1
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Wang XY, Ma TL, Chen KN, Pang ZY, Wang H, Huang JM, Qi GB, Wang CZ, Jiang ZX, Gong LJ, Wang Z, Jiang C, Yan ZQ. Accumulation of LDL/ox-LDL in the necrotic region participates in osteonecrosis of the femoral head: a pathological and in vitro study. Lipids Health Dis 2021; 20:167. [PMID: 34823555 PMCID: PMC8620162 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-021-01601-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Osteonecrosis of the femoral head (ONFH) is a common but intractable disease that appears to involve lipid metabolic disorders. Although numerous studies have demonstrated that high blood levels of low-density lipoprotein (LDL) are closely associated with ONFH, there is limited evidence to explain the pathological role of LDL. Pathological and in vitro studies were performed to investigate the role of disordered metabolism of LDL and oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) in the femoral head in the pathology of ONFH. Methods Nineteen femoral head specimens from patients with ONFH were obtained for immunohistochemistry analysis. Murine long-bone osteocyte Y4 cells were used to study the effects of LDL/ox-LDL on cell viability, apoptosis, and metabolism process of LDL/ox-LDL in osteocytes in normoxic and hypoxic environments. Results In the pathological specimens, marked accumulation of LDL/ox-LDL was observed in osteocytes/lacunae of necrotic regions compared with healthy regions. In vitro studies showed that ox-LDL, rather than LDL, reduced the viability and enhanced apoptosis of osteocytes. Pathological sections indicated that the accumulation of ox-LDL was significantly associated with impaired blood supply. Exposure to a hypoxic environment appeared to be a key factor leading to LDL/ox-LDL accumulation by enhancing internalisation and oxidation of LDL in osteocytes. Conclusions The accumulation of LDL/ox-LDL in the necrotic region may contribute to the pathology of ONFH. These findings could provide new insights into the prevention and treatment of ONFH. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12944-021-01601-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Yuan Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, West China Hospital, West China Medical School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, Sichuan Province, China.,Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Tian-Le Ma
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Kang-Ning Chen
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zhi-Ying Pang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Jun-Ming Huang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Guo-Bin Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen-Zhong Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Zeng-Xin Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Lin-Jing Gong
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610041, China
| | - Zhe Wang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chang Jiang
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Zuo-Qin Yan
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, 180 Fenglin Road, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Qiao J, Wu Y, Ren Y. The impact of a high fat diet on bones: potential mechanisms. Food Funct 2021; 12:963-975. [PMID: 33443523 DOI: 10.1039/d0fo02664f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
High-fat diet led to bone loss via gut microbiota and fatty acid imbalances, immune disorder and adipose tissue accumulation inside and outside the bone marrow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou
- 310009
- China
| | - Yiwen Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery
- Ningbo Hospital
- Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Ningbo 315010
- China
| | - Yuezhong Ren
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism
- the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine
- Hangzhou
- 310009
- China
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3
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Ishizuka T, Nagata W, Nomura-Takahashi S, Satoh Y. Effects of oxidized low-density lipoprotein on differentiation of mouse neural progenitor cells into neural cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 888:173456. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173456] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Revised: 07/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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4
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Li X, Jiang M, Tan T, Narasimhulu CA, Xiao Y, Hao H, Cui Y, Zhang J, Liu L, Yang C, Li Y, Ma J, Verfaillie CM, Parthasarathy S, Zhu H, Liu Z. N-acetylcysteine prevents oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced reduction of MG53 and enhances MG53 protective effect on bone marrow stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2019; 24:886-898. [PMID: 31742908 PMCID: PMC6933383 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.14798] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 10/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
