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Varga AJ, Nemeth IB, Kemeny L, Varga J, Tiszlavicz L, Kumar D, Dodd S, Simpson AWM, Buknicz T, Beynon R, Simpson D, Krenacs T, Dockray GJ, Varro A. Elevated Serum Gastrin Is Associated with Melanoma Progression: Putative Role in Increased Migration and Invasion of Melanoma Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16851. [PMID: 38069171 PMCID: PMC10706711 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242316851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/03/2023] [Accepted: 11/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Micro-environmental factors, including stromal and immune cells, cytokines, and circulating hormones are well recognized to determine cancer progression. Melanoma cell growth was recently shown to be suppressed by cholecystokinin/gastrin (CCK) receptor antagonists, and our preliminary data suggested that melanoma patients with Helicobacter gastritis (which is associated with elevated serum gastrin) might have an increased risk of cancer progression. Therefore, in the present study, we examined how gastrin may act on melanoma cells. In 89 melanoma patients, we found a statistically significant association between circulating gastrin concentrations and melanoma thickness and metastasis, which are known risk factors of melanoma progression and prognosis. Immunocytochemistry using a validated antibody confirmed weak to moderate CCK2R expression in both primary malignant melanoma cells and the melanoma cell lines SK-MEL-2 and G361. Furthermore, among the 219 tumors in the Skin Cutaneous Melanoma TCGA Pan-Cancer dataset showing gastrin receptor (CCKBR) expression, significantly higher CCKBR mRNA levels were linked to stage III-IV than stage I-II melanomas. In both cell lines, gastrin increased intracellular calcium levels and stimulated cell migration and invasion through mechanisms inhibited by a CCK2 receptor antagonist. Proteomic studies identified increased MMP-2 and reduced TIMP-3 levels in response to gastrin that were likely to contribute to the increased migration of both cell lines. However, the effects of gastrin on tumor cell invasion were relatively weak in the presence of the extracellular matrix. Nevertheless, dermal fibroblasts/myofibroblasts, known also to express CCK2R, increased gastrin-induced cancer cell invasion. Our data suggest that in a subset of melanoma patients, an elevated serum gastrin concentration is a risk factor for melanoma tumor progression, and that gastrin may act on both melanoma and adjacent stromal cells through CCK2 receptors to promote mechanisms of tumor migration and invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akos Janos Varga
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK (G.J.D.); (A.V.)
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Istvan Balazs Nemeth
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Lajos Kemeny
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Janos Varga
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | | | - Dinesh Kumar
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK (G.J.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Steven Dodd
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK (G.J.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Alec W. M. Simpson
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK (G.J.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Tunde Buknicz
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology, University of Szeged, 6720 Szeged, Hungary
| | - Rob Beynon
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Deborah Simpson
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK
| | - Tibor Krenacs
- Department of Pathology and Experimental Cancer Research, Semmelweis University, 1085 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Graham J. Dockray
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK (G.J.D.); (A.V.)
| | - Andrea Varro
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7BE, UK (G.J.D.); (A.V.)
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2
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Nock BA, Kanellopoulos P, Chepurny OG, Rouchota M, Loudos G, Holz GG, Krenning EP, Maina T. Nonpeptidic Z360-Analogs Tagged with Trivalent Radiometals as Anti-CCK2R Cancer Theranostic Agents: A Preclinical Study. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14030666. [PMID: 35336041 PMCID: PMC8954547 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14030666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/15/2022] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Theranostic approaches in the management of cholecystokinin subtype 2 receptor (CCK2R)-positive tumors include radiolabeled gastrin and CCK motifs. Moving toward antagonist-based CCK2R-radioligands instead, we herein present three analogs of the nonpeptidic CCK2R-antagonist Z360, GAS1/2/3. Each was conjugated to a different chelator (DOTA, NODAGA or DOTAGA) for labeling with medically relevant trivalent radiometals (e.g., Ga-68, In-111, Lu-177) for potential use as anti-CCK2R cancer agents; (2) Methods: The in vitro properties of the thee analogs were compared in stably transfected HEK293-CCK2R cells. Biodistribution profiles were compared in SCID mice bearing twin HEK293-CCK2R and wtHEK293 tumors; (3) Results: The GAS1/2/3 analogs displayed high CCK2R-affinity (lower nM-range). The radioligands were fairly stable in vivo and selectively targeted the HEK293-CCK2R, but not the CCK2R-negative wtHEK293 tumors in mice. Their overall pharmacokinetic profile was found strongly dependent on the radiometal-chelate. Results could be visualized by SPECT/CT for the [111In]In-analogs; (4) Conclusions: The present study highlighted the high impact of the radiometal-chelate on the end-pharmacokinetics of a new series of Z360-based radioligands, revealing candidates with promising properties for clinical translation. It also provided the impetus for the development of a new class of nonpeptidic radioligands for CCK2R-targeted theranostics of human cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berthold A. Nock
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (B.A.N.); (P.K.)
| | | | - Oleg G. Chepurny
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (O.G.C.); (G.G.H.)
| | - Maritina Rouchota
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (M.R.); (G.L.)
| | - George Loudos
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR “Demokritos”, 15310 Athens, Greece; (M.R.); (G.L.)
| | - George G. Holz
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, State University of New York (SUNY), Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA and Department of Chemistry, Syracuse University, Syracuse, NY 13244, USA; (O.G.C.); (G.G.H.)
