1
|
El-Derby AM, Khedr MA, Ghoneim NI, Gabr MM, Khater SM, El-Badri N. Plasma-derived extracellular matrix for xenofree and cost-effective organoid modeling for hepatocellular carcinoma. J Transl Med 2024; 22:487. [PMID: 38773585 PMCID: PMC11110239 DOI: 10.1186/s12967-024-05230-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2024] [Accepted: 04/23/2024] [Indexed: 05/24/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) causes significant cancer mortality worldwide. Cancer organoids can serve as useful disease models by high costs, complexity, and contamination risks from animal-derived products and extracellular matrix (ECM) that limit its applications. On the other hand, synthetic ECM alternatives also have limitations in mimicking native biocomplexity. This study explores the development of a physiologically relevant HCC organoid model using plasma-derived extracellular matrix as a scaffold and nutritive biomatrix with different cellularity components to better mimic the heterogenous HCC microenvironment. Plasma-rich platelet is recognized for its elevated levels of growth factors, which can promote cell proliferation. By employing it as a biomatrix for organoid culture there is a potential to enhance the quality and functionality of organoid models for diverse applications in biomedical research and regenerative medicine and to better replicate the heterogeneous microenvironment of HCC. METHOD To generate the liver cancer organoids, HUH-7 hepatoma cells were cultured alone (homogenous model) or with human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (heterogeneous model) in plasma-rich platelet extracellular matrix (ECM). The organoids were grown for 14 days and analyzed for cancer properties including cell viability, invasion, stemness, and drug resistance. RESULTS HCC organoids were developed comprising HUH-7 hepatoma cells with or without human mesenchymal stromal and endothelial cells in plasma ECM scaffolds. Both homogeneous (HUH-7 only) and heterogeneous (mixed cellularity) organoids displayed viability, cancer hallmarks, and chemoresistance. The heterogeneous organoids showed enhanced invasion potential, cancer stem cell populations, and late-stage HCC genetic signatures versus homogeneous counterparts. CONCLUSION The engineered HCC organoids system offers a clinically relevant and cost-effective model to study liver cancer pathogenesis, stromal interactions, and drug resistance. The plasma ECM-based culture technique could enable standardized and reproducible HCC modeling. It could also provide a promising option for organoid culture and scaling up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Azza M El-Derby
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12582, Egypt
| | - Mennatallah A Khedr
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12582, Egypt
| | - Nehal I Ghoneim
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12582, Egypt
| | - Mahmoud M Gabr
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Sherry M Khater
- Urology and Nephrology Center, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Nagwa El-Badri
- Center of Excellence for Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine (CESC), Zewail City of Science and Technology, October Gardens, 6th of October City, Giza, 12582, Egypt.
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Muñoz-Sáez E, Moracho N, Learte AIR, Collignon A, Arroyo AG, Noel A, Sounni NE, Sánchez-Camacho C. Molecular Mechanisms Driven by MT4-MMP in Cancer Progression. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:9944. [PMID: 37373092 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24129944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2023] [Revised: 06/05/2023] [Accepted: 06/07/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
MT4-MMP (or MMP-17) belongs to the membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs), a distinct subset of the MMP family that is anchored to the cell surface, in this case by a glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) motif. Its expression in a variety of cancers is well documented. However, the molecular mechanisms by which MT4-MMP contributes to tumor development need further investigation. In this review, we aim to summarize the contribution of MT4-MMP in tumorigenesis, focusing on the molecular mechanisms triggered by the enzyme in tumor cell migration, invasiveness, and proliferation, in the tumor vasculature and microenvironment, as well as during metastasis. In particular, we highlight the putative substrates processed and signaling cascades activated by MT4-MMP that may underlie these malignancy processes and compare this with what is known about its role during embryonic development. Finally, MT4-MMP is a relevant biomarker of malignancy that can be used for monitoring cancer progression in patients as well as a potential target for future therapeutic drug development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Department of Health Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Natalia Moracho
- Department of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I R Learte
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, 28670 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alice Collignon
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA Cancer, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Cancer Metabolism and Tumor Microenvironment Group, GIGA Cancer, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Alicia G Arroyo
- Department of Molecular Biomedicine, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Agnés Noel
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA Cancer, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Nor Eddine Sounni
- Laboratory of Biology of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA Cancer, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
- Cancer Metabolism and Tumor Microenvironment Group, GIGA Cancer, Liège University, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Camacho
- Department of Genetics, Physiology and Microbiology, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Complutense University of Madrid, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Abdel Sater AH, Bouferraa Y, Amhaz G, Haibe Y, Lakkiss AE, Shamseddine A. From Tumor Cells to Endothelium and Gut Microbiome: A Complex Interaction Favoring the Metastasis Cascade. Front Oncol 2022; 12:804983. [PMID: 35600385 PMCID: PMC9117727 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.804983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is a complicated process through which tumor cells disseminate to distant organs and adapt to novel tumor microenvironments. This multi-step cascade relies on the accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations within the tumor cells as well as the surrounding non-tumor stromal cells. Endothelial cells constitute a major player in promoting metastasis formation either by inducing the growth of tumor cells or by directing them towards dissemination in the blood or lymph. In fact, the direct and indirect interactions between tumor and endothelial cells were shown to activate several mechanisms allowing cancer cells’ invasion and extravasation. On the other side, gastrointestinal cancer development was shown to be associated with the disruption of the gut microbiome. While several proposed mechanisms have been investigated in this regard, gut and tumor-associated microbiota were shown to impact the gut endothelial barrier, increasing the dissemination of bacteria through the systemic circulation. This bacterial dislocation allows the formation of an inflammatory premetastatic niche in the distant organs promoting the metastatic cascade of primary tumors. In this review, we discuss the role of the endothelial cells in the metastatic cascade of tumors. We will focus on the role of the gut vascular barrier in the regulation metastasis. We will also discuss the interaction between this vascular barrier and the gut microbiota enhancing the process of metastasis. In addition, we will try to elucidate the different mechanisms through which this bacterial dislocation prepares the favorable metastatic niche at distant organs allowing the dissemination and successful deposition of tumor cells in the new microenvironments. Finally, and given the promising results of the studies combining immune checkpoint inhibitors with either microbiota alterations or anti-angiogenic therapy in many types of cancer, we will elaborate in this review the complex interaction between these 3 factors and their possible therapeutic combination to optimize response to treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ali H Abdel Sater
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Youssef Bouferraa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ghid Amhaz
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Yolla Haibe
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ahmed El Lakkiss
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - Ali Shamseddine
