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Zhang H, Li Y, Tang Y, Yan X, Geng Y, Li W, Shi K, Tang G, Guo H. Characteristics of optic disc hemorrhage and optic nerve changes following acute primary angle closure. Front Neurol 2024; 15:1333091. [PMID: 38854957 PMCID: PMC11157090 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2024.1333091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2023] [Accepted: 04/29/2024] [Indexed: 06/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Introduction Acute primary angle closure (APAC) is an emergency ophthalmic presentation and a major cause of irreversible blindness in China. However, only a few studies have focused on the characteristics of optic disc hemorrhage (ODH) during an APAC attack, including its shape, depth, location, scope, and duration after intraocular pressure (IOP) control, along with changes in the optic nerve. This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of ODH and optic nerve changes in patients during their first APAC episode. Methods This retrospective study involved 32 eyes from 32 patients with APAC who received sequential treatment and analyzed the following parameters: the highest IOP and its duration, ODH, retinal nerve fiber layer thickness (RNFLT), and mean deviation (MD). We compared parameters obtained from the affected eye (ODH group) and contralateral unaffected eye (control group), as well as intragroup comparisons. Results The mean IOP in the ODH group was 64.28 ± 10.36 mmHg, with a duration of 4.44 ± 2.35 days. Flame and splinter shapes accounted for 84.38% of the ODH. The mean ODH duration was 4.81 ± 3.25 weeks. ODH during APAC was isolated to one sector in 59.38% of cases, mostly occurring in the temporal superior and temporal inferior (each accounting for 21.88% of the cases). There was a positive correlation between the extent of hemorrhage and the highest IOP duration (p < 0.001). RNFLT was significantly thickened within 72 h post-IOP control but was thinned by 2 weeks. By 6 months, the thinning stabilized, and there was no difference noted between the ODH and control groups at 12 months. MD partly improved at 6 months post-IOP control, and ODH scope significantly affected the MD (p < 0.001). The duration of high IOP was positively correlated to the ODH scope and MD damage. Discussion Timely and effective IOP management is essential for recovering visual function following an APAC attack.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hengli Zhang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yawen Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yizhen Tang
- Beijing Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences Key Laboratory, Department of Ophthalmology, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaowei Yan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Yulei Geng
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Weijia Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Kuitang Shi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Guangxian Tang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Hongtao Guo
- Department of Orthopedics, Shijiazhuang People’s Hospital, Shijiazhuang, China
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2
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Estawro R, Abraham N, Fouad Y, Bousquet E, Sarraf D. Cystoid macular edema as a complication of central retinal artery occlusion. Am J Ophthalmol Case Rep 2024; 33:101998. [PMID: 38333032 PMCID: PMC10850887 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajoc.2024.101998] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2023] [Revised: 11/15/2023] [Accepted: 01/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Purpose To describe the development of cystoid macular edema (CME) as a complication of central retinal artery occlusion (CRAO) in 2 cases. Observations The first patient was a 51-year-old female who presented with acute loss of vision in the left eye. Multimodal retinal imaging revealed a CRAO with a perfused cilioretinal artery. CME acutely developed one week after presentation. Cystoid spaces predominantly involved the outer nuclear layer (ONL) on optical coherence tomography (OCT) and completely resolved in two weeks. The second case was a 50-year-old man who presented with acute vision loss in the right eye for 3 weeks. Multimodal retinal imaging illustrated an acute CRAO of the right eye. Four weeks later, visual acuity spontaneously improved to 20/20 and was maintained at 20/20 for more than 2 years. After 28 months, the patient returned with a recurrent drop of vision in the right eye. Cross sectional and en face OCT revealed CME in the right eye without leakage on FA. Cystoid spaces predominantly involved the inner nuclear layer (INL) and resolved with intravitreal anti-VEGF injection combined with carbonic anhydrase inhibitor (CAI) and steroid topical drop therapy. Conclusions and Importance CME can rarely complicate both the acute and chronic phase of CRAO. In the acute phase, cystoid spaces were transient and confined to the ONL on OCT. While in the chronic phase, cystoid spaces were confined to the INL on OCT and angiographically silent on FA. Further studies are needed to identify the incidence, underlying pathophysiology and visual prognosis of CME in cases of CRAO.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rania Estawro
- Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Retina Department, Al-Watany Eye Hospital, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Neda Abraham
- Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
| | - Yousef Fouad
- Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ain Shams University Hospitals, Cairo, Egypt
| | - Elodie Bousquet
- Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Department of Ophthalmology, Lariboisière Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, University of Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - David Sarraf
- Retinal Disorders and Ophthalmic Genetics Division, Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, United States
- Greater Los Angeles VA Healthcare Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
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3
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Boff JM, Shrestha AP, Madireddy S, Viswaprakash N, Della Santina L, Vaithianathan T. The Interplay between Neurotransmitters and Calcium Dynamics in Retinal Synapses during Development, Health, and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:2226. [PMID: 38396913 PMCID: PMC10889697 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25042226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2024] [Revised: 02/05/2024] [Accepted: 02/06/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024] Open
Abstract
The intricate functionality of the vertebrate retina relies on the interplay between neurotransmitter activity and calcium (Ca2+) dynamics, offering important insights into developmental processes, physiological functioning, and disease progression. Neurotransmitters orchestrate cellular processes to shape the behavior of the retina under diverse circumstances. Despite research to elucidate the roles of individual neurotransmitters in the visual system, there remains a gap in our understanding of the holistic integration of their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics in the broader context of neuronal development, health, and disease. To address this gap, the present review explores the mechanisms used by the neurotransmitters glutamate, gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), glycine, dopamine, and acetylcholine (ACh) and their interplay with Ca2+ dynamics. This conceptual outline is intended to inform and guide future research, underpinning novel therapeutic avenues for retinal-associated disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johane M Boff
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Abhishek P Shrestha
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Saivikram Madireddy
- College of Medicine, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | - Nilmini Viswaprakash
- Department of Medical Education, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
| | | | - Thirumalini Vaithianathan
- Department of Pharmacology, Addiction Science, and Toxicology, College of Medicine, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hamilton Eye Institute, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, TN 38163, USA
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Fernández-Albarral JA, Ramírez AI, de Hoz R, Matamoros JA, Salobrar-García E, Elvira-Hurtado L, López-Cuenca I, Sánchez-Puebla L, Salazar JJ, Ramírez JM. Glaucoma: from pathogenic mechanisms to retinal glial cell response to damage. Front Cell Neurosci 2024; 18:1354569. [PMID: 38333055 PMCID: PMC10850296 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2024.1354569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 01/10/2024] [Indexed: 02/10/2024] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is a neurodegenerative disease of the retina characterized by the irreversible loss of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) leading to visual loss. Degeneration of RGCs and loss of their axons, as well as damage and remodeling of the lamina cribrosa are the main events in the pathogenesis of glaucoma. Different molecular pathways are involved in RGC death, which are triggered and exacerbated as a consequence of a number of risk factors such as elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), age, ocular biomechanics, or low ocular perfusion pressure. Increased IOP is one of the most important risk factors associated with this pathology and the only one for which treatment is currently available, nevertheless, on many cases the progression of the disease continues, despite IOP control. Thus, the IOP elevation is not the only trigger of glaucomatous damage, showing the evidence that other factors can induce RGCs death in this pathology, would be involved in the advance of glaucomatous neurodegeneration. The underlying mechanisms driving the neurodegenerative process in glaucoma include ischemia/hypoxia, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress and neuroinflammation. In glaucoma, like as other neurodegenerative disorders, the immune system is involved and immunoregulation is conducted mainly by glial cells, microglia, astrocytes, and Müller cells. The increase in IOP produces the activation of glial cells in the retinal tissue. Chronic activation of glial cells in glaucoma may provoke a proinflammatory state at the retinal level inducing blood retinal barrier disruption and RGCs death. The modulation of the immune response in glaucoma as well as the activation of glial cells constitute an interesting new approach in the treatment of glaucoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jose A. Fernández-Albarral
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ana I. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa de Hoz
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José A. Matamoros
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Elena Salobrar-García
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lorena Elvira-Hurtado
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
| | - Inés López-Cuenca
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Lidia Sánchez-Puebla
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Juan J. Salazar
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, Faculty of Optics and Optometry, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - José M. Ramírez
- Ramon Castroviejo Ophthalmological Research Institute, Complutense University of Madrid (UCM), Grupo UCM 920105, IdISSC, Madrid, Spain
- Department of Immunology, Ophthalmology and ENT, School of Medicine, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
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Martínez-Gil N, Kutsyr O, Fernández-Sánchez L, Sánchez-Sáez X, Albertos-Arranz H, Sánchez-Castillo C, Vidal-Gil L, Cuenca N, Lax P, Maneu V. Ischemia-Reperfusion Increases TRPM7 Expression in Mouse Retinas. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:16068. [PMID: 38003256 PMCID: PMC10671235 DOI: 10.3390/ijms242216068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischemia is the main cause of cell death in retinal diseases such as vascular occlusions, diabetic retinopathy, glaucoma, or retinopathy of prematurity. Although excitotoxicity is considered the primary mechanism of cell death during an ischemic event, antagonists of glutamatergic receptors have been unsuccessful in clinical trials with patients suffering ischemia or stroke. Our main purpose was to analyze if the transient receptor potential channel 7 (TRPM7) could contribute to retinal dysfunction in retinal pathologies associated with ischemia. By using an experimental model of acute retinal ischemia, we analyzed the changes in retinal function by electroretinography and the changes in retinal morphology by optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT-angiography (OCTA). Immunohistochemistry was performed to assess the pattern of TRPM7 and its expression level in the retina. Our results show that ischemia elicited a decrease in retinal responsiveness to light stimuli along with reactive gliosis and a significant increase in the expression of TRPM7 in Müller cells. TRPM7 could emerge as a new drug target to be explored in retinal pathologies associated with ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Martínez-Gil
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Oksana Kutsyr
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (O.K.); (L.F.-S.)
| | - Laura Fernández-Sánchez
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (O.K.); (L.F.-S.)
| | - Xavier Sánchez-Sáez
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Henar Albertos-Arranz
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Carla Sánchez-Castillo
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Lorena Vidal-Gil
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Nicolás Cuenca
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Pedro Lax
- Departamento de Fisiología, Genética y Microbiología, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (N.M.-G.); (X.S.-S.); (H.A.-A.); (C.S.-C.); (L.V.-G.); (N.C.); (P.L.)
| | - Victoria Maneu
- Departamento de Óptica, Farmacología y Anatomía, Universidad de Alicante, 03690 San Vicente del Raspeig, Alicante, Spain; (O.K.); (L.F.-S.)
