENT. Mini Rev Med Chem 2021; 22:89-114. [PMID: 34165408 DOI: 10.2174/1389557521666210623164052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 01/11/2021] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes occurs due to the imbalance of glucose in the body known as glucose homeostasis, thus leading to metabolic changes in the body. The two stages hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia classify diabetes into various categories. Various bio-nanotechnological approaches are coupled up with nano particulates, polymers, liposome, various gold plated and solid lipid particulates, regulating transcellular transport, non specific cellular uptake, and paracellular transport, leading to oral, trans-dermal , pulmonary, buccal , nasal , specific gene oriented administration to avoid the patient's non compliance with the parental routes of administration. Phytochemicals are emerging strategies for the future prospects of diabetes management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jigar Raval
- Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar-382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Riddhi Trivedi
- Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar-382007, Gujarat, India
| | - Sonali Suman
- CDSCO, Meghaninagar, Ahmedabad, Gujarat 380003, India
| | | | - Prajesh Prajapati
- Institute of Research and Development, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar-382007, Gujarat, India
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Seo NH, Song HR, Han MK. SIRT1 Knockdown Enhances the Differentiation of Human Embryonic Stem Cells into Pancreatic β Cells. Dev Reprod 2020; 23:391-399. [PMID: 31993545 PMCID: PMC6985299 DOI: 10.12717/dr.2019.23.4.391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/25/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Nicotinamide is used to maturate pancreatic progenitors from embryonic stem cells
(ESCs) into insulin-producing cells (IPCs). It has been known that nicotinamide
inhibits the enzymatic activity of SIRT1, an NAD+-dependent
deacetylase. Here we show that SIRT1 knockdown enhances the differentiation of
human ESCs into IPCs. SIRT1 knockdown enhances the clustering size of IPCs and
the expression of pancreatic genes including c-peptide, pancreas/duodenum
homeobox protein 1 (PDX1), insulin, somatostatin, glucagon and Nkx6.1 in human
ESC-derived IPCs. In addition, We found that IPCs differentiated from SIRT1
knockdowned human ESCs have more zinc compared to those from control human ESCs.
Our data suggest that SIRT1 negatively regulates the differentiation of β
cells from human ESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan-Hee Seo
- Dept. of Microbiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Hwa-Ryung Song
- Dept. of Microbiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Korea
| | - Myung-Kwan Han
- Dept. of Microbiology, Jeonbuk National University Medical School, Jeonju 54896, Korea
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Doss MX, Sachinidis A. Current Challenges of iPSC-Based Disease Modeling and Therapeutic Implications. Cells 2019; 8:cells8050403. [PMID: 31052294 PMCID: PMC6562607 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 245] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 04/23/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-based disease modelling and the cell replacement therapy approach have proven to be very powerful and instrumental in biomedical research and personalized regenerative medicine as evidenced in the past decade by unraveling novel pathological mechanisms of a multitude of monogenic diseases at the cellular level and the ongoing and emerging clinical trials with iPSC-derived cell products. iPSC-based disease modelling has sparked widespread enthusiasm and has presented an unprecedented opportunity in high throughput drug discovery platforms and safety pharmacology in association with three-dimensional multicellular organoids such as personalized organs-on-chips, gene/base editing, artificial intelligence and high throughput "omics" methodologies. This critical review summarizes the progress made in the past decade with the advent of iPSC discovery in biomedical applications and regenerative medicine with case examples and the current major challenges that need to be addressed to unleash the full potential of iPSCs in clinical settings and pharmacology for more effective and safer regenerative therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Xavier Doss
- Technology Development Division, BioMarin Pharmaceutical Inc, 105 Digital Drive, Novato, CA 94949, USA.
| | - Agapios Sachinidis
- Institute of Neurophysiology and Center for Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne, Robert-Koch Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, Germany.
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HSP60 is required for stemness and proper differentiation of mouse embryonic stem cells. Exp Mol Med 2018; 50:e459. [PMID: 29546877 PMCID: PMC5898897 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Revised: 09/12/2017] [Accepted: 09/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Embryonic stem cells (ESCs) are metabolically distinct from their differentiated counterparts. ESC mitochondria are less complex and fewer in number than their differentiated progeny. However, few studies have examined the proteins responsible for differences in mitochondrial structure and function between ESCs and somatic cells. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate the differences between mitochondrial proteins in these two cell types. We demonstrate that HSP60 is more abundant in mouse ESC mitochondria than in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Depletion of HSP60 inhibited mouse ESC proliferation and self-renewal, characterized by decreased OCT4 expression. HSP60 depletion also enhanced apoptosis during mouse ESC differentiation into embryoid bodies. Our results suggest that HSP60 expression has an essential role in ESC self-renewal and survival of differentiated cells from ESCs.
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Neuronal Models for the Study of Autophagy Pathways in Human Neurodegenerative Disease. Cells 2017; 6:cells6030024. [PMID: 28800101 PMCID: PMC5617970 DOI: 10.3390/cells6030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are invaluable tools for research into the causes of diverse human diseases, and have enormous potential in the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Our ability to reprogramme patient cells to become hiPSCs, and to subsequently direct their differentiation towards those classes of neurons that are vulnerable to stress, is revealing how genetic mutations cause changes at the molecular level that drive the complex pathogeneses of human neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy dysregulation is considered to be a major contributor in neural decline during the onset and progression of many human neurodegenerative diseases, meaning that a better understanding of the control of non-selective and selective autophagy pathways (including mitophagy) in disease-affected classes of neurons is needed. To achieve this, it is essential that the methodologies commonly used to study autophagy regulation under basal and stressed conditions in standard cell-line models are accurately applied when using hiPSC-derived neuronal cultures. Here, we discuss the roles and control of autophagy in human stem cells, and how autophagy contributes to neural differentiation in vitro. We also describe how autophagy-monitoring tools can be applied to hiPSC-derived neurons for the study of human neurodegenerative disease in vitro.
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In Vitro Osteogenic Potential of Green Fluorescent Protein Labelled Human Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived Osteoprogenitors. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:1659275. [PMID: 28003831 PMCID: PMC5149650 DOI: 10.1155/2016/1659275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular therapy using stem cells in bone regeneration has gained increasing interest. Various studies suggest the clinical utility of osteoprogenitors-like mesenchymal stem cells in bone regeneration. However, limited availability of mesenchymal stem cells and conflicting evidence on their therapeutic efficacy limit their clinical application. Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) are potentially an unlimited source of healthy and functional osteoprogenitors (OPs) that could be utilized for bone regenerative applications. However, limited ability to track hESC-derived progenies in vivo greatly hinders translational studies. Hence, in this study, we aimed to establish hESC-derived OPs (hESC-OPs) expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and to investigate their osteogenic differentiation potential in vitro. We fluorescently labelled H9-hESCs using a plasmid vector encoding GFP. The GFP-expressing hESCs were differentiated into hESC-OPs. The hESC-OPsGFP+ stably expressed high levels of GFP, CD73, CD90, and CD105. They possessed osteogenic differentiation potential in vitro as demonstrated by increased expression of COL1A1, RUNX2, OSTERIX, and OPG transcripts and mineralized nodules positive for Alizarin Red and immunocytochemical expression of osteocalcin, alkaline phosphatase, and collagen-I. In conclusion, we have demonstrated that fluorescently labelled hESC-OPs can maintain their GFP expression for the long term and their potential for osteogenic differentiation in vitro. In future, these fluorescently labelled hESC-OPs could be used for noninvasive assessment of bone regeneration, safety, and therapeutic efficacy.