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, American University of Beirut Medical Center, Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Lallemand F, Leroi N, Blacher S, Bahri MA, Balteau E, Coucke P, Noël A, Plenevaux A, Martinive P. Tumor Microenvironment Modifications Recorded With IVIM Perfusion Analysis and DCE-MRI After Neoadjuvant Radiotherapy: A Preclinical Study. Front Oncol 2021; 11:784437. [PMID: 34993143 PMCID: PMC8724034 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.784437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 12/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Neoadjuvant radiotherapy (NeoRT) improves tumor local control and facilitates tumor resection in many cancers. Some clinical studies demonstrated that both timing of surgery and RT schedule influence tumor dissemination, and subsequently patient overall survival. Previously, we developed a pre-clinical model demonstrating the impact of NeoRT schedule and timing of surgery on metastatic spreading. We report on the impact of NeoRT on tumor microenvironment by MRI. METHODS According to our NeoRT model, MDA-MB 231 cells were implanted in the flank of SCID mice. Tumors were locally irradiated (PXI X-Rad SmART) with 2x5Gy and then surgically removed at different time points after RT. Diffusion-weighted (DW) and Dynamic contrast enhancement (DCE) MRI images were acquired before RT and every 2 days between RT and surgery. IntraVoxel Incoherent Motion (IVIM) analysis was used to obtain information on intravascular diffusion, related to perfusion (F: perfusion factor) and subsequently tumor vessels perfusion. For DCE-MRI, we performed semi-quantitative analyses. RESULTS With this experimental model, a significant and transient increase of the perfusion factor F [50% of the basal value (n=16, p<0.005)] was observed on day 6 after irradiation as well as a significant increase of the WashinSlope with DCE-MRI at day 6 (n=13, p<0.05). Using immunohistochemistry, a significant increase of perfused vessels was highlighted, corresponding to the increase of perfusion in MRI at this same time point. Moreover, Tumor surgical resection during this peak of vascularization results in an increase of metastasis burden (n=10, p<0.05). CONCLUSION Significant differences in perfusion-related parameters (F and WashinSlope) were observed on day 6 in a neoadjuvant radiotherapy model using SCID mice. These modifications are correlated with an increase of perfused vessels in histological analysis and also with an increase of metastasis spreading after the surgical procedure. This experimental observation could potentially result in a way to personalize treatment, by modulating the time of surgery guided on MRI functional data, especially tumor perfusion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- François Lallemand
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-in vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Natacha Leroi
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Silvia Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Mohamed Ali Bahri
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-in vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Evelyne Balteau
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-in vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Coucke
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire (CHU) de Liège, University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
| | - Alain Plenevaux
- GIGA-Cyclotron Research Centre-in vivo Imaging, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Philippe Martinive
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, University of Liège (ULg), Liège, Belgium
- Department of Radiotherapy-Oncology, Institut Jules Bordet, Université Libre de Bruxelles (ULB), Brussels, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Wrenn E, Huang Y, Cheung K. Collective metastasis: coordinating the multicellular voyage. Clin Exp Metastasis 2021; 38:373-399. [PMID: 34254215 PMCID: PMC8346286 DOI: 10.1007/s10585-021-10111-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The metastatic process is arduous. Cancer cells must escape the confines of the primary tumor, make their way into and travel through the circulation, then survive and proliferate in unfavorable microenvironments. A key question is how cancer cells overcome these multiple barriers to orchestrate distant organ colonization. Accumulating evidence in human patients and animal models supports the hypothesis that clusters of tumor cells can complete the entire metastatic journey in a process referred to as collective metastasis. Here we highlight recent studies unraveling how multicellular coordination, via both physical and biochemical coupling of cells, induces cooperative properties advantageous for the completion of metastasis. We discuss conceptual challenges and unique mechanisms arising from collective dissemination that are distinct from single cell-based metastasis. Finally, we consider how the dissection of molecular transitions regulating collective metastasis could offer potential insight into cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Wrenn
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Graduate Program, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA
| | - Yin Huang
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA
| | - Kevin Cheung
- Translational Research Program, Public Health Sciences and Human Biology Divisions, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, WA, 98109, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
The genomic architecture of metastasis in breast cancer: focus on mechanistic aspects, signalling pathways and therapeutic strategies. Med Oncol 2021; 38:95. [PMID: 34268641 DOI: 10.1007/s12032-021-01547-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2021] [Accepted: 07/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer is a multifactorial, heterogeneous disease and the second most frequent cancer amongst women worldwide. Metastasis is one of the most leading causes of death in these patients. Early-stage or locally advanced breast cancer is limited to the breast or nearby lymph nodes. When breast cancer spreads to farther tissues/organs from its original site, it is referred to as metastatic or stage IV breast cancer. Normal breast development is regulated by specific genes and signalling pathways controlling cell proliferation, cell death, cell differentiation and cell motility. Dysregulation of genes involved in various signalling pathways not only leads to the formation of primary tumour but also to the metastasis as well. The metastatic cascade is represented by a multi-step process including invasion of the local tumour cell followed by its entry into the vasculature, exit of malignant cells from the circulation and ultimately their colonization at the distant sites. These stages are referred to as formation of primary tumour, angiogenesis, invasion, intravasation and extravasation, respectively. The major sites of metastasis of breast cancer are the lymph nodes, bone, brain and lung. Only about 28% five-year survival rate has been reported for stage IV breast cancer. Metastasis is a serious concern for breast cancer and therefore, various therapeutic strategies such as tyrosine kinase inhibitors have been developed to target specific dysregulated genes and various signalling pathways involved in different steps of metastasis. In addition, other therapies like hyperbaric oxygen therapy, RNA interference and CRISPR/Cas9 are also being explored as novel strategies to cure the stage IV/metastatic breast cancer. Therefore, the current review has been compiled with an aim to evaluate the genetic basis of stage IV breast cancer with a focus on the molecular mechanisms. In addition, the therapeutic strategies targeting these dysregulated genes involved in various signalling pathways have also been discussed. Genome editing technologies that can target specific genes in the affected areas by making knock-in and knock-out alternations and thereby bring significant treatment outcomes in breast cancer have also been summarized.
Collapse
|
7
|
Moracho N, Learte AIR, Muñoz-Sáez E, Marchena MA, Cid MA, Arroyo AG, Sánchez-Camacho C. Emerging roles of MT-MMPs in embryonic development. Dev Dyn 2021; 251:240-275. [PMID: 34241926 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) are cell membrane-tethered proteinases that belong to the family of the MMPs. Apart from their roles in degradation of the extracellular milieu, MT-MMPs are able to activate through proteolytic processing at the cell surface distinct molecules such as receptors, growth factors, cytokines, adhesion molecules, and other pericellular proteins. Although most of the information regarding these enzymes comes from cancer studies, our current knowledge about their contribution in distinct developmental processes occurring in the embryo is limited. In this review, we want to summarize the involvement of MT-MMPs in distinct processes during embryonic morphogenesis, including cell migration and proliferation, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, cell polarity and branching, axon growth and navigation, synapse formation, and angiogenesis. We also considered information about MT-MMP functions from studies assessed in pathological conditions and compared these data with those relevant for embryonic development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Moracho
- Department of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I R Learte
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Emma Muñoz-Sáez
- Department of Health Science, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miguel A Marchena
- Department of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - María A Cid
- Department of Dentistry, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain
| | - Alicia G Arroyo
- Vascular Pathophysiology Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain.,Molecular Biomedicine Department, Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas Margarita Salas (CIB-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Cristina Sánchez-Camacho