MG53 is an important membrane repair protein and partially protects bone marrow multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) against oxidized low‐density lipoprotein (ox‐LDL). The present study was to test the hypothesis that the limited protective effect of MG53 on MAPCs was due to ox‐LDL‐induced reduction of MG53. MAPCs were cultured with and without ox‐LDL (0‐20 μg/mL) for up to 48 hours with or without MG53 and antioxidant N‐acetylcysteine (NAC). Serum MG53 level was measured in ox‐LDL‐treated mice with or without NAC treatment. Ox‐LDL induced significant membrane damage and substantially impaired MAPC survival with selective inhibition of Akt phosphorylation. NAC treatment effectively prevented ox‐LDL‐induced reduction of Akt phosphorylation without protecting MAPCs against ox‐LDL. While having no effect on Akt phosphorylation, MG53 significantly decreased ox‐LDL‐induced membrane damage and partially improved the survival, proliferation and apoptosis of MAPCs in vitro. Ox‐LDL significantly decreased MG53 level in vitro and serum MG53 level in vivo without changing MG53 clearance. NAC treatment prevented ox‐LDL‐induced MG53 reduction both in vitro and in vivo. Combined NAC and MG53 treatment significantly improved MAPC survival against ox‐LDL. These data suggested that NAC enhanced the protective effect of MG53 on MAPCs against ox‐LDL through preventing ox‐LDL‐induced reduction of MG53.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Dalian, China.,Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Meng Jiang
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Tao Tan
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Chandrakala A Narasimhulu
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Hong Hao
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yuqi Cui
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Lingjuan Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Chunlin Yang
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Yixi Li
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
| | - Jianjie Ma
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Sampath Parthasarathy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, College of Medicine, University of Central Florida, Orlando, FL, USA
| | - Hua Zhu
- Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Center for Precision Medicine and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri, USA
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5
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Mahdavi Gorabi A, Banach M, Reiner Ž, Pirro M, Hajighasemi S, Johnston TP, Sahebkar A. The Role of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Atherosclerosis: Prospects for Therapy via the Modulation of Inflammatory Milieu. J Clin Med 2019; 8:jcm8091413. [PMID: 31500373 PMCID: PMC6780166 DOI: 10.3390/jcm8091413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2019] [Revised: 09/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is a chronic, inflammatory disease that mainly affects the arterial intima. The disease is more prevalent in middle-age and older individuals with one or more cardiovascular risk factors, including dyslipidemia, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, obesity, and others. The beginning and development of atherosclerosis has been associated with several immune components, including infiltration of inflammatory cells, monocyte/macrophage-derived foam cells, and inflammatory cytokines and chemokines. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) originate from several tissue sources of the body and have self-renewal and multipotent differentiation characteristics. They also have immunomodulatory and anti-inflammatory properties. Recently, it was shown that MSCs have a regulatory role in plasma lipid levels. In addition, MSCs have shown to have promising potential in terms of treatment strategies for several diseases, including those with an inflammatory component. In this regard, transplantation of MSCs to patients with atherosclerosis has been proposed as a novel strategy in the treatment of this disease. In this review, we summarize the current advancements regarding MSCs for the treatment of atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Armita Mahdavi Gorabi
- Department of Basic and Clinical Research, Tehran Heart Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1411713138, Iran
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, WAM University Hospital in Lodz, Medical University of Lodz, Zeromskiego 113, 90-549 Lodz, Poland
- Polish Mother's Memorial Hospital Research Institute (PMMHRI), 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal medicine, University Hospital Center Zagreb, Kišpatićeva 12, Zagreb 1000, Croatia
| | - Matteo Pirro
- Unit of Internal Medicine, Angiology and Arteriosclerosis Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Perugia, 06123 Perugia, Italy
| | - Saeideh Hajighasemi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology, Faculty of Paramedicine, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin 1531534199, Iran
| | - Thomas P Johnston
- Division of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Missouri-Kansas City, Kansas City, MO 64110, USA
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778-99191, Iran.
- Neurogenic Inflammation Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778-99191, Iran.
- School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 91778-99191, Iran.
