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Fernandez-Flores A, Cassarino DS. Type 2 Dermal Dendrocytes Are Telocytes and So Should They Be Called. Am J Dermatopathol 2023; 45:351-353. [PMID: 36939132 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000002415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Angel Fernandez-Flores
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital El Bierzo, Ponferrada, Spain
- Department of Cellular Pathology, Hospital de la Reina, Ponferrada, Spain
- Department of Research, Institute for Biomedical Research of A Coruña (INIBIC), University of A Coruña (UDC), A Coruña, Spain
| | - David S Cassarino
- Departments of Pathology and Dermatology, Los Angeles Medical Center (LAMC), Southern California Kaiser Permanente, Los Angeles, CA
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Dermal Telocytes: A Different Viewpoint of Skin Repairing and Regeneration. Cells 2022; 11:cells11233903. [PMID: 36497161 PMCID: PMC9736852 DOI: 10.3390/cells11233903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2022] [Revised: 11/14/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Fifteen years after their discovery, telocytes (TCs) are yet perceived as a new stromal cell type. Their presence was initially documented peri-digestively, and gradually throughout the interstitia of many (non-)cavitary mammalian, human, and avian organs, including skin. Each time, TCs proved to be involved in diverse spatial relations with elements of interstitial (ultra)structure (blood vessels, nerves, immune cells, etc.). To date, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) remained the single main microscopic technique able to correctly and certainly attest TCs by their well-acknowledged (ultra)structure. In skin, dermal TCs reiterate almost all (ultra)structural features ascribed to TCs in other locations, with apparent direct implications in skin physiology and/or pathology. TCs' uneven distribution within skin, mainly located in stem cell niches, suggests involvement in either skin homeostasis or dermatological pathologies. On the other hand, different skin diseases involve different patterns of disruption of TCs' structure and ultrastructure. TCs' cellular cooperation with other interstitial elements, their immunological profile, and their changes during remission of diseases suggest their role(s) in tissue regeneration/repair processes. Thus, expanding the knowledge on dermal TCs could offer new insights into the natural skin capacity of self-repairing. Moreover, it would become attractive to consider that augmenting dermal TCs' presence/density could become an attractive therapeutic alternative for treating various skin defects.
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Cucu I, Nicolescu MI, Busnatu ȘS, Manole CG. Dynamic Involvement of Telocytes in Modulating Multiple Signaling Pathways in Cardiac Cytoarchitecture. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:5769. [PMID: 35628576 PMCID: PMC9143034 DOI: 10.3390/ijms23105769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2022] [Revised: 05/18/2022] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiac interstitium is a complex and dynamic environment, vital for normal cardiac structure and function. Telocytes are active cellular players in regulating main events that feature myocardial homeostasis and orchestrating its involvement in heart pathology. Despite the great amount of data suggesting (microscopically, proteomically, genetically, etc.) the implications of telocytes in the different physiological and reparatory/regenerative processes of the heart, understanding their involvement in realizing the heart's mature cytoarchitecture is still at its dawn. Our scrutiny of the recent literature gave clearer insights into the implications of telocytes in the WNT signaling pathway, but also TGFB and PI3K/AKT pathways that, inter alia, conduct cardiomyocytes differentiation, maturation and final integration into heart adult architecture. These data also strengthen evidence for telocytes as promising candidates for cellular therapies in various heart pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioana Cucu
- Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
| | - Mihnea Ioan Nicolescu
- Division of Histology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania
- Laboratory of Radiobiology, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Ștefan-Sebastian Busnatu
- Department of Cardiology-“Bagdasar Arseni” Emergency Clinical Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 041915 Bucharest, Romania
| | - Cătălin Gabriel Manole
- Department of Cellular & Molecular Biology and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 050474 Bucharest, Romania;
- Laboratory of Ultrastructural Pathology, “Victor Babeș” National Institute of Pathology, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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4
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Luesma MJ, Cantarero I, Sánchez‐Cano AI, Rodellar C, Junquera C. Ultrastructural evidence for telocytes in equine tendon. J Anat 2021; 238:527-535. [PMID: 33070316 PMCID: PMC7855077 DOI: 10.1111/joa.13335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 09/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The three-dimensional ultrastructure of the tendon is complex. Two main cell types are classically supported: elongated tenocytes and ovoid tenoblasts. The existence of resident stem/progenitor cells in human and equine tendons has been demonstrated, but their location and relationship to tenoblasts and tenocytes remain unclear. Hence, in this work, we carried out an ultrastructural study of the equine superficial digital flexor tendon. Although the fine structure of tendons has been previously studied using electron microscopy, the presence of telocytes, a specific type of interstitial cell, has not been described thus far. We show the presence of telocytes in the equine inter-fascicular tendon matrix near blood vessels. These telocytes have characteristic telopodes, which are composed of alternating dilated portions (podoms) and thin segments (podomers). Additionally, we demonstrate the presence of the primary cilium in telocytes and its ability to release exosomes. The location of telocytes is similar to that of tendon stem cells. The telocyte-blood vessel proximity, the presence of primary immotile cilia and the release of exosomes could have special significance for tendon homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- María J. Luesma
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistologyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Irene Cantarero
- Morphological Sciences DepartmentUniversity of CórdobaCórdobaSpain
| | | | - Clementina Rodellar
- Laboratory of Biochemical Genetics (Lagenbio)University of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
| | - Concepción Junquera
- Department of Human Anatomy and HistologyUniversity of ZaragozaZaragozaSpain
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5
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Sukhacheva TV, Nizyaeva NV, Samsonova MV, Cherniaev AL, Burov AA, Iurova MV, Shchegolev AI, Serov RA, Sukhikh GT. Morpho-functional changes of cardiac telocytes in isolated atrial amyloidosis in patients with atrial fibrillation. Sci Rep 2021; 11:3563. [PMID: 33574429 PMCID: PMC7878494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-82554-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes are interstitial cells with long, thin processes by which they contact each other and form a network in the interstitium. Myocardial remodeling of adult patients with different forms of atrial fibrillation (AF) occurs with an increase in fibrosis, age-related isolated atrial amyloidosis (IAA), cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and myolysis. This study aimed to determine the ultrastructural and immunohistochemical features of cardiac telocytes in patients with AF and AF + IAA. IAA associated with accumulation of atrial natriuretic factor was detected in 4.3-25% biopsies of left (LAA) and 21.7-41.7% of right (RAA) atrial appendage myocardium. Telocytes were identified at ultrastructural level more often in AF + IAA, than in AF group and correlated with AF duration and mitral valve regurgitation. Telocytes had ultrastructural signs of synthetic, proliferative, and phagocytic activity. Telocytes corresponded to CD117+, vimentin+, CD34+, CD44+, CD68+, CD16+, S100-, CD105- immunophenotype. No significant differences in telocytes morphology and immunophenotype were found in patients with various forms of AF. CD68-positive cells were detected more often in AF + IAA than AF group. We assume that in aged AF + IAA patients remodeling of atrial myocardium provoked transformation of telocytes into "transitional forms" combining the morphological and immunohistochemical features with signs of fibroblast-, histiocyte- and endotheliocyte-like cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatyana V Sukhacheva
- A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Natalia V Nizyaeva
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Maria V Samsonova
- Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115682, Russia
| | - Andrey L Cherniaev
- Pulmonology Scientific Research Institute under Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russian Federation, Moscow, 115682, Russia
| | - Artem A Burov
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Mariia V Iurova
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 117997
- First Moscow State Medical University Named After I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
| | - Aleksandr I Shchegolev
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 117997
| | - Roman A Serov
- A.N. Bakulev National Medical Research Center of Cardiovascular Surgery, The Ministry of Health of Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - Gennady T Sukhikh
- National Medical Research Center for Obstetrics, Gynecology, and Perinatology Named After Academician V.I. Kulakov of the Ministry of Healthcare of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia, 117997
- First Moscow State Medical University Named After I.M. Sechenov, Moscow, Russia
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Lis GJ, Dubrowski A, Lis M, Solewski B, Witkowska K, Aleksandrovych V, Jasek-Gajda E, Hołda MK, Gil K, Litwin JA. Identification of CD34+/PGDFRα+ Valve Interstitial Cells (VICs) in Human Aortic Valves: Association of Their Abundance, Morphology and Spatial Organization with Early Calcific Remodeling. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21176330. [PMID: 32878299 PMCID: PMC7503258 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21176330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2020] [Revised: 08/26/2020] [Accepted: 08/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve interstitial cells (VICs) constitute a heterogeneous population involved in the maintenance of unique valvular architecture, ensuring proper hemodynamic function but also engaged in valve degeneration. Recently, cells similar to telocytes/interstitial Cajal-like cells described in various organs were found in heart valves. The aim of this study was to examine the density, distribution, and spatial organization of a VIC subset co-expressing CD34 and PDGFRα in normal aortic valves and to investigate if these cells are associated with the occurrence of early signs of valve calcific remodeling. We examined 28 human aortic valves obtained upon autopsy. General valve morphology and the early signs of degeneration were assessed histochemically. The studied VICs were identified by immunofluorescence (CD34, PDGFRα, vimentin), and their number in standardized parts and layers of the valves was evaluated. In order to show the complex three-dimensional structure of CD34+/PDGFRα+ VICs, whole-mount specimens were imaged by confocal microscopy, and subsequently rendered using the Imaris (Bitplane AG, Zürich, Switzerland) software. CD34+/PDGFRα+ VICs were found in all examined valves, showing significant differences in the number, distribution within valve tissue, spatial organization, and morphology (spherical/oval without projections; numerous short projections; long, branching, occasionally moniliform projections). Such a complex morphology was associated with the younger age of the subjects, and these VICs were more frequent in the spongiosa layer of the valve. Both the number and percentage of CD34+/PDGFRα+ VICs were inversely correlated with the age of the subjects. Valves with histochemical signs of early calcification contained a lower number of CD34+/PDGFRα+ cells. They were less numerous in proximal parts of the cusps, i.e., areas prone to calcification. The results suggest that normal aortic valves contain a subpopulation of CD34+/PDGFRα+ VICs, which might be involved in the maintenance of local microenvironment resisting to pathologic remodeling. Their reduced number in older age could limit the self-regenerative properties of the valve stroma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz J. Lis
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (E.J.-G.); (J.A.L.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Andrzej Dubrowski
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (A.D.); (M.K.H.)