- Department of Medicine, School of Biomedical Sciences, Universidad Europea de Madrid, Villaviciosa de Odón, Madrid, Spain.,Vascular Pathophysiology Department, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares (CNIC-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Liu QL, Luo M, Huang C, Chen HN, Zhou ZG. Epigenetic Regulation of Epithelial to Mesenchymal Transition in the Cancer Metastatic Cascade: Implications for Cancer Therapy. Front Oncol 2021; 11:657546. [PMID: 33996581 PMCID: PMC8117142 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.657546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the end stage of cancer progression and the direct cause of most cancer-related deaths. The spreading of cancer cells from the primary site to distant organs is a multistep process known as the metastatic cascade, including local invasion, intravasation, survival in the circulation, extravasation, and colonization. Each of these steps is driven by the acquisition of genetic and/or epigenetic alterations within cancer cells, leading to subsequent transformation of metastatic cells. Epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT), a cellular process mediating the conversion of cell from epithelial to mesenchymal phenotype, and its reverse transformation, termed mesenchymal–epithelial transition (MET), together endow metastatic cells with traits needed to generate overt metastases in different scenarios. The dynamic shift between these two phenotypes and their transitional state, termed partial EMT, emphasizes the plasticity of EMT. Recent advances attributed this plasticity to epigenetic regulation, which has implications for the therapeutic targeting of cancer metastasis. In this review, we will discuss the association between epigenetic events and the multifaceted nature of EMT, which may provide insights into the steps of the cancer metastatic cascade.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiu-Luo Liu
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Maochao Luo
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Canhua Huang
- Department of Biotherapy, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, and West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, and Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Hai-Ning Chen
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| | - Zong-Guang Zhou
- Department of Gastrointestinal Surgery, State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu, China
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Shimoda M, Ohtsuka T, Okada Y, Kanai Y. Stromal metalloproteinases: Crucial contributors to the tumor microenvironment. Pathol Int 2020; 71:1-14. [PMID: 33074556 DOI: 10.1111/pin.13033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Proteolytic balance is crucial for the maintenance of tissue homeostasis. In cancer, dysregulated proteolysis is involved in unregulated tissue remodeling and inflammation, leading to the promotion of tumor growth, local invasion, and metastasis. Metalloproteinases, which were first identified as collagen cleaving enzymes, have been shown to extensively degrade extracellular matrix proteins or selectively release cell surface-bound cytokines, growth factors, or their receptors, thereby impacting extracellular matrix integrity, immune cell recruitment and tissue turnover. Although tumor cells produce various metalloproteinases, the major source is thought to be stromal cells infiltrating the tumor. Different types of stromal cells express specific sets of metalloproteinases and their inhibitors, which specifically alter the milieu within the tumor. In this review, recent findings and knowledge regarding metalloproteinases derived from stromal cells during the creation of the tumor microenvironment are described and their contribution to the tumor progression and metastasis discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Shimoda
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Takashi Ohtsuka
- Division of Thoracic Surgery, Department of Surgery, The Jikei University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yasunori Okada
- Department of Pathophysiology for Locomotive and Neoplastic Diseases, Juntendo University Graduate School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yae Kanai
- Department of Pathology, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Liu Z, Lee SJ, Park S, Konstantopoulos K, Glunde K, Chen Y, Barman I. Cancer cells display increased migration and deformability in pace with metastatic progression. FASEB J 2020; 34:9307-9315. [PMID: 32463148 PMCID: PMC7547847 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000101rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2020] [Revised: 04/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we explored the relation between metastatic states vs the capacity of confined migration, amoeboid transition, and cellular stiffness. We compared across an isogenic panel of human breast cancer cells derived from MDA-MB-231 cells. It was observed that cells after lung metastasis have the fastest migration and lowest stiffness, with a significantly higher capacity to transition into an amoeboid mode. Our findings illustrate that metastasis is a selective process favoring motile and softer cells. Moreover, the observation that circulating tumor cells resemble the parental cell line, but not lung-metastatic cells, suggests that cells with higher deformability and motility are likely selected during extravasation and colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhui Liu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Se Jong Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Seungman Park
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Konstantinos Konstantopoulos
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Physical Sciences-Oncology Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kristine Glunde
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Sidney Kimmel Comprehensive Cancer Center, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yun Chen
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Johns Hopkins Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Center for Cell Dynamics, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ishan Barman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
- The Russell H. Morgan Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Division of Cancer Imaging Research, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Quintero-Fabián S, Arreola R, Becerril-Villanueva E, Torres-Romero JC, Arana-Argáez V, Lara-Riegos J, Ramírez-Camacho MA, Alvarez-Sánchez ME. Role of Matrix Metalloproteinases in Angiogenesis and Cancer. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1370. [PMID: 31921634 PMCID: PMC6915110 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 513] [Impact Index Per Article: 102.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2019] [Accepted: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
During angiogenesis, new vessels emerge from existing endothelial lined vessels to promote the degradation of the vascular basement membrane and remodel the extracellular matrix (ECM), followed by endothelial cell migration, and proliferation and the new generation of matrix components. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate in the disruption, tumor neovascularization, and subsequent metastasis while tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs) downregulate the activity of these MMPs. Then, the angiogenic response can be directly or indirectly mediated by MMPs through the modulation of the balance between pro- and anti-angiogenic factors. This review analyzes recent knowledge on MMPs and their participation in angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Saray Quintero-Fabián
- Multidisciplinary Research Laboratory, Military School of Graduate of Health, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rodrigo Arreola
- Psychiatric Genetics Department, National Institute of Psychiatry "Ramón de la Fuente", Clinical Research Branch, Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Julio César Torres-Romero
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | - Victor Arana-Argáez
- Pharmacology Laboratory, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida, Mexico
| | - Julio Lara-Riegos
- Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Facultad de Química de la Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Merida, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gonzalez-Avila G, Sommer B, Mendoza-Posada DA, Ramos C, Garcia-Hernandez AA, Falfan-Valencia R. Matrix metalloproteinases participation in the metastatic process and their diagnostic and therapeutic applications in cancer. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2019; 137:57-83. [PMID: 31014516 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2019.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 204] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Revised: 02/11/2019] [Accepted: 02/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) participate from the initial phases of cancer onset to the settlement of a metastatic niche in a second organ. Their role in cancer progression is related to their involvement in the extracellular matrix (ECM) degradation and in the regulation and processing of adhesion and cytoskeletal proteins, growth factors, chemokines and cytokines. MMPs participation in cancer progression makes them an attractive target for cancer therapy. MMPs have also been used for theranostic purposes in the detection of primary tumor and metastatic tissue in which a particular MMP is overexpressed, to follow up on therapy responses, and in the activation of cancer cytotoxic pro-drugs as part of nano-delivery-systems that increase drug concentration in a specific tumor target. Herein, we review MMPs molecular characteristics, their synthesis regulation and enzymatic activity, their participation in the metastatic process, and how their functions have been used to improve cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Georgina Gonzalez-Avila
- Laboratorio Oncología Biomédica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico.