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6
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Ito T, Ichihashi T, Fujita H, Sugiura T, Ohte N. Impact of malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein on coronary plaque vulnerability in patients not receiving lipid-lowering therapy: a whole coronary analysis with multislice-computed tomography. Heart Vessels 2017; 33:351-357. [DOI: 10.1007/s00380-017-1074-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 10/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
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Tamrin SH, Majedi FS, Tondar M, Sanati-Nezhad A, Hasani-Sadrabadi MM. Electromagnetic Fields and Stem Cell Fate: When Physics Meets Biology. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2017; 171:63-97. [PMID: 27515674 DOI: 10.1007/112_2016_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Controlling stem cell (SC) fate is an extremely important topic in the realm of SC research. A variety of different external cues mainly mechanical, chemical, or electrical stimulations individually or in combination have been incorporated to control SC fate. Here, we will deconstruct the probable relationship between the functioning of electromagnetic (EMF) and SC fate of a variety of different SCs. The electromagnetic (EM) nature of the cells is discussed with the emphasis on the effects of EMF on the determinant factors that directly and/or indirectly influence cell fate. Based on the EM effects on a variety of cellular processes, it is believed that EMFs can be engineered to provide a controlled signal with the highest impact on the SC fate decision. Considering the novelty and broad applications of applying EMFs to change SC fate, it is necessary to shed light on many unclear mechanisms underlying this phenomenon.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Hassanpour Tamrin
- Center of Excellence in Biomaterials, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Amirkabir University of Technology, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Mahdi Tondar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular & Cellular Biology, School of Medicine, Georgetown University, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Amir Sanati-Nezhad
- BioMEMS and BioInspired Microfluidic Laboratory, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Center for Bioengineering Research and Education, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada, T2N1N4.
| | - Mohammad Mahdi Hasani-Sadrabadi
- Department of Chemistry & Biochemistry, and California NanoSystems Institute, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, 90095, USA.
- Parker H. Petit Institute for Bioengineering and Bioscience and G.W. Woodruff School of Mechanical Engineering, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.
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8
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Silva SF, Levy D, Ruiz JLM, de Melo TC, Isaac C, Fidelis ML, Rodrigues A, Bydlowski SP. Oxysterols in adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cell proliferation and death. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 169:164-175. [PMID: 27133385 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.04.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/27/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells characterized by self-renewal and cellular differentiation capabilities. Oxysterols comprise a very heterogeneous group derived from cholesterol through enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation. Potent effects in cell death processes, including cytoxicity and apoptosis induction, were described in several cell lines. Very little is known about the effects of oxysterols in MSCs. 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC), one of the most important oxysterols, was shown to be cytotoxic to human adipose tissue-derived MSCs. Here, we describe the short-term (24h) cytotoxic effects of cholestan-3α-5β-6α-triol, 3,5 cholestan-7-one, (3α-5β-6α)- cholestane-3,6-diol, 7-oxocholest-5-en-3β-yl acetate, and 5β-6β epoxy-cholesterol, on MSCs derived from human adipose tissue. MSCs were isolated from adipose tissue obtained from three young, healthy women. Oxysterols, with the exception of 3,5 cholestan-7-one and 7-oxocholest-5-en-3β-yl acetate, led to a complex mode of cell death that include apoptosis, necrosis and autophagy, depending on the type of oxysterol and concentration, being cholestan-3α-5β-6α-triol the most effective. Inhibition of proliferation was also promoted by these oxysterols, but no changes in cell cycle were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Suelen Feitoza Silva
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av.Dr.Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155, 1st floor, room 43, 05403-000, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Débora Levy
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av.Dr.Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155, 1st floor, room 43, 05403-000, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Luis Maria Ruiz
- Federal University of Latin American Integration-UNILA, Life and Nature Science Institute, Av. Tarquinio Joslin dos Santos, 1000, Sala 105, CEP: 85870-901, Foz do Iguacu, Parana/PR, Brazil
| | - Thatiana Correa de Melo
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av.Dr.Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155, 1st floor, room 43, 05403-000, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar Isaac
- Cell Culture and Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Division of Plastic Surgery, Hospital das Clínicas, University of São Paulo Medical School, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 1st floor, 05403-000, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Maíra Luísa Fidelis
- Department of Earth and Exact Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Alessandro Rodrigues
- Department of Earth and Exact Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo/SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av.Dr.Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar, 155, 1st floor, room 43, 05403-000, São Paulo/SP, Brazil.