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Zeitels SM, Blitzer A, Hillman RE, Anderson RR. Foresight in Laryngology and Laryngeal Surgery: A 2020 Vision. Ann Otol Rhinol Laryngol 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/000348940711600901] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Laryngology and laryngeal surgery have been in the vanguard of minimally invasive human procedural interventions for approximately 150 years. The natural passages through the oral cavity, nose, and pharynx have provided an accessible gateway to the larynx that has allowed for rapid translation of a variety of diagnostic and therapeutic technologies. Transoral and transcervical laryngeal surgery have been further facilitated by progressive advancements in local, topical, intravenous, and general anesthesia. With rapid developments in engineering disciplines (ie, tissue, chemical, mechanical) and voice science, there are a variety of current and near-term opportunities to advance our field. This report represents a panel at the 2005 American Broncho-Esophagological Association meeting that sought to use present perspectives, combined with cutting-edge research insights, to provide foresight into key aspects of laryngology that we believe will be developed by the year 2020. We hope that aspiring laryngeal surgeons will find elements of this discussion valuable for devising a strategic roadmap for research initiatives in laryngology and laryngeal surgery.
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Lee D, Ryu JH, Lee ST, Nam YK, Kim DS, Gong SP. Identification of embryonic stem cell activities in an embryonic cell line derived from marine medaka (Oryzias dancena). FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2015; 41:1569-1576. [PMID: 26239820 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-015-0108-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2015] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
This study was conducted to identify embryonic stem cell (ESC) activities of a long-term cultured embryonic cell line previously derived from blastula-stage Oryzias dancena embryos. Five sub-cell lines were established from the embryonic cell line via clonal expansion of single cells. ESC activities, including clonogenicity, alkaline phosphatase (AP) activity, and differentiation capacity, were examined in the five sub-cell lines. We observed both clonogenicity and AP activity in all five sub-cell lines, but the proportion of cells that exhibited both properties was significantly different among them. Even though we detected different formation rates and sizes of embryoid body (EB) among these cells, all lines were stably able to form EBs and further induction for differentiation showed their capability to differentiate into other cell types in a spontaneous manner. From this study, we determined that the embryonic cell lines examined possessed heterogeneous ESC activities and can be utilized as a marine model system for fish ESC-based research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongwook Lee
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea
| | - Jun Hyung Ryu
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea
| | - Seung Tae Lee
- Department of Animal Life Science, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, 200-701, Korea
| | - Yoon Kwon Nam
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea
- Department of Marine Biomaterials and Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea
| | - Dong Soo Kim
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea
- Department of Marine Biomaterials and Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea
| | - Seung Pyo Gong
- Department of Fisheries Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea.
- Department of Marine Biomaterials and Aquaculture, Pukyong National University, Busan, 608-737, Korea.
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Fonseca SAS, Costas RM, Morato-Marques M, Costa S, Alegretti JR, Rosenberg C, da Motta ELA, Serafini PC, Pereira LV. A Euploid Line of Human Embryonic Stem Cells Derived from a 43,XX,dup(9q),+12,-14,-15,-18,-21 Embryo. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0140999. [PMID: 26540511 PMCID: PMC4634922 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0140999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2015] [Accepted: 10/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aneuploid embryos diagnosed by FISH-based preimplantation genetic screening (PGS) have been shown to yield euploid lines of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) with a relatively high frequency. Given that the diagnostic procedure is usually based on the analysis of 1–2 blastomeres of 5 to 10-cell cleavage-stage embryos, mosaicism has been a likely explanation for the phenomena. However, FISH-based PGS can have a significant rate of misdiagnosis, and therefore some of those lines may have been derived from euploid embryos misdiagnosed as aneuploid. More recently, coupling of trophectoderm (TE) biopsy at the blastocyst stage and array-CGH lead to a more informative form of PGS. Here we describe the establishment of a new line of hESCs from an embryo with a 43,XX,dup(9q),+12,-14,-15,-18,-21 chromosomal content based on array-CGH of TE biopsy. We show that, despite the complex chromosomal abnormality, the corresponding hESC line BR-6 is euploid (46,XX). Single nucleotide polymorphism analysis showed that the embryo´s missing chromosomes were not duplicated in BR-6, suggesting the existence of extensive mosaicism in the TE lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Aparecida Siqueira Fonseca
- National Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell (LaNCE), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Roberta Montero Costas
- National Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell (LaNCE), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Mariana Morato-Marques
- National Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell (LaNCE), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Silvia Costa
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Carla Rosenberg
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lygia V. Pereira
- National Laboratory of Embryonic Stem Cell (LaNCE), University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Genetics and Evolutionary Biology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Gaspar JA, Doss MX, Hengstler JG, Cadenas C, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Unique metabolic features of stem cells, cardiomyocytes, and their progenitors. Circ Res 2014; 114:1346-60. [PMID: 24723659 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.302021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, growing attention has been directed toward stem cell metabolism, with the key observation that the plasticity of stem cells also reflects the plasticity of their energy substrate metabolism. There seems to be a clear link between the self-renewal state of stem cells, in which cells proliferate without differentiation, and the activity of specific metabolic pathways. Differentiation is accompanied by a shift from anaerobic glycolysis to mitochondrial respiration. This metabolic switch of differentiating stem cells is required to cover the energy demands of the different organ-specific cell types. Among other metabolic signatures, amino acid and carbohydrate metabolism is most prominent in undifferentiated embryonic stem cells, whereas the fatty acid metabolic signature is unique in cardiomyocytes derived from embryonic stem cells. Identifying the specific metabolic pathways involved in pluripotency and differentiation is critical for further progress in the field of developmental biology and regenerative medicine. The recently generated knowledge on metabolic key processes may help to generate mature stem cell-derived somatic cells for therapeutic applications without the requirement of genetic manipulation. In the present review, the literature about metabolic features of stem cells and their cardiovascular cell derivatives as well as the specific metabolic gene signatures differentiating between stem and differentiated cells are summarized and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Antonydas Gaspar
- From the Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany (J.A.G., M.X.D., J.H., A.S.); and Leibniz Research Centre for Working Environment and Human Factors (IfADo), Technical University of Dortmund, Dortmund, Germany (J.G.H., C.C.)