| | - Eric P. Krenning
- Cyclotron Rotterdam BV, Erasmus MC, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands;
| | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR “Demokritos”, 15341 Athens, Greece; (B.A.N.); (P.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +30-210-650-3908 or +30-210-650-3891
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3
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Kaloudi A, Kanellopoulos P, Radolf T, Chepurny OG, Rouchota M, Loudos G, Andreae F, Holz GG, Nock BA, Maina T. [ 99mTc]Tc-DGA1, a Promising CCK 2R-Antagonist-Based Tracer for Tumor Diagnosis with Single-Photon Emission Computed Tomography. Mol Pharm 2020; 17:3116-3128. [PMID: 32568549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.0c00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Radiolabeled gastrin analogues have been proposed for theranostics of cholecystokinin subtype 2 receptor (CCK2R)-positive cancer. Peptide radioligands based on other receptor antagonists have displayed superior pharmacokinetics and higher biosafety than agonists. Here, we present DGA1, a derivative of the nonpeptidic CCK2R antagonist Z-360 carrying an acyclic tetraamine, for [99mTc]Tc labeling. Preclinical comparison of [99mTc]Tc-DGA1 with [99mTc]Tc-DG2 (CCK2R-agonist reference) was conducted in HEK293-CCK2R/CCK2i4svR cells and mice models, qualifying [99mTc]Tc-DGA1 for further study in patients with CCK2R-positive tumors and single-photon emission computed tomography/CT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aikaterini Kaloudi
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | | | - Thorsten Radolf
- piCHEM Forschungs-und Entwicklungs GmbH, Parkring 3, 8074 Grambach, Austria
| | - Oleg G Chepurny
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, IHP 4310 at 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | - Maritina Rouchota
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - George Loudos
- BIOEMTECH, Lefkippos Attica Technology Park NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
| | - Fritz Andreae
- piCHEM Forschungs-und Entwicklungs GmbH, Parkring 3, 8074 Grambach, Austria
| | - George G Holz
- SUNY Upstate Medical University, IHP 4310 at 505 Irving Avenue, Syracuse, New York 13210, United States
| | | | - Theodosia Maina
- Molecular Radiopharmacy, INRASTES, NCSR "Demokritos", 15310 Athens, Greece
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Haskali MB, Roselt PD, Binns D, Hetsron A, Poniger S, Hutton CA, Hicks RJ. Automated preparation of clinical grade [ 68Ga]Ga-DOTA-CP04, a cholecystokinin-2 receptor agonist, using iPHASE MultiSyn synthesis platform. EJNMMI Radiopharm Chem 2019; 4:23. [PMID: 31659509 PMCID: PMC6707997 DOI: 10.1186/s41181-019-0067-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Gallium-68 ([68Ga]Ga) labelled radiopharmaceuticals have become a valuable tool in clinical practice using Positron Emission Tomography (PET). These agents are typically produced on-site owing to the short half-life of [68Ga]Ga (68 min), which hinders distant transportation and often cannot comply with Good Manufacturing Practice (GMP) in hospital environments due to limited resources or infrastructure constraints. Moreover, full blown GMP production of radiopharmaceuticals under development can be prohibitively expensive. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-CP04 is a promising peptide for imaging neuroendocrine tumors overexpressing the cholecyctokinin-2 receptor. Automation is an integral process in ensuring the radiopharmaceuticals produced under non-GMP conditions are of a uniform quality for routine clinical use. Herein, we describe the development of an automation platform, the iPHASE MultiSyn radiosynthesizer, to produce 68Ga-labelled DOTA-CP04 for routine clinical provision. Results The use of the MultiSyn module for 68Ga-labelling of DOTA-CP04 was investigated. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-CP04, was reproducibly prepared in high (> 70%) decay-corrected yields. [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-CP04 passed all predetermined acceptance criteria for human injection. Conclusions [68Ga]Ga-DOTA-CP04 was produced effectively using the MultiSyn module in a consistent and reproducible manner suitable for human injection. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s41181-019-0067-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad B Haskali
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.
| | - Peter D Roselt
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - David Binns
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Amit Hetsron
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stan Poniger
- iPHASE Technologies Pty. Ltd., Melbourne, Australia
| | - Craig A Hutton
- School of Chemistry, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia.,Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
| | - Rodney J Hicks
- The Centre for Molecular Imaging and Translational Research Laboratory, The Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, 3010, Australia
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6
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Rangger C, Klingler M, Balogh L, Pöstényi Z, Polyak A, Pawlak D, Mikołajczak R, von Guggenberg E. 177Lu Labeled Cyclic Minigastrin Analogues with Therapeutic Activity in CCK2R Expressing Tumors: Preclinical Evaluation of a Kit Formulation. Mol Pharm 2017; 14:3045-3058. [PMID: 28728415 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.7b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Minigastrin (MG) analogues specifically target cholecystokinin-2 receptors (CCK2R) expressed in different tumors and enable targeted radiotherapy of advanced and disseminated disease when radiolabeled with a beta emitter such as 177Lu. Especially truncated MG analogues missing the penta-Glu sequence are associated with low kidney retention and seem therefore most promising for therapeutic use. Based on [d-Glu1,desGlu2-6]MG (MG11) we have designed the two cyclic MG analogues cyclo1,9[γ-d-Glu1,desGlu2-6,d-Lys9]MG (cyclo-MG1) and cyclo1,9[γ-d-Glu1,desGlu2-6,d-Lys9,Nle11]MG (cyclo-MG2). In the present work we have developed and preclinically evaluated a pharmaceutical kit formulation for the labeling with 177Lu of the two DOTA-conjugated cyclic MG analogues. The stability of the kits during storage as well as the stability of the radiolabeled peptides was investigated. A cell line stably transfected with human CCK2R and a control cell line without receptor expression were used for in vitro and in vivo studies with the radioligands prepared from kit formulations. In terms of stability 177Lu-DOTA-cyclo-MG2 showed advantages over 177Lu-DOTA-cyclo-MG1. Still, for both radioligands a high receptor-mediated cell uptake and favorable pharmacokinetic profile combining receptor-specific tumor uptake with low unspecific tissue uptake and low kidney retention were confirmed. Investigating the therapy efficacy and treatment toxicity in xenografted BALB/c nude mice a receptor-specific and comparable therapeutic effect could be demonstrated for both radioligands. A 1.7- to 2.6-fold increase in tumor volume doubling time was observed for receptor-positive tumors in treated versus untreated animals, which was 39-73% higher when compared to receptor-negative tumors. The treatment was connected with transient bone marrow toxicity and minor signs of kidney toxicity. All together the obtained results support further studies for the clinical translation of this new therapeutic approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rangger
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Maximilian Klingler
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Medical University of Innsbruck , 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Lajos Balogh
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Biological Sciences, OKK-OSSKI , 1221 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zita Pöstényi
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Biological Sciences, OKK-OSSKI , 1221 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Andras Polyak