| | - Bettina Sommer
- Departamento de Investigación en Hiperreactividad Bronquial, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | | | - Carlos Ramos
- Laboratorio de Biología Celular, Departamento de Fibrosis Pulmonar, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - A Armando Garcia-Hernandez
- Laboratorio Oncología Biomédica, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ramces Falfan-Valencia
- Laboratorio de HLA, Departamento de Inmunogenética y Alergia, Instituto Nacional de Enfermedades Respiratorias "Ismael Cosío Villegas", Mexico City, Mexico
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Cervantes-Garduño A, Zampedri C, Espinosa M, Maldonado V, Melendez-Zajgla J, Ceballos-Cancino G. MT4-MMP Modulates the Expression of miRNAs in Breast Cancer Cells. Arch Med Res 2019; 49:471-478. [PMID: 30792164 DOI: 10.1016/j.arcmed.2019.02.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND MT4-MMP is a member of the metalloproteinases family, although with a controversial role in the extracellular matrix remodelation. Overexpression of this metalloproteinase has been observed in breast cancer and it has been suggested that it can regulate tumor growth and cancer progression. The mechanisms by which MT4-MMP participates in breast cancer includes tumor blood vessels desestabilization, the activation of an angiogenic switch, and increase of EGFR signaling. However, all the mechanisms by which MT4-MMP participates in breast cancer are still unknowns. AIM OF THE STUDY To study if MT4-MMP could modulate the expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) related to biological processes associated with tumor formation and progression. METHODS MT4-MMP was ectopically overexpressed in MDA-MB-231 cells and the miRNAs expression profile modulated by the metalloproteinase was studied by using miRNAs microarrays. Microarray data were analyzed with different tools to find the molecular and cellular functions related to the differentially expressed miRNAs. The clinical relevance of some miRNAs was analyzed using a public database. RESULTS MT4-MMP overexpression in breast cancer cells induced the modulation of 65 miRNAs, which were related to the alteration of pathways dependent of p53, TGF-β, MAPK, ErbB, and Wnt, as well as processes such as cell cycle, adherens junctions, apoptosis, and focal adhesion. Several of the upregulated miRNAs were associated to a worse prognosis in breast cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS In breast cancer cells, the overexpression of MT4-MMP modulates the expression of miRNAs involved in several biological processes associated with tumor formation and progression and with clinical relevance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Cervantes-Garduño
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México; Posgrado en Ciencias Biológicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Ciudad Universitaria, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Cecilia Zampedri
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Magali Espinosa
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Vilma Maldonado
- Laboratorio de Epigenética, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Jorge Melendez-Zajgla
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México
| | - Gisela Ceballos-Cancino
- Laboratorio de Genómica Funcional, Instituto Nacional de Medicina Genómica, Ciudad de México, México.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yan Z, Ohuchida K, Zheng B, Okumura T, Takesue S, Nakayama H, Iwamoto C, Shindo K, Moriyama T, Nakata K, Miyasaka Y, Ohtsuka T, Mizumoto K, Oda Y, Hashizume M, Nakamura M. CD110 promotes pancreatic cancer progression and its expression is correlated with poor prognosis. J Cancer Res Clin Oncol 2019; 145:1147-1164. [PMID: 30770989 DOI: 10.1007/s00432-019-02860-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE This study aimed at investigating the function and significance of CD110 expression in pancreatic cancer. METHODS We performed immunohistochemical staining for CD110 expression in tumor samples from 86 patients with pancreatic cancer. We evaluated clinical outcomes and other clinicopathological factors to determine the significance of CD110 on survival and liver metastasis. We examine thrombopoietin-CD110 signaling in cancer cell extravasation in vitro and in vivo. We investigated the effects of CD110 knockdown on liver metastasis in a splenic xenograft mouse model. RESULTS CD110 expression in cancer cells was associated with low-histological-grade invasive ductal carcinoma, and patients with high CD110 expression had poorer prognosis (P = 0.0003). High CD110 expression was an independent predictor of liver metastasis (P = 0.0422). Knockdown of CD110 expression significantly attenuated cell migration and invasion. Treatment with thrombopoietin promoted pancreatic cancer cell extravasation. In the presence of thrombopoietin, CD110 increased cell viability through the activation of the ERK-MYC signaling pathway. Knockdown of CD110 expression inhibited liver metastases in the mouse model. CONCLUSIONS CD110 promotes pancreatic cancer progression and it may serve as a predictive factor for liver metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zilong Yan
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kenoki Ohuchida
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan. .,Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Biao Zheng
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan.,Department of General Surgery, Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, China
| | - Takashi Okumura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Shin Takesue
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Hiromichi Nakayama
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Chika Iwamoto
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Koji Shindo
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Taiki Moriyama
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Kohei Nakata
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Yoshihiro Miyasaka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | - Takao Ohtsuka
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| | | | - Yoshinao Oda
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Makoto Hashizume
- Department of Advanced Medical Initiatives, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masafumi Nakamura
- Department of Surgery and Oncology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, 3-1-1 Maidashi, Fukuoka, 812-8582, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
MT4-MMP: The GPI-Anchored Membrane-Type Matrix Metalloprotease with Multiple Functions in Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20020354. [PMID: 30654475 PMCID: PMC6359745 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 01/10/2019] [Accepted: 01/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
MT4-MMP (or MMP17) belongs to the Membrane-Type Matrix Metalloproteinase (MT-MMP) family. This family of proteases contributes to extracellular matrix remodeling during several physiological processes, including embryogenesis, organogenesis, tissue regeneration, angiogenesis, wound healing, and inflammation. MT4-MMP (MMP17) presents unique characteristics compared to other members of the family in terms of sequence homology, substrate specificity, and internalization mode, suggesting distinct physiological and pathological functions. While the physiological functions of MT4-MMP are poorly understood, it has been involved in different pathological processes such as arthritis, cardiovascular disease, and cancer progression. The mt4-mmp transcript has been detected in a large diversity of cancers. The contribution of MT4-MMP to tumor development has been further investigated in gastric cancer, colon cancer, head and neck cancer, and more deeply in breast cancer. Given its contribution to different pathologies, particularly cancers, MT4-MMP represents an interesting therapeutic target. In this review, we examine its biological and structural properties, and we propose an overview of its physiological and pathological functions.
Collapse
|
16
|
Guo S, Deng CX. Effect of Stromal Cells in Tumor Microenvironment on Metastasis Initiation. Int J Biol Sci 2018; 14:2083-2093. [PMID: 30585271 PMCID: PMC6299363 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.25720] [Citation(s) in RCA: 190] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/02/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The cellular environment where tumor cells reside is called the tumor microenvironment (TME), which consists of borders, blood vessels, lymph vessels, extracellular matrix (ECM), stromal cells, immune/inflammatory cells, secreted proteins, RNAs and small organelles. By dynamically interacting with tumor cells, stromal cells participate in all stages of tumor initiation, progression, metastasis, recurrence and drug response, and consequently, affect the fate of patients. During the processes of tumor evolution and metastasis initiation, stromal cells in TME also experience some changes and play roles in both the suppression and promotion of metastasis, while the overall function of stromal cells is beneficial for cancer cell survival and movement. In this review, we examine the effects of stromal cells in TME on metastasis initiation, including angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) and invasion. We also highlight functions of proteins, RNAs and small organelles secreted by stromal cells in their influences on multiple stages of tumor metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Chu-Xia Deng
- Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau, Macau SAR, China
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Burn T, Alvarez JI. Reverse transendothelial cell migration in inflammation: to help or to hinder? Cell Mol Life Sci 2017; 74:1871-1881. [PMID: 28025672 PMCID: PMC11107488 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2444-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 12/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium provides a strong barrier separating circulating blood from tissue. It also provides a significant challenge for immune cells in the bloodstream to access potential sites of infection. To mount an effective immune response, leukocytes traverse the endothelial layer in a process known as transendothelial migration. Decades of work have allowed dissection of the mechanisms through which immune cells gain access into peripheral tissues, and subsequently to inflammatory foci. However, an often under-appreciated or potentially ignored question is whether transmigrated leukocytes can leave these inflammatory sites, and perhaps even return across the endothelium and re-enter circulation. Although evidence has existed to support "reverse" transendothelial migration for a number of years, it is only recently that mechanisms associated with this process have been described. Here we review the evidence that supports both reverse transendothelial migration and reverse interstitial migration within tissues, with particular emphasis on some of the more recent studies that finally hint at potential mechanisms. Additionally, we postulate the biological significance of retrograde migration, and whether it serves as an additional mechanism to limit pathology, or provides a basis for the dissemination of systemic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Burn
- Institute of Immunology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Jorge Ivan Alvarez
- Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 380 South University St, H412, Philadelphia, PA, 19104, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Turunen SP, Tatti-Bugaeva O, Lehti K. Membrane-type matrix metalloproteases as diverse effectors of cancer progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2017; 1864:1974-1988. [PMID: 28390905 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2017.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2017] [Revised: 04/02/2017] [Accepted: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteases (MT-MMP) are pivotal regulators of cell invasion, growth and survival. Tethered to the cell membranes by a transmembrane domain or GPI-anchor, the six MT-MMPs can exert these functions via cell surface-associated extracellular matrix degradation or proteolytic protein processing, including shedding or release of signaling receptors, adhesion molecules, growth factors and other pericellular proteins. By interactions with signaling scaffold or cytoskeleton, the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of the transmembrane MT-MMPs further extends their functionality to signaling or structural relay. MT-MMPs are differentially expressed in cancer. The most extensively studied MMP14/MT1-MMP is induced in various cancers along malignant transformation via pathways activated by mutations in tumor suppressors or proto-oncogenes and changes in tumor microenvironment including cellular heterogeneity, extracellular matrix composition, tissue oxygenation, and inflammation. Classically such induction involves transcriptional programs related to epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Besides inhibition by endogenous tissue inhibitors, MT-MMP activities are spatially and timely regulated at multiple levels by microtubular vesicular trafficking, dimerization/oligomerization, other interactions and localization in the actin-based invadosomes, in both tumor and the stroma. The functions of MT-MMPs are multifaceted within reciprocal cellular responses in the evolving tumor microenvironment, which poses the importance of these proteases beyond the central function as matrix scissors, and necessitates us to rethink MT-MMPs as dynamic signaling proteases of cancer. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Matrix Metalloproteinases edited by Rafael Fridman.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Pauliina Turunen
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Olga Tatti-Bugaeva
- Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland
| | - Kaisa Lehti
- Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology, Karolinska Institute, Nobels väg 16, SE-17177 Stockholm, Sweden; Research Programs Unit, Genome-Scale Biology and Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, and Helsinki University Hospital, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014 Helsinki, Finland; K. Albin Johansson Foundation, Finnish Cancer Institute, P.O. Box 63, FI-00014, Helsinki, Finland.