| | - Maciej Lis
- Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland; (M.L.); (B.S.); (K.W.)
- HEART—Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Bernard Solewski
- Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland; (M.L.); (B.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Karolina Witkowska
- Faculty of Medicine, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-008 Kraków, Poland; (M.L.); (B.S.); (K.W.)
| | - Veronika Aleksandrovych
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Kraków, Poland; (V.A.); (K.G.)
| | - Ewa Jasek-Gajda
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (E.J.-G.); (J.A.L.)
| | - Mateusz K. Hołda
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (A.D.); (M.K.H.)
- HEART—Heart Embryology and Anatomy Research Team, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Gil
- Department of Pathophysiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-121 Kraków, Poland; (V.A.); (K.G.)
| | - Jan A. Litwin
- Department of Histology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (E.J.-G.); (J.A.L.)
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Iancu CB, Rusu MC, Mogoantă L, Hostiuc S, Grigoriu M. Myocardial Telocyte-Like Cells: A Review Including New Evidence. Cells Tissues Organs 2019; 206:16-25. [PMID: 30879002 DOI: 10.1159/000497194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are a controversial cell type characterized by the presence of a particular kind of prolongations, known as telopodes, which are long, thin, and moniliform. A number of attempts has been made to establish the molecular phenotype of cardiac TCs (i.e., expression of c-kit, CD34, vimentin, PDGRFα, PDGRFβ, etc.). We designed an immunohistochemical study involving cardiac tissue samples obtained from 10 cadavers with the aim of determining whether there are TC-like interstitial cells that populate the interstitial space other than the mural microvascular cells. We applied the markers for CD31, CD34, PDGRFα, CD117/c-kit, and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). We found that, in relation to two-dimensional cuts, the endothelial tubes could be misidentified as TC-like cells, the difference being the positive identification of endothelial lumina. Moreover, we found that cardiac pericytes express PDGRFα, CD117/c-kit, and α-SMA, and that they could also be misidentified as TCs when using light microscopy. We reviewed the respective values of the previously identified markers for achieving a clear-cut identification of cardiac TCs, highlighting the critical lack of specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristian B Iancu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mugurel C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania,
| | - Laurenţiu Mogoantă
- Department of Histology, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Craiova, Craiova, Romania
| | - Sorin Hostiuc
- Department of Legal Medicine and Bioethics, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihai Grigoriu
- Division of Surgery, University Emergency Hospital Bucharest, Faculty of Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Varga I, Polák Š, Kyselovič J, Kachlík D, Danišovič Ľ, Klein M. Recently Discovered Interstitial Cell Population of Telocytes: Distinguishing Facts from Fiction Regarding Their Role in the Pathogenesis of Diverse Diseases Called "Telocytopathies". MEDICINA (KAUNAS, LITHUANIA) 2019; 55:E56. [PMID: 30781716 PMCID: PMC6410178 DOI: 10.3390/medicina55020056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2018] [Revised: 01/14/2019] [Accepted: 02/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, the interstitial cells telocytes, formerly known as interstitial Cajal-like cells, have been described in almost all organs of the human body. Although telocytes were previously thought to be localized predominantly in the organs of the digestive system, as of 2018 they have also been described in the lymphoid tissue, skin, respiratory system, urinary system, meninges and the organs of the male and female genital tracts. Since the time of eminent German pathologist Rudolf Virchow, we have known that many pathological processes originate directly from cellular changes. Even though telocytes are not widely accepted by all scientists as an individual and morphologically and functionally distinct cell population, several articles regarding telocytes have already been published in such prestigious journals as Nature and Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. The telocyte diversity extends beyond their morphology and functions, as they have a potential role in the etiopathogenesis of different diseases. The most commonly described telocyte-associated diseases (which may be best termed "telocytopathies" in the future) are summarized in this critical review. It is difficult to imagine that a single cell population could be involved in the pathogenesis of such a wide spectrum of pathological conditions as extragastrointestinal stromal tumors ("telocytomas"), liver fibrosis, preeclampsia during pregnancy, tubal infertility, heart failure and psoriasis. In any case, future functional studies of telocytes in vivo will help to understand the mechanism by which telocytes contribute to tissue homeostasis in health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Varga
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Štefan Polák
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Ján Kyselovič
- Fifth Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - David Kachlík
- Institute of Anatomy, Second Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic.
| | - Ľuboš Danišovič
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
| | - Martin Klein
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 813 72 Bratislava, Slovakia.
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9
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Critical review: Cardiac telocytes vs cardiac lymphatic endothelial cells. Ann Anat 2018; 222:40-54. [PMID: 30439414 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The study of cardiac interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLCs) began in 2005 and continued until 2010, when these cells were renamed as telocytes (TCs). Since then, numerous papers on cardiac ICLCs and TCs have been published. However, in the initial descriptions upon which further research was based, lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) and initial lymphatics were not considered. No specific antibodies for LECs (such as podoplanin or LYVE-1) were used in cardiac TC studies, although ultrastructurally, LECs and TCs have similar morphological traits, including the lack of a basal lamina. When tissues are longitudinally cut, migrating LECs involved in adult lymphangiogenesis have an ICLC or TC morphology, both in light and transmission electron microscopy. In this paper, we present evidence that at least some cardiac TCs are actually LECs. Therefore, a clear-cut distinction should be made between TCs and LECs, at both the molecular and the ultrastructural levels, in order to avoid obtaining invalid data.
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Rusu MC, Mănoiu VS, Creţoiu D, Creţoiu SM, Vrapciu AD. Stromal cells/telocytes and endothelial progenitors in the perivascular niches of the trigeminal ganglion. Ann Anat 2018; 218:141-155. [PMID: 29680777 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.12.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 12/10/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Stromal cells/telocytes (SCs/TCs) were recently described in the human adult trigeminal ganglion (TG). As some markers are equally expressed in SCs/TCs and endothelial cells, we hypothesized that a subset of the TG SCs/TCs is in fact represented by endothelial progenitor cells of a myelomonocytic origin. This study aimed to evaluate whether the interstitial cells of the human adult TG correlate with the myelomonocytic lineage. We used primary antibodies for c-erbB2/HER-2, CD31, nestin, CD10, CD117/c-kit, von Willebrand factor (vWF), CD34, Stro-1, CD146, α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA), CD68, VEGFR-2 and cytokeratin 7 (CK7). The TG pial mesothelium and subpial vascular microstroma expressed c-erbB2/HER-2, CK7 and VEGFR-2. SCs/TCs neighbouring the neuronoglial units (NGUs) also expressed HER-2, which suggests a pial origin. These cells were also positive for CD10, CD31, CD34, CD68 and nestin. Endothelial cells expressed CD10, CD31, CD34, CD146, nestin and vWF. We also found vasculogenic networks with spindle-shaped and stellate endothelial progenitors expressing CD10, CD31, CD34, CD68, CD146 and VEGFR-2. Isolated mesenchymal stromal cells expressed Stro-1, CD146, CK7, c-kit and nestin. Pericytes expressed α-SMA and CD146. Using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), we found endothelial-specific Weibel-Palade bodies in spindle-shaped stromal progenitors. Our study supports the hypothesis that an intrinsic vasculogenic niche potentially involved in microvascular maintenance and repair might be present in the human adult trigeminal ganglion and that it might be supplied by either the pial mesothelium or the bone marrow niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; MEDCENTER - Center of Excellence in Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Romania.