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Zhao Y, Feric NT, Thavandiran N, Nunes SS, Radisic M. The role of tissue engineering and biomaterials in cardiac regenerative medicine. Can J Cardiol 2014; 30:1307-22. [PMID: 25442432 DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2014.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 08/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, the development of 3-dimensional engineered heart tissue (EHT) has made large strides forward because of advances in stem cell biology, materials science, prevascularization strategies, and nanotechnology. As a result, the role of tissue engineering in cardiac regenerative medicine has become multifaceted as new applications become feasible. Cardiac tissue engineering has long been established to have the potential to partially or fully restore cardiac function after cardiac injury. However, EHTs may also serve as surrogate human cardiac tissue for drug-related toxicity screening. Cardiotoxicity remains a major cause of drug withdrawal in the pharmaceutical industry. Unsafe drugs reach the market because preclinical evaluation is insufficient to weed out cardiotoxic drugs in all their forms. Bioengineering methods could provide functional and mature human myocardial tissues, ie, physiologically relevant platforms, for screening the cardiotoxic effects of pharmaceutical agents and facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic agents. Finally, advances in induced pluripotent stem cells have made patient-specific EHTs possible, which opens up the possibility of personalized medicine. Herein, we give an overview of the present state of the art in cardiac tissue engineering, the challenges to the field, and future perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yimu Zhao
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nicole T Feric
- Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Nimalan Thavandiran
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Sara S Nunes
- Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Toronto General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Milica Radisic
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Applied Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Biomaterials and Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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15
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Li X, Zhou J, Liu Z, Chen J, Lü S, Sun H, Li J, Lin Q, Yang B, Duan C, Xing M(M, Wang C. A PNIPAAm-based thermosensitive hydrogel containing SWCNTs for stem cell transplantation in myocardial repair. Biomaterials 2014; 35:5679-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2014.03.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2014] [Accepted: 03/22/2014] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
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Bradley CK, Peura T, Dumevska B, Jovasevic A, Chami O, Schmidt U, Jansen RPS, Stojanov T. Cell lines from morphologically abnormal discarded IVF embryos are typically euploid and unaccompanied by intrachromosomal aberrations. Reprod Biomed Online 2014; 28:780-8. [PMID: 24745836 DOI: 10.1016/j.rbmo.2014.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Routine IVF practices result in the discarding of a significant proportion of embryos due to their unsuitability for transfer or cryopreservation. The present study plated clinically unusable human blastocysts to derive cellular outgrowths for aneuploidy studies and genome-wide analysis of DNA copy number variations, and to evaluate their potential as a source for pluripotent stem cells. Just 79 cellular outgrowths were obtained from 1026 abnormal blastocysts (7.7%), reflecting their low developmental potential. Of these, 13 (16.5%) were karyotypically abnormal and included trisomies frequently detected in miscarriages, each of which was uniform (nonmosaic) and the result of meiotic nondisjunction. Evaluation of submicroscopic DNA gains and losses in 10 diploid cellular outgrowths did not identify increased rates of copy number variations. Five of these outgrowths were shown to express pluripotency markers and could be developed into cell lineages representative of the three germ layers. These data suggest that embryos with chromosomal abnormalities resist cell-line derivation, and mosaic aneuploidy produced from mitotic nondisjunction, common in preimplantation embryos, is likely to be diminished or lost under conditions of diploid cell competition. Furthermore, this work demonstrated that abnormal embryos discarded in IVF programmes can provide a valuable source for pluripotent stem cell lines. During IVF, a large proportion of embryos are clinically unsuitable due to abnormal development and these embryos only have a small chance of achieving a pregnancy. Here we used these abnormal embryos to create cell lines for genetic testing and to determine their potential as stem cells. Of the 1026 abnormal embryos used, 79 (7.7%) created cell lines, reflecting their low developmental potential. Of those, only 16.5% had chromosomal anomalies, a much lower number than expected. This included chromosome abnormalities frequently observed in miscarriages, all of which were found in each cell tested (nonmosaic) and originated from the egg or the sperm as opposed to cell division. In-depth testing of 10 normal cell lines for small DNA gains and losses did not reveal an increased frequency of mutations. Furthermore, five of the cell lines were examined for stem cell properties and found to exhibit the hallmark features of stem cells including their ability to make mature cells from different parts of the body. Our data suggest that embryos with abnormal chromosomes resist making cell lines and that abnormalities that arise during cell division are likely to be lost due to competition with normal cells. We also demonstrated that abnormal embryos usually discarded in IVF programmes can provide a valuable source for stem cell lines.
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Li L, Xia Y. Study of adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells transplantation for rats with dilated cardiomyopathy. Ann Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2014; 20:398-406. [PMID: 24492176 DOI: 10.5761/atcs.oa.13-00104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Increasing evidences indicated that adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADMSCs) can stay survive, then gradually proliferate and differentiate into myocardial cells after transplanted into damaged areas and improve function of heart. METHODS In this article, ADMSCs were isolated from adipose tissue of Wistar rats and cultured. When treated with 5-azacytidine (5-aza), ADMSCs were differentiated into myocardial cells, then we implant these cells into myocardium of rats of DCM to observe cell population and differentiation and compare cardiac function and hemodynamics changes before and after transplantation. RESULTS The expression of Cardiac-specific markers indicated that ADMSCs which were isolated from adipose tissue of Wistar rats can differentiate into various cell types. Meanwhile, the treatment group displayed a higher level of LVESP, left ventricular intraventricular pressure (+dP/dt max), left ventricular intraventricular pressure (-dP/dt max) and left ventricular EF (%) than the control group. Altogether, these results indicate that heart systolic and diastolic function of rats of DCM was significantly improved meanwhile ventricular dilatation remodeling was inhibited after ADMSCs transplantation. CONCLUSIONS Therefore, this research provides an experimental basis for further clinical application of ADMSCs transplantation for the treatment of DCM and non-ischemic HF.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Li
- First Department of Cadres, First Hospital Affiliated to General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, China
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Carvalho KATD, Abdelwahid E, Ferreira RJ, Irioda AC, Guarita-Souza LC. Preclinical stem cell therapy in Chagas Disease: Perspectives for future research. World J Transplant 2013; 3:119-126. [PMID: 24392316 PMCID: PMC3879521 DOI: 10.5500/wjt.v3.i4.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Chagas cardiomyopathy still remains a challenging problem that is responsible for high morbidity and mortality in Central and Latin America. Chagas disease disrupts blood microcirculation via various autoimmune mechanisms, causing loss of cardiomyocytes and severe impairment of heart function. Different cell types and delivery approaches in Chagas Disease have been studied in both preclinical models and clinical trials. The main objective of this article is to clarify the reasons why the benefits that have been seen with cell therapy in preclinical models fail to translate to the clinical setting. This can be explained by crucial differences between the cellular types and pathophysiological mechanisms of the disease, as well as the differences between human patients and animal models. We discuss examples that demonstrate how the results from preclinical trials might have overestimated the efficacy of myocardial regeneration therapies. Future research should focus, not only on studying the best cell type to use but, very importantly, understanding the levels of safety and cellular interaction that can elicit efficient therapeutic effects in human tissue. Addressing the challenges associated with future research may ensure the success of stem cell therapy in improving preclinical models and the treatment of Chagas disease.