- Department of Nuclear Medicine and Translational Biological Sciences, OKK-OSSKI , 1221 Budapest, Hungary
| | - Dariusz Pawlak
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research , 05-400 Otwock, Poland
| | - Renata Mikołajczak
- Radioisotope Centre POLATOM, National Centre for Nuclear Research , 05-400 Otwock, Poland
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7
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Han Y, Su C, Yu D, Zhou S, Song X, Liu S, Qin M, Li Y, Xiao N, Cao X, Shi K, Cheng X, Liu Z. Cholecystokinin attenuates radiation-induced lung cancer cell apoptosis by modulating p53 gene transcription. Am J Transl Res 2017; 9:638-646. [PMID: 28337291 PMCID: PMC5340698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The deregulation of p53 in cancer cells is one of the important factors by which cancer cells escape from the immune surveillance. Cholecystokinin (CCK) has strong bioactivity in the regulation of a number of cell activities. This study tests a hypothesis that CCK interferes with p53 expression to affect the apoptotic process in lung cancer (tumor) cells. In this study, tumor-bearing mice and A549 cells (a tumor cell line) were irradiated. The expression of CCK and p53 in tumor cells was assessed with RT-qPCR and Western blotting. The binding of p300 to the promoter of p53 was evaluated by chromatin immunoprecipitation. We observed that, with a given amount and within a given period, small doses/more sessions of irradiation markedly increased the levels of CCK in the sera and tumor cells, which were positively correlated with the tumor growth in mice and negatively correlated with tumor cell apoptosis. CCK increased the levels of histone acetyltransferase p300 and repressed the levels of nuclear factor-kB at the p53 promoter locus in tumor cells, which suppressed the expression of p53. In conclusion, CCK plays an important role in attenuating the radiation-induced lung cancer cell apoptosis. CCK may be a novel therapeutic target in the treatment of lung cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi Han
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 101149, China
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijing 101149, China
| | - Chongyu Su
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 101149, China
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijing 101149, China
| | - Daping Yu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 101149, China
| | - Shijie Zhou
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 101149, China
| | - Xiaoyun Song
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 101149, China
| | - Shuku Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 101149, China
| | - Ming Qin
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 101149, China
| | - Yunsong Li
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 101149, China
| | - Ning Xiao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 101149, China
| | - Xiaoqing Cao
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 101149, China
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijing 101149, China
| | - Kang Shi
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijing 101149, China
| | - Xu Cheng
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijing 101149, China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Beijing Chest Hospital, Capital Medical UniversityBeijing 101149, China
- Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research InstituteBeijing 101149, China
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8
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Rao SV, Solum G, Niederdorfer B, Nørsett KG, Bjørkøy G, Thommesen L. Gastrin activates autophagy and increases migration and survival of gastric adenocarcinoma cells. BMC Cancer 2017; 17:68. [PMID: 28109268 PMCID: PMC5251222 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-017-3055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peptide hormone gastrin exerts a growth-promoting effect in both normal and malignant gastrointestinal tissue. Gastrin mediates its effect via the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCKBR/CCK2R). Although a substantial part of the gastric adenocarcinomas express gastrin and CCKBR, the role of gastrin in tumor development is not completely understood. Autophagy has been implicated in mechanisms governing cytoprotection, tumor growth, and contributes to chemoresistance. This study explores the role of autophagy in response to gastrin in gastric adenocarcinoma cell lines. METHODS Immunoblotting, survival assays and the xCELLigence system were used to study gastrin induced autophagy. Chemical inhibitors of autophagy were utilized to assess the role of this process in the regulation of cellular responses induced by gastrin. Further, knockdown studies using siRNA and immunoblotting were performed to explore the signaling pathways that activate autophagy in response to gastrin treatment. RESULTS We demonstrate that gastrin increases the expression of the autophagy markers MAP1LC3B-II and SQSTM1 in gastric adenocarcinoma cells. Gastrin induces autophagy via activation of the STK11-PRKAA2-ULK1 and that this signaling pathway is involved in increased migration and cell survival. Furthermore, gastrin mediated increase in survival of cells treated with cisplatin is partially dependent on induced autophagy. CONCLUSION This study reveals a novel role of gastrin in the regulation of autophagy. It also opens up new avenues in the treatment of gastric cancer by targeting CCKBR mediated signaling and/or autophagy in combination with conventional cytostatic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shalini V Rao
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway. .,Department of Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.
| | - Guri Solum
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Barbara Niederdorfer
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway
| | - Kristin G Nørsett
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,The Central Norway Regional Health Authority, Stjørdal, Norway
| | - Geir Bjørkøy
- Department of Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway.,CEMIR (Centre of Molecular Inflammation Research), NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
| | - Liv Thommesen
- Department of Cancer Research and Molecular Medicine, Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Trondheim, Norway.,Department of Technology, NTNU, Trondheim, Norway
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A Common CCK-B Receptor Intronic Variant in Pancreatic Adenocarcinoma in a Hungarian Cohort. Pancreas 2016; 45:541-5. [PMID: 26646278 PMCID: PMC4783207 DOI: 10.1097/mpa.0000000000000539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/10/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Variant c.811+32C>A in intron 4 of the cholecystokinin-B receptor gene (CCKBR) was reported to correlate with higher pancreatic cancer risk and poorer survival. The variant was suggested to induce retention of intron 4, resulting in a new splice form with enhanced receptor activity. Our objective was to validate the c.811+32C>A variant as an emerging biomarker for pancreatic cancer risk and prognosis. METHODS We genotyped variant c.811+32C>A in 122 pancreatic adenocarcinoma case patients and 106 control subjects by sequencing and examined its association with cancer risk and patient survival. We tested the functional effect of variant c.811+32C>A on pre-messenger RNA splicing in human embryonic kidney 293T and Capan-1 cells transfected with CCKBR minigenes. RESULTS The allele frequency of the variant was similar between patients and control subjects (18.4% and 17.9%, respectively). Survival analysis showed no significant difference between median survival of patients with the C/C genotype (266 days) and patients with the A/C or A/A genotypes (257 days). CCKBR minigenes with or without variant c.811+32C>A exhibited no difference in expression of the intron-retaining splice variant. CONCLUSION These data indicate that variant c.811+32C>A in CCKBR does not have a significant impact on pancreatic cancer risk or survival in a Hungarian cohort.