| | - V S Mănoiu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, National Institute of Research and Development for Biological Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - D Creţoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - S M Creţoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Biology and Histology, Department 2 Morphological Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - A D Vrapciu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Hostiuc S, Negoi I, Dogaroiu C, Drima E, Iancu CB. Cardiac telocytes. From basic science to cardiac diseases. I. Atrial fibrillation. Ann Anat 2018; 218:83-87. [PMID: 29655845 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/31/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Atrial fibrillation (AF) is nowadays considered to be one of the most important causes of heart failure, stroke, cognitive decline, vascular dementia, sudden death and overall cardiovascular morbidity. Recently were published a few articles suggesting a possible involvement of telocytes in the development of atrial fibrillation. The purpose of this article is to analyze the results obtained in the field systematically, and to see if there is enough data to support a possible involvement of telocytes in arrhythmogenesis. MATERIALS AND METHODS To this end, we performed a systematic review of the relevant scientific literature, indexed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS Our systematic review of the published data identified five articles containing original data, based on which the association between telocytes and atrial fibrillation was inferred in later studies. We analyzed the usefulness of the information contained in the original articles to support this association, showing a lack of definite proofs correlating telocytes with atrial fibrillation. CONCLUSIONS Even if a few articles implied a potential association between AF and telocytes, the current data is not enough to support it. Moreover, even an association between the morphology, characteristics, or density of the telocytes in the atrium/pulmonary veins and AF is potentially speculative, and more studies should be performed before implying it with a reasonable degree of certainty.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Hostiuc
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Ionuț Negoi
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin Dogaroiu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Eduard Drima
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Galaţi, Romania
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Hostiuc S, Marinescu M, Costescu M, Aluaș M, Negoi I. Cardiac telocytes. From basic science to cardiac diseases. II. Acute myocardial infarction. Ann Anat 2018; 218:18-27. [PMID: 29604385 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2018.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2017] [Revised: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 02/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to evaluate the scientific evidence regarding a potential role of telocytes in myocardial infarction. MATERIALS AND METHODS To this purpose, we performed a systematic review of relevant scientific literature, indexed in PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus. RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS We found six articles containing relevant studies aimed at liking myocardial infarction and telocytes. The studies that were analysed in this review failed to show, beyond a reasonable doubt, that telocytes do actually have significant roles in myocardial regeneration after myocardial infarction. The main issues to be addressed in future studies are a correct characterization of telocytes, and a differentiation from other cell types that either have similar morphologies (using electron microscopy) or similar immunophenotypes, with emphasis on endothelial progenitors, which were previously shown to have similar morphology, and functions in cardiac regeneration after myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sorin Hostiuc
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania.
| | - Mihai Marinescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihnea Costescu
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Maria Aluaș
- Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ionut Negoi
- Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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A Tale of Two Cells: Telocyte and Stem Cell Unique Relationship. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 913:359-376. [PMID: 27796899 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1061-3_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes have been identified as a distinctive type of interstitial cells and have been recognized in most tissues and organs. Telocytes are characterized by having extraordinary long cytoplasmic processes, telopodes, that extend to form three-dimensional networks and commonly constitute specialized forms of cell-to-cell junctions with other neighboring cells. Telocytes have been localized in the stem cell niche of different organs such as the heart, lung, skeletal muscle, and skin. Electron microscopy and electron tomography revealed a specialized link between telocytes and stem cells that postulates a potential role for telocytes during tissue regeneration and repair. In this review, the distribution of telocytes in different stem cell niches will be explored, highlighting the intimate relationship between the two types of cells and their possible functional relationship.
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Wanjare M, Huang NF. Regulation of the microenvironment for cardiac tissue engineering. Regen Med 2017; 12:187-201. [PMID: 28244821 DOI: 10.2217/rme-2016-0132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment of myocardium plays an important role in the fate and function of cardiomyocytes (CMs). Cardiovascular tissue engineering strategies commonly utilize stem cell sources in conjunction with microenvironmental cues that often include biochemical, electrical, spatial and biomechanical factors. Microenvironmental stimulation of CMs, in addition to the incorporation of intercellular interactions from non-CMs, results in the generation of engineered cardiac constructs. Current studies suggest that use of these factors when engineering cardiac constructs improve cardiac function when implanted in vivo. In this review, we summarize the approaches to modulate biochemical, electrical, biomechanical and spatial factors to induce CM differentiation and their subsequent organization for cardiac tissue engineering application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maureen Wanjare
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ngan F Huang
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA.,Veterans Affairs Palo Alto Health Care System, Palo Alto, CA, USA.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA
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15
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Galrinho RD, Manole CG, Vinereanu D. Telocytes - a Hope for Cardiac Repair after Myocardial Infarction. MAEDICA 2016; 11:325-329. [PMID: 28828051 PMCID: PMC5543526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases, particularly myocardial infarction, remain the leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, even though pharmacological and interventional therapies improved significantly in the last years. Moreover, despite encouraging results of cell - based therapies in experimental myocardial infarction models, clinical trials showed inconsistent and modest efficiency. Therefore the next step should be the revealing of a new cell type, capable of regenerating the damaged myocardium. Telocytes (TCs), a relatively new type of interstitial cells, were described few years ago and are credited with important roles in regenerative therapies. In this paper we review their most important characteristics and functions, showing the evidences of their potential role in cardiac repair and regeneration. Our research leads to the conclusion that TCs might be a novel target for therapeutic strategies in myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruxandra Dragoi Galrinho
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania ; University and Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania ; "Victor Babes" National Institute of Research Development in the Pathology Domain and Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Catalin Gabriel Manole
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania ; "Victor Babes" National Institute of Research Development in the Pathology Domain and Biomedical Sciences, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Vinereanu
- "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania ; University and Emergency Hospital, Bucharest, Romania
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16
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Othman ER, Elgamal DA, Refaiy AM, Abdelaal II, Abdel-Mola AF, Al-Hendy A. Identification and potential role of telocytes in human uterine leiomyoma. Contracept Reprod Med 2016; 1:12. [PMID: 29201401 PMCID: PMC5693520 DOI: 10.1186/s40834-016-0022-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2015] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Telocytes are specialized interstitial tissue cell type. Our aim is to characterize telocytes in human uterine leiomyoma (ULM) and its adjacent myometrium (Myo-F) as well as normal myometrium (Myo-N). Methods ULMs and Myo-F tissues were taken from hysterectomy specimens done to treat symptomatic uterine fibroids (N = 20). Myo-N is isolated from hysterectomies done on ULM- free uteri for other benign indications (N = 15). Telocytes were detected using immunohistochemistry to detect c-Kit (CD-117), as a surface marker expressed on telocytes, and electron microscopic examination to identify telocytes characteristic ultrastructure. Cellular count and electron microscopic features of telocytes in each of the studied tissues were compared. Results Telocytes could be detected in ULMs, Myo-F and Myo-N using c-KIT immunostaining. Electron microscopy confirmed the presence of telocytes in the three types of tissues identifying their characteristic features including small triangular or fusiform cell bodies with extensive cellular prolongations. ULM telocytes showed ultrastructural features suggestive of high cellular activities. Cell counts of ULM telocytes (3.35 ± 0.39) were significantly higher (P value = 0.00039) than that of Myo-F (1.39 ± 0.13). Myo-N (2.6 ± 0.36) contained higher telocyte numbers than Myo-F (1.39 ± 0.13), but the difference did not reach statistical significance (P value = 0.19). Conclusions Telocytes are detected in higher numbers and activity in ULMs than Myo-F or Myo-N. In ULMs, telocytes can work as a hormonal sensors for stem cells, provide scaffold for newly formed myocytes, or control important downstream signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Essam R Othman
- OB-GYN Department, Assiut University, Assiut, Egypt.,Center of Excellence of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Assiut University, Assiut, 71111 Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | - Ayman Al-Hendy
- OB-GYN Department, Medical College of Georgia MCG, Augusta Univerity, Augusta, GA USA
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17
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Regulation of neural stem cells by choroid plexus cells population. Neurosci Lett 2016; 626:35-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2016] [Revised: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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18
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Li YY, Zhang S, Li YG, Wang Y. Isolation, culture, purification and ultrastructural investigation of cardiac telocytes. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:1194-200. [PMID: 27314536 PMCID: PMC4940097 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5386] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), a novel type of stromal cells, are crucial to cardiac renovation and regeneration. To dissect the pathophysiological effects of cardiac TCs in heart disease, it is essential to develop an effective method to isolate, culture, purify and characterize these cells. In the present study, cardiac TCs were isolated from the hearts of rats by enzymatic digestion. Histology and CD34/PDGFRα expression by flow cytometric assay were used to characterize the cultured cardiac TCs, which were purified by flow cytometric sorting and confirmed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy. Typical TCs were observed in primary culture, with these exhibiting typical fusiform cell bodies with long moniliform telopodes. Based on flow cytometric sorting with antibodies to CD34 and PDGFRα, there was a substantial increase in the purity of cardiac TCs. Furthermore, immunofluorescence demonstrated that almost all the sorted TCs expressed vimentin, a marker of TCs. Moreover, electron micrographs showed typical TCs based on their ultrastructural features. Using this method, we developed a reproducible protocol for the isolation and purification of cardiac TCs from rat hearts, which yielded TCs with typical characteristics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan-Yan Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Song Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yi-Gang Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
| | - Yan Wang
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Xinhua Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, School of Medicine, Shanghai 200092, P.R. China
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19
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Immunohistochemistry of Telocytes in the Uterus and Fallopian Tubes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 913:335-357. [PMID: 27796898 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1061-3_22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The seminal work of Popescu and colleagues first demonstrated the existence of a new cell type - the telocytes. We were among the first who reported the presence of such cells in the female genital tract and performed TEM examinations, as well as immunohistochemical staining in the attempt to find a specific marker. Telocytes from rat and from the human uterus and from human fallopian tube were extensively investigated initially by comparison with interstitial cells of Cajal. Progress in telocyte research led to the identification of different subtypes suggestive for a heterogeneous telocyte population which can even coexist in the same location. As a consequence, the functions of TCs are still elusive and can be considered a versatile phenomenon that depends on a variety of conditions, including signal reception and transmission of information via extracellular vesicles or by direct intercellular contact.