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Lim JM, Gong SP. Somatic cell transformation into stem cell-like cells induced by different microenvironments. Organogenesis 2013; 9:245-8. [PMID: 24030034 DOI: 10.4161/org.26202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Development of induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) technology introduced a novel way to derive pluripotent stem cells, but the genetic manipulation required to generate iPSCs may lead to uncontrolled tumorigenesis of the established cells and thus limit clinical feasibility of the technology. Numerous attempts have been made to date, and alternative reprogramming of somatic cells to reactivate cellular plasticity after differentiation has been suggested. As a result, it had become clear that cell-to-cell interactions and specific acellular environments can be utilized for somatic cell reprogramming. In our previous studies, embryonic stem cell (ESC)-like cells could be derived from transforming ovarian cells and fetal fibroblasts by cell-to-cell interaction or specific cell-mediated microenvironmental factor(s). This cellular event was induced without undertaking genetic manipulation of progenitor cells. Several differences were found between the cellular properties of niche-induced, ESC-like cells and those of genetically manipulated iPSCs and the referenced ESCs. Thus, we provided evidence that terminally differentiated somatic cells either acquire pluripotency-like activity or possess cellular and genetic plasticity under a specific microenvironment and/or cell-to-cell interaction. In this minireview, we discuss derivation of stem cell-like cells under specific microenvironmental conditions in terms of technical perspectives and limitations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Mook Lim
- Department of Agricultural Biotechnology; Seoul National University; Seoul, Korea; WCU Biomodulation Program; Seoul National University; Seoul, Korea
| | - Seung Pyo Gong
- Department of Marine Biomaterials and Aquaculture; Pukyong National University; Busan, Korea
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T’Joen V, Somers P, Declercq H, Cornelissen M. Evaluation of the behavior of murine and human embryonic stem cells in in vitro migration and invasion assays. Tissue Cell 2013; 45:115-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2012.09.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 09/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/23/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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21
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Abdelwahid E, Siminiak T, Guarita-Souza LC, Teixeira de Carvalho KA, Gallo P, Shim W, Condorelli G. Stem cell therapy in heart diseases: a review of selected new perspectives, practical considerations and clinical applications. Curr Cardiol Rev 2013; 7:201-12. [PMID: 22758618 PMCID: PMC3263484 DOI: 10.2174/157340311798220502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2010] [Revised: 01/31/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Degeneration of cardiac tissues is considered a major cause of mortality in the western world and is expected to be a greater problem in the forthcoming decades. Cardiac damage is associated with dysfunction and irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes. Stem cell therapy for ischemic heart failure is very promising approach in cardiovascular medicine. Initial trials have indicated the ability of cardiomyocytes to regenerate after myocardial injury. These preliminary trials aim to translate cardiac regeneration strategies into clinical practice. In spite of advances, current therapeutic strategies to ischemic heart failure remain very limited. Moreover, major obstacles still need to be solved before stem cell therapy can be fully applied. This review addresses the current state of research and experimental data regarding embryonic stem cells (ESCs), myoblast transplantation, histological and functional analysis of transplantation of co-cultured myoblasts and mesenchymal stem cells, as well as comparison between mononuclear and mesenchymal stem cells in a model of myocardium infarction. We also discuss how research with stem cell transplantation could translate to improvement of cardiac function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eltyeb Abdelwahid
- CBRC, Massachusetts General Hospital/Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts 02129, USA.
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22
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Embryonic stem (ES) cell-derived cardiomyocytes: A good candidate for cell therapy applications. Cell Biol Int 2013; 33:325-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cellbi.2008.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2008] [Revised: 10/24/2008] [Accepted: 12/05/2008] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Vatansever HS, Uluer ET, Aydede H, Ozbilgin MK. Analysis of transferred keratinocyte-like cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells on experimental surgical skin wounds of mouse. Acta Histochem 2013; 115:32-41. [PMID: 22494612 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2012.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2011] [Revised: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Autologous/allogenic skin grafts constituted from differentiated adult or embryonic stem cells can be used in treatment of skin disorders. In our study we aimed to differentiate keratinocytes from mouse embryonic stem cells and the transfer of viable keratinocyte-like cells to a model of surgical skin wound of mouse. Embryoid bodies, derived from mouse embryonic stem cells, were cultured on basement membrane matrix with added BMP-4 for 10 days. The identification of differentiated keratinocyte-like cells was done by detection of cytokeratin-8 and cytokeratin-14 localization using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique and transmission electron microscopy evaluation. Distribution of BrdU, cytokeratin-8 and cytokeratin-14 were evaluated using an indirect immunoperoxidase technique from the experimental (dressing including BrdU labelled cells applied after the surgical wound was created on mouse), control (only the surgical wound was created on mouse) and sham (only the dressing applied after the surgical wound was created on mouse) in groups after 3, 5 and 7 days. Immunohistochemically and ultrastructurally, cells derived from mouse embryonic stem cells were similar to differentiated keratinocyte-like cells. Differentiated keratinocyte-like cells were demonstrated by positive BrdU, cytokeratin-8 and cytokeratin-14 staining after transfer to the wound area. In the experimental group wound healing was better after transferring differentiated keratinocytes when compared to the sham and control groups. In vivo continuity and usability of derived cells are very important issues. In wound repair mechanisms, keratinocyte-like cells could provide positive effects during the wound healing and could be used in clinical treatments of wound repair process.
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Ravichandran R, Venugopal JR, Sundarrajan S, Mukherjee S, Ramakrishna S. Minimally invasive cell-seeded biomaterial systems for injectable/epicardial implantation in ischemic heart disease. Int J Nanomedicine 2012; 7:5969-94. [PMID: 23271906 PMCID: PMC3526148 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s37575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Myocardial infarction (MI) is characterized by heart-wall thinning, myocyte slippage, and ventricular dilation. The injury to the heart-wall muscle after MI is permanent, as after an abundant cell loss the myocardial tissue lacks the intrinsic capability to regenerate. New therapeutics are required for functional improvement and regeneration of the infarcted myocardium, to overcome harmful diagnosis of patients with heart failure, and to overcome the shortage of heart donors. In the past few years, myocardial tissue engineering has emerged as a new and ambitious approach for treating MI. Several left ventricular assist devices and epicardial patches have been developed for MI. These devices and acellular/cellular cardiac patches are employed surgically and sutured to the epicardial surface of the heart, limiting the region of therapeutic benefit. An injectable system offers the potential benefit of minimally invasive release into the myocardium either to restore the injured extracellular matrix or to act as a scaffold for cell delivery. Furthermore, intramyocardial injection of biomaterials and cells has opened new opportunities to explore and also to augment the potentials of this technique to ease morbidity and mortality rates owing to heart failure. This review summarizes the growing body of literature in the field of myocardial tissue engineering, where biomaterial injection, with or without simultaneous cellular delivery, has been pursued to enhance functional and structural outcomes following MI. Additionally, this review also provides a complete outlook on the tissue-engineering therapies presently being used for myocardial regeneration, as well as some perceptivity into the possible issues that may hinder its progress in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajeswari Ravichandran
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | | | - Subramanian Sundarrajan
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Shayanti Mukherjee
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Seeram Ramakrishna
- Healthcare and Energy Materials Laboratory, National University of Singapore, Singapore
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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Wang H, Liu Z, Li D, Guo X, Kasper FK, Duan C, Zhou J, Mikos AG, Wang C. Injectable biodegradable hydrogels for embryonic stem cell transplantation: improved cardiac remodelling and function of myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1310-20. [PMID: 21838774 PMCID: PMC3227757 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01409.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, an injectable, biodegradable hydrogel composite of oligo[poly(ethylene glycol) fumarate] (OPF) was investigated as a carrier of mouse embryonic stem cells (mESCs) for the treatment of myocardial infarction (MI). The OPF hydrogels were used to encapsulate mESCs. The cell differentiation in vitro over 14 days was determined via immunohistochemical examination. Then, mESCs encapsulated in OPF hydrogels were injected into the LV wall of a rat MI model. Detailed histological analysis and echocardiography were used to determine the structural and functional consequences after 4 weeks of transplantation. With ascorbic acid induction, mESCs could differentiate into cardiomyocytes and other cell types in all three lineages in the OPF hydrogel. After transplantation, both the 24-hr cell retention and 4-week graft size were significantly greater in the OPF + ESC group than that of the PBS + ESC group (P < 0.01). Four weeks after transplantation, OPF hydrogel alone significantly reduced the infarct size and collagen deposition and improved the cardiac function. The heart function and revascularization improved significantly, while the infarct size and fibrotic area decreased significantly in the OPF + ESC group compared with that of the PBS + ESC, OPF and PBS groups (P < 0.01). All treatments had significantly reduced MMP2 and MMP9 protein levels compared to the PBS control group, and the OPF + ESC group decreased most by Western blotting. Transplanted mESCs expressed cardiovascular markers. This study suggests the potential of a method for heart regeneration involving OPF hydrogels for stem cell encapsulation and transplantation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Wang
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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The implications of stem cell applications for diseases of the respiratory system. ADVANCES IN BIOCHEMICAL ENGINEERING/BIOTECHNOLOGY 2012; 130:39-54. [PMID: 22915199 DOI: 10.1007/10_2012_153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Stem cells possess the unique properties of unlimited self-renewal capability and a broad differentiation spectrum to produce multiple different cell types. This provides many platforms to explore novel multidisciplinary approaches to create and/or restore functional three-dimensional tissues or organs for the treatment of a range of diseases. In this chapter, in the context of respiratory diseases, we review the unique properties of stem cells, and how they have been studied for their therapeutic potential in cell therapy and tissue engineering. In addition, we give a brief overview of the current clinical studies on the use of stem cells for both acute and chronic respiratory diseases.