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10
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Roy J, Putt KS, Coppola D, Leon ME, Khalil FK, Centeno BA, Clark N, Stark VE, Morse DL, Low PS. Assessment of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) in neoplastic tissue. Oncotarget 2016; 7:14605-15. [PMID: 26910279 PMCID: PMC4924738 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.7522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The expression of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R, CCKBR or gastrin receptor) has been reported on a diverse range of cancers such as colorectal, liver, lung, pancreatic, ovarian, stomach, thyroid and numerous neuroendocrine/carcinoid tumors. Some cancers of the colorectum, lung, pancreas and thyroid have been shown to overexpress CCK2R in relation to normal matched tissues of the same organ. This reported overexpression has led to the development of a number of CCK2R-ligand targeted imaging and therapeutic agents. However, no comprehensive study comparing the expression of CCK2R in multiple cancers to multiple normal tissues has been performed. Herein, we report the immunohistochemical analysis of cancer samples from gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST), hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), pancreatic adenocarcinoma, and thyroid cancer against multiple normal tissue samples from esophagus, liver, lung, pancreas, stomach, spleen and thyroid. These results show that CCK2R expression is present in nearly all cancer and normal samples tested and that none of the cancer samples had expression that was statistically greater than that of all of the normal samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jyoti Roy
- Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Karson S. Putt
- Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
| | - Domenico Coppola
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Marino E. Leon
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Farah K. Khalil
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Barbara A. Centeno
- Department of Anatomic Pathology, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Noel Clark
- Tissue Core, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Valerie E. Stark
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Imaging and Technology Center of Excellence, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - David L. Morse
- Department of Cancer Imaging and Metabolism, Imaging and Technology Center of Excellence, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa FL 33612 USA
| | - Philip S. Low
- Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN 47907 USA
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Kue CS, Kamkaew A, Burgess K, Kiew LV, Chung LY, Lee HB. Small Molecules for Active Targeting in Cancer. Med Res Rev 2016; 36:494-575. [PMID: 26992114 DOI: 10.1002/med.21387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2015] [Revised: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 02/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
For the purpose of this review, active targeting in cancer research encompasses strategies wherein a ligand for a cell surface receptor expressed on tumor cells is used to deliver a cytotoxic or imaging cargo. This area of research is more than two decades old, but in those 20 and more years, how many receptors have been studied extensively? What kinds of the ligands are used for active targeting? Are they mostly naturally occurring molecules such as folic acid, or synthetic substances developed in campaigns for medicinal chemistry efforts? This review outlines the most important receptor or ligand combinations that have been used in active targeting to answer these questions, and therefore to address the most important one of all: is research in active targeting affording diminishing returns, or is this an area for which the potential far exceeds progress made so far?
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Affiliation(s)
- Chin S Kue
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Anyanee Kamkaew
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX, 77842
| | - Kevin Burgess
- Department of Chemistry, Texas A & M University, Box 30012, College Station, TX, 77842
| | - Lik V Kiew
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Lip Y Chung
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | - Hong B Lee
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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12
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Smith JP, Fonkoua LK, Moody TW. The Role of Gastrin and CCK Receptors in Pancreatic Cancer and other Malignancies. Int J Biol Sci 2016; 12:283-91. [PMID: 26929735 PMCID: PMC4753157 DOI: 10.7150/ijbs.14952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The gastrointestinal (GI) peptide gastrin is an important regulator of the release of gastric acid from the stomach parietal cells and it also plays an important role in growth of the gastrointestinal tract. It has become apparent that gastrin and its related peptide cholecystokinin (CCK) are also significantly involved with growth of GI cancers as well as other malignancies through activation of the cholecystokinin-B (CCK-B) receptor. Of interest, gastrin is expressed in the embryologic pancreas but not in the adult pancreas; however, gastrin becomes re-expressed in pancreatic cancer where it stimulates growth of this malignancy by an autocrine mechanism. Strategies to down-regulate gastrin or interfere with its interface with the CCK receptor with selective antibodies or receptor antagonists hold promise for the treatment of pancreatic cancer and other gastrin--responsive tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jill P Smith
- 1. Department of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Lionel K Fonkoua
- 2. Pennsylvania State University, College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA
| | - Terry W Moody
- 3. National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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13
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Wayua C, Roy J, Putt KS, Low PS. Selective Tumor Targeting of Desacetyl Vinblastine Hydrazide and Tubulysin B via Conjugation to a Cholecystokinin 2 Receptor (CCK2R) Ligand. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:2477-83. [PMID: 26043355 PMCID: PMC4674820 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
![]()
As the delivery of selectively targeted
cytotoxic agents via antibodies
or small molecule ligands to malignancies has begun to show promise
in the clinic, the need to identify and validate additional cellular
targets for specific therapeutic delivery is critical. Although a
multitude of cancers have been targeted using the folate receptor,
PSMA, bombesin receptor, somatostatin receptor, LHRH, and αvβ3, there is a notable lack of specific small
molecule ligand/receptor pairs to cellular targets found within cancers
of the GI tract. Because of the selective GI tract expression of the
cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R), we undertook the creation of conjugates
that would deliver microtubule-disrupting drugs to malignancies through
the specific targeting of CCK2R via a high affinity small molecule
ligand. The cytotoxic activity of these conjugates were shown to be
receptor mediated in vitro and in vivo with xenograft mouse models
exhibiting delayed growth or regression of tumors that expressed CCK2R.