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
MT4-MMP and EGFR expression levels are key biomarkers for breast cancer patient response to chemotherapy and erlotinib. Br J Cancer 2017; 116:742-751. [PMID: 28196064 PMCID: PMC5355928 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Triple-negative breast cancers (TNBC) are heterogeneous cancers with poor prognosis. We aimed to determine the clinical relevance of membrane type-4 matrix metalloproteinase (MT4-MMP), a membrane type matrix metalloproteinase that interacts with epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) overexpressed in >50% of TNBC. Methods: We conducted a retrospective immunohistochemical analysis on human TNBC samples (n=81) and validated our findings in in vitro and in vivo assays. Results: Membrane type-4 matrix metalloproteinase and EGFR are produced in 72.5% of TNBC samples, whereas those proteins are faintly produced by healthy tissues. Unexpectedly, tumour relapse after chemotherapy was reduced in samples highly positive for MT4-MMP. Mechanistically, this is ascribed to a higher sensitivity of MT4-MMP-producing cells to alkylating or intercalating chemotherapeutic agents, as assessed in vitro. In sharp contrast, MT4-MMP expression did not affect tumour cell sensitivity to paclitaxel that interferes with protease trafficking. Importantly, MT4-MMP expression sensitised cancer cells to erlotinib, a tyrosine kinase EGFR inhibitor. In a pre-clinical model, the growth of MT4-MMP overexpressing xenografts, but not of control ones, was reduced by epirubicin or erlotinib. The combination of suboptimal drug doses blocked drastically the growth of MT4-MMP-producing tumours. Conclusions: We demonstrate that MT4-MMP defines a sub-population of TNBC sensitive to a combination of DNA-targeting chemotherapeutic agents and anti-EGFR drugs.
Collapse
|
20
|
Fabian KL, Storkus WJ. Immunotherapeutic Targeting of Tumor-Associated Blood Vessels. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 1036:191-211. [PMID: 29275473 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-67577-0_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Pathological angiogenesis occurs during tumor progression and leads in the formation of an abnormal vasculature in the tumor microenvironment (TME). The tumor vasculature is disorganized, tortuous and leaky, resulting in high interstitial pressure and hypoxia in the TME, all of which are events that support tumor growth and survival. Given the sustaining role of the tumor vasculature, it has become an increasingly attractive target for the development of anti-cancer therapies. Antibodies, tyrosine kinase inhibitors and cancer vaccines that target pro-angiogenic factors, angiogenesis-associated receptors or tumor blood vessel-associated antigens continue to be developed and tested for therapeutic efficacy. Preferred anti-angiogenic protocols include those that "normalize" the tumor-associated vasculature which reduce hypoxia and improve tumor blood perfusion, resulting in tumor cell apoptosis, decreased immunosuppression, and enhanced effector immune cell infiltration/tumoricidal action within the TME.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kellsye L Fabian
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA.
| | - Walter J Storkus
- Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
- Department of Dermatology, University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
The process of entering the bloodstream, intravasation, is a necessary step in the development of distant metastases. The focus of this review is on the pathways and molecules that have been identified as being important based on current in vitro and in vivo assays for intravasation. Properties of the vasculature which are important for intravasation include microvessel density and also diameter of the vasculature, with increased intravasation correlating with increased vessel diameter in some tumors. TGFB signaling can enhance intravasation at least in part through induction of EMT, and we discuss other TGFB target genes that are important for intravasation. In addition to TGFB signaling, a number of studies have demonstrated that activation of EGF receptor family members stimulates intravasation, with downstream signaling through PI3K, N-WASP, RhoA, and WASP to induce invadopodia. With respect to proteases, there is strong evidence for contributions by uPA/uPAR, while the roles of MMPs in intravasation may be more tumor specific. Other cells including macrophages, fibroblasts, neutrophils, and platelets can also play a role in enhancing tumor cell intravasation. The technology is now available to interrogate the expression patterns of circulating tumor cells, which will provide an important reality check for the model systems being used. With a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying intravasation, the goal is to provide new opportunities for improving prognosis as well as potentially developing new treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Serena P H Chiang
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Ramon M Cabrera
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Jeffrey E Segall
- Anatomy and Structural Biology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Itoh Y. Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases: Their functions and regulations. Matrix Biol 2015; 44-46:207-23. [PMID: 25794647 DOI: 10.1016/j.matbio.2015.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 280] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2015] [Revised: 03/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/11/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-type matrix metalloproteinases (MT-MMPs) form a subgroup of the matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) family, and there are 6 MT-MMPs in humans. MT-MMPs are further sub-classified into type I transmembrane-type (MT1, -MT2-, MT3- and MT5-MMPs) and glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI)-anchored type (MT4- and MT6-MMPs). In either case MT-MMPs are tethered to the plasma membrane, and this cell surface expression provides those enzymes with unique functionalities affecting various cellular behaviours. Among the 6 MT-MMPs, MT1-MMP is the most investigated enzyme and many of its roles and regulations have been revealed to date, but the potential roles and regulatory mechanisms of other MT-MMPs are gradually getting clearer as well. Further investigations of MT-MMPs are likely to reveal novel pathophysiological mechanisms and potential therapeutic strategies for different diseases in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yoshifumi Itoh
- Kennedy Institute of Rheumatology, University of Oxford, Roosevelt Drive, Headington, Oxford OX3 7FY, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Abstract
Metastatic disease is responsible for 90% of death from solid tumors. However, only a minority of metastasis-specific targets has been exploited therapeutically, and effective prevention and suppression of metastatic disease is still an elusive goal. In this review, we will first summarize the current state of knowledge about the molecular features of the disease, with particular focus on steps and targets potentially amenable to therapeutic intervention. We will then discuss the reasons underlying the paucity of metastatic drugs in the current oncological arsenal and potential ways to overcome this therapeutic gap. We reason that the discovery of novel promising targets, an increased understanding of the molecular features of the disease, the effect of disruptive technologies, and a shift in the current preclinical and clinical settings have the potential to create more successful drug development endeavors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yari Fontebasso
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| | - Steven M Dubinett
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA, Los Angeles, CA
| |
Collapse
|
24
|
Abstract
Pericellular proteases have long been associated with cancer invasion and metastasis due to their ability to degrade extracellular matrix components. Recent studies demonstrate that proteases also modulate tumor progression and metastasis through highly regulated and complex processes involving cleavage, processing, or shedding of cell adhesion molecules, growth factors, cytokines, and kinases. In this review, we address how cancer cells, together with their surrounding microenvironment, regulate pericellular proteolysis. We dissect the multitude of mechanisms by which pericellular proteases contribute to cancer progression and discuss how this knowledge can be integrated into therapeutic opportunities.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Sevenich
