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Mehmood A, Shah S, Guo RY, Haider A, Shi M, Ali H, Ali I, Ullah R, Li B. Methyl-CpG-Binding Protein 2 Emerges as a Central Player in Multiple Sclerosis and Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2023; 43:4071-4101. [PMID: 37955798 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-023-01432-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 10/27/2023] [Indexed: 11/14/2023]
Abstract
MECP2 and its product methyl-CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) are associated with multiple sclerosis (MS) and neuromyelitis optica spectrum disorders (NMOSD), which are inflammatory, autoimmune, and demyelinating disorders of the central nervous system (CNS). However, the mechanisms and pathways regulated by MeCP2 in immune activation in favor of MS and NMOSD are not fully understood. We summarize findings that use the binding properties of MeCP2 to identify its targets, particularly the genes recognized by MeCP2 and associated with several neurological disorders. MeCP2 regulates gene expression in neurons, immune cells and during development by modulating various mechanisms and pathways. Dysregulation of the MeCP2 signaling pathway has been associated with several disorders, including neurological and autoimmune diseases. A thorough understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying MeCP2 function can provide new therapeutic strategies for these conditions. The nervous system is the primary system affected in MeCP2-associated disorders, and other systems may also contribute to MeCP2 action through its target genes. MeCP2 signaling pathways provide promise as potential therapeutic targets in progressive MS and NMOSD. MeCP2 not only increases susceptibility and induces anti-inflammatory responses in immune sites but also leads to a chronic increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines gene expression (IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-1β) and downregulates the genes involved in immune regulation (IL-10, FoxP3, and CX3CR1). MeCP2 may modulate similar mechanisms in different pathologies and suggest that treatments for MS and NMOSD disorders may be effective in treating related disorders. MeCP2 regulates gene expression in MS and NMOSD. However, dysregulation of the MeCP2 signaling pathway is implicated in these disorders. MeCP2 plays a role as a therapeutic target for MS and NMOSD and provides pathways and mechanisms that are modulated by MeCP2 in the regulation of gene expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arshad Mehmood
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Suleman Shah
- Department of Cell Biology and Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Health Science Center, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ruo-Yi Guo
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Arsalan Haider
- Key Lab of Health Psychology, Institute of Psychology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Mengya Shi
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China
| | - Hamid Ali
- Department of Biosciences, COMSATS University Islamabad, Park Road Tarlai Kalan, Islamabad, 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ijaz Ali
- Centre for Applied Mathematics and Bioinformatics, Gulf University for Science and Technology, Hawally, 32093, Kuwait
| | - Riaz Ullah
- Medicinal Aromatic and Poisonous Plants Research Center, College of Pharmacy, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Bin Li
- Department of Neurology, The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
- Key Laboratory of Neurology of Hebei Province, Shijiazhuang, 050000, Hebei, People's Republic of China.
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2
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Mirabelli E, Elkabes S. Neuropathic Pain in Multiple Sclerosis and Its Animal Models: Focus on Mechanisms, Knowledge Gaps and Future Directions. Front Neurol 2022; 12:793745. [PMID: 34975739 PMCID: PMC8716468 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2021.793745] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a multifaceted, complex and chronic neurological disease that leads to motor, sensory and cognitive deficits. MS symptoms are unpredictable and exceedingly variable. Pain is a frequent symptom of MS and manifests as nociceptive or neuropathic pain, even at early disease stages. Neuropathic pain is one of the most debilitating symptoms that reduces quality of life and interferes with daily activities, particularly because conventional pharmacotherapies do not adequately alleviate neuropathic pain. Despite advances, the mechanisms underlying neuropathic pain in MS remain elusive. The majority of the studies investigating the pathophysiology of MS-associated neuropathic pain have been performed in animal models that replicate some of the clinical and neuropathological features of MS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is one of the best-characterized and most commonly used animal models of MS. As in the case of individuals with MS, rodents affected by EAE manifest increased sensitivity to pain which can be assessed by well-established assays. Investigations on EAE provided valuable insights into the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain. Nevertheless, additional investigations are warranted to better understand the events that lead to the onset and maintenance of neuropathic pain in order to identify targets that can facilitate the development of more effective therapeutic interventions. The goal of the present review is to provide an overview of several mechanisms implicated in neuropathic pain in EAE by summarizing published reports. We discuss current knowledge gaps and future research directions, especially based on information obtained by use of other animal models of neuropathic pain such as nerve injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ersilia Mirabelli
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States.,Department of Biology and Chemistry, School of Health Sciences, Liberty University, Lynchburg, VA, United States
| | - Stella Elkabes
- Reynolds Family Spine Laboratory, Department of Neurosurgery, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers the State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ, United States
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3
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Liu T, Song Y, Hu A. Neuroprotective mechanisms of mangiferin in neurodegenerative diseases. Drug Dev Res 2021; 82:494-502. [PMID: 33458836 DOI: 10.1002/ddr.21783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Revised: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 12/03/2020] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