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27
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T'joen V, Declercq H, Cornelissen M. Expansion of human embryonic stem cells: a comparative study. Cell Prolif 2011; 44:462-76. [PMID: 21951289 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2011.00773.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) are promising for tissue engineering (TE) purposes due to their unique properties. However, current standard mechanical passaging techniques limit rates of possible TE experiments, as it is difficult to obtain high enough numbers of the cells for experimentation. In this study, several dissociative solutions and application methods are tested for their applicability to, and influence on, hESC culture and expansion. MATERIALS AND METHODS Expansion of two hESC lines, H1 and VUB01, subjected to different passaging techniques, was evaluated. Four dissociative solutions - TrypLE™ Express, Trypsin-EDTA, Cell Dissociation Solution and Accutase™- were combined with two application protocols. As reference conditions, manual and bead-based passaging techniques were used. RESULTS Results showed that use of Cell Dissociation Solution in combination with a slow adaptation protocol, generated the best expansion profile for both cell lines. The hESC single cell lines remained pluripotent, had good expansion profiles and were capable of differentiation into representatives of all three germ layers. Reproducibility of the results was confirmed by adaptation for three other hESC lines. CONCLUSION Use of Cell Dissociation Solution, combined with slow adaptation protocol, allows a fast switch from the mechanical passaging technique to a single-cell split technique, generating stable and robust hESC cell lines, which allow for large scale expansion of hESC for TE purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- V T'joen
- Department of Basic Medical Science - Tissue Engineering Group, Faculty of Medicine and Health Science, Ghent University - UGent, Gent, Belgium.
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28
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Potta SP, Sheng X, Gaspar JA, Meganathan K, Jagtap S, Pfannkuche K, Winkler J, Hescheler J, Papadopoulos S, Sachinidis A. Functional Characterization and Gene Expression Profiling of α-Smooth Muscle Actin Expressing Cardiomyocytes Derived from Murine Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 8:229-42. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9271-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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29
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Doss MX, Gaspar JA, Winkler J, Hescheler J, Schulz H, Sachinidis A. Specific Gene Signatures and Pathways in Mesodermal Cells and Their Derivatives Derived from Embryonic Stem Cells. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 8:43-54. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9263-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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30
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Bradley CK, Scott HA, Chami O, Peura TT, Dumevska B, Schmidt U, Stojanov T. Derivation of Huntington's Disease-Affected Human Embryonic Stem Cell Lines. Stem Cells Dev 2011; 20:495-502. [DOI: 10.1089/scd.2010.0120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Omar Chami
- Sydney IVF Stem Cells, Sydney, Australia
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31
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Wang M, Lu C, Li H, Qiu M, Winstead W, Roisen F. Lineage restriction of adult human olfactory-derived progenitors to dopaminergic neurons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.4236/scd.2011.13004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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Abstract
Current treatments for stroke, such as the use of thrombolytic agents, are often limited by a narrow therapeutic time window. However, the regeneration of the brain after damage is still active days even weeks after stroke occurs, which might provide a second window for treatment. Cell-based therapy can be categorized into two strategies. One is transplantation of exogenous cells into the injured brain to replace the lost cells or support the remaining cells. The other strategy is to enhance the proliferation, differentiation, migration of endogenous stem or progenitor cells. Recent development in adult stem cell research and advancement in the induction of pluripotent stem cells from somatic adult cells provide a tremendous opportunity for transplantation therapy. Understanding the mechanisms and regulations involved in the endogenous neurogenesis will also help develop novel therapeutic interventions to promote neurogenesis and functional recovery in stroke. This review describes up-to-date progresses in cell-based therapy for the treatment of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Luo
- National Institute on Drug Abuse, I.R.P., 251 Bayview BLVD, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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33
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Characterization, isolation and culture of primordial germ cells in domestic animals: recent progress and insights from the ovine species. Theriogenology 2010; 74:534-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2010.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2010] [Revised: 05/06/2010] [Accepted: 05/06/2010] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
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34
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Kumar R, Sharma A, Pattnaik AK, Varadwaj PK. Stem cells: An overview with respect to cardiovascular and renal disease. J Nat Sci Biol Med 2010; 1:43-52. [PMID: 22096336 PMCID: PMC3217290 DOI: 10.4103/0976-9668.71674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, there has been a tremendous increase in the understanding of stem cell biology. Stem cells have clonogenic and self-renewing capabilities, and under certain conditions, can differentiate into multiple lineages of mature cells. Recent studies have shown that adult stem cells can be isolated from a wide variety of tissues, including bone marrow, peripheral blood, muscle, and adipose tissue. The potential clinical applications lead to an extended interest in the use of stem cells in many medical disciplines. In this article, we present an overview of stem cells with special reference to cardiovascular and renal diseases treatments by stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajnish Kumar
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh, India
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35
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Derivation of three new human embryonic stem cell lines. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2010; 46:294-9. [PMID: 20198447 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-010-9298-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2009] [Accepted: 01/16/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells are pluripotent cells capable of extensive self-renewal and differentiation to all cells of the embryo proper. Here, we describe the derivation and characterization of three Sydney IVF human embryonic stem cell lines not already reported elsewhere, designated SIVF001, SIVF002, and SIVF014. The cell lines display typical compact colony morphology of embryonic stem cells, have stable growth rates over more than 40 passages and are cytogenetically normal. Furthermore, the cell lines express pluripotency markers including Nanog, Oct4, SSEA3 and Tra-1-81, and are capable of generating teratoma cells derived from each of the three germ layers in immunodeficient mice. These experiments show that the cell lines constitute pluripotent stem cell lines.