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Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are a novel type of interstitial cells, with extremely long and thin cellular prolongations termed telopodes (Tps). TCs were first identified by Popescu et al. and described their finding as "cells with telopodes." The presence of TCs has been reported in the majority of tissues and organs (for details please visit www.telocytes.com ). TCs have been ignored or overlooked for a long time due to our inability to observe these cells via a light microscopy. TCs represent a distinct cell population, different from other types of interstitial cells, based on their distinct (ultra)structure, immunophenotype, microRNA profile, gene feature, proteome signature, and secretome features. As TCs have been suggested as new cellular targets for forthcoming therapies, developing specific methods to modulate TC numbers represents an important objective.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junjie Xiao
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China.
| | - Yihua Bei
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, 333 Nan Chen Road, Shanghai, 200444, China
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21
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Abstract
Stroma is viewed as the supportive framework of a predominant epithelial organ, comprising mostly of connective tissue, blood vessels and nerves. Since the discovery of telocytes one decade ago (Popescu and Faussone-Pellegrini J Cell Mol Med 2010;14(4):729-40), their presence was proven in several exocrine gland stromata, including major and minor salivary glands, mammary glands as well as exocrine pancreas.Telocytes have been found in a close connection with acinar and ductal structures but also with their stromal neighbours - nerves, blood vessels or other connective elements, either cells or collagen fibres.The approaches used to reveal the telocytes' location were immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea Ioan Nicolescu
- Histology and Cytology Department, "Carol Davila" University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 8 Eroilor Sanitari, RO-050474, Bucharest, Romania.
- "Victor Babeș" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania.
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22
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Telocytes in Cardiac Tissue Architecture and Development. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 913:127-137. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-10-1061-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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23
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Chang Y, Li C, Lu Z, Li H, Guo Z. Multiple immunophenotypes of cardiac telocytes. Exp Cell Res 2015; 338:239-44. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2015.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Revised: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Albulescu R, Tanase C, Codrici E, Popescu DI, Cretoiu SM, Popescu LM. The secretome of myocardial telocytes modulates the activity of cardiac stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:1783-94. [PMID: 26176909 PMCID: PMC4549029 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are interstitial cells that are present in numerous organs, including the heart interstitial space and cardiac stem cell niche. TCs are completely different from fibroblasts. TCs release extracellular vesicles that may interact with cardiac stem cells (CSCs) via paracrine effects. Data on the secretory profile of TCs and the bidirectional shuttle vesicular signalling mechanism between TCs and CSCs are scarce. We aimed to characterize and understand the in vitro effect of the TC secretome on CSC fate. Therefore, we studied the protein secretory profile using supernatants from mouse cultured cardiac TCs. We also performed a comparative secretome analysis using supernatants from rat cultured cardiac TCs, a pure CSC line and TCs-CSCs in co-culture using (i) high-sensitivity on-chip electrophoresis, (ii) surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry and (iii) multiplex analysis by Luminex-xMAP. We identified several highly expressed molecules in the mouse cardiac TC secretory profile: interleukin (IL)-6, VEGF, macrophage inflammatory protein 1α (MIP-1α), MIP-2 and MCP-1, which are also present in the proteome of rat cardiac TCs. In addition, rat cardiac TCs secrete a slightly greater number of cytokines, IL-2, IL-10, IL-13 and some chemokines like, GRO-KC. We found that VEGF, IL-6 and some chemokines (all stimulated by IL-6 signalling) are secreted by cardiac TCs and overexpressed in co-cultures with CSCs. The expression levels of MIP-2 and MIP-1α increased twofold and fourfold, respectively, when TCs were co-cultured with CSCs, while the expression of IL-2 did not significantly differ between TCs and CSCs in mono culture and significantly decreased (twofold) in the co-culture system. These data suggest that the TC secretome plays a modulatory role in stem cell proliferation and differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Albulescu
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babeş National Institute of PathologyBucharest, Romania
- National Institute for Chemical Pharmaceutical Research & DevelopmentBucharest, Romania
| | - Cristiana Tanase
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babeş National Institute of PathologyBucharest, Romania
| | - Elena Codrici
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babeş National Institute of PathologyBucharest, Romania
| | - Daniela I Popescu
- Biochemistry-Proteomics Department, Victor Babeş National Institute of PathologyBucharest, Romania
| | - Sanda M Cretoiu
- Division of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharest, Romania
- Department of Ultrastructural Pathology, Victor Babeş National Institute of PathologyBucharest, Romania
| | - Laurentiu M Popescu
- Division of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and PharmacyBucharest, Romania
- Department of Advanced Studies, Victor Babeş National Institute of PathologyBucharest, Romania
- * Correspondence to: Laurentiu M. POPESCU, MD, PhD, E-mail:
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Bei Y, Zhou Q, Fu S, Lv D, Chen P, Chen Y, Wang F, Xiao J. Cardiac telocytes and fibroblasts in primary culture: different morphologies and immunophenotypes. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0115991. [PMID: 25693182 PMCID: PMC4333820 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are a peculiar type of interstitial cells with very long prolongations termed telopodes. TCs have previously been identified in different anatomic structures of the heart, and have also been isolated and cultured from heart tissues in vitro. TCs and fibroblasts, both located in the interstitial spaces of the heart, have different morphologies and functionality. However, other than microscopic observation, a reliable means to make differential diagnosis of cardiac TCs from fibroblasts remains unclear. In the present study, we isolated and cultured cardiac TCs and fibroblasts from heart tissues, and observed their different morphological features and immunophenotypes in primary culture. Morphologically, TCs had extremely long and thin telopodes with moniliform aspect, stretched away from cell bodies, while cell processes of fibroblasts were short, thick and cone shaped. Furthermore, cardiac TCs were positive for CD34/c-kit, CD34/vimentin, and CD34/PDGFR-β, while fibroblasts were only vimentin and PDGFR-β positive. In addition, TCs were also different from pericytes as TCs were CD34 positive and α-SMA weak positive while pericytes were CD34 negative but α-SMA positive. Besides that, we also showed cardiac TCs were homogenously positive for mesenchymal marker CD29 but negative for hematopoietic marker CD45, indicating that TCs could be a source of cardiac mesenchymal cells. The differences in morphological features and immunophenotypes between TCs and fibroblasts will provide more compelling evidence to differentiate cardiac TCs from fibroblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yihua Bei
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Qiulian Zhou
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Siyi Fu
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Dongchao Lv
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Ping Chen