Overall, this work demonstrates that ligands to CCK2R can be used
to create selectively targeted therapeutic conjugates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Wayua
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Jyoti Roy
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Karson S Putt
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
| | - Philip S Low
- †Department of Chemistry and ‡Center for Drug Discovery, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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14
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Kolenc Peitl P, Tamma M, Kroselj M, Braun F, Waser B, Reubi JC, Sollner Dolenc M, Maecke HR, Mansi R. Stereochemistry of amino acid spacers determines the pharmacokinetics of (111)In-DOTA-minigastrin analogues for targeting the CCK2/gastrin receptor. Bioconjug Chem 2015; 26:1113-9. [PMID: 25971921 DOI: 10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.5b00187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
The metabolic instability and high kidney retention of minigastrin (MG) analogues hamper their suitability for use in peptide-receptor radionuclide therapy of CCK2/gastrin receptor-expressing tumors. High kidney retention has been related to N-terminal glutamic acids and can be substantially reduced by coinjection of polyglutamic acids or gelofusine. The aim of the present study was to investigate the influence of the stereochemistry of the N-terminal amino acid spacer on the enzymatic stability and pharmacokinetics of (111)In-DOTA-(d-Glu)6-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 ((111)In-PP11-D) and (111)In-DOTA-(l-Glu)6-Ala-Tyr-Gly-Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 ((111)In-PP11-L). Using circular dichroism measurements, we demonstrate the important role of secondary structure on the pharmacokinetics of the two MG analogues. The higher in vitro serum stability together with the improved tumor-to-kidney ratio of the (d-Glu)6 congener indicates that this MG analogue might be a good candidate for further clinical study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Kolenc Peitl
- †Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - MariaLuisa Tamma
- ‡Division of Radiological Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland
| | - Marko Kroselj
- †Department of Nuclear Medicine, University Medical Centre Ljubljana, Zaloska cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Friederike Braun
- §Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Beatrice Waser
- ∥Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Jean Claude Reubi
- ∥Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland
| | - Marija Sollner Dolenc
- ⊥Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Ljubljana, Askerceva cesta 7, SI-1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Helmut R Maecke
- ‡Division of Radiological Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,§Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
| | - Rosalba Mansi
- ‡Division of Radiological Chemistry, University Hospital Basel, Petersgraben 4, CH-4031 Basel, Switzerland.,§Department of Nuclear Medicine, University of Freiburg, Hugstetterstrasse 55, 79106 Freiburg, Germany
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15
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Wayua C, Low PS. Evaluation of a nonpeptidic ligand for imaging of cholecystokinin 2 receptor-expressing cancers. J Nucl Med 2014; 56:113-9. [PMID: 25500824 DOI: 10.2967/jnumed.114.144998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Tumor-specific targeting ligands were recently exploited to deliver both imaging and therapeutic agents selectively to cancer tissues in vivo. Because the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) is overexpressed in various human cancers (e.g., lung, medullary thyroid, pancreatic, colon, and gastrointestinal stromal tumors) but displays limited expression in normal tissues, natural ligands of CCK2R were recently explored for use in the imaging of CCK2R-expressing cancers. Unfortunately, the results from these studies revealed not only that the peptidic CCK2R ligands were unstable in vivo but also that the ligands that mediated good uptake by tumor tissues also promoted a high level of retention of the radioimaging agent in the kidneys, probably because of capture of the conjugates by peptide-scavenging receptors. In an effort to reduce the normal organ retention of CCK2R-targeted drugs, we synthesized a nonpeptidic ligand of CCK2R and examined its specificity for CCK2R both in vitro and in vivo. METHODS Nonpeptidic agonists and antagonists of CCK2R described in the literature were evaluated for their affinities and specificities for CCK2R. Z-360, a benzodiazepine-derived CCK2R antagonist with subnanomolar affinity, was selected for complexation to (99m)Tc via multiple spacers. After synthesis and purification, 4 complexes with different physicochemical properties were evaluated for binding to CCK2R-transfected HEK 293 cells. The best conjugate, termed CRL-3-(99m)Tc, was injected into mice bearing CCK2R tumor xenografts and examined by γ scintigraphy and SPECT/CT. The uptake of the conjugate in various organs was also quantified by tissue resection and γ counting. RESULTS CRL-3-(99m)Tc was shown to bind with low nanomolar affinity to CCK2R in vitro and was localized to tumor tissues in athymic nu/nu mice implanted with CCK2R-expressing tumors. At 4 h after injection, tumor uptake was measured at 12.0 ± 2.0 percentage injected dose per gram of tissue. CONCLUSION Because the uptake of CRL-3-(99m)Tc by nonmalignant tissues was negligible and retention in the kidneys was only transient, we suggest that CRL-3-(99m)Tc may be a useful radioimaging agent for the detection, sizing, and monitoring of CCK2R-expressing tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Wayua
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
| | - Philip S Low
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana
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16
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Abstract
Radiolabeled somatostatin analogues are routinely used for the detection of neuroendocrine tumors (NETs), exploiting the expression of somatostatin-receptor subtypes on the cell membrane. Because of the heterogeneity of the origin of these tumors, the performance of radiolabeled somatostatin analogues in certain types of NETs is limited due to the low incidence or low levels of receptor expression. In this review, the most recent developments and in vitro and in vivo characterization of these radiolabeled peptide analogues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maarten Brom
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