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9
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Cui J, Zhang F, Wang Y, Liu J, Ming X, Hou J, Lv B, Fang S, Yu B. Macrophage migration inhibitory factor promotes cardiac stem cell proliferation and endothelial differentiation through the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and AMPK pathways. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:1299-309. [PMID: 27035848 PMCID: PMC4829139 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) has pleiotropic immune functions in a number of inflammatory diseases. Recent evidence from expression and functional studies has indicated that MIF is involved in various aspects of cardiovascular disease. In this study, we aimed to determine whether MIF supports in vitro c-kit+CD45− cardiac stem cell (CSC) survival, proliferation and differentiation into endothelial cells, as well as the possible mechanisms involved. We observed MIF receptor (CD74) expression in mouse CSCs (mCSCs) using PCR and immunofluorescence staining, and MIF secretion by mCSCs using PCR and ELISA in vitro. Increasing amounts of exogenous MIF did not affect CD74 expression, but promoted mCSC survival, proliferation and endothelial differentiation. By contrast, treatment with an MIF inhibitor (ISO-1) or siRNA targeting CD74 (CD74-siRNA) suppressed the biological changes induced by MIF in the mCSCs. Increasing amounts of MIF increased the phosphorylation of Akt and mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which are known to support cell survival, proliferation and differentiation. These effects of MIF on the mCSCs were abolished by LY294002 [a phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) inhibitor] and MK-2206 (an Akt inhibitor). Moreover, adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) phosphorylation increased following treatment with MIF. The AMPK inhibitor, compound C, partly blocked the pro-proliferative effects of MIF on the mCSCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that MIF promotes mCSC survival, proliferation and endothelial differentiation through the activation of the PI3K/Akt/mTOR and AMPK signaling pathways. Thus, MIF may prove to be a potential therapeutic factor in the treatment of heart failure and myocardial infarction by activating CSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjin Cui
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Fengyun Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Yongshun Wang
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jingjin Liu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Xing Ming
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Jingbo Hou
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Bo Lv
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Shaohong Fang
- The Key Laboratory of Myocardial Ischemia, Chinese Ministry of Education, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
| | - Bo Yu
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, Heilongjiang 150081, P.R. China
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Cui Y, Narasimhulu CA, Liu L, Zhang Q, Liu PZ, Li X, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Hao H, Xie X, He G, Cui L, Parthasarathy S, Liu Z. N-acetylcysteine inhibits in vivo oxidation of native low-density lipoprotein. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16339. [PMID: 26536834 PMCID: PMC4633729 DOI: 10.1038/srep16339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Low-density lipoprotein (LDL) is non-atherogenic, while oxidized LDL (ox-LDL) is critical to atherosclerosis. N-acetylcysteine (NAC) has anti-atherosclerotic effect with largely unknown mechanisms. The present study aimed to determine if NAC could attenuate in vivo LDL oxidation and inhibit atherosclerosis. A single dose of human native LDL was injected intravenously into male C57BL/6 mice with and without NAC treatment. Serum human ox-LDL was detected 30 min after injection, reached the peak in 3 hours, and became undetectable in 12 hours. NAC treatment significantly reduced serum ox-LDL level without detectable serum ox-LDL 6 hours after LDL injection. No difference in ox-LDL clearance was observed in NAC-treated animals. NAC treatment also significantly decreased serum ox-LDL level in patients with coronary artery diseases and hyperlipidemia without effect on LDL level. Intracellular and extracellular reactive oxidative species (ROS) production was significantly increased in the animals treated with native LDL, or ox-LDL and in hyperlipidemic LDL receptor knockout (LDLR(-/-)) mice that was effectively prevented with NAC treatment. NAC also significantly reduced atherosclerotic plaque formation in hyperlipidemic LDLR(-/-) mice. NAC attenuated in vivo oxidation of native LDL and ROS formation from ox-LDL associated with decreased atherosclerotic plaque formation in hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqi Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China.,Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | | | - Lingjuan Liu
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Qingbin Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Patrick Z Liu
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xin Li
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Yuan Xiao
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Jia Zhang
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Hong Hao
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Xiaoyun Xie
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Guanglong He
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Lianqun Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Shandong Provincial Hospital affiliated to Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Sampath Parthasarathy
- Burnett School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Central Florida College of Medicine, USA
| | - Zhenguo Liu
- Dorothy M. Davis Heart and Lung Research Institute, Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, USA