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Yuanyuan Chen
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
| | - Fei Wang
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Junjie Xiao
- Regeneration and Ageing Lab, Experimental Center of Life Sciences and Innovative Drug Research Center, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Shanghai Key Laboratory of Bio-Energy Crops, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai 200444, China
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Digestive Disease Institute, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
- * E-mail:
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26
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Roatesi I, Radu BM, Cretoiu D, Cretoiu SM. Uterine Telocytes: A Review of Current Knowledge. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:10. [PMID: 25695721 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.114.125906] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), a novel cell type, are briefly defined as interstitial cells with telopodes (Tps). However, a specific immunocytochemical marker has not yet been found; therefore, electron microscopy is currently the only accurate method for identifying TCs. TCs are considered to have a mesenchymal origin. Recently proteomic analysis, microarray-based gene expression analysis, and the micro-RNA signature clearly showed that TCs are different from fibroblasts, mesenchymal stem cells, and endothelial cells. The dynamics of Tps were also revealed, and some electrophysiological properties of TCs were described (such as membrane capacitance, input resistance, membrane resting potential, and absence of action potentials correlated with different ionic currents characteristics), which can be used to distinguish uterine TCs from smooth muscle cells (SMCs). Here, we briefly present the most recent findings on the characteristics of TCs and their functions in human pregnant and nonpregnant uteri.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iurie Roatesi
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania Division of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Beatrice Mihaela Radu
- Department of Neurological and Movement Sciences, University of Verona, Verona, Italy Department of Anatomy, Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Dragos Cretoiu
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania Division of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Sanda Maria Cretoiu
- Victor Babeş National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania Division of Cell Biology and Histology, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Cismaşiu VB, Popescu LM. Telocytes transfer extracellular vesicles loaded with microRNAs to stem cells. J Cell Mol Med 2015; 19:351-8. [PMID: 25600068 PMCID: PMC4407601 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2014] [Accepted: 12/09/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are cells ubiquitously distributed in the body and characterized by very long and thin prolongations named telopodes (Tps). Cardiac TCs are the best characterized TCs for the moment. Tps release extracellular vesicles (EVs) in vivo and in vitro suggesting that TCs regulate the activity of other cells by vesicular paracrine signals. TCs have been found within the stem cell niche of several organs. Electron microscopy or electron tomography has shown that Tps are located in close vicinity of stem cells (SC). Since stem cell regulation by niche components involves paracrine signalling, we have investigated if TCs could be part of this mechanism. Using fluorescent labelling of cells and EVs with calcein and Cy5-miR-21 oligos, we provide evidence that TCs can modulate SC through EVs loaded with microRNAs. TCs deliver microRNA to cardiac stem cells (CSCs), as well as to other types of SCs (e.g. hematopoietic SC) indicating that this mechanism is not restricted to cardiac tissue. We also found that CSCs deliver microRNA loaded EVs to TCs, suggesting that there is a continuous, post-transcriptional regulatory signal back and forth between TCs and SC. In conclusion, our data reveal the existence of a reciprocal (bidirectional) epigenetic signalling between TCs and SC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriu B Cismaşiu
- Laboratory of Cellular Medicine, "Victor Babeş" National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
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28
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Popescu LM, Curici A, Wang E, Zhang H, Hu S, Gherghiceanu M. Telocytes and putative stem cells in ageing human heart. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 19:31-45. [PMID: 25545142 PMCID: PMC4288347 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tradition considers that mammalian heart consists of about 70% non-myocytes (interstitial cells) and 30% cardiomyocytes (CMs). Anyway, the presence of telocytes (TCs) has been overlooked, since they were described in 2010 (visit http://www.telocytes.com). Also, the number of cardiac stem cells (CSCs) has not accurately estimated in humans during ageing. We used electron microscopy to identify and estimate the number of cells in human atrial myocardium (appendages). Three age-related groups were studied: newborns (17 days–1 year), children (6–17 years) and adults (34–60 years). Morphometry was performed on low-magnification electron microscope images using computer-assisted technology. We found that interstitial area gradually increases with age from 31.3 ± 4.9% in newborns to 41 ± 5.2% in adults. Also, the number of blood capillaries (per mm2) increased with several hundreds in children and adults versus newborns. CMs are the most numerous cells, representing 76% in newborns, 88% in children and 86% in adults. Images of CMs mitoses were seen in the 17-day newborns. Interestingly, no lipofuscin granules were found in CMs of human newborns and children. The percentage of cells that occupy interstitium were (depending on age): endothelial cells 52–62%; vascular smooth muscle cells and pericytes 22–28%, Schwann cells with nerve endings 6–7%, fibroblasts 3–10%, macrophages 1–8%, TCs about 1% and stem cells less than 1%. We cannot confirm the popular belief that cardiac fibroblasts are the most prevalent cell type in the heart and account for about 20% of myocardial volume. Numerically, TCs represent a small fraction of human cardiac interstitial cells, but because of their extensive telopodes, they achieve a 3D network that, for instance, supports CSCs. The myocardial (very) low capability to regenerate may be explained by the number of CSCs, which decreases fivefold by age (from 0.5% to 0.1% in newborns versus adults).
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurentiu M Popescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, 'Carol Davila' University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania; Division of Advanced Studies, 'Victor Babeş' National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
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Cretoiu SM, Popescu LM. Telocytes revisited. Biomol Concepts 2014; 5:353-69. [DOI: 10.1515/bmc-2014-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractTelocytes (TCs) are a novel interstitial (stromal) cell type described in many tissues and organs (www.telocytes.com). A TC is characterized by a small cell body (9–15 μm) and a variable number (one to five) of extremely long and thin telopodes (Tps), with alternating regions of podomers (∼80 nm) and podoms (250–300 nm). Tps are interconnected by homo- and heterocellular junctions and form three-dimensional networks. Moreover, Tps release three types of extracellular vesicles: exosomes, ectosomes, and multivesicular cargos, which are involved in paracrine signaling. Different techniques have been used to characterize TCs, from classical methods (light microscopy, electron microscopy) to modern ‘omics’. It is considered that electron microscopy is essential for their identification, and CD34/PDGFRα double immunohistochemistry can orientate the diagnosis. Functional evidence is accumulating that TCs may be intimately involved in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and renewal by short- and long-distance intercellular communication. This review focuses on the most recent findings regarding TC features and locations and the principal hypotheses about their functions in normal and diseased organs. TC involvement in regenerative medicine is also considered.