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| | - Johanna A Joyce
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York, 10065, USA
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Paye A, Truong A, Yip C, Cimino J, Blacher S, Munaut C, Cataldo D, Foidart JM, Maquoi E, Collignon J, Delvenne P, Jerusalem G, Noel A, Sounni NE. EGFR Activation and Signaling in Cancer Cells Are Enhanced by the Membrane-Bound Metalloprotease MT4-MMP. Cancer Res 2014; 74:6758-70. [DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-13-2994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
26
|
Abstract
Metastasis is powered by disseminated cancer cells that re-create a full-fledged tumor in unwelcoming tissues, away from the primary site. How cancer cells moving from a tumor into the circulation manage to infiltrate distant organs and initiate metastatic growth is of interest to cancer biologists and clinical oncologists alike. Recent findings have started to define the sources, phenotypic properties, hosting niches, and signaling pathways that support the survival, self-renewal, dormancy, and reactivation of cancer cells that initiate metastasis: metastatic stem cells. By dissecting the biology of this process, vulnerabilities are being exposed that could be exploited to prevent metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thordur Oskarsson
- Heidelberg Institute for Stem Cell Technology and Experimental Medicine (HI-STEM gGmbH), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; Division of Stem Cells and Cancer, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eduard Batlle
- Institute for Research in Biomedicine (IRB Barcelona), 08028 Barcelona, Spain; Institució Catalana de Recerca i Estudis Avançats (ICREA), 08010 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joan Massagué
- Cancer Biology and Genetics Program, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, NY 10065, USA; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Chevy Chase, MD 20815, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Abstract
During metastasis, cancer cells disseminate to other parts of the body by entering the bloodstream in a process that is called intravasation. They then extravasate at metastatic sites by attaching to endothelial cells that line blood vessels and crossing the vessel walls of tissues or organs. This Review describes how cancer cells cross the endothelial barrier during extravasation and how different receptors, signalling pathways and circulating cells such as leukocytes and platelets contribute to this process. Identification of the mechanisms that underlie cancer cell extravasation could lead to the development of new therapies to reduce metastasis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Reymond
- 1] Randall Division of Cell and Molecular Biophysics, King's College London, New Hunt's House, Guy's Campus, London SE1 1UL, UK. [2] Centre de Recherche de Biochimie Macromoléculaire, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) - UMR5237, 1919 Route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier, Cedex 5, France. [3]
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Essentials of circulating tumor cells for clinical research and practice. Crit Rev Oncol Hematol 2013; 88:338-56. [PMID: 23830807 DOI: 10.1016/j.critrevonc.2013.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2012] [Revised: 03/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The major cause of death due to cancer is its metastatic deposit in numerous tissues and organs. The metastatic process requires the migration of malignant cells from primary sites to distant environments. Even for tumors initially spreading through lymphatic vessels, hematogenous transport is the most common metastatic pathway. The detachment of cancer cells from a primary tumor into the blood stream is called epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As these cells circulate further in the bloodstream they are known as circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The CTC population is highly resilient, enabling the cells to colonize a foreign microenvironment. Alternatively, cancer stem cells (CSCs) may arise from differentiated cancer cells through EMT and an embryonic transdifferentiation process. The presence of CTCs/CSCs in blood seems to be a determining factor of metastasis. This paper reviews various methods of clinical cancer detection as well as the biology and molecular characterization of CTCs/CSCs. Our goal was to summarize clinical studies which used CTC/CSCs for prognosis in patients with breast, colorectal, prostate, lung, ovarian, and bladder cancer.
Collapse
|
29
|
Noël A, Gutiérrez-Fernández A, Sounni NE, Behrendt N, Maquoi E, Lund IK, Cal S, Hoyer-Hansen G, López-Otín C. New and paradoxical roles of matrix metalloproteinases in the tumor microenvironment. Front Pharmacol 2012; 3:140. [PMID: 22822400 PMCID: PMC3398411 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2012.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2012] [Accepted: 06/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Processes such as cell proliferation, angiogenesis, apoptosis, or invasion are strongly influenced by the surrounding microenvironment of the tumor. Therefore, the ability to change these surroundings represents an important property through which tumor cells are able to acquire specific functions necessary for tumor growth and dissemination. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute key players in this process, allowing tumor cells to modify the extracellular matrix (ECM) and release cytokines, growth factors, and other cell-surface molecules, ultimately facilitating protease-dependent tumor progression. Remodeling of the ECM by collagenolytic enzymes such as MMP1, MMP8, MMP13, or the membrane-bound MT1-MMP as well as by other membrane-anchored proteases is required for invasion and recruitment of novel blood vessels. However, the multiple roles of the MMPs do not all fit into a simple pattern. Despite the pro-tumorigenic function of certain metalloproteinases, recent studies have shown that other members of these families, such as MMP8 or MMP11, have a protective role against tumor growth and metastasis in animal models. These studies have been further expanded by large-scale genomic analysis, revealing that the genes encoding metalloproteinases, such as MMP8, MMP27, ADAM7, and ADAM29, are recurrently mutated in specific tumors, while several ADAMTSs are epigenetically silenced in different cancers. The importance of these proteases in modifying the tumor microenvironment highlights the need for a deeper understanding of how stroma cells and the ECM can modulate tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Agnès Noël
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liège Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Host L, Paye A, Detry B, Blacher S, Munaut C, Foidart JM, Seiki M, Sounni NE, Noel A. The proteolytic activity of MT4-MMP is required for its pro-angiogenic and pro-metastatic promoting effects. Int J Cancer 2012; 131:1537-48. [PMID: 22262494 DOI: 10.1002/ijc.27436] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/29/2011] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Membrane-type 4 matrix metalloprotease (MT4-MMP) expression in breast adenocarcinoma stimulates tumor growth and metastatic spreading to the lung. However, whether these pro-tumorigenic and pro-metastatic effects of MT4-MMP are related to a proteolytic action is not yet known. Through site directed mutagenesis MT4-MMP has been inactivated in cancer cells through Glutamic acid 249 substitution by Alanine in the active site. Active MT4-MMP triggered an angiogenic switch at day 7 after tumor implantation and drastically accelerated subcutaneous tumor growth as well as lung colonization in recombination activating gene-1-deficient mice. All these effects were abrogated upon MT4-MMP inactivation. In sharp contrast to most MMPs being primarily of stromal origin, we provide evidence that tumor-derived MT4-MMP, but not host-derived MT4-MMP contributes to angiogenesis. A genetic approach using MT4-MMP-deficient mice revealed that the status of MT4-MMP produced by host cells did not affect the angiogenic response. Despite of this tumor intrinsic feature, to exert its tumor promoting effect, MT4-MMP requires a permissive microenvironment. Indeed, tumor-derived MT4-MMP failed to circumvent the lack of an host angio-promoting factor such as plasminogen activator inhibitor-1. Overall, our study demonstrates the key contribution of MT4-MMP catalytic activity in the tumor compartment, at the interface with host cells. It identifies MT4-MMP as a key intrinsic tumor cell determinant that contributes to the elaboration of a permissive microenvironment for metastatic dissemination.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lorin Host