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11
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Li X, Xiao Y, Cui Y, Tan T, Narasimhulu CA, Hao H, Liu L, Zhang J, He G, Verfaillie CM, Lei M, Parthasarathy S, Ma J, Zhu H, Liu Z. Cell membrane damage is involved in the impaired survival of bone marrow stem cells by oxidized low-density lipoprotein. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:2445-53. [PMID: 25256620 PMCID: PMC4302650 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2014] [Accepted: 08/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell therapy with bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs) remains a viable option for tissue repair and regeneration. A major challenge for cell therapy is the limited cell survival after implantation. This study was to investigate the effect of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL, naturally present in human blood) on BMSC injury and the effect of MG53, a tissue repair protein, for the improvement of stem cell survival. Rat bone marrow multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) were treated with ox-LDL, which caused significant cell death as reflected by the increased LDH release to the media. Exposure of MAPCs to ox-LDL led to entry of fluorescent dye FM1-43 measured under confocal microscope, suggesting damage to the plasma membrane. Ox-LDL also generated reactive oxygen species (ROS) as measured with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy. While antioxidant N-acetylcysteine completely blocked ROS production from ox-LDL, it failed to prevent ox-LDL-induced cell death. When MAPCs were treated with the recombinant human MG53 protein (rhMG53) ox-LDL induced LDH release and FM1-43 dye entry were significantly reduced. In the presence of rhMG53, the MAPCs showed enhanced cell survival and proliferation. Our data suggest that membrane damage induced by ox-LDL contributed to the impaired survival of MAPCs. rhMG53 treatment protected MAPCs against membrane damage and enhanced their survival which might represent a novel means for improving efficacy for stem cell-based therapy for treatment of diseases, especially in setting of hyperlipidemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China; Davis Heart & Lung Research Institute and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, The Ohio State University Wexner Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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Hydrogen peroxide inhibits proliferation and endothelial differentiation of bone marrow stem cells partially via reactive oxygen species generation. Life Sci 2014; 112:33-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2014.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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13
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Levy D, Ruiz JLM, Celestino AT, Silva SF, Ferreira AK, Isaac C, Bydlowski SP. Short-term effects of 7-ketocholesterol on human adipose tissue mesenchymal stem cells in vitro. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2014; 446:720-5. [PMID: 24491549 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2014.01.132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oxysterols comprise a very heterogeneous group derived from cholesterol through enzymatic and non-enzymatic oxidation. Among them, 7-ketocholesterol (7-KC) is one of the most important. It has potent effects in cell death processes, including cytoxicity and apoptosis induction. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent cells characterized by self-renewal and cellular differentiation capabilities. Very little is known about the effects of oxysterols in MSCs. Here, we describe the short-term cytotoxic effect of 7-ketocholesterol on MSCs derived from human adipose tissue. MSCs were isolated from adipose tissue obtained from two young, healthy women. After 24 h incubation with 7-KC, mitochondrial hyperpolarization was observed, followed by a slight increase in the level of apoptosis and changes in actin organization. Finally, the IC50 of 7-KC was higher in these cells than has been observed or described in other normal or cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Débora Levy
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar,155, 1st Floor, Room 43, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Jorge Luis Maria Ruiz
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar,155, 1st Floor, Room 43, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Andrea Turbuck Celestino
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar,155, 1st Floor, Room 43, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Suelen Feitoza Silva
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar,155, 1st Floor, Room 43, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Adilson Kleber Ferreira
- Departament of Immunology, Laboratory of Tumor Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of Sao Paulo, Av. Prof. Lineu Prestes, 1730-Room 254, 05508-900 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Cesar Isaac
- Cell Culture and Wound Healing Research Laboratory, Division of Plastic Surgery, University of São Paulo, Av. Dr. Arnaldo, 455, 1st Floor, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sérgio Paulo Bydlowski
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Hematology (LIM31), University of São Paulo School of Medicine, Av. Dr. Enéas de Carvalho Aguiar,155, 1st Floor, Room 43, 05403-000 São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