The central nervous system (CNS) regulates and coordinates an extensive array of complex processes requiring harmonious regulation of specific genes. CNS disorders represent a large burden on society and cause enormous disability and economic losses. Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) has been used for many years in the treatment of neurological illnesses, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, stroke, and depression, as the combination of TCM and Western medicine has superior therapeutic efficacy and minimal toxic side effects. Mangiferin (MGF) is an active compound of the traditional Chinese herb rhizome anemarrhenae, which has antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-lipid peroxidation, immunomodulatory, and anti-apoptotic functions in the CNS. MGF has been demonstrated to have therapeutic effects in CNS diseases through a multitude of mechanisms. This review outlines the latest research on the neuroprotective ability of MGF and the diverse molecular mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingjun Liu
- Center of Animal Laboratory, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China
| | - Yuanjian Song
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Brain Disease and Bioinformation, Research Center for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Department of Genetics, Xuzhou Engineering Research Center of Medical Genetics and Transformation, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ankang Hu
- Center of Animal Laboratory, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, PR China
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Ruiz-Cantero MC, González-Cano R, Tejada MÁ, Santos-Caballero M, Perazzoli G, Nieto FR, Cobos EJ. Sigma-1 receptor: A drug target for the modulation of neuroimmune and neuroglial interactions during chronic pain. Pharmacol Res 2021; 163:105339. [PMID: 33276102 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2020] [Revised: 11/22/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immune and glial cells play a pivotal role in chronic pain. Therefore, it is possible that the pharmacological modulation of neurotransmission from an exclusively neuronal perspective may not be enough for adequate pain management, and the modulation of complex interactions between neurons and other cell types might be needed for successful pain relief. In this article, we review the current scientific evidence for the modulatory effects of sigma-1 receptors on communication between the immune and nervous systems during inflammation, as well as the influence of this receptor on peripheral and central neuroinflammation. Several experimental models of pathological pain are considered, including peripheral and central neuropathic pain, osteoarthritic, and cancer pain. Sigma-1 receptor inhibition prevents peripheral (macrophage infiltration into the dorsal root ganglion) and central (activation of microglia and astrocytes) neuroinflammation in several pain models, and enhances immune-driven peripheral opioid analgesia during painful inflammation, maximizing the analgesic potential of peripheral immune cells. Therefore, sigma-1 antagonists may constitute a new class of analgesics with an unprecedented mechanism of action and potential utility in several painful disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Carmen Ruiz-Cantero
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neurosciences Institute (Biomedical Research Center), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Rafael González-Cano
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neurosciences Institute (Biomedical Research Center), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Miguel Á Tejada
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neurosciences Institute (Biomedical Research Center), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; INCLIVA Health Research Institute, Valencia, Spain
| | - Miriam Santos-Caballero
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neurosciences Institute (Biomedical Research Center), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain
| | - Gloria Perazzoli
- Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Department of Nursing, Physiotherapy and Medicine, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
| | - Francisco R Nieto
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neurosciences Institute (Biomedical Research Center), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain.
| | - Enrique J Cobos
- Department of Pharmacology, and Neurosciences Institute (Biomedical Research Center), University of Granada, Granada, Spain; Biosanitary Research Institute ibs.GRANADA, Granada, Spain; Teófilo Hernando Institute for Drug Discovery, Madrid, Spain.
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5
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The Actions and Mechanisms of P2X7R and p38 MAPK Activation in Mediating Bortezomib-Induced Neuropathic Pain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2020; 2020:8143754. [PMID: 32733956 PMCID: PMC7376423 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8143754] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2020] [Accepted: 06/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The proteasome inhibitor bortezomib (BTZ) is a potent first-line anticancer drug for multiple myeloma; nonetheless, it induced peripheral neuropathy. It has been suggested that many cytokines may play a role in mediating neuropathic pain, but the underlying molecular mechanism is not fully understood. Recent studies have shown that neuropathic pain is closely related to the purinergic ligand-gated ion channel 7 receptor (P2X7R), one of the P2X receptors, which is richly expressed in glial cells. P2X7-p38 pathway is correlated with microglia- and satellite glial cell- (SGC-) mediated neuropathic pain. However, the association of P2X7R and p38MAPK in mediating BTZ-induced neuropathic pain remains unclear. In this study, the relationship between P2X7R activation and p38 phosphorylation in the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal dorsal horn (SDH) in the development and maintenance of BTZ-induced neuropathic pain was elucidated. The results showed that BTZ increased mechanical thresholds in rats, accompanied with upregulation of P2X7R expression and p38MAPK phosphorylation, indicating that P2X7R and p38MAPK are key molecules in the development and maintenance of BTZ-induced neuropathic pain. Inhibiting p38MAPK phosphorylation with SB203580 resulted in downregulation of P2X7R expression levels. Inhibition of P2X7R with Brilliant Blue G (BBG) reversed neuropathic pain might decrease through the expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and IL-6 via inhibiting p38MAPK phosphorylation. The P2X7R/p38MAPK signaling pathway in SGCs of DRG and microglia of SDH might be a potential pharmacological target behind this mechanism as an opportunity to relieve BTZ-induced neuropathic pain.