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Skeldal S, Voss LF, Lende J, Pedersen SB, Mølgaard S, Kaas M, Demange P, Bentsen AH, Fuglsang M, Sander MR, Buttenschøn H, Gustafsen C, Madsen P, Glerup S. Alternative splicing regulates adaptor protein binding, trafficking, and activity of the Vps10p domain receptor SorCS2 in neuronal development. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105102. [PMID: 37507021 PMCID: PMC10463258 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/12/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The Vps10p domain receptor SorCS2 is crucial for the development and function of the nervous system and essential for brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF)-induced changes in neuronal morphology and plasticity. SorCS2 regulates the subcellular trafficking of the BDNF signaling receptor TrkB as well as selected neurotransmitter receptors in a manner that is dependent on the SorCS2 intracellular domain (ICD). However, the cellular machinery and adaptor protein (AP) interactions that regulate receptor trafficking via the SorCS2 ICD are unknown. We here identify four splice variants of human SorCS2 differing in the insertion of an acidic cluster motif and/or a serine residue within the ICD. We show that each variant undergoes posttranslational proteolytic processing into a one- or two-chain receptor, giving rise to eight protein isoforms, the expression of which differs between neuronal and nonneuronal tissues and is affected by cellular stressors. We found that the only variants without the serine were able to rescue BDNF-induced branching of SorCS2 knockout hippocampal neurons, while variants without the acidic cluster showed increased interactions with clathrin-associated APs AP-1, AP-2, and AP-3. Using yeast two-hybrid screens, we further discovered that all variants bound dynein light chain Tctex-type 3; however, only variants with an acidic cluster motif bound kinesin light chain 1. Accordingly, splice variants showed markedly different trafficking properties and localized to different subcellular compartments. Taken together, our findings demonstrate the existence of eight functional SorCS2 isoforms with differential capacity for interactions with cytosolic ligands dynein light chain Tctex-type 3 and kinesin light chain 1, which potentially allows cell-type specific SorCS2 trafficking and BDNF signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sune Skeldal
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Jonas Lende
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Simon Mølgaard
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Mathias Kaas
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Perline Demange
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Andreas Høiberg Bentsen
- Department of Surgical Gastroenterology and Transplantation, Rigshospitalet, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Marie Fuglsang
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark
| | | | - Henriette Buttenschøn
- NIDO | Centre for Research and Education, Gødstrup Hospital, Herning, Denmark; Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | | | - Peder Madsen
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
| | - Simon Glerup
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus C, Denmark.
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Zhang J, Ren Z, Zhang Q, Zhang R, Zhang C, Liu J. Lower hydration status increased diabetic retinopathy among middle-aged adults and older adults: Results from NHANES 2005-2008. Front Public Health 2022; 10:1023747. [PMID: 36388275 PMCID: PMC9643860 DOI: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.1023747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetic patients. Retinal physiological function is affected by hydration status. We aimed to explore the association between hydration status and DR. Methods National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2008 was used to perform this cross-sectional study. Serum osmolality was used to assess hydration status for all participants and calculated osmolality was evaluated for only older people. DR and its severity were evaluated and graded into mild non-proliferative retinopathy, moderate/severe non-proliferative retinopathy, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy by the Early Treatment for Diabetic Retinopathy Study protocol and NHANES Digital Grading Protocol. Fully adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were used by SAS OnDemand for Academics. Results Among the 5,220 United States adults aged 40 or older, compared with the lowest osmolality group, participants with the highest quartile of serum osmolarity had higher odds of DR (OR: 1.371, 95% CI: 1.001-1.876). For participants with DR, the adjusted OR (95 % CI) of moderate/severe non-proliferative retinopathy and proliferative diabetic retinopathy in the higher serum osmolarity group was 2.119 (1.200-3.741) and 7.001 (3.175-15.438), respectively. Furthermore, in older people, higher calculated osmolarity was significantly associated with increased occurrence of DR (OR: 2.039, 95% CI: 1.305-3.186). Conclusions Adults with lower hydration status had higher risk of DR, moderate/severe non-proliferative retinopathy, and proliferative diabetic retinopathy. Dehydration in older adults, classified by calculated osmolality, is associated with a higher rate of DR. There was consistent trend in the results between the two methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiayu Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Ziyang Ren
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, China,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Chunmei Zhang
- Department of Nutrition, Beijing Luhe Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China,*Correspondence: Chunmei Zhang
| | - Jufen Liu
- Institute of Reproductive and Child Health/National Health Commission Key Laboratory of Reproductive Health, Peking University, Beijing, China,Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Peking University, Beijing, China,Jufen Liu
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8
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Ocular Lymphatic and Glymphatic Systems: Implications for Retinal Health and Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231710139. [PMID: 36077535 PMCID: PMC9456449 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231710139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2022] [Revised: 09/01/2022] [Accepted: 09/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Clearance of ocular fluid and metabolic waste is a critical function of the eye in health and disease. The eye has distinct fluid outflow pathways in both the anterior and posterior segments. Although the anterior outflow pathway is well characterized, little is known about posterior outflow routes. Recent studies suggest that lymphatic and glymphatic systems play an important role in the clearance of fluid and waste products from the posterior segment of the eye. The lymphatic system is a vascular network that runs parallel to the blood circulatory system. It plays an essential role in maintenance of fluid homeostasis and immune surveillance in the body. Recent studies have reported lymphatics in the cornea (under pathological conditions), ciliary body, choroid, and optic nerve meninges. The evidence of lymphatics in optic nerve meninges is, however, limited. An alternative lymphatic system termed the glymphatic system was recently discovered in the rodent eye and brain. This system is a glial cell-based perivascular network responsible for the clearance of interstitial fluid and metabolic waste. In this review, we will discuss our current knowledge of ocular lymphatic and glymphatic systems and their role in retinal degenerative diseases.
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Ochoa-de la Paz LD, Gulias-Cañizo R. Glia as a key factor in cell volume regulation processes of the central nervous system. Front Cell Neurosci 2022; 16:967496. [PMID: 36090789 PMCID: PMC9453262 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2022.967496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Accepted: 08/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Brain edema is a pathological condition with potentially fatal consequences, related to cerebral injuries such as ischemia, chronic renal failure, uremia, and diabetes, among others. Under these pathological states, the cell volume control processes are fully compromised, because brain cells are unable to regulate the movement of water, mainly regulated by osmotic gradients. The processes involved in cell volume regulation are homeostatic mechanisms that depend on the mobilization of osmolytes (ions, organic molecules, and polyols) in the necessary direction to counteract changes in osmolyte concentration in response to water movement. The expression and coordinated function of proteins related to the cell volume regulation process, such as water channels, ion channels, and other cotransport systems in the glial cells, and considering the glial cell proportion compared to neuronal cells, leads to consider the astroglial network the main regulatory unit for water homeostasis in the central nervous system (CNS). In the last decade, several studies highlighted the pivotal role of glia in the cell volume regulation process and water homeostasis in the brain, including the retina; any malfunction of this astroglial network generates a lack of the ability to regulate the osmotic changes and water movements and consequently exacerbates the pathological condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lenin David Ochoa-de la Paz
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico
- Asociación para Evitar la Ceguera en México (APEC), Unidad de Investigación APEC-UNAM, Mexico
- *Correspondence: Lenin David Ochoa-de la Paz
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10
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Combined drug triads for synergic neuroprotection in retinal degeneration. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 149:112911. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.112911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2022] [Revised: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Gao J, Xu G, Xu P. Full-length transcriptomic analysis reveals osmoregulatory mechanisms in Coilia nasus eyes reared under hypotonic and hyperosmotic stress. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2021; 799:149333. [PMID: 34352462 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.149333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2021] [Revised: 07/24/2021] [Accepted: 07/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, sea-level rise, caused by global warming, will trigger salinity changes. This will threaten the survival of aquatic animals. Till now, the osmoregulatory mechanism of Coilia nasus eyes has not been yet explored. Oxford Nanopore Technologies (ONT) sequencing was performed in C. nasus eyes during hypotonic and hyperosmotic stress for the first time. 22.5G clean reads and 26,884 full-length non-redundant sequences were generated via ONT sequencing. AS events, APA, TF, and LncRNA were identified. During hypotonic stress, 46 up-regulated DEGs and 28 down-regulated DEGs were identified. During hypertonic stress, 190 up-regulated DEGs and 182 down-regulated DEGs were identified. These DEGs were associated with immune, metabolism, and transport responses. The expression of these DEGs indicated that apoptosis and inflammation were triggered during hypotonic and hyperosmotic stress. To resist hypotonic stress, polyamines metabolism and transport of Na+ and Cl- from inter-cellular to extra-cellular were activated. During hyperosmotic stress, amino acids metabolism and transport of myo-inositol and Na+ from extra-cellular to inter-cellular were activated, while Cl- transport was inhibited. Moreover, different transcript isoforms generated from the same gene performed different expression patterns during hypotonic and hypertonic stress. These findings will be beneficial to understand osmoregulatory mechanism of C. nasus eyes, and can also improve our insights on the adaptation of aquatic animals to environmental changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Gao
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China
| | - Gangchun Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China.
| | - Pao Xu
- Wuxi Fisheries College, Nanjing Agricultural University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China; Key Laboratory of Freshwater Fisheries and Germplasm Resources Utilization, Ministry of Agriculture, Freshwater Fisheries Research Center, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214081, China.