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Niculite CM, Regalia TM, Gherghiceanu M, Huica R, Surcel M, Ursaciuc C, Leabu M, Popescu LM. Dynamics of telopodes (telocyte prolongations) in cell culture depends on extracellular matrix protein. Mol Cell Biochem 2014; 398:157-64. [PMID: 25240414 PMCID: PMC4229650 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-014-2215-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/12/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes (TC) are cells with telopodes (Tp), very long prolongations (up to 100 μm) with an uneven caliber (www.telocytes.com). Factors determining the dynamics of cellular prolongations are still unknown, although previous studies showed telopode motility in TC cultures. We comparatively investigated, by time-lapse videomicroscopy, the dynamics of Tp of mouse heart TC seeded on collagen, fibronectin, and laminin. Under our experimental conditions, TC and fibroblasts (cell line L929) behaved differently in terms of adherence, spreading, and prolongation extension. Fibroblasts showed lower spreading on the matrix proteins used. The time needed for spreading was 2–4 h for TC, versus 8–10 h for fibroblasts. The values for final cell surface area after spreading were between 200 and 400 μm2 for fibroblasts and 800–2,000 μm2 for TC. TC showed a more than three times higher ability to spread on the tested matrix proteins. An extremely low capacity to extend prolongations with lengths shorter than cell bodies was noted for fibroblasts, while TC extended prolongations longer than the cell body length, with a moniliform appearance. The stronger adherence and spreading were noted for TC seeded on fibronectin, while the lowest were on laminin. Collagen determined an intermediate adherence and spreading for TC, but the highest dynamics in Tp extensions. In conclusion, TC behave differently than fibroblasts in terms of adherence, spreading, and cell prolongation extension when seeded on various matrix proteins in cell culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mariana Niculite
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - T. M. Regalia
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Gherghiceanu
- Laboratory of Electron Microscopy, “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - R. Huica
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Immunology, “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - Mihaela Surcel
- Department of Immunology, “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - C. Ursaciuc
- Department of Immunology, “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
| | - M. Leabu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, Bucharest, Romania
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
| | - L. M. Popescu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, “Carol Davila” University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
- Division of Advanced Studies, “Victor Babeş” National Institute of Pathology, 99-101 Splaiul Independentei, Sector 5, 050096 Bucharest, Romania
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Galiger C, Kostin S, Golec A, Ahlbrecht K, Becker S, Gherghiceanu M, Popescu LM, Morty RE, Seeger W, Voswinckel R. Phenotypical and ultrastructural features of Oct4-positive cells in the adult mouse lung. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1321-33. [PMID: 24889158 PMCID: PMC4124017 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2013] [Accepted: 03/12/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Octamer binding trascription factor 4 (Oct4) is a transcription factor of POU family specifically expressed in embryonic stem cells (ESCs). A role for maintaining pluripotency and self-renewal of ESCs is assigned to Oct4 as a pluripotency marker. Oct4 can also be detected in adult stem cells such as bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells. Several studies suggest a role for Oct4 in sustaining self-renewal capacity of adult stem cells. However, Oct4 gene ablation in adult stem cells revealed no abnormalities in tissue turnover or regenerative capacity. In the present study we have conspicuously found pulmonary Oct4-positive cells closely resembling the morphology of telocytes (TCs). These cells were found in the perivascular and peribronchial areas and their presence and location were confirmed by electron microscopy. Moreover, we have used Oct4-GFP transgenic mice which revealed a similar localization of the Oct4-GFP signal. We also found that Oct4 co-localized with several described TC markers such as vimentin, Sca-1, platelet-derived growth factor receptor-beta C-kit and VEGF. By flow cytometry analyses carried out with Oct4-GFP reporter mice, we described a population of EpCAM(neg) /CD45(neg) /Oct4-GFP(pos) that in culture displayed TC features. These results were supported by qRT-PCR with mRNA isolated from lungs by using laser capture microdissection. In addition, Oct4-positive cells were found to express Nanog and Klf4 mRNA. It is concluded for the first time that TCs in adult lung mouse tissue comprise Oct4-positive cells, which express pluripotency-related genes and represent therefore a population of adult stem cells which might contribute to lung regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Celimene Galiger
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
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Campeanu RA, Radu BM, Cretoiu SM, Banciu DD, Banciu A, Cretoiu D, Popescu LM. Near-infrared low-level laser stimulation of telocytes from human myometrium. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 29:1867-74. [PMID: 24870411 PMCID: PMC4215113 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1589-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) are a brand-new cell type frequently observed in the interstitial space of many organs (see www.telocytes.com). TCs are defined by very long (tens of micrometers) and slender prolongations named telopodes. At their level, dilations—called podoms (~300 nm), alternate with podomers (80–100 nm). TCs were identified in a myometrial interstitial cell culture based on morphological criteria and by CD34 and PDGF receptor alpha (PDGFRα) immunopositivity. However, the mechanism(s) of telopodes formation and/or elongation and ramification is not known. We report here the low-level laser stimulation (LLLS) using a 1,064-nm neodymium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Nd:YAG) laser (with an output power of 60 mW) of the telopodal lateral extension (TLE) growth in cell culture. LLLS of TCs determines a higher growth rate of TLE in pregnant myometrium primary cultures (10.3 ± 1.0 μm/min) compared to nonpregnant ones (6.6 ± 0.9 μm/min). Acute exposure (30 min) of TCs from pregnant myometrium to 1 μM mibefradil, a selective inhibitor of T-type calcium channels, determines a significant reduction in the LLLS TLE growth rate (5.7 ± 0.8 μm/min) compared to LLLS per se in same type of samples. Meanwhile, chronic exposure (24 h) completely abolishes the LLLS TLE growth in both nonpregnant and pregnant myometria. The initial direction of TLE growth was modified by LLLS, the angle of deviation being more accentuated in TCs from human pregnant myometrium than in TCs from nonpregnant myometrium. In conclusion, TCs from pregnant myometrium are more susceptible of reacting to LLLS than those from nonpregnant myometrium. Therefore, some implications are emerging for low-level laser therapy (LLLT) in uterine regenerative medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Razvan-Alexandru Campeanu
- Department of Anatomy Animal Physiology and Biophysics, Faculty of Biology, University of Bucharest, 050095, Bucharest, Romania
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Rusu MC, Loreto C, Mănoiu VS. Network of telocytes in the temporomandibular joint disc of rats. Acta Histochem 2014; 116:663-8. [PMID: 24439756 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2013.12.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2013] [Revised: 12/05/2013] [Accepted: 12/08/2013] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The phenotypes of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) disc cells range from fibroblasts to chondrocytes. There are relatively few reported studies using transmission electron microscopy (TEM) to determine the ultrastructural features of these cells. It was hypothesized that at least a subpopulation of TMJ stromal cells could be represented by the telocytes, cells with telopodes. In this regard a TEM study was performed on rat TMJ samples. Collagen-embedded networks were found built-up by cells with telopodes with subplasmalemmal caveolae, moderate content in matrix secretory organelles and well-represented intermediate filaments. Appositions of cell bodies were found. Prolongations of such cells were closely related to nerves and microvessels. Our study indicates that the TMJ disc attachment seems equipped with telocytes capable of stromal signaling. However, further studies are needed to assess whether the telocytes belong to a renewed cell population derived from circulating precursors.
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Li L, Lin M, Li L, Wang R, Zhang C, Qi G, Xu M, Rong R, Zhu T. Renal telocytes contribute to the repair of ischemically injured renal tubules. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 18:1144-56. [PMID: 24758589 PMCID: PMC4508154 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2013] [Accepted: 02/05/2014] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), a distinct type of interstitial cells, have been identified in many organs via electron microscopy. However, their precise function in organ regeneration remains unknown. This study investigated the paracrine effect of renal TCs on renal tubular epithelial cells (TECs) in vitro, the regenerative function of renal TCs in renal tubules after ischaemia–reperfusion injury (IRI) in vivo and the possible mechanisms involved. In a renal IRI model, transplantation of renal TCs was found to decrease serum creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels, while renal fibroblasts exerted no such effect. The results of histological injury assessments and the expression levels of cleaved caspase-3 were consistent with a change in kidney function. Our data suggest that the protective effect of TCs against IRI occurs via inflammation-independent mechanisms in vivo. Furthermore, we found that renal TCs could not directly promote the proliferation and anti-apoptosis properties of TECs in vitro. TCs did not display any advantage in paracrine growth factor secretion in vitro compared with renal fibroblasts. These data indicate that renal TCs protect against renal IRI via an inflammation-independent pathway and that growth factors play a significant role in this mechanism. Renal TCs may protect TECs in certain microenvironments while interacting with other cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Li
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China; Shanghai Key Lab of Organ Transplantation, Shanghai, China
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Ting S, Liew SJ, Japson F, Shang F, Chong WK, Reuveny S, Tham JY, Li X, Oh S. Time‐resolved video analysis and management system for monitoring cardiomyocyte differentiation processes and toxicology assays. Biotechnol J 2014; 9:675-83. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201300262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sherwin Ting
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Seaw Jia Liew
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Francis Japson
- Institute of Infocomm Research, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Fuchun Shang
- Institute of Infocomm Research, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Wee Keat Chong
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Shaul Reuveny
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Jo Yew Tham
- Institute of Infocomm Research, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Xiang Li
- Singapore Institute of Manufacturing Technology, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
| | - Steve Oh
- Bioprocessing Technology Institute, A*STAR (Agency for Science, Technology and Research), Singapore
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Qi G, Lin M, Xu M, Manole CG, Wang X, Zhu T. Telocytes in the human kidney cortex. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:3116-22. [PMID: 23241355 PMCID: PMC4393739 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01582.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Renal interstitial cells play an important role in the physiology and pathology of the kidneys. As a novel type of interstitial cell, telocytes (TCs) have been described in various tissues and organs, including the heart, lung, skeletal muscle, urinary tract, etc. (www.telocytes.com). However, it is not known if TCs are present in the kidney interstitium. We demonstrated the presence of TCs in human kidney cortex interstitium using primary cell culture, transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and in situ immunohistochemistry (IHC). Renal TCs were positive for CD34, CD117 and vimentin. They were localized in the kidney cortex interstitial compartment, partially covering the tubules and vascular walls. Morphologically, renal TCs resemble TCs described in other organs, with very long telopodes (Tps) composed of thin segments (podomers) and dilated segments (podoms). However, their possible roles (beyond intercellular signalling) as well as their specific phenotype in the kidney remain to be established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guisheng Qi
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Zhongshan Hospital, Shanghai, China
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37
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Rosenbaum ST, Svalø J, Nielsen K, Larsen T, Jørgensen JC, Bouchelouche P. Immunolocalization and expression of small-conductance calcium-activated potassium channels in human myometrium. J Cell Mol Med 2014; 16:3001-8. [PMID: 22947283 PMCID: PMC4393728 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01627.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 08/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Small-conductance calcium-activated potassium (SK3) channels have been detected in human myometrium and we have previously shown a functional role of SK channels in human myometrium in vitro. The aims of this study were to identify the precise localization of SK3 channels and to quantify SK3 mRNA expression in myometrium from pregnant and non-pregnant women. Myometrial biopsies were obtained from pregnant (n = 11) and non-pregnant (n = 11) women. The expression of SK3 channels was assessed using immunohistochemistry and SK3 mRNA was determined by qRT-PCR. In non-pregnant myometrium SK3 immunoreactivity was observed in CD34 positive (CD34(+)) interstitial Cajal-like cells (ICLC), now called telocytes. Although CD34(+) cells were also present in pregnant myometrium, they lacked SK3 immunoreactivity. Furthermore, the immunohistochemical results showed that SK3 expression in vascular endothelium was similar between the two groups. CD117 immunoreactivity was only detected in small round cells that resemble mast cells. Compared to non-pregnant myometrium we found significantly less SK3 mRNA in pregnant myometrium. We demonstrate that SK3 channels are localized solely in CD34(+) cells and not in smooth muscle cells, and that the molecular expression of SK3 channels is higher in non-pregnant compared to pregnant myometrium. On the basis of our previous study and the present findings, we propose that SK3 activators reduce contractility in human myometrium by modulating telocyte function. This is the first report to provide evidence for a possible role of SK3 channels in human uterine telocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia T Rosenbaum
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Holbaek Hospital, Holbaek, Denmark.