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Zhou T, Ahmad TK, Alrushaid S, Pozdirca M, Ethans K, Intrater H, Le T, Burczynski F, Kong J, Namaka M. Therapeutic impact of orally administered cannabinoid oil extracts in an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis animal model of multiple sclerosis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2019; 516:373-380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2019.06.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Accepted: 06/07/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Zheng Q, Liu L, Liu H, Zheng H, Sun H, Ji J, Sun Y, Yang T, Zhao H, Qi F, Li K, Li J, Zhang N, Fan Y, Wang L. The Bu Shen Yi Sui Formula Promotes Axonal Regeneration via Regulating the Neurotrophic Factor BDNF/TrkB and the Downstream PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:796. [PMID: 31379571 PMCID: PMC6650751 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00796] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Axonal damage is recognized as an important pathological feature in the chronic progressive neurological disorder multiple sclerosis (MS). Promoting axonal regeneration is a critical strategy for the treatment of MS. Our clinical and experimental studies have shown that the Bu Shen Yi Sui formula (BSYS) promotes axonal regeneration in MS and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of MS, but the exact mechanism has not been thoroughly elucidated to date. In this study, we investigated the effects of BSYS and its two decomposed formulas-the Bu Shen formula (BS) and the Hua Tan Huo Xue formula (HTHX)-on brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)/TrkB and related signaling pathways to explore the mechanism by which axonal regeneration is promoted in vitro and in vivo. Damaged SH-SY5Y cells incubated with low serum were treated with BSYS-, BS-, and HTHX-containing serum, and EAE mice induced by the myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG)35-55 peptide were treated with BSYS. The results showed that the BSYS-containing serum markedly increased cell viability and increased the levels of growth associated protein (GAP)-43, phosphorylated (p)-cAMP-response element binding protein (CREB), BDNF, TrkB, and p-PI3K. The BS and HTHX treatments also induced the protein expression of GAP-43 and p-extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in the cells. Furthermore, the effects of BSYS on cell viability, GAP-43, p-CREB, and neurite outgrowth were clearly inhibited by LY294002, a specific antagonist of the PI3K signaling pathways. The addition of U0126 and U73122, antagonists of the ERK and PLCγ pathway, respectively, significantly inhibited cell viability and GAP-43 protein expression. Moreover, BSYS treatment significantly increased the expression of the 68-, 160-, and 200-kDa neurofilaments (NFs) of proteins and the BDNF, TrkB, PI3K, and Akt mRNA and proteins in the brain or spinal cord of mice at different stages. These results indicated that BSYS promotes nerve regeneration, and its mechanism is mainly related to the upregulation of the BDNF/TrkB and PI3K/Akt signaling pathways. BS and HTHX also promoted nerve regeneration, and this effect involved the ERK pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Oncology Department, Guang An Men Hospital of China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Physical Examination Department, The Chinese Medicine Hospital of Sanmenxia City, Henan, China
| | - Haolong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hong Zheng
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hao Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jing Ji
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yaqin Sun
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Tao Yang
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Fang Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Kangning Li
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Junling Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Nan Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongping Fan
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Tian Tan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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Naghashpour M, Amani R, Sarkaki A, Ghadiri AA, Samarbaf-Zadeh A, Jafarirad S, Rouhizadeh A, Saki A. Riboflavin may ameliorate neurological motor disability but not spatial learning and memory impairments in murine model of multiple sclerosis. CLINICAL NUTRITION EXPERIMENTAL 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yclnex.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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9
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Toll-like receptor-4/p38 MAPK signaling in the dorsal horn contributes to P2X4 receptor activation and BDNF over-secretion in cancer induced bone pain. Neurosci Res 2017; 125:37-45. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neures.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2016] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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10
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Zhou T, Ahmad TK, Gozda K, Truong J, Kong J, Namaka M. Implications of white matter damage in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (Review). Mol Med Rep 2017; 16:4379-4392. [PMID: 28791401 PMCID: PMC5646997 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease, which involves the progressive degeneration of motor neurons. ALS has long been considered a disease of the grey matter; however, pathological alterations of the white matter (WM), including axonal loss, axonal demyelination and oligodendrocyte death, have been reported in patients with ALS. The present review examined motor neuron death as the primary cause of ALS and evaluated the associated WM damage that is guided by neuronal‑glial interactions. Previous studies have suggested that WM damage may occur prior to the death of motor neurons, and thus may be considered an early indicator for the diagnosis and prognosis of ALS. However, the exact molecular mechanisms underlying early‑onset WM damage in ALS have yet to be elucidated. The present review explored the detailed anatomy of WM and identified several pathological mechanisms that may be implicated in WM damage in ALS. In addition, it associated the pathophysiological alterations of WM, which may contribute to motor neuron death in ALS, with similar mechanisms of WM damage that are involved in multiple sclerosis (MS). Furthermore, the early detection of WM damage in ALS, using neuroimaging techniques, may lead to earlier therapeutic intervention, using immunomodulatory treatment strategies similar to those used in relapsing‑remitting MS, aimed at delaying WM damage in ALS. Early therapeutic approaches may have the potential to delay motor neuron damage and thus prolong the survival of patients with ALS. The therapeutic interventions that are currently available for ALS are only marginally effective. However, early intervention with immunomodulatory drugs may slow the progression of WM damage in the early stages of ALS, thus delaying motor neuron death and increasing the life expectancy of patients with ALS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Tina Khorshid Ahmad
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Kiana Gozda
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jessica Truong
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
| | - Jiming Kong
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
| | - Michael Namaka
- College of Pharmacy, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada
- Department of Human Anatomy and Cell Science, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0J9, Canada
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, P.R. China
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Rady Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 1R9, Canada
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11