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12
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Choi M, Kim SW, Vu TQA, Kim YJ, Jung H, Shin D, Eom H, Kim YH, Yun C, Kim YY. Analysis of Microvasculature in Nonhuman Primate Macula With Acute Elevated Intraocular Pressure Using Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2021; 62:18. [PMID: 34932062 PMCID: PMC8709935 DOI: 10.1167/iovs.62.15.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose To investigate responses of macular capillary vessel area density (VAD) of superficial and deep retinal vascular plexuses to elevations in intraocular pressure (IOP) in cynomolgus macaque monkeys using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods In five general anesthetized male cynomolgus monkeys, the IOP was increased incrementally by 10 mmHg from baseline (10 mmHg) to 70 mmHg and then decreased back to 10 mmHg (recovery state). Structural OCT (30° × 30°) and OCTA (20° × 15°) centered on the macula were obtained at each IOP and 3, 15, and 30 minutes after recovery. En face images of the superficial vascular complex (SVC) and deep vascular complex (DVC) were extracted, and VAD (%) compared with that at baseline was calculated. Results The VADs in the SVC and DVC at baseline and at 30 mmHg IOP were 34.96%, 34.15%, 35.38%, and 30.12%, respectively. The VAD plateaued until 30 mmHg; however, the VAD was affected more in the DVC than in the SVC (P = 0.008) at 30 mmHg. It showed a significant reduction at 40 mmHg (16.52% SVC, P = 0.006; 18.59% DVC, P = 0.012). In the recovery state, the SVC showed full retention of baseline VAD, but the DVC maintained VAD approximately 70% of that at baseline. Structural OCT showed hyperreflectivity in the nuclear layer, retinal swelling, and an undifferentiated ellipsoid zone from 50 mmHg. Conclusions Despite physiological autoregulation, perifoveal microcirculation was affected at high IOP ≥ 40 mmHg, especially in the DVC, which explains the pathological mechanism of macular vulnerability in ischemic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihyun Choi
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong-Woo Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thi Que Anh Vu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Hanoi Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Young-Jin Kim
- Medical Device Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Hachul Jung
- Medical Device Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Donggwan Shin
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Heejong Eom
- Laboratory Animal Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, Cheongju, Chungbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Ho Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Cheolmin Yun
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Yeon Kim
- Department of Ophthalmology, Korea University Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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Guzel S, Cai CL, Aranda JV, Beharry KD. Dose Response of Bumetanide on Aquaporins and Angiogenesis Biomarkers in Human Retinal Endothelial Cells Exposed to Intermittent Hypoxia. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14100967. [PMID: 34681190 PMCID: PMC8538009 DOI: 10.3390/ph14100967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are important for regulating cellular water, solute transport, and balance. Recently, AQPs have also been recognized as playing a key role in cell migration and angiogenesis. In the retina, hypoxia induces vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a potent angiogenic and vascular permeability factor, resulting in retinal edema, which is facilitated by AQPs. Bumetanide is a diuretic agent and AQP 1–4 blocker. We tested the hypothesis that bumetanide suppression of AQPs ameliorates intermittent hypoxia (IH)-induced angiogenesis and oxidative stress in human microvascular retinal endothelial cells (HMRECs). HMRECs were treated with a low-dose (0.05 µg/mL) or high-dose (0.2 µg/mL) of bumetanide and were exposed to normoxia (Nx), hyperoxia (50% O2), or IH (50% O2 with brief hypoxia 5% O2) for 24, 48, and 72 h. Angiogenesis and oxidative stress biomarkers were determined in the culture media, and the cells were assessed for tube formation capacity and AQP-1 and -4 expression. Both doses of bumetanide significantly decreased oxidative stress and angiogenesis biomarkers. This response was reflected by reductions in tube formation capacity and AQP expression. These findings confirm the role of AQPs in retinal angiogenesis. Therapeutic targeting of AQPs with bumetanide may be advantageous for IH-induced aberrant retinal development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sibel Guzel
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.G.); (C.L.C.); (J.V.A.)
| | - Charles L. Cai
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.G.); (C.L.C.); (J.V.A.)
| | - Jacob V. Aranda
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.G.); (C.L.C.); (J.V.A.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- State University of New York Eye Institute, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
| | - Kay D. Beharry
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatal-Perinatal Medicine, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA; (S.G.); (C.L.C.); (J.V.A.)
- Department of Ophthalmology, State University of New York, Downstate Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- State University of New York Eye Institute, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-(718)-270-1475
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14
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Keilhoff G, Titze M, Ebmeyer U. Immuno-histological detection of resistant columnar units and vulnerable networks in the rat retina after asphyxia-induced transient cardiac arrest. Restor Neurol Neurosci 2021; 39:267-289. [PMID: 34334436 DOI: 10.3233/rnn-211174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stroke-related loss of vision is one of the residual impairments, restricting the quality of life. However, studies of the ocular manifestations of asphyxia cardiac arrest/resuscitation (ACA/R) have reported very heterogeneous results. OBJECTIVE We aimed to evaluate the ACA/R-induced degeneration pattern of the different retinal cell populations in rats using different immuno-histological stainings. METHODS The staining pattern of toluidine blue and the ganglion cell markers β-III-tubulin and NeuN; the calcium-binding protein parvalbumin, indicating ganglion, amacrine, and horizontal cells; calretinin D28k, indicating ganglion and amacrine cells; calbindin, indicating horizontal cells; Chx 10, indicating cone bipolar cells; PKCα, indicating ON-type rod bipolar cells; arrestin, indicating cones; and rhodopsin, a marker of rods, as well as the glial cell markers GFAP (indicating astroglia and Müller cells) and IBA1 (indicating microglia), were evaluated after survival times of 7 and 21 days in an ACA/R rat model. Moreover, quantitative morphological analysis of the optic nerve was performed. The ACA/R specimens were compared with those from sham-operated and completely naïve rats. RESULTS ACA/R-induced effects were: (i) a significant reduction of retinal thickness after long-term survival; (ii) ganglion cell degeneration, including their fiber network in the inner plexiform layer; (iii) degeneration of amacrine and cone bipolar cells; (iv) degeneration of cone photoreceptors; (v) enhanced resistance to ACA/R by rod photoreceptors, ON-type rod bipolar and horizontal cells, possibly caused by the strong upregulation of the calcium-binding proteins calretinin, parvalbumin, and calbindin, counteracting the detrimental calcium overload; (vi) significant activation of Müller cells as further element of retinal anti-stress self-defense mechanisms; and (vii) morphological alterations of the optic nerve in form of deformed fibers. CONCLUSIONS Regardless of the many defects, the surviving neuronal structures seemed to be able to maintain retinal functionality, which can be additionally improved by regenerative processes true to the "use it or lose it" dogma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerburg Keilhoff
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Maximilian Titze
- Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Uwe Ebmeyer
- Department of Anesthesiology, Medical Faculty, University of Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Several decades of long duration space flight missions by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration has revealed an interesting and unique constellation of neuro-ophthalmic findings now called spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS). The unique space environment of microgravity produces novel physiological changes and derangements that present a challenge to astronauts in current and future long duration space missions. Although the precise mechanism of SANS is not fully understood, in this review, we examine recent developments that may to help explain possible causes and potential countermeasures. RECENT FINDINGS The cause of SANS is still largely unknown. A growing body of evidence implicates multiple factors that contribute to the development of SANS including cephalad fluid shifts, increased intracranial pressure, venous/lymphatic stasis, inflammation, metabolism, axoplasmic stasis and radiation exposure. SUMMARY The pathologic mechanism behind SANS may be multifactorial and may be amenable to different countermeasures for prevention and management of SANS.