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Cancer, GIGA-Cancer, University of Liege, Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Pellinen T, Rantala JK, Arjonen A, Mpindi JP, Kallioniemi O, Ivaska J. A functional genetic screen reveals new regulators of β1-integrin activity. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:649-61. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.090704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
β1 integrins constitute a large group of widely distributed adhesion receptors, which regulate the ability of cells to interact with their surroundings. This regulation of the expression and activity of integrins is crucial for tissue homeostasis and development and contributes to inflammation and cancer. We report an RNA interference screen to uncover genes involved in the regulation of β1-integrin activity using cell spot microarray technology in cancer cell lines. Altogether, ten cancer and two normal cell lines were used to identify regulators of β1 integrin activity. Cell biological analysis of the identified β1-integrin regulatory genes revealed that modulation of integrin activity can influence cell invasion in a three-dimensional matrix. We demonstrate with loss-of-function and rescue experiments that CD9 activates and MMP8 inactivates β1 integrins and that both proteins associate with β1 integrins in cells. Furthermore, CD9 and MMP8 regulate cancer cell extravasation in vivo. Our discovery of new regulators of β1-integrin activity highlight the complexity of integrin activity regulation and provide a set of new genes involved in regulation of integrin function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Teijo Pellinen
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Juha K. Rantala
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 20521, Turku, Finland
| | - Antti Arjonen
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| | - John-Patrick Mpindi
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Olli Kallioniemi
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Institute for Molecular Medicine Finland (FIMM), Biomedicum 2U, 00014 University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Ivaska
- Medical Biotechnology, VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland, 20521, Turku, Finland
- Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
- Department of Biochemistry and Food Chemistry, University of Turku, 20520, Turku, Finland
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Sohail A, Marco M, Zhao H, Shi Q, Merriman S, Mobashery S, Fridman R. Characterization of the dimerization interface of membrane type 4 (MT4)-matrix metalloproteinase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:33178-89. [PMID: 21828052 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.253369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
MT4-MMP (MMP17) belongs to a unique subset of membrane type-matrix metalloproteinases that are anchored to the cell surface via a glycosylphosphatidylinositol moiety. However, little is known about its biochemical properties. Here, we report that MT4-MMP is displayed on the cell surface as a mixed population of monomeric, dimeric, and oligomeric forms. Sucrose gradient fractionation demonstrated that these forms of MT4-MMP are all present in lipid rafts. Mutational and computational analyses revealed that Cys(564), which is present within the stem region, mediates MT4-MMP homodimerization by forming a disulfide bond. Substitution of Cys(564) results in a more rapid MT4-MMP turnover, when compared with the wild-type enzyme, consistent with a role for dimerization in protein stability. Expression of MT4-MMP in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells enhanced cell migration and invasion of Matrigel, a process that requires catalytic activity. However, a serine substitution at Cys(564) did not reduce MT4-MMP-stimulated cell invasion of Matrigel suggesting that homodimerization is not required for this process. Deglycosylation studies showed that MT4-MMP is modified by N-glycosylation. Moreover, inhibition of N-glycosylation by tunicamycin diminished the extent of MT4-MMP dimerization suggesting that N-glycans may confer stability to the dimeric form. Taken together, the data presented here provide a new insight into the characteristics of MT4-MMP and highlight the common and distinct properties of the glycosylphosphatidylinositol-anchored membrane type-matrix metalloproteinases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anjum Sohail
- Department of Pathology and the Karmanos Cancer Institute, Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48201, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Sounni NE, Paye A, Host L, Noël A. MT-MMPS as Regulators of Vessel Stability Associated with Angiogenesis. Front Pharmacol 2011; 2:111. [PMID: 21687519 PMCID: PMC3108474 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2011.00111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Accepted: 04/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of vascular system depends on the coordinated activity of a number of distinct families of molecules including growth factors and their receptors, cell adhesion molecules, extracellular matrix (ECM) molecules, and proteolytic enzymes. Matrix metalloproteases (MMPs) are a family of ECM degrading enzymes required for both physiological and pathological angiogenesis. Increasing evidence, point to a direct role of membrane type-MMPs (MT-MMPs) in vascular system stabilization, maturation, and leakage. Our understanding of the nature of MT-MMP interaction with extracellular and cell surface molecules and their multiple roles in vessel walls and perivascular stroma may provide new insights into mechanisms underlying vascular cell–ECM interactions and cell fate decisions in pathological conditions. Regulation of vascular leakage by MT-MMP interactions with the ECM could also lead to novel targeting opportunities for drug delivery in tumor. This review will shed lights on the emerging roles of MT1-MMP and MT4-MMP in vascular system alterations associated with cancer progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nor Eddine Sounni
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, Groupe Interdisciplinaire de Génoprotéomique Appliquée-Cancer, University of Liege Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Vimentin regulates EMT induction by Slug and oncogenic H-Ras and migration by governing Axl expression in breast cancer. Oncogene 2010; 30:1436-48. [PMID: 21057535 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2010.509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 475] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a critical event in the progression toward cancer metastasis. The intermediate filament protein vimentin is an important marker of EMT and a requisite regulator of mesenchymal cell migration. However, it is not known how vimentin functionally contributes to cancer cell invasion. Here, we report that ectopic expression of oncogenic H-Ras-V12G and Slug induces vimentin expression and migration in pre-malignant breast epithelial cells. Conversely, vimentin expression is necessary for Slug- or H-Ras-V12G-induced EMT-associated migration. Furthermore, silencing of vimentin in breast epithelial cells results in specific changes in invasiveness-related gene expression including upregulation of RAB25 (small GTPase Rab25) and downregulation of AXL (receptor tyrosine kinase Axl), PLAU (plasminogen activator, urokinase) and ITGB4 (integrin β4-subunit). Importantly, gene expression profiling analyses reveal that vimentin expression correlates positively/negatively with these genes also in multiple breast cancer cell lines and breast cancer patient samples. Focusing on the tyrosine kinase Axl, we show that induction of vimentin by EMT is associated with upregulation of Axl expression and that Axl enhances the migratory activity of pre-malignant breast epithelial cells. Using null and knock-down cells and overexpression models, we also show that regulation of breast cancer cell migration in two- and three-dimensional matrices by vimentin is Axl- dependent and that Axl functionally contributes to lung extravasation of breast cancer cells in mice. In conclusion, our data show that vimentin functionally contributes to EMT and is required for induction of Axl expression. Moreover, these results provide a molecular explanation for vimentin-dependent cancer cell migration during EMT by identifying Axl as a key proximal component in this process.