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Khorshid Ahmad T, Zhou T, AlTaweel K, Cortes C, Lillico R, Lakowski TM, Gozda K, Namaka MP. Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis (EAE)-Induced Elevated Expression of the E1 Isoform of Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2E1): Implications in Multiple Sclerosis (MS)-Induced Neurological Disability and Associated Myelin Damage. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061254. [PMID: 28604632 PMCID: PMC5486076 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 04/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic neurological disease characterized by the destruction of central nervous system (CNS) myelin. At present, there is no cure for MS due to the inability to repair damaged myelin. Although the neurotrophin brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) has a beneficial role in myelin repair, these effects may be hampered by the over-expression of a transcriptional repressor isoform of methyl CpG binding protein 2 (MeCP2) called MeCP2E1. We hypothesize that following experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-induced myelin damage, the immune system induction of the pathogenic MeCP2E1 isoform hampers the myelin repair process by repressing BDNF expression. Using an EAE model of MS, we identify the temporal gene and protein expression changes of MeCP2E1, MeCP2E2 and BDNF. The expression changes of these key biological targets were then correlated with the temporal changes in neurological disability scores (NDS) over the entire disease course. Our results indicate that MeCP2E1 mRNA levels are elevated in EAE animals relative to naïve control (NC) and active control (AC) animals during all time points of disease progression. Our results suggest that the EAE-induced elevations in MeCP2E1 expression contribute to the repressed BDNF production in the spinal cord (SC). The sub-optimal levels of BDNF result in sustained NDS and associated myelin damage throughout the entire disease course. Conversely, we observed no significant differences in the expression patterns displayed for the MeCP2E2 isoform amongst our experimental groups. However, our results demonstrate that baseline protein expression ratios between the MeCP2E1 versus MeCP2E2 isoforms in the SC are higher than those identified within the dorsal root ganglia (DRG). Thus, the DRG represents a more conducive environment than that of the SC for BDNF production and transport to the CNS to assist in myelin repair. Henceforth, the sub-optimal BDNF levels we report in the SC may arise from the elevated MeCP2E1 vs. MeCP2E2 ratio in the SC that creates a more hostile environment thereby preventing local BDNF production. At the level of transcript, we demonstrate that EAE-induces the pathological enhanced expression of MeCP2E1 that contributes to enhanced NDS during the entire disease course. Thus, the pathological induction of the MeCP2E1 isoform contributes to the disruption of the normal homeostatic signaling equilibrium network that exists between cytokines, neurotrophins and chemokines that regulate the myelin repair process by repressing BDNF. Our research suggests that the elevated ratio of MeCP2E1 relative to MeCP2E2 may be a useful diagnostic marker that clinicians can utilize to determine the degree of neurological disability with associated myelin damage. The elevated MeCP2E1 vs. MeCP2E2 ratios (E1/E2) in the SC prevent BDNF from reaching optimal levels required for myelin repair. Thus, the lower E1/E2 ratios in the DRG, allow the DRG to serve as a weak secondary compensatory mechanism for enhanced production and delivery of BDNF to the SC to try to assist in myelin repair.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina Khorshid Ahmad
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Ting Zhou
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Khaled AlTaweel
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Claudia Cortes
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Ryan Lillico
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Ted Martin Lakowski
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Kiana Gozda
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
| | - Michael Peter Namaka
- College of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T5, Canada.
- College of Pharmacy, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing 400038, China.
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, Winnipeg, MB R3E 0T6, Canada.
- Department of Internal Medicine, College of Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB R3A 1R9, Canada.
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12
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Yousuf MS, Zubkow K, Tenorio G, Kerr B. The chloride co-transporters, NKCC1 and KCC2, in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Neuroscience 2017; 344:178-186. [PMID: 28057537 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2016.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 12/23/2016] [Accepted: 12/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) often complain of neuropathic pain. According to the Gate Control Theory of Pain, spinal networks of GABAergic inhibitory interneurons are important in modulating nociceptive inputs from the periphery. Na+-K+-2Cl- co-transporter 1 (NKCC1) and K+-Cl- co-transporter 2 (KCC2) generally dictate the tone of GABA/glycine inhibition by regulating intracellular chloride concentrations. In this study, we investigated the role of NKCC1 and KCC2 in neuropathic pain observed in the animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a commonly used model to study the pathophysiology of MS. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reactions (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed no change in NKCC1 mRNA transcripts in dorsal root ganglia throughout EAE disease course. However, NKCC1 and KCC2 mRNA levels in the dorsal spinal cord were significantly reduced at disease onset and peak only to recover by the chronic time point. Similarly, Western blot data revealed a significant downregulation of NKCC1 and KCC2 in the dorsal spinal cord at disease onset but an upregulation of NKCC1 protein in the dorsal root ganglia at this time point. Treatment with bumetanide, an NKCC inhibitor, had no effect on mechanical hypersensitivity seen in mice with EAE even though it reversed the changes in the levels of NKCC1 and KCC2. We noted that bumetanide treatment, while effective at reversing the changes in monomeric KCC2 levels was ineffective at reversing the changes in oligomeric KCC2 which remained repressed. These results indicate that mechanical hypersensitivity in EAE is not mediated by altered levels of NKCC1.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Bumetanide/pharmacology
- Disease Progression
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Ganglia, Spinal/drug effects
- Ganglia, Spinal/metabolism
- Ganglia, Spinal/pathology
- Gene Expression/drug effects
- Hyperalgesia/drug therapy
- Hyperalgesia/metabolism
- Hyperalgesia/pathology
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Neuralgia/drug therapy
- Neuralgia/metabolism
- Neuralgia/pathology
- Peptide Fragments
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Sodium Potassium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Solute Carrier Family 12, Member 2/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Symporters/metabolism
- K Cl- Cotransporters
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Saad Yousuf
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Kasia Zubkow
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada
| | - Gustavo Tenorio
- Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada
| | - Bradley Kerr
- Neuroscience and Mental Health Institute, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2E1, Canada; Department of Pharmacology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6E 2H7, Canada; Department of Anesthesiology and Pain Medicine, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2G3, Canada.