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16
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Hirano Y, Suzuki N, Tomiyasu T, Kurobe R, Yasuda Y, Esaki Y, Yasukawa T, Yoshida M, Ogura Y. Multimodal Imaging of Microvascular Abnormalities in Retinal Vein Occlusion. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10030405. [PMID: 33494354 PMCID: PMC7866190 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10030405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Revised: 01/16/2021] [Accepted: 01/17/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The technologies of ocular imaging modalities such as optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) have progressed remarkably. Of these in vivo imaging modalities, recently advanced OCT technology provides high-resolution images, e.g., histologic imaging, enabling anatomical analysis of each retinal layer, including the photoreceptor layers. Recently developed OCTA also visualizes the vascular networks three-dimensionally, which provides better understanding of the retinal deep capillary layer. In addition, ex vivo analysis using autologous aqueous or vitreous humor shows that inflammatory cytokine levels including vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) are elevated and correlated with the severity of macular edema (ME) in eyes with retinal vein occlusion (RVO). Furthermore, a combination of multiple modalities enables deeper understanding of the pathology. Regarding therapy, intravitreal injection of anti-VEGF drugs provides rapid resolution of ME and much better visual improvements than conventional treatments in eyes with RVO. Thus, the technologies of examination and treatment for managing eyes with RVO have progressed rapidly. In this paper, we review the multimodal imaging and therapeutic strategies for eyes with RVO with the hope that it provides better understanding of the pathology and leads to the development of new therapies.
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17
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Vernazza S, Tirendi S, Bassi AM, Traverso CE, Saccà SC. Neuroinflammation in Primary Open-Angle Glaucoma. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3172. [PMID: 33007927 PMCID: PMC7601106 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primary open-angle glaucoma (POAG) is the second leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide. Increasing evidence suggests oxidative damage and immune response defects are key factors contributing to glaucoma onset. Indeed, both the failure of the trabecular meshwork tissue in the conventional outflow pathway and the neuroinflammation process, which drives the neurodegeneration, seem to be linked to the age-related over-production of free radicals (i.e., mitochondrial dysfunction) and to oxidative stress-linked immunostimulatory signaling. Several previous studies have described a wide range of oxidative stress-related makers which are found in glaucomatous patients, including low levels of antioxidant defences, dysfunction/activation of glial cells, the activation of the NF-κB pathway and the up-regulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and so on. However, the intraocular pressure is still currently the only risk factor modifiable by medication or glaucoma surgery. This present review aims to summarize the multiple cellular processes, which promote different risk factors in glaucoma including aging, oxidative stress, trabecular meshwork defects, glial activation response, neurodegenerative insults, and the altered regulation of immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sara Tirendi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.T.); (A.M.B.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Italy
| | - Anna Maria Bassi
- Department of Experimental Medicine (DIMES), University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy; (S.T.); (A.M.B.)
- Inter-University Center for the Promotion of the 3Rs Principles in Teaching & Research (Centro 3R), Italy
| | - Carlo Enrico Traverso
- Clinica Oculistica, DiNOGMI, University of Genoa, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
- Ophthalmology Unit, IRCCS-Polyclinic San Martino Hospital, 16132 Genoa, Italy;
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18
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Wojcik P, Batliwala S, Rowsey T, Galdamez LA, Lee AG. Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome (SANS): a review of proposed mechanisms and analogs. EXPERT REVIEW OF OPHTHALMOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/17469899.2020.1787155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wojcik
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Shehzad Batliwala
- Department of Ophthalmology, Dean McGee Eye Institute, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Tyler Rowsey
- College of Medicine, University of Oklahoma Health Science Center, Oklahoma City, OK, USA
| | - Laura A. Galdamez
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Memorial Hermann The Woodlands, Shenandoah, TX, USA
| | - Andrew G. Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, Blanton Eye Institute, Houston Methodist Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
- Departments of Ophthalmology, Neurology, and Neurosurgery, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
- Texas A and M College of Medicine, Bryan, TX, USA
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Effects of an Aquaporin 4 Inhibitor, TGN-020, on Murine Diabetic Retina. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21072324. [PMID: 32230876 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21072324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2020] [Revised: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 03/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the effect of a selective aquaporin 4 (AQP4) inhibitor, 2-(nicotinamide)-1,3,4-thiadiazole (TGN-020), on the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, as well as on the retinal edema in diabetic retina. METHODS Intravitreal injections of bevacizumab, TGN-020, or phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) were performed on streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Retinal sections were immunostained for anti-glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), anti-AQP4, and anti-VEGF. Protein levels of VEGF from collected retinas were determined by Western blot analysis. In addition, retinal vascular leakage of Evans Blue was observed in the flat-mounted retina from the diabetic rats in the presence or absence of TGN-020. Volumetric changes of rat retinal Müller cells (TR-MUL5; transgenic rat Müller cells) and intracellular levels of ROS were determined using flow cytometry analysis of ethidium fluorescence in the presence or absence of TGN-020 or bevacizumab under physiological and high glucose conditions. RESULTS In the diabetic retina, the immunoreactivity and protein levels of VEGF were suppressed by TGN-020. AQP4 immunoreactivity was higher than in the control retinas and the expressions of AQP4 were co-localized with GFAP. Similarly to VEGF, AQP4 and GFAP were also suppressed by TGN-020. In the Evans Blue assay, TGN-020 decreased leakage in the diabetic retinas. In the cultured Müller cells, the increase in cell volumes and intracellular ROS production under high glucose condition were suppressed by exposure to TGN-020 as much as by exposure to bevacizumab. CONCLUSION TGN-020 may have an inhibitory effect on diabetic retinal edema.
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Galdamez LA, Brunstetter TJ, Lee AG, Tarver WJ. Origins of Cerebral Edema: Implications for Spaceflight-Associated Neuro-Ocular Syndrome. J Neuroophthalmol 2020; 40:84-91. [DOI: 10.1097/wno.0000000000000852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Glaucoma: A Degenerative Optic Neuropathy Related to Neuroinflammation? Cells 2020; 9:cells9030535. [PMID: 32106630 PMCID: PMC7140467 DOI: 10.3390/cells9030535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2020] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Glaucoma is one of the leading causes of irreversible blindness in the world and remains a major public health problem. To date, incomplete knowledge of this disease’s pathophysiology has resulted in current therapies (pharmaceutical or surgical) unfortunately having only a slowing effect on disease progression. Recent research suggests that glaucomatous optic neuropathy is a disease that shares common neuroinflammatory mechanisms with “classical” neurodegenerative pathologies. In addition to the death of retinal ganglion cells (RGCs), neuroinflammation appears to be a key element in the progression and spread of this disease. Indeed, early reactivity of glial cells has been observed in the retina, but also in the central visual pathways of glaucoma patients and in preclinical models of ocular hypertension. Moreover, neuronal lesions are not limited to retinal structure, but also occur in central visual pathways. This review summarizes and puts into perspective the experimental and clinical data obtained to date to highlight the need to develop neuroprotective and immunomodulatory therapies to prevent blindness in glaucoma patients.
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22
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Spaceflight associated neuro-ocular syndrome (SANS) and the neuro-ophthalmologic effects of microgravity: a review and an update. NPJ Microgravity 2020; 6:7. [PMID: 32047839 PMCID: PMC7005826 DOI: 10.1038/s41526-020-0097-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 32.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Prolonged microgravity exposure during long-duration spaceflight (LDSF) produces unusual physiologic and pathologic neuro-ophthalmic findings in astronauts. These microgravity associated findings collectively define the “Spaceflight Associated Neuro-ocular Syndrome” (SANS). We compare and contrast prior published work on SANS by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration’s (NASA) Space Medicine Operations Division with retrospective and prospective studies from other research groups. In this manuscript, we update and review the clinical manifestations of SANS including: unilateral and bilateral optic disc edema, globe flattening, choroidal and retinal folds, hyperopic refractive error shifts, and focal areas of ischemic retina (i.e., cotton wool spots). We also discuss the knowledge gaps for in-flight and terrestrial human research including potential countermeasures for future study. We recommend that NASA and its research partners continue to study SANS in preparation for future longer duration manned space missions.
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Bumetanide Suppression of Angiogenesis in a Rat Model of Oxygen-Induced Retinopathy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21030987. [PMID: 32024231 PMCID: PMC7037744 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21030987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2019] [Revised: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aquaporins (AQPs) are involved in hypoxia-induced angiogenesis and retinal damage. Bumetanide is a diuretic agent, Na+/K+/Cl− cotransporter (NKCC1), and AQP 1–4 inhibitor. We tested the hypothesis that early postnatal treatment with bumetanide suppresses biomarkers of angiogenesis and decreases severe retinopathy oxygen-induced retinopathy (OIR). Neonatal rats were exposed at birth (P0) to either (1) room air (RA); (2) hyperoxia (50% O2); or (3) intermittent hypoxia (IH) consisting of 50% O2 with brief, clustered episodes of 12% O2 from P0 to postnatal day 14 (P14), during which they were treated intraperitoneally (IP) with bumetanide (0.1 mg/kg/day) or an equivalent volume of saline, on P0–P2. Pups were examined at P14 or allowed to recover in RA from P14–P21. Retinal angiogenesis, morphometry, pathology, AQPs, and angiogenesis biomarkers were determined at P14 and P21. Bumetanide reduced vascular abnormalities associated with severe OIR. This was associated with reductions in AQP-4 and VEGF. Bumetanide suppressed sVEGFR-1 in the serum and vitreous fluid, but levels were increased in the ocular tissues during recovery. Similar responses were noted for IGF-I. In this model, early systemic bumetanide administration reduces severe OIR, the benefits of which appear to be mediated via suppression of AQP-4 and VEGF. Further studies are needed to determine whether bumetanide at the right doses may be considered a potential pharmacologic agent to treat retinal neovascularization.