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36
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Doss MX, Wagh V, Schulz H, Kull M, Kolde R, Pfannkuche K, Nolden T, Himmelbauer H, Vilo J, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Global transcriptomic analysis of murine embryonic stem cell-derived brachyury(+) (T) cells. Genes Cells 2010; 15:209-28. [PMID: 20184659 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2443.2010.01390.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Brachyury(+) mesodermal cell population with purity over 79% was obtained from differentiating brachyury embryonic stem cells (ESC) generated with brachyury promoter driven enhanced green fluorescent protein and puromycin-N-acetyltransferase. A comprehensive transcriptomic analysis of brachyury(+) cells enriched with puromycin application from 6-day-old embryoid bodies (EBs), 6-day-old control EBs and undifferentiated ESCs led to identification of 1573 uniquely up-regulated and 1549 uniquely down-regulated transcripts in brachyury(+) cells. Furthermore, transcripts up-regulated in brachyury(+) cells have overrepresented the Gene Ontology annotations (cell differentiation, blood vessel morphogenesis, striated muscle development, placenta development and cell motility) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway annotations (mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling and transforming growth factor beta signaling). Transcripts representing Larp2 and Ankrd34b are notably up-regulated in brachyury(+) cells. Knockdown of Larp2 resulted in a significantly down-regulation BMP-2 expression, and knockdown of Ankrd34b resulted in alteration of NF-H, PPARγ and PECAM1 expression. The elucidation of transcriptomic signatures of ESCs-derived brachyury(+) cells will contribute toward defining the genetic and cellular identities of presumptive mesodermal cells. Furthermore, there is a possible involvement of Larp2 in the regulation of the late mesodermal marker BMP-2. Ankrd34b might be a positive regulator of neurogenesis and a negative regulator of adipogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Xavier Doss
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, and Center of Molecular Medicine, University of Cologne (CMMC), Robert-Koch Str. 39, 50931 Cologne, GermanyMax-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine - MDC, Robert-Rössle Str. 10, 13092 Berlin, GermanyInstitute of Computer Science, University of Tartu, Liivi 2, 50409 Tartu, Estonia and Quretec Ltd, Ulikooli 6a, Tartu, EstoniaDepartment of Vertebrate Genomics, Max-Planck-Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestr.73, D-14195 Berlin, Germany
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Wang H, Zhou J, Liu Z, Wang C. Injectable cardiac tissue engineering for the treatment of myocardial infarction. J Cell Mol Med 2010; 14:1044-55. [PMID: 20193036 PMCID: PMC3822739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2010.01046.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Heart disease is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. Myocardial infarction leads to permanent loss of cardiac tissue and ultimately heart failure. However, current therapies could only stall the progression of the disease. Thus, new therapies are needed to regenerate damaged hearts to overcome poor prognosis of patients with heart failure. The shortage of heart donors is also a factor for innovating new therapies. Although the cardiac performance by cell-based therapy has improved, unsatisfactory cell retention and transplant survival still plague this technique. Because biomaterials can improve the cell retention, survival and differentiation, cardiac tissue engineering is now being explored as an approach to support cell-based therapies and enhance their efficacy for cardiac disease. In the last decade, cardiac tissue engineering has made considerable progress. Among different kinds of approaches in the cardiac tissue engineering, the approach of injectable cardiac tissue engineering is more minimally invasive than that of in vitro engineered tissue or epicardial patch implantation. It is therefore clinically appealing. In this review, we strive to describe the major progress in the flied of injectable cardiac tissue engineering, including seeding cell sources, biomaterials and novel findings in preclinical studies and clinical applications. The remaining problems will also be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haibin Wang
- Department of Tissue Engineering, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, PR China
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Rodgers A, Mormeneo D, Long JS, Delgado A, Pyne NJ, Pyne S. Sphingosine 1-phosphate regulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells Dev 2010; 18:1319-30. [PMID: 19228106 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2009.0023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) regulates self-renewal of human embryonic stem (ES) cells and differentiation of mouse embryoid bodies (derived from mouse ES cells) to cardiomyocytes. We have investigated the role of S1P in regulating ERK-1/2 signaling in mouse ES cells. In this regard, we found that both mouse ES-D3 and CGR8 cells express S1P(1), S1P(2), S1P(3), and S1P(5) but lack S1P(4). The treatment of ES cells with S1P induced the activation of ERK-1/2 via a mechanism that was not mediated by S1P(1), S1P(2), or S1P(3). This was based on: (i) the failure of S1P(1), S1P(2), or S1P(3) antagonists to inhibit S1P-stimulated ERK-1/2 activation and (ii) the failure of SEW 2871 (S1P(1) receptor agonist) to stimulate ERK-1/2 activation. The treatment of ES cells with phytosphingosine 1-phosphate (phyto-S1P), which we show here is an agonist of the S1P(5) receptor, stimulated ERK-1/2 activation. These findings therefore suggest that S1P(5) may mediate the effects of S1P in terms of regulating ERK-1/2 signaling in ES cells. The S1P-dependent activation of ERK-1/2 was sensitive to inhibition by pertussis toxin (uncouples the G-protein, G(i) from GPCR), bisindolylmaleimide I (PKC inhibitor), and PP2 (c-Src inhibitor), but was not reduced by LY29004 (PI3K inhibitor) suggesting that S1P uses G(i)-, PKC-, and c-Src-dependent mechanisms to activate the ERK-1/2 pathway in ES cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alayna Rodgers
- Cell Biology Group, SIPBS, University of Strathclyde, Glasgow G4 0NR, United Kingdom
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Coppola V, Galli C, Musumeci M, Bonci D. Manipulating the cell differentiation through lentiviral vectors. Methods Mol Biol 2010; 614:149-160. [PMID: 20225042 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-60761-533-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
The manipulation of cell differentiation is important to create new sources for the treatment of degenerative diseases or solve cell depletion after aggressive therapy against cancer. In this chapter, the use of a tissue-specific promoter lentiviral vector to obtain a myocardial pure lineage from murine embryonic stem cells (mES) is described in detail. Since the cardiac isoform of troponin I gene product is not expressed in skeletal or other muscle types, short mouse cardiac troponin proximal promoter is used to drive reporter genes. Cells are infected simultaneously with two lentiviral vectors, the first expressing EGFP to monitor the transduction efficiency, and the other expressing a puromycin resistance gene to select the specific cells of interest. This technical approach describes a method to obtain a pure cardiomyocyte population and can be applied to other lineages of interest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeria Coppola
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore Sanità, Rome, Italy
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Harkness L, Taipaleenmaki H, Mahmood A, Frandsen U, Saamanen AM, Kassem M, Abdallah BM. Isolation and Differentiation of Chondrocytic Cells Derived from Human Embryonic Stem Cells Using dlk1/FA1 as a Novel Surface Marker. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2009; 5:353-68. [DOI: 10.1007/s12015-009-9099-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Yeung CW, Cheah K, Chan D, Chan BP. Effects of Reconstituted Collagen Matrix on Fates of Mouse Embryonic Stem Cells Before and After Induction for Chondrogenic Differentiation. Tissue Eng Part A 2009; 15:3071-85. [DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2008.0661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Chiu W. Yeung
- Medical Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Kathryn Cheah
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Danny Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Barbara P. Chan
- Medical Engineering Program, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Abstract
Cellular differentiation can be characterized by the acquisition of specified properties during several steps of development whereby the original stem- or precursor-like populations can finally obtain a certain phenotype with highly specific cell functions. The continuing maturation process can be paralleled by progressively reduced proliferative capacity in various cell types functioning as postmitotic tissues. Conversely, other cell populations (e.g., distinct immune cells) may carry out their specific function upon stimulation of proliferation. While these differentiated phenotypes perform their appropriate specific duties throughout the functioning organism, nature may provide an interesting alternative within this concept of life: sometimes, differentiation steps appear to be reversible. Thus, retrograde differentiation--also termed retrodifferentiation--and accordingly rejuvenation may occur when differentiated cells lose their specific properties acquired during previous steps of maturation. Consequently, retrodifferentiation and rejuvenation could provide enormous potential for tissue repair and cell renewal; however, regulatory dysfunctions within these retrograde developments may also involve the risk of tumor promotion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Hass
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Biochemistry and Tumor Biology Laboratory, Medical University Hannover, D-30625 Hannover, Germany.