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13
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Wang IC, Chung CY, Liao F, Chen CC, Lee CH. Peripheral sensory neuron injury contributes to neuropathic pain in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:42304. [PMID: 28181561 PMCID: PMC5299449 DOI: 10.1038/srep42304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS)-induced neuropathic pain deteriorates quality of life in patients but is often refractory to treatment. In experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a rodent model of MS, animals develop neuropathy and inflammation-induced tissue acidosis, which suggests the involvement of acid-sensing ion channels (ASICs). Also, peripheral neuropathy is reported in MS patients. However, the involvement of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) in MS neuropathic pain remains elusive. This study investigated the contribution of ASICs and peripheral neuropathy in MS-induced neuropathic pain. Elicited pain levels were as high in Asic1a-/-, Asic2-/- and Asic3-/- mice as wild-type mice even though only Asic1a-/- mice showed reduced EAE disease severity, which indicates that pain in EAE was independent of disease severity. We thus adopted an EAE model without pertussis toxin (EAEnp) to restrain activated immunity in the periphery and evaluate the PNS contribution to pain. Both EAE and EAEnp mice showed similar pain behaviors and peripheral neuropathy in nerve fibers and DRG neurons. Moreover, pregabalin significantly reduced neuropathic pain in both EAE and EAEnp mice. Our findings highlight the essential role of the PNS in neuropathic pain in EAE and pave the way for future development of analgesics without side effects in the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Ching Wang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Chen-Yen Chung
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taiwan
| | - Fang Liao
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taiwan
| | - Chih-Cheng Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taiwan.,Department of Life Science, National Taiwan University, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Han Lee
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, 128, Sec. 2, Academia Rd., Taiwan
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14
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Ji X, Liu H, An C, Wang Y, Zhao H, Zhang Q, Li M, Qi F, Chen Z, Wang X, Wang L. You-Gui pills promote nerve regeneration by regulating netrin1, DCC and Rho family GTPases RhoA, Racl, Cdc42 in C57BL/6 mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2016; 187:123-133. [PMID: 27106785 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2016.04.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2015] [Revised: 03/14/2016] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE You-Gui pills (YGPs) are an effective traditional Chinese formula being used clinically for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (MS). Previous studies demonstrated that YGPs exerted the potent neuroprotective effects in murine models of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), which is an equivalent animal model for multiple sclerosis (MS). However, the mechanism of YGPs functions remained unclear. AIM OF THIS STUDY The aim of this study was to evaluate the therapeutic effect of YGPs in MOG35-55-induced EAE mice and to further elucidate the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Female C57BL/6 mice were divided into six groups, including the non-treated EAE model, prednisone acetate- and 1.2, 2.4 or 4.8g/kg YGPs-treated EAE groups, and a normal control group. The EAE model was established by injecting the mice subcutaneously with MOG35-55 antigen. The body weights were measured and the neurological functions were scored in each group. The pathology and morphology of the brain and spinal cord was examined. The expression of MAP-2 was detected by immunofluorescent staining. The levels of netrin1, DCC, RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42 were assayed by immunohistochemistry, qRT-PCR and Western blot on day 40 post-immunization (PI). RESULTS YGPs treatments significantly reduced neurological function scores in EAE mice, where the inflammatory infiltration was reduced and the axon and myelin damage in both brain and spinal cord was alleviated. In the brain and spinal cord tissues, YGPs increased the expression of neuronal factors MAP-2, netrin1 and DCC. The expression of Rac1 and Cdc42 were increased, while RhoA was reduced following YGPs treatments. CONCLUSION Our results demonstrated that YGPs exhibited a neuroprotective effect on promoting nerve regeneration at the brain and spinal cord in EAE mice induced by MOG35-55. Netrin1, DCC and the Rho family GTPases of RhoA, Racl, Cdc42 were involved in mediating the effects of YGPs on nerve regeneration.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Brain/drug effects
- Brain/pathology
- Brain/ultrastructure
- DCC Receptor
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology
- Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/drug therapy
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Myelin-Oligodendrocyte Glycoprotein
- Nerve Growth Factors/genetics
- Nerve Growth Factors/metabolism
- Nerve Regeneration/drug effects
- Netrin-1
- Neuroprotective Agents/pharmacology
- Neuroprotective Agents/therapeutic use
- Peptide Fragments
- Phytotherapy
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/drug effects
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- Spinal Cord/ultrastructure
- Tablets
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Proteins/metabolism
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics
- rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaomin Ji
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Haolong Liu
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Chen An
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Yongqiang Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Hui Zhao
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Qiuxia Zhang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Ming Li
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Fang Qi
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Zhenzhen Chen
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China
| | - Xiujuan Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
| | - Lei Wang
- School of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Beijing Key Lab of TCM Collateral Disease Theory Research, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100069, PR China.