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Peng Y, Huang S, Wu Y, Cheng B, Nie X, Liu H, Ma K, Zhou J, Gao D, Feng C, Yang S, Fu X. Platelet rich plasma clot releasate preconditioning induced PI3K/AKT/NFκB signaling enhances survival and regenerative function of rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells in hostile microenvironments. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:3236-51. [PMID: 23885779 PMCID: PMC3868358 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2013] [Accepted: 07/25/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been optimal targets in the development of cell based therapies, but their limited availability and high death rate after transplantation remains a concern in clinical applications. This study describes novel effects of platelet rich clot releasate (PRCR) on rat bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs), with the former driving a gene program, which can reduce apoptosis and promote the regenerative function of the latter in hostile microenvironments through enhancement of paracrine/autocrine factors. By using reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, immunofluorescence and western blot analyses, we showed that PRCR preconditioning could alleviate the apoptosis of BM-MSCs under stress conditions induced by hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and serum deprivation by enhancing expression of vascular endothelial growth factor and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) via stimulation of the platelet-derived growth factor receptor (PDGFR)/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathways. Furthermore, the effects of PRCR preconditioned GFP-BM-MSCs subcutaneously transplanted into rats 6 h after wound surgery were examined by histological and other tests from days 0-22 after transplantation. Engraftment of the PRCR preconditioned BM-MSCs not only significantly attenuated apoptosis and wound size but also improved epithelization and blood vessel regeneration of skin via regulation of the wound microenvironment. Thus, preconditioning with PRCR, which reprograms BM-MSCs to tolerate hostile microenvironments and enhance regenerative function by increasing levels of paracrine factors through PDGFR-α/PI3K/AKT/NF-κB signaling pathways would be a safe method for boosting the effectiveness of transplantation therapy in the clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Peng
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area, PLA, Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
- Burns Institute, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Sha Huang
- Burns Institute, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan Wu
- Heilongjiang Key Laboratory of Anti-Fibrosis Biotherapy, Mudanjiang Medical College, Mudanjiang, People's Republic of China
| | - Biao Cheng
- The Key Laboratory of Trauma Treatment & Tissue Repair of Tropical Area, PLA, Department of Plastic Surgery, Guangzhou General Hospital of Guangzhou Command, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohu Nie
- Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongwei Liu
- Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine, Ministry of Education, Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Kui Ma
- Burns Institute, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiping Zhou
- Burns Institute, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Dongyun Gao
- Burns Institute, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Changjiang Feng
- Burns Institute, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Siming Yang
- Burns Institute, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Fu
- Burns Institute, Trauma Center of Postgraduate Medical College, The First Affiliated Hospital, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
- Wound Healing and Cell Biology Laboratory, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, General Hospital of PLA, Beijing, People's Republic of China
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de Munter W, Blom AB, Helsen MM, Walgreen B, van der Kraan PM, Joosten LAB, van den Berg WB, van Lent PLEM. Cholesterol accumulation caused by low density lipoprotein receptor deficiency or a cholesterol-rich diet results in ectopic bone formation during experimental osteoarthritis. Arthritis Res Ther 2013; 15:R178. [PMID: 24286458 PMCID: PMC3978425 DOI: 10.1186/ar4367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Osteoarthritis (OA) is associated with the metabolic syndrome, however the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. We investigated whether low density lipoprotein (LDL) accumulation leads to increased LDL uptake by synovial macrophages and affects synovial activation, cartilage destruction and enthesophyte/osteophyte formation during experimental OA in mice. Methods LDL receptor deficient (LDLr−/−) mice and wild type (WT) controls received a cholesterol-rich or control diet for 120 days. Experimental OA was induced by intra-articular injection of collagenase twelve weeks after start of the diet. OA knee joints and synovial wash-outs were analyzed for OA-related changes. Murine bone marrow derived macrophages were stimulated with oxidized LDL (oxLDL), whereupon growth factor presence and gene expression were analyzed. Results A cholesterol-rich diet increased apolipoprotein B (ApoB) accumulation in synovial macrophages. Although increased LDL levels did not enhance thickening of the synovial lining, S100A8 expression within macrophages was increased in WT mice after receiving a cholesterol-rich diet, reflecting an elevated activation status. Both a cholesterol-rich diet and LDLr deficiency had no effect on cartilage damage; in contrast, ectopic bone formation was increased within joint ligaments (fold increase 6.7 and 6.1, respectively). Moreover, increased osteophyte size was found at the margins of the tibial plateau (4.4 fold increase after a cholesterol-rich diet and 5.3 fold increase in LDLr−/− mice). Synovial wash-outs of LDLr−/− mice and supernatants of macrophages stimulated with oxLDL led to increased transforming growth factor-beta (TGF-β) signaling compared to controls. Conclusions LDL accumulation within synovial lining cells leads to increased activation of synovium and osteophyte formation in experimental OA. OxLDL uptake by macrophages activates growth factors of the TGF-superfamily.