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Aquaporin 4 Suppresses Neural Hyperactivity and Synaptic Fatigue and Fine-Tunes Neurotransmission to Regulate Visual Function in the Mouse Retina. Mol Neurobiol 2019; 56:8124-8135. [PMID: 31190144 PMCID: PMC6834759 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-019-01661-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The bidirectional water channel aquaporin 4 (AQP4) is abundantly expressed in the neural tissue. The advantages and disadvantages of AQP4 neural tissue deficiency under pathological conditions, such as inflammation, and relationship with neural diseases, such as Alzheimer’s disease, have been previously reported. However, the physiological functions of AQP4 are not fully understood. Here, we evaluated the role of AQP4 in the mouse retina using Aqp4 knockout (KO) mice. Aqp4 was expressed in Müller glial cells surrounding the synaptic area between photoreceptors and bipolar cells. Both scotopic and photopic electroretinograms showed hyperactive visual responses in KO mice, gradually progressing with age. Moreover, the amplitude reduction after frequent stimuli and synaptic fatigue was more severe in KO mice. Glutamine synthetase, glutamate aspartate transporter, synaptophysin, and the inward potassium channel Kir2.1, but not Kir4.1, were downregulated in KO retinas. KIR2.1 colocalized with AQP4 in Müller glial cells at the synaptic area, and its expression was affected by Aqp4 levels in primary Müller glial cell cultures. Intraocular injection of potassium in wild-type mice led to visual function hyperactivity, as observed in Aqp4 KO mice. Mitochondria molecules, such as Pgc1α and CoxIV, were downregulated, while apoptotic markers were upregulated in KO retinas. AQP4 may fine-tune synaptic activity, most likely by regulating potassium metabolism, at least in part, via collaborating with KIR2.1, and possibly indirectly regulating glutamate kinetics, to inhibit neural hyperactivity and synaptic fatigue which finally affect mitochondria and cause neurodegeneration.
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25
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Blair NP, Tan MR, Felder AE, Shahidi M. Retinal Oxygen Delivery, Metabolism and Extraction Fraction and Retinal Thickness Immediately Following an Interval of Ophthalmic Vessel Occlusion in Rats. Sci Rep 2019; 9:8092. [PMID: 31147557 PMCID: PMC6542852 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-44250-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Limited knowledge is currently available about alterations of retinal blood flow (F), oxygen delivery (DO2), oxygen metabolism (MO2), oxygen extraction fraction (OEF), or thickness after the ophthalmic blood vessels have been closed for a substantial interval and then reopened. We ligated the ophthalmic vessels for 120 minutes in one eye of 17 rats, and measured these variables within 20 minutes after release of the ligature in the 10 rats which had immediate reflow. F, DO2 and MO2 were 5.2 ± 3.1 μL/min, 428 ± 271 nL O2/min, and 234 ± 133 nL O2/min, respectively, that is, to 58%, 46% and 60% of values obtained from normal fellow eyes (P < 0.004). OEF was 0.65 ± 0.23, 148% of normal (P = 0.03). Inner and total retinal thicknesses were 195 ± 24 and 293 ± 20 μm, respectively, 117% and 114% of normal, and inversely related to MO2 (P ≤ 0.02). These results reflect how much energy is available to the retina immediately after an interval of nonperfusion for 120 minutes. Thus, they elucidate aspects of the pathophysiology of nonperfusion retinal injury and may improve therapy in patients with retinal artery or ophthalmic artery obstructions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Norman P Blair
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Michael R Tan
- Department of Ophthalmology and Visual Sciences, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Anthony E Felder
- Richard and Loan Hill Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - Mahnaz Shahidi
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, USA.
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26
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Zhang T, Zhu L, Madigan MC, Liu W, Shen W, Cherepanoff S, Zhou F, Zeng S, Du J, Gillies MC. Human macular Müller cells rely more on serine biosynthesis to combat oxidative stress than those from the periphery. eLife 2019; 8:43598. [PMID: 31036157 PMCID: PMC6533082 DOI: 10.7554/elife.43598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 04/08/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The human macula is more susceptible than the peripheral retina to developing blinding conditions such as age-related macular degeneration, diabetic retinopathy. A key difference between them may be the nature of their Müller cells. We found primary cultured Müller cells from macula and peripheral retina display significant morphological and transcriptomic differences. Macular Müller cells expressed more phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH, a rate-limiting enzyme in serine synthesis) than peripheral Müller cells. The serine synthesis, glycolytic and mitochondrial function were more activated in macular than peripheral Müller cells. Serine biosynthesis is critical in defending against oxidative stress. Intracellular reactive oxygen species and glutathione levels were increased in primary cultured macular Müller cells which were more susceptible to oxidative stress after inhibition of PHGDH. Our findings indicate serine biosynthesis is a critical part of the macular defence against oxidative stress and suggest dysregulation of this pathway as a potential cause of macular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ting Zhang
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Ling Zhu
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Michele C Madigan
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,School of Optometry and Vision Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia
| | - Wei Liu
- Clinical Genomics Laboratory, Sidra Medicine, Doha, Qatar
| | - Weiyong Shen
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Svetlana Cherepanoff
- Department of Anatomical Pathology, St Vincent's Hospital, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Fanfan Zhou
- Faculty of Pharmacy, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Shaoxue Zeng
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jianhai Du
- Department of Ophthalmology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States.,Department of Biochemistry, West Virginia University, Morgantown, United States
| | - Mark C Gillies
- Save Sight Institute, Sydney Medical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
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27
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Devoldere J, Peynshaert K, De Smedt SC, Remaut K. Müller cells as a target for retinal therapy. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:1483-1498. [PMID: 30731239 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.01.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells are specialized glial cells that span the entire retina from the vitreous cavity to the subretinal space. Their functional diversity and unique radial morphology render them particularly interesting targets for new therapeutic approaches. In this review, we reflect on various possibilities for selective Müller cell targeting and describe how some of their cellular mechanisms can be used for retinal neuroprotection. Intriguingly, cross-species investigation of their properties has revealed that Müller cells also have an essential role in retinal regeneration. Although many questions regarding this subject remain, it is clear that Müller cells have unique characteristics that make them suitable targets for the prevention and treatment of numerous retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joke Devoldere
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Karen Peynshaert
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Stefaan C De Smedt
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - Katrien Remaut
- Ghent Research Group on Nanomedicines, Laboratory of General Biochemistry and Physical Pharmacy, Ghent University, Ottergemsesteenweg 460, 9000 Ghent, Belgium; Cancer Research Institute Ghent (CRIG), Ghent University Hospital, De Pintelaan 185, 9000 Ghent, Belgium.