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15
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Naghashpour M, Amani R, Sarkaki A, Ghadiri A, Samarbafzadeh A, Jafarirad S, Malehi AS. Brain-derived neurotrophic and immunologic factors: beneficial effects of riboflavin on motor disability in murine model of multiple sclerosis. IRANIAN JOURNAL OF BASIC MEDICAL SCIENCES 2016; 19:439-48. [PMID: 27279989 PMCID: PMC4887718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES In the present study, C57BL/6 female mice (n=56) were used to explore the neuroprotective effects of riboflavin in motor disability of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as a model of multiple sclerosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS The animals were assigned into 7 groups: sham-operated 1 (SO1), healthy mice receiving PBS (phosphate buffer saline); sham-operated 2 (SO2), healthy mice receiving PBS and riboflavin; sham treatment 1 (ST1), EAE mice receiving water; sham treatment 2 (ST2), EAE mice receiving sodium acetate buffer; treatment 1 (T1), EAE mice receiving interferon beta-1a (INFβ-1a); treatment 2 (T2), EAE mice receiving riboflavin; treatment 3 (T3), EAE mice receiving INFβ-1a and riboflavin. After EAE induction, scoring was performed based on clinical signs. Upon detecting score 0.5, riboflavin at 10 mg/kg of body weight and/or INFβ-1a at 150 IU/g of body weight administration was started for two weeks. The brain and spinal cord levels of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and interleukin-17A (IL-17A) were studied using real-time PCR and ELISA methods. RESULTS BDNF expression and protein levels were increased in the brain and spinal cord of the T3 group compared with the other groups (P<0.01). IL-6 and IL-17A expressions were increased in the brains of the T3 and T1 groups, respectively, compared to the other groups (P<0.01). The daily clinical score was reduced significantly by riboflavin in both effector and chronic phases of the disease compared with that of the controls (P<0.05). CONCLUSION Our findings showed that riboflavin is capable of suppressing the neurological disability mediated by BDNF and IL-6.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahshid Naghashpour
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Reza Amani
- Health Research Institute, Diabetes Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Alireza Sarkaki
- Physiology Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran,Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran,Corresponding author: Alireza Sarkaki. Physiology Research Center and Department of Physiology Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Golestan Blvd, 61357-15794, Ahvaz, Iran. Tel/Fax: +98-613-3738248; ;
| | - Ata Ghadiri
- Cell and Molecular Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran,Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Alireza Samarbafzadeh
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran,Department of Virology, Faculty of Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Sima Jafarirad
- Nutrition and Metabolic Diseases Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran,Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Para-Medicine, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
| | - Amal Saki Malehi
- Department of Vital Statistics, Faculty of Health, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Khuzestan, Iran
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16
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Xin N, Namaka MP, Dou C, Zhang Y. Exploring the role of interleukin-22 in neurological and autoimmune disorders. Int Immunopharmacol 2015; 28:1076-83. [PMID: 26311525 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2015.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2015] [Revised: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin-22 (IL-22) is a member of the IL-10 cytokine family that has recently gained attention in regard to its recognized pathogenic role in neurological and autoimmune disorders. The pathological involvement of IL-22 has been linked to Th17 cells that are involved in its production. Its biological activity results from its ability to bind to a heterodimeric receptor consisting of IL-22 receptor 1 (IL-22R1) and IL-10R2. Emerging evidence has identified IL-22 involvement in neurological diseases and autoimmune disorders such as Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS), multiple sclerosis (MS), Alzheimer's disease (AD), encephalitis, inflammatory myopathies, myasthenia gravis (MG), systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), rheumatoid arthritis (RA), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), psoriasis and Crohn's disease (CD). However, the biological activity of IL-22 is variable resulting in protective or pathogenic effects in different disease states. As such, the development of therapeutic targeting strategies to modify the biological activity of IL-22 is being explored as a promising interventional approach to treat neurological and autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ning Xin
- Department of Neurology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu Province 215021, China
| | - Michael Peter Namaka
- College of Pharmacy and Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, MB, Canada
| | - Changxin Dou
- Department of Neurology, Shouguang People's Hospital, Shouguang, Shandong, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Neurology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical College, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China.
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17
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Mohajeri M, Sadeghizadeh M, Najafi F, Javan M. Polymerized nano-curcumin attenuates neurological symptoms in EAE model of multiple sclerosis through down regulation of inflammatory and oxidative processes and enhancing neuroprotection and myelin repair. Neuropharmacology 2015. [PMID: 26211978 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory demyelinating disorder of central nervous system (CNS). Polyphenol curcumin has been used in traditional medicine as an effective drug for a variety of diseases. Different formulations of curcumin are introduced to increase its stability and effectiveness. Here we have examined the effect of polymerized form of nano-curcumin (PNC) on experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) as an animal model of MS. EAE was induced in female Lewis rats and PNC or curcumin was daily administrated intraperitonealy from day 12-29 post immunization. When the prophylactic effect of PNC was under investigation, rats received PNC from the first day of immunization. Treatment with PNC resulted in decreased scores of disease in therapeutic and prophylactic administration when compared with control group. Staining by luxol fast blue and H&E and immuno-staining of lumbar spinal cord cross sections, confirmed a significant decrease in the amounts of demyelination, inflammation and BBB breaking down. Gene expression studies in lumbar spinal cord showed a corrected balance of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory genes expression, decreased oxidative stress, improved remyelination and increased progenitor cell markers after treatment with PNC. Our results demonstrated an efficient therapeutic effect of PNC as an anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidative stress agent, with significant effects on the EAE scores and myelin repair mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maryam Mohajeri
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran
| | - Majid Sadeghizadeh
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
| | - Farhood Najafi
- Department of Resin and Additives, Institute for Color Science and Technology, Tehran, 16765-654, Iran
| | - Mohammad Javan
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran.
