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Adamis D, Kasianenko D, Usman M, Saleem F, Wrigley M, Gavin B, McNicholas F. Prevalence of Personality Disorders in Adults With Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD). J Atten Disord 2023; 27:658-668. [PMID: 36927130 DOI: 10.1177/10870547231161531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To estimate the prevalence of PDs according to Millon's evolution-based model among adult ADHD outpatients. METHOD Cross-sectional study of consecutive patients referred to an adult ADHD clinic. PDs were evaluated with Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III). RESULTS One-hundred-eighty-one participants had valid MCMI-III, of whom147 were diagnosed with ADHD. Mean age: 32.97, SD:11.56, females: 74 (50.3%). Among the 147 participants with ADHD, 29 (19.7%) did not meet criteria for any PD, 43 (29.3%) met the criteria for one PD, 34 (23.1%) for two PDs and the rest three or more. Most common PD was Dependent (n = 58) followed by Depressive (n = 45). Inattentive sub-type was associated with dependent PD, while combined type with antisocial, negativistic (passive/aggressive) and sadistic PD. CONCLUSION Particular personality profiles were more common with different ADHD subtypes. Given the developmental origins of PD, further research may help identify possible links with childhood difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Margo Wrigley
- National Clinical Programme for Adult ADHD, Dublin, Ireland
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Oliva F, Mangiapane C, Nibbio G, Portigliatti Pomeri A, Maina G. MCMI-III Personality Disorders, Traits, and Profiles in Adult ADHD Outpatients. J Atten Disord 2020; 24:830-839. [PMID: 29911465 DOI: 10.1177/1087054718780319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objective: To assess prevalence of personality traits and disorders according to Millon's evolution-based model and to identify the most representative personality profiles among adult ADHD outpatients. Method: Personality traits and disorders were evaluated using the Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory-III (MCMI-III) and an exploratory factor analysis (EFA) in a consecutive sample of adult ADHD outpatients (N = 70) diagnosed by the Adult ADHD Self-Report Scale-version 1.1 (ASRS-v1.1) and the Diagnostic Interview for ADHD in Adults (DIVA 2.0). Results: More than half of our sample (57.1%) showed at least one personality disorder (PD). The most prevalent PDs were paranoid, schizotypal and negativistic (18.6% for all three PDs), depressive (17.1%), and sadistic (11.4%). No patient had a borderline PD. The EFA identified three personality profiles ("sadistic-antisocial-negativistic," "masochistic-depressive-dependent-avoidant," and "antihistrionic-schizoid"). Conclusion: High prevalence of PDs among adult ADHD patients was confirmed. The personality profiles seemed to reflect the persistence of ADHD and related childhood comorbidities in adulthood.
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Salavert J, Ramos-Quiroga JA, Moreno-Alcázar A, Caseras X, Palomar G, Radua J, Bosch R, Salvador R, McKenna PJ, Casas M, Pomarol-Clotet E. Functional Imaging Changes in the Medial Prefrontal Cortex in Adult ADHD. J Atten Disord 2018; 22:679-693. [PMID: 26515892 DOI: 10.1177/1087054715611492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Functional imaging studies have found reduced frontal activity, mainly in dorso/ventro-lateral regions and reduced task-related de-activation of the default mode network in childhood ADHD. Adult studies are fewer and inconclusive. We aimed to investigate the potential neural bases of executive function in ADHD adults, examining brain activity during N-back task performance, and to explore the potential corrective effects of long-term methylphenidate treatment. METHOD We recruited a large adult ADHD-combined sample and a matched control group and obtained functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) images during task. ADHD participants were subdivided in a group under long-term treatment with methylphenidate (washed out for the scan) and a treatment-naive group. RESULTS ADHD participants showed deficient de-activation of the medial prefrontal cortex during 2-back task, implying default mode network dysfunction. We found no relationship between blunted de-activation and treatment history. CONCLUSION As de-activation failure in the medial frontal cortex is linked to lapses of attention, findings suggest a potential link to ADHD symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- José Salavert
- 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,2 Hospital Sant Rafael, Germanes Hospitalàries, Barcelona, Spain.,3 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain
| | - Josep A Ramos-Quiroga
- 3 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,5 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Ana Moreno-Alcázar
- 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - Gloria Palomar
- 3 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,5 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Joaquim Radua
- 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,7 King's College London, UK.,8 Karolinska Institutet, Stokholm, Sweden
| | - Rosa Bosch
- 3 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,5 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raymond Salvador
- 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Peter J McKenna
- 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
| | - Miquel Casas
- 3 Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Spain.,4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain.,5 Hospital Universitari Vall d'Hebron, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Edith Pomarol-Clotet
- 1 FIDMAG Germanes Hospitalàries Research Foundation, Barcelona, Spain.,4 CIBERSAM, Madrid, Spain
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Lis S, Baer N, Stein-en-Nosse C, Gallhofer B, Sammer G, Kirsch P. Objective measurement of motor activity during cognitive performance in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 122:285-94. [PMID: 20199487 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2010.01549.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE This study investigates whether hyperactivity, i.e. an increased level of motor activity, can be observed in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). METHOD An infrared motion-tracking system was used to measure motor activity in 20 unmedicated adults with ADHD and 20 matched healthy controls (HC) during a 1-back working memory task. RESULTS Motor activity was higher in ADHD. It increased with the duration of testing and co-varied with cognitive performance in ADHD only. Subjective and objective measurements of motor activity were related in HC, but not in ADHD. CONCLUSION Higher levels of motor activity in ADHD are objectively measurable not only in children, but in adults as well. It is linked to cognitive performance arguing against distinguishable diagnostic subtypes. The objective measurement of motor activity seems to extend the description of ADHD symptoms derived from rating scales and might thus help to bridge the gap between psychopathological symptom description and neurobiological alterations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Lis
- Centre for Psychiatry, Justus-Liebig University Giessen, Giessen, Germany.