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28
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Khayat M, Williams M, Lois N. Ischemic retinal vein occlusion: characterizing the more severe spectrum of retinal vein occlusion. Surv Ophthalmol 2018; 63:816-850. [DOI: 10.1016/j.survophthal.2018.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Revised: 04/14/2018] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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29
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Xu Z, Sun T, Li W, Sun X. Inhibiting effects of dietary polyphenols on chronic eye diseases. J Funct Foods 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2017.10.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
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30
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Garcia TB, Hollborn M, Bringmann A. Expression and signaling of NGF in the healthy and injured retina. Cytokine Growth Factor Rev 2017; 34:43-57. [PMID: 27964967 DOI: 10.1016/j.cytogfr.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
This review summarizes the present knowledge concerning the retinal localization of the nerve growth factor (NGF), its precursor proNGF, and the receptors TrkA and p75NTR in the developing and mature rodent retina. We further discuss the changes in the expression of NGF and the receptors in experimental models of retinal disorders and diseases like inherited retinitis pigmentosa, retinal detachment, glaucoma, and diabetic retinopathy. Since proNGF is now recognized as a bioactive signaling molecule which induces cell death through p75NTR activation, the role of proNGF in the induction of retinal cell loss under neurodegenerative conditions is also highlighted. In addition, we present the evidences for a potential therapeutic intervention with NGF for the treatment of retinal neurodegenerative diseases. Different strategies have been developed and experimentally tested in mice and rats in order to reduce cell loss and Müller cell gliosis, e.g., increasing the availability of endogenous NGF, administration of exogenous NGF, activation of TrkA, and inhibition of p75NTR. Here, we discuss the several lines of evidence supporting a protective effect of NGF on retinal cell loss, with specific emphasis on photoreceptor and retinal ganglion cell degeneration. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying the effects of NGF and proNGF in the modulation of neurodegeneration and gliosis in the retina will help to develop efficient therapeutic strategies for various retinal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Margrit Hollborn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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31
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Fuma S, Nishinaka A, Inoue Y, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Kondo M, Hara H. A pharmacological approach in newly established retinal vein occlusion model. Sci Rep 2017; 7:43509. [PMID: 28252108 PMCID: PMC5333144 DOI: 10.1038/srep43509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanism underlying the effects of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) antibody in retinal vein occlusion (RVO) treatment is poorly understood, partly due to the lack of RVO animal models that mimic clinical pathology. The aims of this study were to establish a suitable RVO model, clarify the pathogenic mechanisms, and evaluate the effects of anti-VEGF antibody in the model. Mouse retinal veins were occluded by laser photocoagulation after rose bengal injection. Reduction of the b/a wave amplitude ratio, retinal nonperfusion, cystoid edema, and hard exudates were observed after occlusion, and expression of RVO-related genes was altered. Administration of anti-VEGF antibody immediately, or 7 days, after occlusion resulted in reduction and increase of the nonperfused area, respectively. We conclude that the present model will be useful for clarification of the pathogenic mechanisms, and that the timing of anti-VEGF antibody administration is important for the successful amelioration of retinal nonperfusion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinichiro Fuma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Anri Nishinaka
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Yuki Inoue
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Tsuruma
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Masamitsu Shimazawa
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
| | - Mineo Kondo
- Department of Ophthalmology, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Japan
| | - Hideaki Hara
- Molecular Pharmacology, Department of Biofunctional Evaluation, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Japan
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32
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Bandyopadhyay S, Bandyopadhyay SK, Saha M, Sinha A. Study of aqueous cytokines in patients with different patterns of diabetic macular edema based on optical coherence tomography. Int Ophthalmol 2017; 38:241-249. [DOI: 10.1007/s10792-017-0453-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 01/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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Kim M, Kim Y, Lee SJ. Comparison of aqueous concentrations of angiogenic and inflammatory cytokines based on optical coherence tomography patterns of diabetic macular edema. Indian J Ophthalmol 2016; 63:312-7. [PMID: 26044469 PMCID: PMC4463554 DOI: 10.4103/0301-4738.158069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose was to compare aqueous inflammatory and angiogenic cytokine levels in diabetic macular edema (DME). Materials and Methods: Aqueous samples were obtained from 50 eyes with DME and 12 normal eyes (control group). DME was classified according to the morphologic pattern based on optical coherence tomography: Diffuse retinal thickening (DRT; n = 19), cystoid macular edema (CME; n = 17), or serous retinal detachment (SRD; n = 14). Aqueous samples were collected just before intravitreal injection and at the beginning of cataract surgery in the control group. Interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, interferon-induced protein (IP)-10, monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-AA, and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) levels were measured by multiplex bead assay. Results: The IL-6, IL-8, IP-10, and PDGF-AA levels differed significantly among the three groups of DME (P = 0.014, P = 0.038, P = 0.021, and P = 0.041, respectively). However, there were no differences between groups in aqueous concentration levels of MCP-1 and VEGF (P = 0.205 and P = 0.062, respectively). IL-6 (P = 0.026) and IL-8 (P = 0.023) correlated positively with central foveal thickness (CFT) in the CME group. None of the cytokine levels correlated significantly with CFT in any of the DRT and SRD groups. Conclusions: Aqueous concentrations of cytokines varied according to the morphologic pattern of DME, which might explain the variable response to treatments such as intravitreal bevacizumab or triamcinolone injection.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Seung-Jun Lee
- Department of Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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Pannicke T, Ivo Chao T, Reisenhofer M, Francke M, Reichenbach A. Comparative electrophysiology of retinal Müller glial cells-A survey on vertebrate species. Glia 2016; 65:533-568. [PMID: 27767232 DOI: 10.1002/glia.23082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2016] [Revised: 09/15/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Müller cells are the dominant macroglial cells in the retina of all vertebrates. They fulfill a variety of functions important for retinal physiology, among them spatial buffering of K+ ions and uptake of glutamate and other neurotransmitters. To this end, Müller cells express inwardly rectifying K+ channels and electrogenic glutamate transporters. Moreover, a lot of voltage- and ligand-gated ion channels, aquaporin water channels, and electrogenic transporters are expressed in Müller cells, some of them in a species-specific manner. For example, voltage-dependent Na+ channels are found exclusively in some but not all mammalian species. Whereas a lot of data exist from amphibians and mammals, the results from other vertebrates are sparse. It is the aim of this review to present a survey on Müller cell electrophysiology covering all classes of vertebrates. The focus is on functional studies, mainly performed using the whole-cell patch-clamp technique. However, data about the expression of membrane channels and transporters from immunohistochemistry are also included. Possible functional roles of membrane channels and transporters are discussed. Obviously, electrophysiological properties involved in the main functions of Müller cells developed early in vertebrate evolution. GLIA 2017;65:533-568.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Pannicke
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung, Abteilung Pathophysiologie der Neuroglia, Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - T Ivo Chao
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, Medical School Göttingen, Germany
| | - Miriam Reisenhofer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Mike Francke
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung, Abteilung Pathophysiologie der Neuroglia, Universität Leipzig, Germany
- Sächsischer Inkubator für klinische Translation (SIKT), Universität Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul-Flechsig-Institut für Hirnforschung, Abteilung Pathophysiologie der Neuroglia, Universität Leipzig, Germany
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35
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Winges A, Garcia TB, Prager P, Wiedemann P, Kohen L, Bringmann A, Hollborn M. Osmotic expression of aldose reductase in retinal pigment epithelial cells: involvement of NFAT5. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:2387-2400. [PMID: 27628063 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-016-3492-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2016] [Revised: 08/22/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic retinopathy is associated with osmotic stress resulting from hyperglycemia and intracellular sorbitol accumulation. Systemic hypertension is a risk factor of diabetic retinopathy. High intake of dietary salt increases extracellular osmolarity resulting in systemic hypertension. We determined the effects of extracellular hyperosmolarity, chemical hypoxia, and oxidative stress on the gene expression of enzymes involved in sorbitol production and conversion in cultured human retinal pigment epithelial (RPE) cells. METHODS Alterations in the expression of aldose reductase (AR) and sorbitol dehydrogenase (SDH) genes were examined with real-time RT-PCR. Protein levels were determined with Western blot analysis. Nuclear factor of activated T cell 5 (NFAT5) was knocked down with siRNA. RESULTS AR gene expression in RPE cells was increased by high (25 mM) extracellular glucose, CoCl2 (150 μM)-induced chemical hypoxia, H2O2 (20 μM)-induced oxidative stress, and extracellular hyperosmolarity induced by addition of NaCl or sucrose. Extracellular hyperosmolarity (but not hypoxia) also increased AR protein level. SDH gene expression was increased by hypoxia and oxidative stress, but not extracellular hyperosmolarity. Hyperosmolarity and hypoxia did not alter the SDH protein level. The hyperosmotic AR gene expression was dependent on activation of metalloproteinases, autocrine/paracrine TGF-β signaling, activation of p38 MAPK, ERK1/2, and PI3K signal transduction pathways, and the transcriptional activity of NFAT5. Knockdown of NAFT5 or inhibition of AR decreased the cell viability under hyperosmotic (but not hypoxic) conditions and aggravated the hyperosmotic inhibition of cell proliferation. CONCLUSIONS The data suggest that sorbitol accumulation in RPE cells occurs under hyperosmotic, but not hypoxic and oxidative stress conditions. NFAT5- and AR-mediated sorbitol accumulation may protect RPE cells under conditions of osmotic stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anica Winges
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tarcyane Barata Garcia
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Philipp Prager
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Leon Kohen
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
- Helios Klinikum Aue, Aue, Germany
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Margrit Hollborn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Endothelins Inhibit Osmotic Swelling of Rat Retinal Glial and Bipolar Cells by Activation of Growth Factor Signaling. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:2598-2606. [PMID: 27278757 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1971-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 05/27/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Water accumulation in retinal glial (Müller) and neuronal cells resulting in cellular swelling contributes to the development of retinal edema and neurodegeneration. Here, we show that endothelin-1 (ET-1) dose-dependently inhibits the hypoosmotic swelling of Müller cells in freshly isolated retinal slices of control and diabetic rats, with a maximal inhibition at 100 nM. Osmotic Müller cell swelling was also inhibited by ET-2. The effect of ET-1 was mediated by activation of ETA and ETB receptors resulting in transactivation of metabotropic glutamate receptors, purinergic P2Y1, and adenosine A1 receptors. ET-1 (but not ET-2) also inhibited the osmotic swelling of bipolar cells in retinal slices, but failed to inhibit the swelling of freshly isolated bipolar cells. The inhibitory effect of ET-1 on the bipolar cell swelling in retinal slices was abrogated by inhibitors of the FGF receptor kinase (PD173074) and of TGF-β1 superfamily activin receptor-like kinase receptors (SB431542), respectively. Both Müller and bipolar cells displayed immunoreactivities of ETA and ETB receptor proteins. The data may suggest that neuroprotective effects of ETs in the retina are in part mediated by prevention of the cytotoxic swelling of retinal glial and bipolar cells. ET-1 acts directly on Müller cells, while the inhibitory effect of ET-1 on bipolar cell swelling is indirectly mediated, via stimulation of the release of growth factors like bFGF and TGF-β1 from Müller cells.