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18
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Abstract
Neurotrophins (NTs) belong to a family of trophic factors that regulate the survival, growth and programmed cell death of neurons. In mammals, there are four structurally and functionally related NT proteins, viz. nerve growth factor (NGF), brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), neurotrophin 3 and neurotrophin 4. Most research on NTs to date has focussed on the effects of NGF and BDNF signalling via their respective cognate high affinity neurotrophic tyrosine kinase viz TrkA and TrkB receptors. Apart from the key physiologic roles of NGF and BDNF in peripheral and central nervous system function, NGF and BDNF signalling via TrkA and TrkB receptors respectively have been implicated in mechanisms underpinning neuropathic pain. Additionally, NGF and BDNF signalling via the low-affinity pan neurotrophin receptor at 75 kDa (p75NTR) may also contribute to the pathobiology of neuropathic pain. In this review, we critically assess the role of neurotrophins signalling via their cognate high affinity receptors as well as the low affinity p75NTR in the pathophysiology of peripheral neuropathic and central neuropathic pain. We also identify knowledge gaps to guide future research aimed at generating novel insight on how to optimally modulate NT signalling for discovery of novel therapeutics to improve neuropathic pain relief.
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19
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Khan N, Gordon R, Woodruff TM, Smith MT. Antiallodynic effects of alpha lipoic acid in an optimized RR-EAE mouse model of MS-neuropathic pain are accompanied by attenuation of upregulated BDNF-TrkB-ERK signaling in the dorsal horn of the spinal cord. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2015; 3:e00137. [PMID: 26171221 PMCID: PMC4492753 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2015] [Revised: 02/21/2015] [Accepted: 02/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Neuropathic pain may affect patients with multiple sclerosis (MS) even in early disease. In an experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE)-mouse model of MS, chronic alpha lipoic acid (ALA) treatment reduced clinical disease severity, but MS-neuropathic pain was not assessed. Hence, we investigated the pain-relieving efficacy and mode of action of ALA using our optimized relapsing-remitting (RR)-EAE mouse model of MS-associated neuropathic pain. C57BL/6 mice were immunized with MOG35-55 and adjuvants (Quil A and pertussis toxin) to induce RR-EAE; sham-mice received adjuvants only. RR-EAE mice received subcutaneous ALA (3 or 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) or vehicle for 21 days (15-35 d.p.i.; [days postimmunization]); sham-mice received vehicle. Hindpaw hypersensitivity was assessed blinded using von Frey filaments. Following euthanasia (day 35 d.p.i.), lumbar spinal cords were removed for immunohistochemical and molecular biological assessments. Fully developed mechanical allodynia in the bilateral hindpaws of vehicle-treated RR-EAE mice was accompanied by marked CD3(+) T-cell infiltration, microglia activation, and increased brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-tyrosine kinase B (TrkB) signaling in the dorsal horn of the lumbar spinal cord. Consequently, phospho-ERK, a marker of central sensitization in neuropathic pain, was upregulated in the spinal dorsal horn. Importantly, hindpaw hypersensitivity was completely attenuated in RR-EAE mice administered ALA at 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) but not 3 mg kg(-1) day(-1). The antiallodynic effect of ALA (10 mg kg(-1) day(-1)) was associated with a marked reduction in the aforementioned spinal dorsal horn markers to match their respective levels in the vehicle-treated sham-mice. Our findings suggest that ALA at 10 mg kg(-1) day(-1) produced its antiallodynic effects in RR-EAE mice by reducing augmented CD3(+) T-cell infiltration and BDNF-TrkB-ERK signaling in the spinal dorsal horn.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nemat Khan
- Center for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, University of QueenslandSt Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Center of ExcellenceWoolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
| | - Richard Gordon
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of QueenslandSt Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Trent M Woodruff
- The School of Biomedical Sciences, University of QueenslandSt Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
| | - Maree T Smith
- Center for Integrated Preclinical Drug Development, University of QueenslandSt Lucia Campus, Brisbane, Queensland, 4072, Australia
- School of Pharmacy, University of Queensland, Pharmacy Australia Center of ExcellenceWoolloongabba, Brisbane, Queensland, 4102, Australia
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20
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KhorshidAhmad T, Acosta C, Cortes C, Lakowski TM, Gangadaran S, Namaka M. Transcriptional Regulation of Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) by Methyl CpG Binding Protein 2 (MeCP2): a Novel Mechanism for Re-Myelination and/or Myelin Repair Involved in the Treatment of Multiple Sclerosis (MS). Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:1092-1107. [PMID: 25579386 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-014-9074-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic progressive, neurological disease characterized by the targeted immune system-mediated destruction of central nervous system (CNS) myelin. Autoreactive CD4+ T helper cells have a key role in orchestrating MS-induced myelin damage. Once activated, circulating Th1-cells secrete a variety of inflammatory cytokines that foster the breakdown of blood-brain barrier (BBB) eventually infiltrating into the CNS. Inside the CNS, they become reactivated upon exposure to the myelin structural proteins and continue to produce inflammatory cytokines such as tumor necrosis factor α (TNFα) that leads to direct activation of antibodies and macrophages that are involved in the phagocytosis of myelin. Proliferating oligodendrocyte precursors (OPs) migrating to the lesion sites are capable of acute remyelination but unable to completely repair or restore the immune system-mediated myelin damage. This results in various permanent clinical neurological disabilities such as cognitive dysfunction, fatigue, bowel/bladder abnormalities, and neuropathic pain. At present, there is no cure for MS. Recent remyelination and/or myelin repair strategies have focused on the role of the neurotrophin brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and its upstream transcriptional repressor methyl CpG binding protein (MeCP2). Research in the field of epigenetic therapeutics involving histone deacetylase (HDAC) inhibitors and lysine acetyl transferase (KAT) inhibitors is being explored to repress the detrimental effects of MeCP2. This review will address the role of MeCP2 and BDNF in remyelination and/or myelin repair and the potential of HDAC and KAT inhibitors as novel therapeutic interventions for MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tina KhorshidAhmad
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Crystal Acosta
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Claudia Cortes
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Ted M Lakowski
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Surendiran Gangadaran
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada.,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada
| | - Michael Namaka
- College of Pharmacy, University of Manitoba, 750 McDermot Avenue, Winnipeg, R3E 0T5, Manitoba, Canada. .,Manitoba Multiple Sclerosis Research Network Organization (MMSRNO), Winnipeg, Canada. .,College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada. .,School of Medical Rehabilitation, College of Medicine, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Canada.