Collapse
|
35
|
New Strategies for the Next Generation of Matrix-Metalloproteinase Inhibitors: Selectively Targeting Membrane-Anchored MMPs with Therapeutic Antibodies. Biochem Res Int 2010; 2011:191670. [PMID: 21152183 PMCID: PMC2989751 DOI: 10.1155/2011/191670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2010] [Accepted: 09/04/2010] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
MMP intervention strategies have met with limited clinical success due to severe toxicities. In particular, treatment with broad-spectrum MMP-inhibitors (MMPIs) caused musculoskeletal pain and inflammation. Selectivity may be essential for realizing the clinical potential of MMPIs. Here we review discoveries pinpointing membrane-bound MMPs as mediators of mechanisms underlying cancer and inflammation and as possible therapeutic targets for prevention/treatment of these diseases. We discuss strategies to target these therapeutic proteases using highly selective inhibitory agents (i.e., human blocking antibodies) against individual membrane-bound MMPs.
Collapse
|
36
|
Bonnomet A, Brysse A, Tachsidis A, Waltham M, Thompson EW, Polette M, Gilles C. Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transitions and circulating tumor cells. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2010; 15:261-73. [PMID: 20449641 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-010-9174-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 161] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2010] [Accepted: 04/20/2010] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) phenomena endow epithelial cells with enhanced migratory and invasive potential, and as such, have been implicated in many physiological and pathological processes requiring cell migration/invasion. Although their involvement in the metastatic cascade is still a subject of debate, data are accumulating to demonstrate the existence of EMT phenotypes in primary human tumors, describe enhanced metastatic potential of EMT derivatives in animal models, and report EMT attributes in circulating tumor cells (CTCs). The relationships between EMT and CTCs remain largely unexplored, and we review here in vitro and in vivo data supporting a putative role of EMT processes in CTC generation and survival.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Arnaud Bonnomet
- Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, Liège University, GIGA - Cancer, C.H.U. Sart-Tilman, Tour de Pathologie B23, 4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Lorquet S, Berndt S, Blacher S, Gengoux E, Peulen O, Maquoi E, Noël A, Foidart JM, Munaut C, Péqueux C. Soluble forms of VEGF receptor-1 and -2 promote vascular maturation via mural cell recruitment. FASEB J 2010; 24:3782-95. [PMID: 20484670 DOI: 10.1096/fj.09-149070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Two soluble forms of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, sVEGFR-1 and sVEGFR-2, are physiologically released and overproduced in some pathologies. They are known to act as anti-VEGF agents. Here we report that these soluble receptors contribute to vessel maturation by mediating a dialogue between endothelial cells (ECs) and mural cells that leads to blood vessel stabilization. Through a multidisciplinary approach, we provide evidence that these soluble VEGF receptors promote mural cell migration through a paracrine mechanism involving interplay in ECs between VEGF/VEGFR-2 and sphingosine-1-phosphate type-1 (S1P)/S1P1 pathways that leads to endothelial nitric oxyde synthase (eNOS) activation. This new paradigm is supported by the finding that sVEGFR-1 and -2 perform the following actions: 1) induce an eNOS-dependent outgrowth of a mural cell network in an ex vivo model of angiogenesis, 2) increase the mural cell coverage of neovessels in vitro and in vivo, 3) promote mural cell migration toward ECs, and 4) stimulate endothelial S1P1 overproduction and eNOS activation that promote the migration and the recruitment of neighboring mural cells. These findings provide new insights into mechanisms regulating physiological and pathological angiogenesis and vessel stabilization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sophie Lorquet
- University of Liège, Laboratory of Tumor and Developmental Biology, GIGA-Cancer, Institute of Pathology, CHU-B23, B-4000 Liège, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Kim IS, Baek SH. Mouse models for breast cancer metastasis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 394:443-7. [PMID: 20230796 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.03.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2010] [Accepted: 03/10/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Metastasis of cancer cells is the main cause of death in most breast cancer patients. Although markers for early diagnosis and drugs that limit the spread of cancer to other organs have been developed, it is difficult to prevent the relapse of breast cancer. Recent research has highlighted the importance of tumor environment in which communication between tumor cells and the body system occurs. Emerging data have suggested that animal models are a good system to investigate this communication. Therefore, studies with mouse models have been developed as a reasonable method for a systemic approach to understand breast cancer metastasis. In this review, we summarize mouse models of breast cancer and their applications to the study of human breast cancers, and discuss limitation of model system and advanced techniques to overcome it.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ik Soo Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, Creative Research Initiative Center for Chromatin Dynamics, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-742, South Korea
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Abstract
In this review we summarize the evidence for a role for hypoxic response in the biology of metastasis, with a particular emphasis on the metastasis of breast cancer and the function of the hypoxia inducible factor (HIF).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Helene Rundqvist
- Molecular Biology Section, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, CA 92093, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Huang CH, Yang WH, Chang SY, Tai SK, Tzeng CH, Kao JY, Wu KJ, Yang MH. Regulation of membrane-type 4 matrix metalloproteinase by SLUG contributes to hypoxia-mediated metastasis. Neoplasia 2009; 11:1371-82. [PMID: 20019845 PMCID: PMC2794518 DOI: 10.1593/neo.91326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2009] [Revised: 09/10/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxic tumor environment has been shown to be critical to cancer metastasis through the promotion of angiogenesis, induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT), and acquisition of invasive potential. However, the impact of hypoxia on the expression profile of the proteolytic enzymes involved in invasiveness is relatively unknown. Membrane-type 4 matrix metalloproteinase (MT4-MMP) is a glycosyl-phosphatidyl inositol-anchored protease that has been shown to be overexpressed in human cancers. However, detailed mechanisms regarding the regulation and function of MT4-MMP expression in tumor cells remain unknown. Here, we demonstrate that hypoxia or overexpression of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha (HIF-1alpha) induced MT4-MMP expression in human cancer cells. Activation of SLUG, a transcriptional factor regulating the EMT process of human cancers, by HIF-1alpha was critical for the induction of MT4-MMP under hypoxia. SLUG regulated the transcription of MT4-MMP through direct binding to the E-box located in its proximal promoter. Short-interference RNA-mediated knockdown of MT4-MMP attenuated in vitro invasiveness and in vivo pulmonary colonization of tumor cells without affecting cell migratory ability. MT4-MMP promoted invasiveness and pulmonary colonization through modulation of the expression profile of MMPs and angiogenic factors. Finally, coexpression of HIF-1alpha and MT4-MMP in human head and neck cancer was predictive of a worse clinical outcome. These findings establish a novel signaling pathway for hypoxia-mediated metastasis and elucidate the underlying regulatory mechanism and functional significance of MT4-MMP in cancer metastasis.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Squamous Cell/pathology
- Cell Line
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/metabolism
- Head and Neck Neoplasms/pathology
- Humans
- Hypoxia
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/genetics
- Hypoxia-Inducible Factor 1, alpha Subunit/metabolism
- Immunohistochemistry
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Male
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 17/genetics
- Matrix Metalloproteinase 17/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, SCID
- Middle Aged
- Models, Biological
- Neoplasm Metastasis
- Neoplasms/genetics
- Neoplasms/metabolism
- Neoplasms/pathology
- RNA Interference
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- Snail Family Transcription Factors
- Transcription Factors/genetics
- Transcription Factors/metabolism
- Transplantation, Heterologous
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Hung Huang
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Hao Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Shyue-Yih Chang
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Shyh-Kuan Tai
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Department of Otolaryngology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hwei Tzeng
- Faculty of Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Jung-Yie Kao
- Institute of Biochemistry, National Chung-Hsing University, Taichung 402, Taiwan
| | - Kou-Juey Wu
- Institute of Biochemistry & Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Genomic Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| | - Muh-Hwa Yang
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Medicine, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
- Genomic Research Center, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|