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Westmoreland P, Gunter T, Loveless P, Allen J, Sieleni B, Black DW. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in men and women newly committed to prison: clinical characteristics, psychiatric comorbidity, and quality of life. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF OFFENDER THERAPY AND COMPARATIVE CRIMINOLOGY 2010; 54:361-377. [PMID: 19270267 DOI: 10.1177/0306624x09332313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is associated with comorbid psychiatric diagnoses and antisocial behaviors that contribute to criminality, yet studies of ADHD in offenders are few. The authors evaluate a random sample of 319 offenders using a version of the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview and Medical Outcome Survey Health Survey. ADHD was present in 68 subjects (21.3%). Offenders with ADHD were more likely to report problems with emotional and social functioning and to have higher suicide risk scores (p < .001). They also had higher rates of mood, anxiety, psychotic, and somatoform disorders. Antisocial and borderline personality disorders were also more common among offenders with ADHD. The authors conclude that ADHD is common in offenders and is associated with comorbid disorders, worse quality of life, and higher risk for suicidal behaviors. Its presence should alert prison staff that the offender is likely to require more intensive mental health services.
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Purper-Ouakil D, Cortese S, Wohl M, Aubron V, Orejarena S, Michel G, Asch M, Mouren MC, Gorwood P. Temperament and character dimensions associated with clinical characteristics and treatment outcome in attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder boys. Compr Psychiatry 2010; 51:286-92. [PMID: 20399338 DOI: 10.1016/j.comppsych.2009.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2009] [Revised: 07/13/2009] [Accepted: 08/23/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although differential patterns of temperament and character have been documented in subjects with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), few studies have investigated relations between these dimensions, clinical features of ADHD, and treatment outcome. METHODS Ninety-five boys with ADHD and 87 controls participated in the study; 88.5% of the referred patients were reassessed after optimal titration of methylphendiate treatment. RESULTS Compared with controls, boys with ADHD showed a temperament profile of high novelty seeking, low reward dependence, and persistence, as well as low scores on both self-determination and cooperativeness character dimensions. No significant differences were found between subjects with ADHD and controls in harm avoidance. Temperament and character traits were related to specific symptom domains and comorbidity but did not predict global severity of ADHD. Persistent and immature children with ADHD were more likely to experience short-term remission.
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Dowson JH, Blackwell AD. Impulsive aggression in adults with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2010; 121:103-10. [PMID: 19694631 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2009.01460.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE DSM-IV criteria for attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) include examples of 'impulsivity'. This term can refer to various dysfunctional behaviours, including some examples of aggressive behaviour. However, impulsive aggression is not included in the DSM-IV criteria for ADHD. The associations of impulsive aggression with ADHD were investigated. METHOD Seventy-three male adults with DSM-IV ADHD, and their informants, completed questionnaires. Impulsive aggression was assessed by ratings of two criteria for borderline personality disorder (BPD), involving hot temper and/or self-harm. RESULTS Logistic regression indicated that features of DSM-IV ADHD were predictors of comorbid impulsive aggression. However, compared with ADHD features, verbal IQ and comorbid psychopathology were more strongly associated with impulsive aggression. CONCLUSION The findings support the inclusion of features of impulsive aggression, such as hot temper/short fuse, in the ADHD syndrome in adults. These overlap with features of BPD. The findings inform the selection of research samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- J H Dowson
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2OQQ, UK.
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Goldstein RB, Grant BF. Three-year follow-up of syndromal antisocial behavior in adults: results from the Wave 2 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions. J Clin Psychiatry 2009; 70:1237-49. [PMID: 19538901 PMCID: PMC2760631 DOI: 10.4088/jcp.08m04545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2008] [Accepted: 09/11/2008] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To present nationally representative findings on total antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) symptoms, major violations of others' rights (MVOR), and violent symptoms over a 3-year follow-up in Wave 2 of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions among adults diagnosed at Wave 1 with ASPD versus syndromal adult antisocial behavior without conduct disorder before age 15 years (AABS, not a codable DSM-IV disorder). METHOD Face-to-face interviews were conducted with 34,653 respondents aged 18 years and older. Antisocial syndromes and comorbid lifetime substance use, mood, and 6 additional personality disorders were diagnosed at Wave 1 using the Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated Disabilities Interview Schedule-DSM-IV Version (AUDADIS-IV). The Wave 2 AUDADIS-IV assessed antisocial symptoms over follow-up, lifetime attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and posttraumatic stress disorder, and borderline, narcissistic, and schizotypal personality disorders. Wave 1 was conducted in 2001-2002 and Wave 2 in 2004-2005 by the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism. RESULTS In unadjusted analyses, respondents with ASPD reported significantly more total, MVOR, and violent symptoms over follow-up than did respondents with AABS. Adjustment for baseline sociodemographics and psychiatric comorbidity attenuated these associations; after further adjustment for parallel antisocial symptom counts from age 15 years to Wave 1, associations with antisocial syndromes disappeared. Independent Wave 1 predictors of persistent antisociality over follow-up included male sex, not being married or cohabiting, low income, high school or less education, lifetime drug use disorders, additional personality disorders, and ADHD. CONCLUSIONS The distinction between ASPD and AABS holds limited value in predicting short-term course of antisocial symptomatology among adults. However, the prediction of persistent antisociality by psychiatric comorbidity argues for comprehensive diagnostic assessments, treatment of all identified disorders, and investigation of whether treatment of comorbidity might hasten remission of antisociality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Risë B. Goldstein
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biometry, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Bridget F. Grant
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Biometry, Division of Intramural Clinical and Biological Research, National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
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