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21
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Warwick RA, Ledgerwood CJ, Brenner T, Hanani M. Satellite glial cells in dorsal root ganglia are activated in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Neurosci Lett 2014; 569:59-62. [PMID: 24686185 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2014.03.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2013] [Revised: 03/05/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Pain is a serious and common problem with patients suffering from multiple sclerosis (MS). Very little has been done to investigate the peripheral mechanisms of pain in MS. Here we used a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) to investigate the possible contribution of satellite glial cells (SGCs) to pain in MS. EAE mice had reduced pain thresholds 10 days after disease induction. We examined dorsal root ganglia and found increased expression of glial fibrillary acidic protein in SGCs, a marker of SGC activation, and increased coupling among SGCs, a known component of activated SGCs. Activated SGCs have previously been shown to contribute to pain in other classical neuropathic pain models, suggesting that pain in multiple sclerosis has a peripheral component.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebekah A Warwick
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel.
| | - Craig J Ledgerwood
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
| | - Talma Brenner
- Department of Neurology, and the Agnes Ginges Center for Human Neurogenetics, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
| | - Menachem Hanani
- Laboratory of Experimental Surgery, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Mount Scopus, Jerusalem 91240, Israel
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Bernardes D, Oliveira-Lima OC, da Silva TV, Faraco CCF, Leite HR, Juliano MA, dos Santos DM, Bethea JR, Brambilla R, Orian JM, Arantes RME, Carvalho-Tavares J. Differential brain and spinal cord cytokine and BDNF levels in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis are modulated by prior and regular exercise. J Neuroimmunol 2013; 264:24-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2013.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2013] [Revised: 08/14/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Elevated expression of fractalkine (CX3CL1) and fractalkine receptor (CX3CR1) in the dorsal root ganglia and spinal cord in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis: implications in multiple sclerosis-induced neuropathic pain. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:480702. [PMID: 24175290 PMCID: PMC3794538 DOI: 10.1155/2013/480702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 07/02/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a central nervous system (CNS) disease resulting from a targeted autoimmune-mediated attack on myelin proteins in the CNS. The release of Th1 inflammatory mediators in the CNS activates macrophages, antibodies, and microglia resulting in myelin damage and the induction of neuropathic pain (NPP). Molecular signaling through fractalkine (CX3CL1), a nociceptive chemokine, via its receptor (CX3CR1) is thought to be associated with MS-induced NPP. An experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of MS was utilized to assess time dependent gene and protein expression changes of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1. Results revealed significant increases in mRNA and the protein expression of CX3CL1 and CX3CR1 in the dorsal root ganglia (DRG) and spinal cord (SC) 12 days after EAE induction compared to controls. This increased expression correlated with behavioural thermal sensory abnormalities consistent with NPP. Furthermore, this increased expression correlated with the peak neurological disability caused by EAE induction. This is the first study to identify CX3CL1 signaling through CX3CR1 via the DRG/SC anatomical connection that represents a critical pathway involved in NPP induction in an EAE model of MS.
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Oligodendroglia and neurotrophic factors in neurodegeneration. Neurosci Bull 2013; 29:216-28. [PMID: 23558590 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-013-1321-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2012] [Accepted: 01/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Myelination by oligodendroglial cells (OLs) enables the propagation of action potentials along neuronal axons, which is essential for rapid information flow in the central nervous system. Besides saltatory conduction, the myelin sheath also protects axons against inflammatory and oxidative insults. Loss of myelin results in axonal damage and ultimately neuronal loss in demyelinating disorders. However, accumulating evidence indicates that OLs also provide support to neurons via mechanisms beyond the insulating function of myelin. More importantly, an increasing volume of reports indicates defects of OLs in numerous neurodegenerative diseases, sometimes even preceding neuronal loss in pre-symptomatic episodes, suggesting that OL pathology may be an important mechanism contributing to the initiation and/or progression of neurodegeneration. This review focuses on the emerging picture of neuronal support by OLs in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative disorders through diverse molecular and cellular mechanisms, including direct neuron-myelin interaction, metabolic support by OLs, and neurotrophic factors produced by and/or acting on OLs.
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Elevation of Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha in Dorsal Root Ganglia and Spinal Cord is Associated with Neuroimmune Modulation of Pain in an Animal Model of Multiple Sclerosis. J Neuroimmune Pharmacol 2013; 8:677-90. [DOI: 10.1007/s11481-013-9449-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 02/27/2013] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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