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Vogler S, Pannicke T, Hollborn M, Kolibabka M, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Hammes HP, Bringmann A. Impaired Purinergic Regulation of the Glial (Müller) Cell Volume in the Retina of Transgenic Rats Expressing Defective Polycystin-2. Neurochem Res 2016; 41:1784-96. [PMID: 27038933 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-016-1894-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2015] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Retinal glial (Müller) cells possess an endogenous purinergic signal transduction cascade which normally prevents cellular swelling in osmotic stress. The cascade can be activated by osmotic or glutamate receptor-dependent ATP release. We determined whether activation of this cascade is altered in Müller cells of transgenic rats that suffer from a slow photoreceptor degeneration due to the expression of a truncated human cilia gene polycystin-2 (CMV-PKD21/703 HA). Age-matched Sprague-Dawley rats served as control. Retinal slices were superfused with a hypoosmotic solution (60 % osmolarity). Müller cells in retinas of PKD21/703 rats swelled immediately in hypoosmotic stress; this was not observed in control retinas. Pharmacological blockade of P2Y1 or adenosine A1 receptors induced osmotic swelling of Müller cells from control rats. The swelling induced by the P2Y1 receptor antagonist was mediated by induction of oxidative-nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, production of inflammatory lipid mediators, and a sodium influx from the extracellular space. Exogenous VEGF or glutamate prevented the hypoosmotic swelling of Müller cells from PKD21/703 rats; this effect was mediated by activation of the purinergic signaling cascade. In neuroretinas of PKD21/703 rats, the gene expression levels of P2Y1 and A1 receptors, pannexin-1, connexin 45, NTPDases 1 and 2, and various subtypes of nucleoside transporters are elevated compared to control. The data may suggest that the osmotic swelling of Müller cells from PKD21/703 rats is caused by an abrogation of the osmotic ATP release while the glutamate-induced ATP release is functional. In the normal retina, ATP release and autocrine P2Y1 receptor activation serve to inhibit the induction of oxidative-nitrosative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and production of inflammatory lipid mediators, which otherwise will induce a sodium influx and cytotoxic Müller cell swelling under anisoosmotic conditions. Purinergic receptors may represent a target for the protection of retinal glial cells from mitochondrial oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Vogler
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Pannicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Margrit Hollborn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Matthias Kolibabka
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Hans-Peter Hammes
- 5th Medical Department, Medical Faculty Mannheim, University of Heidelberg, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, 04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Vogler S, Hollborn M, Berk BA, Pannicke T, Seeger J, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. Ischemic regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor-mediated cell volume and TrkB expression in glial (Müller) and bipolar cells of the rat retina. Graefes Arch Clin Exp Ophthalmol 2016; 254:497-503. [PMID: 26743749 DOI: 10.1007/s00417-015-3250-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2015] [Revised: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Osmotic swelling of neurons and glial cells contributes to retinal edema and neurodegeneration. BDNF, a major neuroprotectant in the retina, was shown to inhibit osmotic swelling of glial (Müller) and bipolar cells in the rat retina; the effect of BDNF on the bipolar cell swelling is mediated by inducing a release of neuroprotective cytokines from Müller cells (Berk et al., Neuroscience 295:175-186, 2015). We determined whether BDNF-mediated cell volume regulation was altered after transient retinal ischemia. METHODS Retinal slices from the eyes of rats that underwent a 1-h pressure-induced retinal ischemia and from control eyes were superfused with a hypoosmotic solution. RESULTS Exogenous BDNF prevented osmotic swelling of Müller cells in both control and post-ischemic retinal slices. BDNF also prevented osmotic swelling of bipolar cells in the control retina, but not in the ischemic retina. On the other hand, exogenous bFGF prevented the swelling of both Müller and bipolar cells in the ischemic retina. Freshly isolated Müller cells of control retinas displayed immunoreactivity of truncated but not full-length TrkB. In contrast, Müller cells of post-ischemic retinas displayed immunoreactivity of both TrkB isoforms. Bipolar cells isolated from control and post-ischemic retinas were immunolabeled for both TrkB isoforms. CONCLUSIONS The data may suggest that the ischemic abrogation of the BDNF effect in bipolar cells is related to altered BDNF receptor expression in Müller cells. Glial upregulation of full-length TrkB may support the survival of Müller cells in the ischemic retina, but may impair the BDNF-induced release of neuroprotective cytokines such as bFGF from Müller cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Vogler
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Margrit Hollborn
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Benjamin-Andreas Berk
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.,Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Pannicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, Medical Faculty, University of Leipzig, Liebigstrasse 10-14, D-04103, Leipzig, Germany.
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Nicolson GL, de Mattos GF, Settineri R, Costa C, Ellithorpe R, Rosenblatt S, La Valle J, Jimenez A, Ohta S. Clinical Effects of Hydrogen Administration: From Animal and Human Diseases to Exercise Medicine. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.4236/ijcm.2016.71005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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40
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Vogler S, Winters H, Pannicke T, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. Sigma-1 receptor activation inhibits osmotic swelling of rat retinal glial (Müller) cells by transactivation of glutamatergic and purinergic receptors. Neurosci Lett 2015; 610:13-8. [PMID: 26499958 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2015.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Revised: 10/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Water accumulation in retinal glial (Müller) and neuronal cells resulting in cellular swelling contributes to the development of retinal edema and neurodegeneration. Sigma (σ) receptor activation is known to have neuroprotective effects in the retina. Here, we show that the nonselective σ receptor agonist ditolylguanidine, and the selective σ1 receptor agonist PRE-084, inhibit the osmotic swelling of Müller cell somata induced by superfusion of rat retinal slices with a hypoosmotic solution containing barium ions. In contrast, PRE-084 did not inhibit the osmotic swelling of bipolar cell somata. The effects of σ receptor agonists on the Müller cell swelling were abrogated in the presence of blockers of metabotropic glutamate and purinergic P2Y1 receptors, respectively, suggesting that σ receptor activation triggers activation of a glutamatergic-purinergic signaling cascade which is known to prevent the osmotic Müller cell swelling. The swelling-inhibitory effect of 17β-estradiol was prevented by the σ1 receptor antagonist BD1047, suggesting that the effect is mediated by σ1 receptor activation. The data may suggest that the neuroprotective effect of σ receptor activation in the retina is in part mediated by prevention of the cytotoxic swelling of retinal glial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Vogler
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Helge Winters
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Thomas Pannicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
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Polyphenols as Modulators of Aquaporin Family in Health and Disease. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2015:196914. [PMID: 26346093 PMCID: PMC4539495 DOI: 10.1155/2015/196914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Polyphenols are bioactive molecules widely distributed in fruits, vegetables, cereals, and beverages. Polyphenols in food sources are extensively studied for their role in the maintenance of human health and in the protection against development of chronic/degenerative diseases. Polyphenols act mainly as antioxidant molecules, protecting cell constituents against oxidative damage. The enormous number of polyphenolic compounds leads to huge different mechanisms of action not fully understood. Recently, some evidence is emerging about the role of polyphenols, such as curcumin, pinocembrin, resveratrol, and quercetin, in modulating the activity of some aquaporin (AQP) isoforms. AQPs are integral, small hydrophobic water channel proteins, extensively expressed in many organs and tissues, whose major function is to facilitate the transport of water or glycerol over cell plasma membranes. Here we summarize AQP physiological functions and report emerging evidence on the implication of these proteins in a number of pathophysiological processes. In particular, this review offers an overview about the role of AQPs in brain, eye, skin diseases, and metabolic syndrome, focusing on the ability of polyphenols to modulate AQP expression. This original analysis can contribute to elucidating some peculiar effects exerted by polyphenols and can lead to the development of an innovative potential preventive/therapeutic strategy.