| | - Otto Boerman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Martin Gotthardt
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J G Oyen
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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17
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Wayua C, Low PS. Evaluation of a cholecystokinin 2 receptor-targeted near-infrared dye for fluorescence-guided surgery of cancer. Mol Pharm 2013; 11:468-76. [PMID: 24325469 DOI: 10.1021/mp400429h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Surgical resection of malignant disease remains one of the most effective tools for treating cancer. Tumor-targeted near-infrared dyes have the potential to improve contrast between normal and malignant tissues, thereby enabling surgeons to more quantitatively resect malignant disease. Because the cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R and its tumor-specific splice variant CCK2i4svR) is overexpressed in cancers of the lungs, colon, thyroid, pancreas, and stomach, but absent or inaccessible to parenterally administered drugs in most normal tissues, we have undertaken to design a targeting ligand that can deliver attached near-infrared dyes to CCK2R+ tumors. We report here the synthesis and biological characterization of a CCK2R-targeted conjugate of the near-infrared dye, LS-288 (CRL-LS288). We demonstrate that CRL-LS288 binds selectively to CCK2R+ cancer cells with low nanomolar affinity (Kd = 7 × 10(-9) M). We further show that CRL-LS288 localizes primarily to CCK2R-expressing HEK 293 murine tumor xenografts and that dye uptake in these xenografts is significantly reduced when CCK2R are blocked by preinjection of excess ligand (CRL) or when mice are implanted with CCK2R-negative tumors. Because CRL-LS288 is also found to reveal the locations of distant tumor metastases, we suggest that CRL-LS288 has the potential to facilitate intraoperative identification of malignant disease during a variety of cancer debulking surgeries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charity Wayua
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University , West Lafayette, Indiana 47907, United States
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18
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An In Vivo and In Vitro Evaluation of the Mutual Interactions between the Lung and the Large Intestine. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:695641. [PMID: 23970934 PMCID: PMC3736455 DOI: 10.1155/2013/695641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
One of the most important theories of the traditional Chinese medicine is the exterior-interior relationship between the lung and the large intestine; so far, little direct experimental evidence has been reported to support such relationship. Here we for the first time investigated the mutual interactions between the lung and the large intestine by examining the relevancies between the pulmonary functions and the rectal resting pressure in the rat models of asthma and constipation. We also evaluated the effects of the lung homogenate and the large intestine homogenate on the isolated large intestine muscle strip and the isolated tracheal spiral, respectively. Our results showed that the pulmonary resistance and pulmonary compliance were closely related to the rectal resting pressure in the asthmatic rat model, while the rectal resting pressure was much correlated with the pulmonary resistance in the rat model of constipation. Moreover, it was shown that the lung homogenate could specifically contract the isolated large intestine muscle strip. Overall, this study provided new lines of evidence for the theory and highlighted the potential application in the treatment of the corresponding diseases.
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19
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Abstract
C-terminally amidated gastrins act at cholecystokinin-2 receptors (CCK2R), which are normally expressed by gastric parietal and enterochromaffin-like (ECL) cells and smooth muscle; there is also extensive expression in the CNS where the main endogenous ligand is cholecystokinin. A variety of neoplasms express CCK2R, or splice variants, including neuroendocrine, pancreatic, medullary thyroid and lung cancers. Other products of the gastrin gene (progastrin, the Gly-gastrins) may stimulate cell proliferation but are not CCK2R ligands. Depending on the cell type, stimulation of CCK2R evokes secretion, increases proliferation and cell migration, inhibits apoptosis, and controls the expression of various genes. These effects are mediated by increased intracellular calcium and activation of protein kinase C, MAPkinase and other protein kinase cascades. There has been recent progress in developing CCK2R ligands that can be used for imaging tumours expressing the receptor. New antagonists have also been developed, and there is scope for using these for suppression of gastric acid and for treatment of neuroendocrine and other CCK2R-expressing tumours.
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20
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Körner M, Rehmann R, Reubi JC. GLP-2 receptors in human disease: high expression in gastrointestinal stromal tumors and Crohn's disease. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 364:46-53. [PMID: 22951144 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2012.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Peptide hormones of the glucagon-like peptide (GLP) family play an increasing clinical role, as reported for GLP-1 in diabetes therapy and insulinoma diagnostics. GLP-2, despite its known trophic and anti-inflammatory intestinal actions translated into preliminary clinical studies using the GLP-2 analogue teduglutide for treatment of short bowel syndrome and Crohn's disease, remains poorly characterized in terms of expression of its receptor in tissues of interest. Therefore, the GLP-2 receptor expression was assessed in 237 tumor and 148 non-neoplastic tissue samples with in vitro receptor autoradiography. A GLP-2 receptor expression was present in 68% of gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST). Furthermore, GLP-2 receptors were identified in the intestinal myenteric plexus, with significant up-regulation in active Crohn's disease. The GLP-2 receptors in GIST may be used for clinical applications like in vivo targeting with radiolabelled GLP-2 analogues for imaging and therapy. Moreover, the over-expressed GLP-2 receptor in the myenteric plexus may represent the morphological correlate of the clinical target of teduglutide in Crohn's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Körner
- Division of Cell Biology and Experimental Cancer Research, Institute of Pathology, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland.