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Zhou J, Wang Y, Zhu P, Sun H, Mou Y, Duan C, Yao A, Lv S, Wang C. Distribution and characteristics of telocytes as nurse cells in the architectural organization of engineered heart tissues. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2014; 57:241-7. [PMID: 24430556 DOI: 10.1007/s11427-013-4602-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Interstitial Cajal-like cells are a distinct type of interstitial cell with a wide distribution in mammalian organs and tissues, and have been given the name "telocytes". Recent studies have demonstrated the potential roles of telocytes in heart development, renewal, and repair. However, further research on the functions of telocytes is limited by the complicated in vivo environment. This study was designed to construct engineered heart tissue (EHT) as a three-dimensional model in vitro to better understand the role of telocytes in the architectural organization of the myocardium. EHTs were constructed by seeding neonatal cardiomyocytes in collagen/Matrigel scaffolds followed by culture under persistent static stretch. Telocytes in EHTs were identified by histology, toluidine blue staining, immunofluorescence, and transmission electron microscopy. The results from histology and toluidine blue staining demonstrated widespread putative telocytes with compact toluidine blue-stained nuclei, which were located around cardiomyocytes. Prolongations from the cell bodies showed a characteristic dichotomous branching pattern and formed networks in EHTs. Immunofluorescence revealed positive staining of telocytes for CD34 and vimentin with typical moniliform prolongations. A series of electron microscopy images further showed that typical telocytes embraced the cardiomyocytes with their long prolongations and exhibited a marked appearance of nursing cardiomyocytes during the construction of EHTs. This finding highlights the great importance of telocytes in the architectural organization of EHTs. It also suggests that EHT is an appropriate physical and pathological model system in vitro to study the roles of telocytes during heart development and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zhou
- Department of Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences and Tissue Engineering Research Center, Academy of Military Medical Sciences, Beijing, 100850, China
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Chen X, Zheng Y, Manole CG, Wang X, Wang Q. Telocytes in human oesophagus. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1506-12. [PMID: 24188731 PMCID: PMC4117563 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs), a new type of interstitial cells, were identified in many different organs and tissues of mammalians and humans. In this study, we show the presence, in human oesophagus, of cells having the typical features of TCs in lamina propria of the mucosa, as well as in muscular layers. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), immunohistochemistry (IHC) and primary cell culture. Human oesophageal TCs present a small cell body with 2–3 very long Telopodes (Tps). Tps consist of an alternation of thin segments (podomers) and thick segments (podoms) and have a labyrinthine spatial arrangement. Tps establish close contacts (‘stromal synapses’) with other neighbouring cells (e.g. lymphocytes, macrophages). The ELISA testing of the supernatant of primary culture of TCs indicated that the concentrations of VEGF and EGF increased progressively. In conclusion, our study shows the existence of typical TCs at the level of oesophagus (mucosa, submucosa and muscular layer) and suggests their possible role in tissue repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoke Chen
- Department of thoracic surgery, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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Abstract
TCs (telocytes) are actually defined as stromal cells with specific long and thin prolongations, called Tp (telopodes). They have been positively identified in various tissues and we now report their presence in the esophagus. These cells were identified by TEM (transmission electron microscopy) in esophageal samples of Wistar rats (n = 5) occurring beneath the basal epithelial layer, in submucosa, closely related to smooth and striated muscular fibres, as also in the adventitia. They are closely related to mast cells, macrophages and microvessels. Hybrid morphologies of stromal cells processes were found: cytoplasmic processes continued distally in a telopodial fashion. Telopodes alone may not be sufficient, however, for a safe diagnosis of TCs in TEM. A larger set of specific standards (such as the telopodial emergence, and the size of the cell body and telopodes) should be considered to differentiate TCs from various species of fibroblasts. The morphological and ultrastructural features should distinguish between TCs and interstitial cells of Cajal in the digestive tract.
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41
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Cretoiu SM, Cretoiu D, Marin A, Radu BM, Popescu LM. Telocytes: ultrastructural, immunohistochemical and electrophysiological characteristics in human myometrium. Reproduction 2013; 145:357-70. [PMID: 23404846 PMCID: PMC3636525 DOI: 10.1530/rep-12-0369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 126] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) have been described in various organs and species (www.telocytes.com) as cells with telopodes (Tps) – very long cellular extensions with an alternation of thin segments (podomers) and dilated portions (podoms). We examined TCs using electron microscopy (EM), immunohistochemistry (IHC), immunofluorescence (IF), time-lapse videomicroscopy and whole-cell patch voltage clamp. EM showed a three-dimensional network of dichotomous-branching Tps, a labyrinthine system with homocellular and heterocellular junctions. Tps release extracellular vesicles (mean diameter of 160.6±6.9 nm in non-pregnant myometrium and 171.6±4.6 nm in pregnant myometrium), sending macromolecular signals to neighbouring cells. Comparative measurements (non-pregnant and pregnant myometrium) of podomer thickness revealed values of 81.94±1.77 vs 75.53±1.81 nm, while the podoms' diameters were 268.6±8.27 vs 316.38±17.56 nm. IHC as well as IF revealed double c-kit and CD34 positive results. Time-lapse videomicroscopy of cell culture showed dynamic interactions between Tps and myocytes. In non-pregnant myometrium, patch-clamp recordings of TCs revealed a hyperpolarisation-activated chloride inward current with calcium dependence and the absence of L-type calcium channels. TCs seem to have no excitable properties similar to the surrounding smooth muscle cells (SMCs). In conclusion, this study shows the presence of TCs as a distinct cell type in human non-pregnant and pregnant myometrium and describes morphometric differences between the two physiological states. In addition, we provide a preliminary in vitro electrophysiological evaluation of the non-pregnant state, suggesting that TCs could influence timing of the contractile activity of SMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanda M Cretoiu
- Division of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest 050474, Romania
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42
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Salama NM. Immunohistochemical characterization of telocytes in ratuterus in different reproductive states. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1097/01.ehx.0000425654.68291.c8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Corradi LS, Jesus MM, Fochi RA, Vilamaior PSL, Justulin LA, Góes RM, Felisbino SL, Taboga SR. Structural and ultrastructural evidence for telocytes in prostate stroma. J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:398-406. [PMID: 23388038 PMCID: PMC3823021 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Accepted: 12/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The prostate comprises a glandular epithelium embedded within a fibromuscular stroma. The stroma is a complex arrangement of cells and extracellular matrix (ECM) components in addition to growth factors, regulatory molecules, remodelling enzymes, blood vessels, nerves and immune cells. The principal sources of ECM components are fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells (SMC), which synthesize the structural and regulatory components of the ECM. Telocytes (TCs) were recently described as a novel stromal cell type that exhibited characteristic features. The aim of this study was to confirm the presence of TCs in prostate stromal tissue of gerbils, as the stromal compartment of this gland is a dynamic microenvironment. We used transmission electron microscopy (TEM), light microscopy and immunohistochemistry methods to provide morphological evidence for the presence of TCs. Cells that resembled TCs were observed in gerbil prostatic stroma. These cells had small cellular bodies with very thin and extremely long cellular processes. They were found primarily in the subepithelial area and also at the periphery of SMC layers. TCs also exhibited moniliform processes, caveolae and nuclei surrounded by small amounts of cytoplasm. Close contacts between TC podomers were evident, particularly in the adjacent epithelial compartment. This morphological evidence supported the presence of TCs in the gerbil prostatic stroma, which we report for the first time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lara S Corradi
- Department of Biology, Institute of Biosciences, Humanities and Exact Sciences (IBILCE), Univ. Estadual Paulista - UNESP, São José do Rio Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Abstract