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Siqueira da Fonseca S, Abdelmassih S, De Mello Cintra Lavagnolli T, Serafim R, Clemente Santos E, Mota Mendes C, De Souza Pereira V, Ambrosio C, Miglino M, Visintin J, Abdelmassih R, Kerkis A, Kerkis I. Human immature dental pulp stem cells' contribution to developing mouse embryos: production of human/mouse preterm chimaeras. Cell Prolif 2009; 42:132-40. [PMID: 19236382 PMCID: PMC6496747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2184.2008.00578.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2008] [Accepted: 05/17/2008] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In this study, we aimed at determining whether human immature dental pulp stem cells (hIDPSC) would be able to contribute to different cell types in mouse blastocysts without damaging them. Also, we analysed whether these blastocysts would progress further into embryogenesis when implanted to the uterus of foster mice, and develop human/mouse chimaera with retention of hIDPSC derivates and their differentiation. MATERIALS AND METHODS hIDPSC and mouse blastocysts were used in this study. Fluorescence staining of hIDPSC and injection into mouse blastocysts, was performed. Histology, immunohistochemistry, fluorescence in situ hybridization and confocal microscopy were carried out. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION hIDPSC showed biological compatibility with the mouse host environment and could survive, proliferate and contribute to the inner cell mass as well as to the trophoblast cell layer after introduction into early mouse embryos (n = 28), which achieved the hatching stage following 24 and 48 h in culture. When transferred to foster mice (n = 5), these blastocysts with hIDPSC (n = 57) yielded embryos (n = 3) and foetuses (n = 6); demonstrating presence of human cells in various organs, such as brain, liver, intestine and hearts, of the human/mouse chimaeras. We verified whether hIDPSC would also be able to differentiate into specific cell types in the mouse environment. Contribution of hIDPSC in at least two types of tissues (muscles and epithelial), was confirmed. We showed that hIDPSC survived, proliferated and differentiated in mouse developing blastocysts and were capable of producing human/mouse chimaeras.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S. Abdelmassih
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Roger Abdelmassih Human Reproduction Clinic and Research Center
| | - T. De Mello Cintra Lavagnolli
- Laboratory of Genetics, Butantan Institute
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, and
| | - R. C. Serafim
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Roger Abdelmassih Human Reproduction Clinic and Research Center
- Laboratory of Genetics, Butantan Institute
- Department of Morphology and Genetics, Federal University of São Paulo, and
| | | | - C. Mota Mendes
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - V. De Souza Pereira
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Roger Abdelmassih Human Reproduction Clinic and Research Center
| | - C. E. Ambrosio
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - M. A. Miglino
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - J. A. Visintin
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - R. Abdelmassih
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Roger Abdelmassih Human Reproduction Clinic and Research Center
| | - A. Kerkis
- Stem Cell Laboratory, Roger Abdelmassih Human Reproduction Clinic and Research Center
| | - I. Kerkis
- Laboratory of Genetics, Butantan Institute
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Transplantation of human mesenchymal stems cells into intervertebral discs in a xenogeneic porcine model. Spine (Phila Pa 1976) 2009; 34:141-8. [PMID: 19112334 DOI: 10.1097/brs.0b013e31818f8c20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
STUDY DESIGN Experimental and descriptive study of a xenotransplantation model in minipigs. OBJECTIVE To study survival and function of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) after transplantation into injured porcine spinal discs, as a model for cell therapy. SUMMARY OF BACKGROUND DATA Biologic treatment options of the intervertebral disc are suggested for patients with chronic low back pain caused by disc degeneration. METHODS Three lumbar discs in each of 9 minipigs were injured by aspiration of the nucleus pulposus (NP), 2 weeks later hMSCs were injected in F12 media suspension (cell/med) or with a hydrogel carrier (Puramatrix) (cell/gel). The animals were sacrificed after 1, 3, or 6 months. Disc appearance was visualized by magnetic resonance imaging. Immunohistochemistry methods were used to detect hMSCs by antihuman nuclear antibody staining, and further performed for Collagen II, Aggrecan, and Collagen I. SOX 9, Aggrecan, Versican, Collagen IA, and Collagen IIA and Collagen IIB human mRNA expression was analyzed by real-time PCR. RESULTS At magnetic resonance imaging all injured discs demonstrated degenerative signs. Cell/gel discs showed fewer changes compared with cell/med discs and only injured discs at later time points. hMSCs were detected in 9 of 10 of the cell/gel discs and in 8 of 9 of the cell/med discs. Immunostaining for Aggrecan and Collagen type II expression were observed in NP after 3 and 6 months in gel/cell discs and colocalized with the antihuman nuclear antibody. mRNA expression of Collagen IIA, Collagen IIB, Versican, Collagen 1A, Aggrecan, and SOX9 were detected in both cell/med and cell/gel discs at the time points 3 and 6 months by real-time PCR. CONCLUSION hMSCs survive in the porcine disc for at least 6 months and express typical chondrocyte markers suggesting differentiation toward disc-like cells. As in autologous animal models the combination with a three-dimensional-hydrogel carrier seems to facilitate differentiation and survival of MSCs in the disc. Xenotransplantation seems to be valuable in evaluating the possibility for human cell therapy treatment for intervertebral discs.