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21
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Quattrone A, Dewaele B, Wozniak A, Bauters M, Vanspauwen V, Floris G, Schöffski P, Chibon F, Coindre JM, Sciot R, Debiec-Rychter M. Promoting role of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) in gastrointestinal stromal tumour pathogenesis. J Pathol 2012; 228:565-74. [PMID: 22786615 DOI: 10.1002/path.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 07/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R/CCKBR) is expressed in gastrointestinal stromal tumours (GISTs). We sought to investigate the role of CCK2R in GIST pathogenesis. Molecular characterization of CCK2R was performed on a heterogeneous cohort of 50 GISTs. In addition, CCK2R expression was evaluated by immunohistochemistry (IHC), using tissue microarray (TMA) containing 292 GISTs, two cases of hyperplasia of interstitial Cajal's cells (ICC) and six gastric microscopic GISTs. Mono-allelic loss of the CCK2R/11p15 allele was identified in 13.7% of GISTs, having no impact on the level of CCK2R transcript expression. No CCK2R mutations were found. The CCK2Ri4sv, CCK2R splice variant with retention of intron 4 was detected in six of 20 tumours analysed. Wild-type CCK2R transcripts were commonly expressed (57.1% of cases) and this expression was highly correlated with gastric primary site of GISTs (p < 0.001). At the protein level, expression of CCK2R in incidental ICC hyperplasia and early stages of gastric GIST development was documented, and its gastric association was confirmed on GIST-TMA by IHC. To explore the in vivo effect of CCK2R activation on tumour growth, gastrin versus placebo was administered intraperitoneally in nude mice carrying human GIST xenografts. The tumour volume was followed for 10 weeks. The effect of this stimulation on tumour cell proliferation/apoptosis was assessed by IHC and KIT/PKC-θ signalling was evaluated by western blotting (WB). In vivo experiments showed a two-fold increase in the volume of tumours which were exposed to gastrin in comparison with non-exposed controls (p = 0.03), with a significant increase in mitotic activity (p = 0.04) and Ki-67 proliferation index (p = 0.008). By WB, gastrin stimulation resulted in hyper-activation of KIT and PKC-θ kinases, and in evident PI3K-AKT pathway over-activation. Our results indicate a promoting role of CCK2R on GIST tumourigenesis, particularly in tumours of gastric origin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Quattrone
- Department of Human Genetics, KU Leuven and University Hospitals Leuven, Belgium
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22
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Laverman P, Sosabowski JK, Boerman OC, Oyen WJG. Radiolabelled peptides for oncological diagnosis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2012; 39 Suppl 1:S78-92. [PMID: 22388627 PMCID: PMC3304069 DOI: 10.1007/s00259-011-2014-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Radiolabelled receptor-binding peptides targeting receptors (over)expressed on tumour cells are widely under investigation for tumour diagnosis and therapy. The concept of using radiolabelled receptor-binding peptides to target receptor-expressing tissues in vivo has stimulated a large body of research in nuclear medicine. The 111In-labelled somatostatin analogue octreotide (OctreoScan™) is the most successful radiopeptide for tumour imaging, and was the first to be approved for diagnostic use. Based on the success of these studies, other receptor-targeting peptides such as cholecystokinin/gastrin analogues, glucagon-like peptide-1, bombesin (BN), chemokine receptor CXCR4 targeting peptides, and RGD peptides are currently under development or undergoing clinical trials. In this review, we discuss some of these peptides and their analogues, with regard to their potential for radionuclide imaging of tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Laverman
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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23
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Rai R, Chandra V, Tewari M, Kumar M, Shukla HS. Cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors targeting in gastrointestinal cancer. Surg Oncol 2012; 21:281-92. [PMID: 22801592 DOI: 10.1016/j.suronc.2012.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2011] [Revised: 05/16/2012] [Accepted: 06/21/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin and Gastrin are amongst the first gastrointestinal hormone discovered. In addition to classical actions (contraction of gallbladder, growth and secretion in the stomach and pancreas), these also act as growth stimulants for gastrointestinal malignancies and cell lines. Growth of these tumours is inhibited by antagonists of the cholecystokinin and gastrin receptors. These receptors provides most promising approach in clinical oncology and several specific radiolabelled ligands have been synthesized for specific tumour targeting and therapy of tumours overexpressing these receptors. Therefore, definition of the molecular structure of the receptor involved in the autocrine/paracrine loop may contribute to novel therapies for gastrointestinal cancer. Hence, this review tries to focus on the role and distribution of these hormones and their receptors in gastrointestinal cancer with a brief talk about the clinical trial using available agonist and antagonist in gastrointestinal cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajani Rai
- Department of Surgical Oncology, Banaras Hindu University, 7 SKG Colony, Lanka, Varanasi 221005, Uttar Pradesh, India
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24
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Willard MD, Lajiness ME, Wulur IH, Feng B, Swearingen ML, Uhlik MT, Kinzler KW, Velculescu VE, Sjöblom T, Markowitz SD, Powell SM, Vogelstein B, Barber TD. Somatic mutations in CCK2R alter receptor activity that promote oncogenic phenotypes. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 10:739-49. [PMID: 22516348 PMCID: PMC3904773 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-11-0483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The roles of cholecystokinin 2 receptor (CCK2R) in numerous physiologic processes in the gastrointestinal tract and central nervous system are well documented. There has been some evidence that CCK2R alterations play a role in cancers, but the functional significance of these alterations for tumorigenesis is unknown. We have identified six mutations in CCK2R among a panel of 140 colorectal cancers and 44 gastric cancers. We show that these mutations increase receptor activity, activate multiple downstream signaling pathways, increase cell migration, and promote angiogenesis. Our findings suggest that somatic mutations in CCK2R may promote tumorigenesis through deregulated receptor activity and highlight the importance of evaluating CCK2R inhibitors to block both the normal and mutant forms of the receptor.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Movement/genetics
- Cell Shape/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/genetics
- Cell Transformation, Neoplastic/metabolism
- Cells, Cultured
- Coculture Techniques
- Colorectal Neoplasms/genetics
- Colorectal Neoplasms/metabolism
- Colorectal Neoplasms/pathology
- DNA Mutational Analysis
- Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Endothelial Cells/physiology
- HEK293 Cells
- Humans
- Immunoblotting
- Mice
- Microscopy, Fluorescence
- Mutation
- NIH 3T3 Cells
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/metabolism
- Neovascularization, Pathologic/physiopathology
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics
- Neovascularization, Physiologic/physiology
- Phenotype
- RNA Interference
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/genetics
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/metabolism
- Receptor, Cholecystokinin B/physiology
- Stomach Neoplasms/genetics
- Stomach Neoplasms/metabolism
- Stomach Neoplasms/pathology
- Transfection
- Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Melinda D. Willard
- Department of Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Mary E. Lajiness
- Department of Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Isabella H. Wulur
- Department of Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | | | - Mark T. Uhlik
- Department of Cancer Angiogenesis, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Kenneth W. Kinzler
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Victor E. Velculescu
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Tobias Sjöblom
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Sanford D. Markowitz
- Department of Medicine and Comprehensive Cancer Center, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine and Case Medical Center, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Steven M. Powell
- Division of Gastroenterology/Hepatology, University of Virginia Health System, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Bert Vogelstein
- Ludwig Center for Cancer Genetics and Therapeutics and Howard Hughes Medical Institute at Johns Hopkins Kimmel Cancer Center, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Thomas D. Barber
- Department of Translational Science, Lilly Research Laboratories, Indianapolis, Indiana
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25
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Sanchez C, Escrieut C, Clerc P, Gigoux V, Waser B, Reubi JC, Fourmy D. Characterization of a novel five-transmembrane domain cholecystokinin-2 receptor splice variant identified in human tumors. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:170-9. [PMID: 22040601 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 10/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The cholecystokinin-2 receptor (CCK2R), is expressed in cancers where it contributes to tumor progression. The CCK2R is over-expressed in a sub-set of tumors, allowing its use in tumor targeting with a radiolabel ligand. Since discrepancies between mRNA levels and CCK2R binding sites were noticed, we searched for abnormally spliced variants in tumors from various origins having been previously reported to frequently express cholecystokinin receptors, such as medullary thyroid carcinomas, gastrointestinal stromal tumors, leiomyomas and leiomyosarcomas, and gastroenteropancreatic tumors. A variant of the CCK2R coding for a putative five-transmembrane domains receptor has been cloned. This variant represented as much as 6% of CCK2R levels. Ectopic expression in COS-7 cells revealed that this variant lacks biological activity due to its sequestration in endoplasmic reticulum. When co-expressed with the CCK2R, this variant diminished membrane density of the CCK2R and CCK2R-mediated activity (phospholipase-C and ERK activation). In conclusion, a novel splice variant acting as a dominant negative on membrane density of the CCK2R may be of importance for the pathophysiology of certain tumors and for their in vivo CCK2R-targeting.