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Luo M, Liu Z, Hao H, Lu T, Chen M, Lei M, Verfaillie CM, Liu Z. High glucose facilitates cell cycle arrest of rat bone marrow multipotent adult progenitor cells through transforming growth factor-β1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 signalling without changing Oct4 expression. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 39:843-51. [PMID: 22804759 DOI: 10.1111/j.1440-1681.2012.05747.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
1. The transcription factor Oct4 is critical to the pluripotency, self-renewal and differentiation of stem cells. The aim of the present study was to investigate the effects of high glucose (HG) on the cell cycle progression of bone marrow multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPC) and Oct4 expression, as well as the underlying mechanisms. 2. Rat MAPC were cultured in normal (5.5 mmol/L D-glucose) and HG (25.5 mmol/L D-glucose) media for up to 14 days. L-Glucose served as a high osmolarity control. Culture in HG media substantially increased the number of cells in the G(0)/G(1) phase and decreased the number in the S phase without changing the cell population in the G(2) phase. Expression of the cell cycle regulatory protein p21CIP/WAF-1 (p21), but not that of p27KIP-1 (p27), was significantly upregulated in cells cultured in HG media. Significant increases were seen in transforming growth factor (TGF)-β1 levels in cells and MAPC-conditioned medium in the presence of HG, and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2 phosphorylation was enhanced in cells cultured in the presence of HG medium without any changes in Akt phosphorylation. 3. Neutralizing TGF-β1 antibody effectively prevented HG-induced increases in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, p21 expression and suppression of cell cycle progression of MAPC. Inhibiting ERK1/2 phosphorylation with PD98059 completely blocked HG-induced p21 expression and markedly reversed HG-induced inhibition of cell cycle progression in MAPC. The HG-induced suppression of cell cycle progression was not accompanied by inhibition of cell proliferation or Oct4 expression in these cells. 4. The data indicate that HG facilitates cell cycle arrest of rat MAPC through TGF-β1-induced activation of ERK1/2 signalling and p21 expression, and that Oct4 expression in MAPC is independent of the cell cycle and/or TGF-β1 or ERK1/2 signalling in HG medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Luo
- Xiangya Hospital of Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Yang H, Mohamed ASS, Zhou SH. Oxidized low density lipoprotein, stem cells, and atherosclerosis. Lipids Health Dis 2012; 11:85. [PMID: 22747902 PMCID: PMC3475066 DOI: 10.1186/1476-511x-11-85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Accepted: 06/16/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxidized low density lipoprotein (ox-LDL), a risk factor of atherosclerosis, facilitates the formation and vulnerability of atherosclerotic plaque, thus contributing to several clinical complications. Stem cells participate in vascular repair after damage and atherosclerosis is a process of inflammation accompanied with vascular injury. Researchers have proposed that stem cells participate in the formation of atherosclerotic plaque. Also, because ox-LDL is capable of inducing toxic effects on stem cells, it is reasonable to postulate that ox-LDL promotes the progress of atherosclerosis via acting on stem cells. In the present article, we review the relationship between ox-LDL, stem cells, and atherosclerosis and a portion of the associated mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
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Lu T, Parthasarathy S, Hao H, Luo M, Ahmed S, Zhu J, Luo S, Kuppusamy P, Sen CK, Verfaillie CM, Tian J, Liu Z. Reactive oxygen species mediate oxidized low-density lipoprotein-induced inhibition of oct-4 expression and endothelial differentiation of bone marrow stem cells. Antioxid Redox Signal 2010; 13:1845-56. [PMID: 20836655 PMCID: PMC2971633 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2010.3156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