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Abramovich A, Muradian KK, Fraifeld VE. Have we reached the point for in vivo rejuvenation? Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:489-92. [PMID: 18442329 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2008.0658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cells are the major factor ensuring mammalian regeneration. Cell replacement therapy is an attempt to follow this natural process. Another strategy suggests a controlled de-differentiation of somatic cells to a stem-like state with subsequent re-differentiation. Indeed, the cultured mammalian somatic cells may be reprogrammed to a pluripotent state by the induction of a specific set of genes. The next logical step toward the goal of organism rejuvenation is to test the possibility of inducing the pluripotent state in somatic cells in vivo. Such an approach has the potential to improve upon and overcome several obstacles facing today's cell replacement therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amir Abramovich
- The Shraga Segal Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Multidisciplinary Research on Aging, Ben-Gurion University of the Negev, Beer-Sheva, Israel
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da Silva Meirelles L, Caplan AI, Nardi NB. In search of the in vivo identity of mesenchymal stem cells. Stem Cells 2008; 26:2287-99. [PMID: 18566331 DOI: 10.1634/stemcells.2007-1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 704] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In spite of the advances in the knowledge of adult stem cells (ASCs) during the past few years, their natural activities in vivo are still poorly understood. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), one of the most promising types of ASCs for cell-based therapies, are defined mainly by functional assays using cultured cells. Defining MSCs in vitro adds complexity to their study because the artificial conditions may introduce experimental artifacts. Inserting these results in the context of the organism is difficult because the exact location and functions of MSCs in vivo remain elusive; the identification of the MSC niche is necessary to validate results obtained in vitro and to further the knowledge of the physiological functions of this ASC. Here we show an analysis of the evidence suggesting a perivascular location for MSCs, correlating these cells with pericytes, and present a model in which the perivascular zone is the MSC niche in vivo, where local cues coordinate the transition to progenitor and mature cell phenotypes. This model proposes that MSCs stabilize blood vessels and contribute to tissue and immune system homeostasis under physiological conditions and assume a more active role in the repair of focal tissue injury. The establishment of the perivascular compartment as the MSC niche provides a basis for the rational design of additional in vivo therapeutic approaches. This view connects the MSC to the immune and vascular systems, emphasizing its role as a physiological integrator and its importance in tissue repair/regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lindolfo da Silva Meirelles
- Department of Genetics, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Avenida Bento Goncalves 9500, 91501-970 Porto Alegre RS, Brazil
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Deb KD, Jayaprakash AD, Sharma V, Totey S. Embryonic stem cells: from markers to market. Rejuvenation Res 2008; 11:19-37. [PMID: 17973601 DOI: 10.1089/rej.2007.0558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Embryonic stem cells are considered the mother of all kinds of tissues and cells and it is envisioned as the holy grail of regenerative medicine. However, their use in cell replacement therapies (CRT) has so far been limited and their potentials are yet to be fully realized. The use of human embryonic stem cells (hESC) involves many safety issues pertaining to culture conditions and epigenetic changes. The role and importance of an epigenomic signature in derivation and maintenance of hESC are discussed. We provide a list of important epigenetic markers, which should be studied for evaluation of safety in hESC-based cell replacement therapies. These genes also need to be screened to determine an epigenetic signature for pluripotency in the hESCs. Finally a comprehensive list of all known stemness signature genes and the marker genes for different germ line lineages are presented. This review aims at summing up most of the intriguing molecules that can play a role in the maintenance of pluripotency and can help in determining hESC differentiation to various lineages. Extensive understanding of these markers will eventually help the researchers to transform the hESC research from bench to the bedside. The use of hESCs in CRTs is still in its infancy; much effort is warranted to turn them into the much dreamed about magic wand of regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaushik Dilip Deb
- Embryonic Stem Cells Program, Manipal Institute of Regenerative Medicine, Manipal University Branch Campus, Bangalore, India
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Buhr N, Carapito C, Schaeffer C, Kieffer E, Van Dorsselaer A, Viville S. Nuclear proteome analysis of undifferentiated mouse embryonic stem and germ cells. Electrophoresis 2008; 29:2381-90. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200700738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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Tian XF, Heng BC, Ge Z, Lu K, Rufaihah AJ, Fan VTW, Yeo JF, Cao T. Comparison of osteogenesis of human embryonic stem cells within 2D and 3D culture systems. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2008; 68:58-67. [PMID: 18224557 DOI: 10.1080/00365510701466416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to compare the osteogenic potential of human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) within two- and three-dimensional (2D and 3D) culture systems. hESCs of the H1 line (Wicell Inc., Madison, Wisc., USA) were induced to form embryoid bodies (EBs) through 5 days of suspension culture within non-adherent culture dishes. Following enzymatic dissociation, the EB-derived single cells were seeded on either novel 3D porous PLGA scaffolds or 2D culture dishes with the same total cell number. Osteogenic differentiation was induced through culture media supplemented with dexamethasone, L-ascorbic acid and beta-glycerophosphate. After 3 weeks of in vitro culture, quantitative and qualitative assays of osteogenic differentiation were conducted. Osteocalcin secretion and alkaline phosphatase (AP) activities were detected at significantly higher levels within 3D culture compared with the 2D system. Subsequently, the cell-scaffold constructs were implanted in iliac crest defects of immunosuppressed rabbits. After 4 weeks, the constructs were subsequently explanted and characterized by histology and X-ray analysis. Formation of new bone was detected within and around the implanted scaffolds. The results demonstrate that the osteogenic differentiation of human embryonic stem cells is enhanced in a 3D culture system compared to a 2D culture environment. Upon implantation in situ, the differentiating human embryonic stem cells can contribute positively to the repair and regeneration of bone defects.
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Affiliation(s)
- X-F Tian
- Department of Oral-Maxillo Facial Surgery, Faculty of Dentistry, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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50
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Dardousis K, Voolstra C, Roengvoraphoj M, Sekandarzad A, Mesghenna S, Winkler J, Ko Y, Hescheler J, Sachinidis A. Identification of differentially expressed genes involved in the formation of multicellular tumor spheroids by HT-29 colon carcinoma cells. Mol Ther 2008; 15:94-102. [PMID: 17164780 DOI: 10.1038/sj.mt.6300003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The multicellular tumor spheroid (MCTS) model represents a suitable in vitro model recreating in vivo tumor formation. The aim of this study was to identify differentially expressed genes that could potentially serve as predictive gene markers for MCTS and be involved in the formation of MCTS. Using the suppression subtractive hybridization (SSH) method, we identified ERBB2/HER2-interacting protein (Erbin), Tumor rejection gp96 (Tr-gp96), 12S ribosomal RNA (12S rRNA), ATP synthase, Kruppel-like transcription factor 5 (KLF5), transcription factor-like 5 (TCFL5), and the dual-specificity phosphatase 11 (DUSP11) to be overexpressed in 3-day-old HT-29 colon carcinoma MCTSs compared to HT-29 colon carcinoma cells grown in monolayer. We could also confirm overexpression of these genes in HT-29 MCTSs and in MCTSs formed by the human glioblastoma tumor cell lines U343 MG, U373 MG, and DBTRG 05 MG. Knockdown of KLF5, Erbin, DUSP11, and TCFL5 was effectively achieved after transfection of HT-29 cells with the appropriate short-interfering RNAs (siRNAs), and correlated with a significant inhibition of MCTS formation in the case of KLF5, Erbin, and TCFL5 siRNAs. We suggest that KLF5, Erbin, and TCFL5 are essential for MCTS formation and play a key role in the development of tumor diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kleomenis Dardousis
- Center of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Institute of Neurophysiology, Cologne, Germany
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