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Current world literature. Curr Opin Endocrinol Diabetes Obes 2011; 18:83-98. [PMID: 21178692 DOI: 10.1097/med.0b013e3283432fa7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW This review summarizes the past year's literature regarding the regulation of gastric exocrine and endocrine secretion at the central, peripheral, and cellular levels. RECENT FINDINGS Gastric acid secretion is an intricate and dynamic process that is regulated by neural (efferent and afferent), hormonal (e.g., gastrin), and paracrine (e.g., histamine, ghrelin, somatostatin) pathways as well as mechanical (e.g., distension) and chemical (e.g., protein, glutamate, coffee, and ethanol) stimuli. Secretion of hydrochloric acid by the parietal cell involves recruitment and fusion of HK-adenosine triphosphatase (HK-ATPase)-containing cytoplasmic tubulovesicles with the apical membrane with subsequent electroneutral transport of hydronium ions in exchange for potassium; the source of the latter is the potassium channel, KCNQ1. Concomitantly, chloride exits via the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator. Inhibition of the HK-ATPase by proton pump inhibitors leads to a compensatory hypergastrinemia which, if prolonged, results in parietal and enterochromaffin-like cell hyperplasia. The clinical consequence is rebound acid secretion which may induce dyspeptic symptoms in healthy individuals and exacerbate reflux symptoms in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. SUMMARY We continue to make progress in our understanding of the regulation of gastric acid secretion in health and disease. A better understanding of the pathways and mechanisms regulating acid secretion should lead to improved management of patients with acid-induced disorders as well as those who secrete too little acid.
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Roosenburg S, Laverman P, van Delft FL, Boerman OC. Radiolabeled CCK/gastrin peptides for imaging and therapy of CCK2 receptor-expressing tumors. Amino Acids 2010; 41:1049-58. [PMID: 20198494 PMCID: PMC3205271 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-010-0501-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2009] [Accepted: 01/25/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Cholecystokinin (CCK) receptors are overexpressed in numerous human cancers, like medullary thyroid carcinomas, small cell lung cancers and stromal ovarian cancers. The specific receptor-binding property of the endogenous ligands for these receptors can be exploited by labeling peptides with a radionuclide and using these as carriers to guide the radioactivity to the tissues that express the receptors. In this way, tumors can be visualized using positron emission tomography and single photon emission computed tomography imaging. A variety of radiolabeled CCK/gastrin-related peptides has been synthesized and characterized for imaging. All peptides have the C-terminal CCK receptor-binding tetrapeptide sequence Trp-Met-Asp-Phe-NH2 in common or derivatives thereof. This review focuses on the development and application of radiolabeled CCK/gastrin peptides for radionuclide imaging and radionuclide therapy of tumors expressing CCK receptors. We discuss both preclinical studies as well as clinical studies with CCK and gastrin peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Roosenburg
- Department of Nuclear Medicine, Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands.
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Körner M, Miller LJ. Alternative splicing of pre-mRNA in cancer: focus on G protein-coupled peptide hormone receptors. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2009; 175:461-72. [PMID: 19574427 DOI: 10.2353/ajpath.2009.081135] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Through alternative splicing, multiple different transcripts can be generated from a single gene. Alternative splicing represents an important molecular mechanism of gene regulation in physiological processes such as developmental programming as well as in disease. In cancer, splicing is significantly altered. Tumors express a different collection of alternative spliceoforms than normal tissues. Many tumor-associated splice variants arise from genes with an established role in carcinogenesis or tumor progression, and their functions can be oncogenic. This raises the possibility that products of alternative splicing play a pathogenic role in cancer. Moreover, cancer-associated spliceoforms represent potential diagnostic biomarkers and therapeutic targets. G protein-coupled peptide hormone receptors provide a good illustration of alternative splicing in cancer. The wild-type forms of these receptors have long been known to be expressed in cancer and to modulate tumor cell functions. They are also recognized as attractive clinical targets. Recently, splice variants of these receptors have been increasingly identified in various types of cancer. In particular, alternative cholecystokinin type 2, secretin, and growth hormone-releasing hormone receptor spliceoforms are expressed in tumors. Peptide hormone receptor splice variants can fundamentally differ from their wild-type receptor counterparts in pharmacological and functional characteristics, in their distribution in normal and malignant tissues, and in their potential use for clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meike Körner
- Institute of Pathology of the University of Berne, Murtenstrasse 31, CH-3010 Berne, Switzerland.
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