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Brain-derived neurotrophic factor inhibits osmotic swelling of rat retinal glial (Müller) and bipolar cells by activation of basic fibroblast growth factor signaling. Neuroscience 2015; 295:175-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. Purinergic signaling in retinal degeneration and regeneration. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:194-211. [PMID: 25998275 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Revised: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Purinergic signaling is centrally involved in mediating the degeneration of the injured and diseased retina, the induction of retinal gliosis, and the protection of the retinal tissue from degeneration. Dysregulated calcium signaling triggered by overactivation of P2X7 receptors is a crucial step in the induction of neuronal and microvascular cell death under pathogenic conditions like ischemia-hypoxia, elevated intraocular pressure, and diabetes, respectively. Overactivation of P2X7 plays also a pathogenic role in inherited and age-related photoreceptor cell death and in the age-related dysfunction and degeneration of the retinal pigment epithelium. Gliosis of micro- and macroglial cells, which is induced and/or modulated by purinergic signaling and associated with an impaired homeostatic support to neurons, and the ATP-mediated propagation of retinal gliosis from a focal injury into the surrounding noninjured tissue are involved in inducing secondary cell death in the retina. On the other hand, alterations in the glial metabolism of extracellular nucleotides, resulting in a decreased level of ATP and an increased level of adenosine, may be neuroprotective in the diseased retina. Purinergic signals stimulate the proliferation of retinal glial cells which contributes to glial scarring which has protective effects on retinal degeneration and adverse effects on retinal regeneration. Pharmacological modulation of purinergic receptors, e.g., inhibition of P2X and activation of adenosine receptors, may have clinical importance for the prevention of photoreceptor, neuronal, and microvascular cell death in diabetic retinopathy, retinitis pigmentosa, age-related macular degeneration, and glaucoma, respectively, for the clearance of retinal edema, and the inhibition of dysregulated cell proliferation in proliferative retinopathies. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Liu H, Hua N, Xie K, Zhao T, Yu Y. Hydrogen-rich saline reduces cell death through inhibition of DNA oxidative stress and overactivation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 in retinal ischemia-reperfusion injury. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2495-502. [PMID: 25954991 PMCID: PMC4464386 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Overactivation of poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase 1 (PARP-1), as a result of sustained DNA oxidation in ischemia-reperfusion injury, triggers programmed cell necrosis and apoptosis. The present study was conducted to demonstrate whether hydrogen-rich saline (HRS) has a neuroprotective effect on retinal ischemia reperfusion (RIR) injury through inhibition of PARP-1 activation. RIR was induced by transient elevation of intraocular pressure in rats. HRS (5 ml/kg) was administered peritoneally every day from the beginning of reperfusion in RIR rats until the rats were sacrificed. Retinal damage and cell death was determined using hematoxylin and eosin and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling staining. DNA oxidative stress was evaluated by immunofluorescence staining of 8-hydroxy-2-deoxyguanosine. In addition, the expression of PARP-1 and caspase-3 was investigated by western blot analysis and/or immunohistochemical staining. The results demonstrated that HRS administration improved morphological alterations and reduced apoptosis following RIR injury. Furthermore, the present study found that HRS alleviated DNA oxidation and PARP-1 overactivation in RIR rats. HRS can protect RIR injury by inhibition of PARP-1, which may be involved in DNA oxidative stress and caspase-3-mediated apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Ning Hua
- Department of Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus, Tianjin Medical University Eye Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Keliang Xie
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Tingting Zhao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yonghao Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Institute of Anesthesiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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46
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Voigt J, Grosche A, Vogler S, Pannicke T, Hollborn M, Kohen L, Wiedemann P, Reichenbach A, Bringmann A. Nonvesicular release of ATP from rat retinal glial (Müller) cells is differentially mediated in response to osmotic stress and glutamate. Neurochem Res 2015; 40:651-60. [PMID: 25567481 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-014-1511-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Retinal glial (Müller) cells release ATP upon osmotic stress or activation of metabotropic glutamate receptors. ATP inhibits the osmotic Müller cell swelling by activation of P2Y1 receptors. In the present study, we determined the molecular pathways of the ATP release from Müller cells in slices of the rat retina. Administration of the ATP/ADPase apyrase induced a swelling of Müller cells under hypoosmotic conditions, and prevented the swelling-inhibitory effect of glutamate, suggesting that swelling inhibition is mediated by extracellular ATP. A hypoosmotic swelling of Müller cells was also observed in the presence of a blocker of multidrug resistance channels (MK-571), a CFTR inhibitor (glibenclamide), and connexin hemichannel blockers (18-α-glycyrrhetinic acid, 100 µM carbenoxolone). The swelling-inhibitory effect of glutamate was prevented by MK-571, the connexin hemichannel blockers, and a pannexin-1 hemichannel blocker (5 µM carbenoxolone). The p-glycoprotein blocker verapamil had no effect. As revealed by single-cell RT-PCR, subpopulations of Müller cells expressed mRNAs for pannexin-1 and -2, and connexins 30, 30.3, 32, 43, 45, and 46. The data may suggest that rat Müller cells release ATP by multidrug resistance channels, CFTR, and connexin hemichannels in response to osmotic stress, while glutamate induces a release of ATP via multidrug resistance channels, connexin hemichannels, and pannexin-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliane Voigt
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research, University of Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany
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Garcia TB, Pannicke T, Vogler S, Berk BA, Grosche A, Wiedemann P, Seeger J, Reichenbach A, Herculano AM, Bringmann A. Nerve growth factor inhibits osmotic swelling of rat retinal glial (Müller) and bipolar cells by inducing glial cytokine release. J Neurochem 2014; 131:303-13. [DOI: 10.1111/jnc.12822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tarcyane Barata Garcia
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Biological Sciences; Federal University of Pará; Belém Brazil
| | - Thomas Pannicke
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Stefanie Vogler
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Benjamin-Andreas Berk
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Antje Grosche
- Institute of Human Genetics; University of Regensburg; Regensburg Germany
| | - Peter Wiedemann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Johannes Seeger
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | - Andreas Reichenbach
- Paul Flechsig Institute of Brain Research; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
| | | | - Andreas Bringmann
- Department of Ophthalmology and Eye Hospital; University of Leipzig; Leipzig Germany
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Deliyanti D, Armani R, Casely D, Figgett WA, Agrotis A, Wilkinson-Berka JL. Retinal vasculopathy is reduced by dietary salt restriction: involvement of Glia, ENaCα, and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2014; 34:2033-41. [PMID: 25012132 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.114.303792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Neovascularization and vaso-obliteration are vision-threatening events that develop by interactions between retinal vascular and glial cells. A high-salt diet is causal in cardiovascular and renal disease, which is linked to modulation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. However, it is not known whether dietary salt influences retinal vasculopathy and if the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system is involved. We examined whether a low-salt (LS) diet influenced vascular and glial cell injury and the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system in ischemic retinopathy. APPROACH AND RESULTS Pregnant Sprague Dawley rats were fed LS (0.03% NaCl) or normal salt (0.3% NaCl) diets, and ischemic retinopathy was induced in the offspring. An LS diet reduced retinal neovascularization and vaso-obliteration, the mRNA and protein levels of the angiogenic factors, vascular endothelial growth factor, and erythropoietin. Microglia, which influence vascular remodeling in ischemic retinopathy, were reduced by LS as was tumor necrosis factor-α. Macroglial Müller cells maintain the integrity of the blood-retinal barrier, and in ischemic retinopathy, LS reduced their gliosis and also vascular leakage. In retina, LS reduced mineralocorticoid receptor, angiotensin type 1 receptor, and renin mRNA levels, whereas, as expected, plasma levels of aldosterone and renin were increased. The aldosterone/mineralocorticoid receptor-sensitive epithelial sodium channel alpha (ENaCα), which is expressed in Müller cells, was increased in ischemic retinopathy and reduced by LS. In cultured Müller cells, high salt increased ENaCα, which was prevented by mineralocorticoid receptor and angiotensin type 1 receptor blockade. Conversely, LS reduced ENaCα, angiotensin type 1 receptor, and mineralocorticoid receptor expression. CONCLUSIONS An LS diet reduced retinal vasculopathy, by modulating glial cell function and the retinal renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devy Deliyanti
- From the Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.D., R.A., W.A.F., A.A., J.L.W.-B.); and Prosearch International, Malvern, Victoria, Australia (D.C.)
| | - Roksana Armani
- From the Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.D., R.A., W.A.F., A.A., J.L.W.-B.); and Prosearch International, Malvern, Victoria, Australia (D.C.)
| | - David Casely
- From the Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.D., R.A., W.A.F., A.A., J.L.W.-B.); and Prosearch International, Malvern, Victoria, Australia (D.C.)
| | - William A Figgett
- From the Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.D., R.A., W.A.F., A.A., J.L.W.-B.); and Prosearch International, Malvern, Victoria, Australia (D.C.)
| | - Alex Agrotis
- From the Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.D., R.A., W.A.F., A.A., J.L.W.-B.); and Prosearch International, Malvern, Victoria, Australia (D.C.)
| | - Jennifer L Wilkinson-Berka
- From the Department of Immunology, Monash University, Alfred Medical Research and Education Precinct, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (D.D., R.A., W.A.F., A.A., J.L.W.-B.); and Prosearch International, Malvern, Victoria, Australia (D.C.).
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Retinal neuroprotective effects of quercetin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Exp Eye Res 2014; 125:193-202. [PMID: 24952278 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2014] [Revised: 06/10/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of Quercetin (Qctn), a plant based flavonol, on retinal oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and apoptosis in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Qctn treatment (25- and 50 mg/kg body weight) was given orally for six months in diabetic rats. Retinal glutathione (GSH) and antioxidant enzymes [superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT)] were estimated using commercially available assays, and inflammatory cytokines levels [tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), Interleukin-1β (IL-1β)] were estimated by ELISA method. Immunofluorescence and western blot studies were performed for nuclear factor kappa B (NF-kB), caspase-3, glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) and aquaporin-4 (AQP4) expressions. Structural changes were evaluated by light microscopy. In the present study, retinal GSH levels and antioxidant enzyme (SOD and CAT) activities were significantly decreased in diabetic group as compared to normal group. However, in Qctn-treated rats, retinal GSH levels were restored close to normal levels and positive modulation of antioxidant enzyme activities was observed. Diabetic retinas showed significantly increased expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines (TNF-α and IL-1β) as compared to that in normal retinas, while Qctn-treated retinas showed significantly lower levels of cytokines as compared to diabetic retinas. Light microscopy showed significantly increased number of ganglion cell death and decreased retinal thickness in diabetic group compared to those in normal retina; however, protective effect of Qctn was seen. Increased apoptosis in diabetic retina is proposed to be mediated by overexpression of NF-kB and caspase-3. However, Qctn showed inhibitory effects on NF-kB and caspase-3 expression. Microglia showed upregulated GFAP expression, and inflammation of Müller cells resulted in edema in their endfeet and around perivascular space in nerve fiber layer in diabetic retina, as observed through AQP4 expression. However, Qctn treatments inhibited diabetes-induced increases in GFAP and AQP4 expression. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that bioflavonoids, such as Qctn can be effective for protection of diabetes induced retinal neurodegeneration and oxidative stress.
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WILLERMAIN FRANÇOIS, JANSSENS SARAH, ARSENIJEVIC TATJANA, PIENS ISABELLE, BOLAKY NARGIS, CASPERS LAURE, PERRET JASON, DELPORTE CHRISTINE. Osmotic stress decreases aquaporin-4 expression in the human retinal pigment epithelial cell line, ARPE-19. Int J Mol Med 2014; 34:533-8. [DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2014.1791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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