This study was to test the hypothesis that oxidized low-density lipoprotein (ox-LDL) modified the behavior of bone marrow stem cells, including proliferation, Oct-4 expression, and their endothelial differentiation through reactive oxygen species (ROS) formation in vitro. Rat bone marrow multipotent adult progenitor cells (MAPCs) were treated with ox-LDL with or without the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Ox-LDL generated a significant amount of ROS in the culture system as measured with electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopy, and substantially inhibited the proliferation, Oct-4 expression, and endothelial differentiation of MAPCs. ROS production from ox-LDL in the culture system was completely prevented by NAC (1 mM). NAC treatment completely restored endothelial differentiation potential of MAPCs that was diminished by low-dose ox-LDL. NAC also significantly, but not completely, reversed the inhibitory effect of ox-LDL on proliferation and Oct-4 expression in MAPCs. NAC treatment only slightly restored Akt phosphorylation impaired by ox-LDL in the cells. ROS formation was important in the action of ox-LDL on MAPCs, including Oct-4 expression, proliferation, and endothelial differentiation. However, other mechanism(s) like Akt signaling and apoptosis might also play a critical role in mediating the effect of ox-LDL on these cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiewei Lu
- The Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University , Chongqing, China
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Hamamdzic D, Fenning RS, Patel D, Mohler ER, Orlova KA, Wright AC, Llano R, Keane MG, Shannon RP, Birnbaum MJ, Wilensky RL. Akt pathway is hypoactivated by synergistic actions of diabetes mellitus and hypercholesterolemia resulting in advanced coronary artery disease. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 299:H699-706. [PMID: 20601459 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00071.2010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis is an inflammatory process leading to enhanced cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and vasa vasorum (VV) neovascularization. While both diabetes mellitus (DM) and hypercholesterolemia (HC) predispose to atherosclerosis, the precise interaction of these risk factors is unclear. Akt is a central node in signaling pathways important for inflammation, and we hypothesized that DM/HC would lead to aberrant Akt signaling and advanced, complex atherosclerosis. DM was induced in pigs by streptozotocin and HC by a high-fat diet. Animals were randomized to control (non-DM, non-HC), DM only, HC only, and DM/HC groups. Coronary artery homogenates were analyzed by immunoblotting for proteins involved in the Akt pathway, including phosphorylated (p)-Akt (Ser473), p-GSK-3beta (Ser9), activated NF-kappaB p65, and VEGF. Immunohistochemical staining for Ki67 (cell proliferation), terminal deoxynucleotidyltransferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) (apoptosis), and von Willebrand factor (vWF) (neovascularization) was performed. Neovascularization was visualized with micro-computerized tomography (CT). Only DM/HC animals developed advanced atherosclerosis and showed decreased p-Akt (Ser473) and p-GSK-3beta (Ser9) levels (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05, respectively). DM/HC arteries demonstrated increased cellular proliferation (P < 0.001), apoptosis (P < 0.01), and activation of NF-kappaB p65 (P < 0.05). Induction of DM/HC also resulted in significant VV neovascularization by enhanced VEGF expression (P < 0.05), increased vWF staining (P < 0.01), and increased density by micro-CT. In conclusion, DM and HC synergistically resulted in complex atherosclerosis associated with attenuated p-Akt (Ser473) levels. Aberrant Akt signaling correlated with increased inflammation, cellular proliferation, apoptosis, and VV neovascularization. Our results revealed a synergistic effect of DM and HC in triggering abnormal Akt signaling, resulting in advanced atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damir Hamamdzic
- Cardiovascular Division, Hospital of University of Pennsylvania and Cardiovascular Institute, University of Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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