Previous studies have shown that telocytes are found in a variety of tissues. Here, we report the presence of telocytes in the human endometrium. In addition, telocytes were isolated from the rat endometrium and cultured. Immunohistochemistry was performed in vitro and in vivo. Cultured cells showed that telocytes expressed CD34, and similar results were found in the uterine tissue. In both species, telocytes also stained positive for vimentin and connexin 43. Telopodes were observed connecting cell colonies and connecting distant cells. Our findings suggest that telocytes may have a role in cell-to-cell communication over short and long distances within the endometrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kota Hatta
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery and Toronto, General Research Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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Horch RE, Kneser U, Polykandriotis E, Schmidt VJ, Sun J, Arkudas A. Tissue engineering and regenerative medicine -where do we stand? J Cell Mol Med 2012; 16:1157-65. [PMID: 22436120 PMCID: PMC3823070 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2012.01564.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Tissue Engineering (TE) in the context of Regenerative Medicine (RM) has been hailed for many years as one of the most important topics in medicine in the twenty-first century. While the first clinically relevant TE efforts were mainly concerned with the generation of bioengineered skin substitutes, subsequently TE applications have been continuously extended to a wide variety of tissues and organs. The advent of either embryonic or mesenchymal adult stem-cell technology has fostered many of the efforts to combine this promising tool with TE approaches and has merged the field into the term Regenerative Medicine. As a typical example in translational medicine, the discovery of a new type of cells called Telocytes that have been described in many organs and have been detected by electron microscopy opens another gate to RM. Besides cell-therapy strategies, the application of gene therapy combined with TE has been investigated to generate tissues and organs. The vascularization of constructs plays a crucial role besides the matrix and cell substitutes. Therefore, novel in vivo models of vascularization have evolved allowing axial vascularization with subsequent transplantation of constructs. This article is intended to give an overview over some of the most recent developments and possible applications in RM through the perspective of TE achievements and cellular research. The synthesis of TE with innovative methods of molecular biology and stem-cell technology appears to be very promising.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymund E Horch
- Department of Plastic and Hand Surgery And Laboratory for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Friedrich Alexander University Erlangen-Nuernberg, Erlangen, Germany.
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES Pancreatic interstitial cells are located among acini, ducts, nerves, and blood vessels. They are essential for pancreas development, physiology, and for oncogenic microenvironment. We identified cells with characteristic ultrastructural features of telocytes in pancreatic interstitium. Telocytes were initially described as interstitial Cajal-like cells, but it gradually became clear that they were a distinct novel cell type not directly related to canonical interstitial Cajal cells. METHODS Serial ultrathin sections of human pancreatic tissue were studied by transmission electron microscopy. Computer analysis software was used to obtain 2-dimensional compositions from serial micrographs and to perform morphometry. RESULTS Pancreatic telocytes appear as small-body cells with prolongations called telopodes. The ultrastructural features of telopodes are the following: (a) number: 1 to 3; (b) length: tens of micrometers; (c) moniliform aspect: with podoms (thicker portions) and podomers (thin segments, with a mean width of 60 nm, undetectable by light microscopy); (d) dichotomous branching forming a network; (e) establish homocellular and heterocellular junctions; (f) release of microvesicles/multivesicular bodies. Telopodes pass close to blood vessels, nerves, and pancreatic acinar cells and ducts. CONCLUSIONS Telocytes are present as distinct interstitial cells in the exocrine pancreatic stroma. They act as important players in intercellular signaling via stromal synapses and shed vesicle transfer.
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Abstract
Recently, a novel type of stromal cell – the telocytes (TC) – was identified in mouse trachea. These cells are known to possess the ultrastructural characteristics, which support their role in intercellular signaling. We found TC in all stromal compartments of the tracheal wall. TC with long prolongations (telopodes, Tp) were lining longitudinally the collagen bundles, and were serially arranged (end-to-end connections of Tp were found). Noteworthy, Tp frequently establish stromal synapses with mast cells (MC). Primary cilia were also identified in TC. In conclusion, tracheal TC could be involved in the tracheal regulation (e.g. secretion, contractility). The tandem TC-MC deserves further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Rusu
- Division of Anatomy, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Bucharest, Romania
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Cantarero I, Luesma MJ, Junquera C. The primary cilium of telocytes in the vasculature: electron microscope imaging. J Cell Mol Med 2012; 15:2594-600. [PMID: 21435170 PMCID: PMC4373428 DOI: 10.1111/j.1582-4934.2011.01312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood vessels are highly organized and complex structure, which are far more than simple tubes conducting the blood to almost any tissue of the body. The fine structure of the wall of blood vessels has been studied previously using the electron microscope, but the presence the telocytes associated with vasculature, a specific new cellular entity, has not been studied in depth. Interestingly, telocytes have been recently found in the epicardium, myocardium, endocardium, human term placenta, duodenal lamina propria and pleura. We show the presence of telocytes located on the extracellular matrix of blood vessels (arterioles, venules and capillaries) by immunohistochemistry and transmission electron microscopy. Also, we demonstrated the first evidence of a primary cilium in telocytes. Several functions have been proposed for these cells. Here, the telocyte-blood vessels cell proximity, the relationship between telocytes, exosomes and nervous trunks may have a special significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Cantarero
- Department of Human Anatomy and Histology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain.
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Cardiac telocytes - their junctions and functional implications. Cell Tissue Res 2012; 348:265-79. [PMID: 22350946 PMCID: PMC3349856 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-012-1333-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2011] [Accepted: 01/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Telocytes (TCs) form a cardiac network of interstitial cells. Our previous studies have shown that TCs are involved in heterocellular contacts with cardiomyocytes and cardiac stem/progenitor cells. In addition, TCs frequently establish ‘stromal synapses’ with several types of immunoreactive cells in various organs (www.telocytes.com). Using electron microscopy (EM) and electron microscope tomography (ET), we further investigated the interstitial cell network of TCs and found that TCs form ‘atypical’ junctions with virtually all types of cells in the human heart. EM and ET showed different junction types connecting TCs in a network (puncta adhaerentia minima, processus adhaerentes and manubria adhaerentia). The connections between TCs and cardiomyocytes are ‘dot’ junctions with nanocontacts or asymmetric junctions. Junctions between stem cells and TCs are either ‘stromal synapses’ or adhaerens junctions. An unexpected finding was that TCs have direct cell–cell (nano)contacts with Schwann cells, endothelial cells and pericytes. Therefore, ultrastructural analysis proved that the cardiac TC network could integrate the overall ‘information’ from vascular system (endothelial cells and pericytes), nervous system (Schwann cells), immune system (macrophages, mast cells), interstitium (fibroblasts, extracellular matrix), stem cells/progenitors and working cardiomyocytes. Generally, heterocellular contacts occur by means of minute junctions (point contacts, nanocontacts and planar contacts) and the mean intermembrane distance is within the macromolecular interaction range (10–30 nm). In conclusion, TCs make a network in the myocardial interstitium, which is involved in the long-distance intercellular signaling coordination. This integrated interstitial system appears to be composed of large homotropic zones (TC–TC junctions) and limited (distinct) heterotropic zones (heterocellular junctions of TCs).
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Abstract
We show the existence of a novel type of interstitial cell-telocytes (TC) in mouse trachea and lungs. We used cell cultures, vital stainings, as well as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and immunohistochemistry (IHC). Phase contrast microscopy on cultured cells showed cells with unequivocally characteristic morphology of typical TC (cells with telopodes-Tp). SEM revealed typical TC with two to three Tp-very long and branched cell prolongations. Tp consist of an alternation of thin segments (podomers) and thick segments (podoms). The latter accommodate mitochondria (as shown by Janus Green and MitoTracker), rough endoplasmic reticulum and caveolae. TEM showed characteristic podomers and podoms as well as close relationships with nerve endings and blood capillaries. IHC revealed positive expression of TC for c-kit, vimentin and CD34. In conclusion, this study shows the presence in trachea and lungs of a peculiar type of cells, which fulfils the criteria for TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Zheng
- Department of Pulmonary Medicine and Biomedical Research Center, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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