1
|
Alonso-Diez A, Affolter V, Sevane N, Dunner S, Valdivia G, Clemente M, De Andrés P, Illera J, Pérez-Alenza M, Peña L. Cell adhesion molecules E-cadherin and CADM1 are differently expressed in canine inflammatory mammary cancer. Res Vet Sci 2022; 152:307-313. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2022.08.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2022] [Accepted: 08/23/2022] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
|
2
|
VEGF-B, VEGF-A, FLT-1, KDR, ERBB2, EGFR, GRB2, RAC1, CDH1 and HYAL-1 Genes Expression Analysis in Canine Mammary Gland Tumors and the Association with Tumor ClinicoPathological Parameters and Dog Breed Assessment. Vet Sci 2021; 8:vetsci8100212. [PMID: 34679042 PMCID: PMC8537314 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci8100212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary gland tumors (CMTs) are one of the most prevalent cancers in dogs and a good model for human breast cancer (BC), however gene expression analysis of CMTs is scarce. Although divergence of genes expression has been found in BC of different human races, no such research of different dog's breeds has been done. The purpose of this study was to investigate expression of the VEGF-B, VEGF-A, FLT-1, KDR, ERBB2, EGFR, GRB2, RAC1, CDH1 and HYAL-1 genes of canine mammary carcinomas, compare the expression levels with clinicopathological parameters and analyze expression disparities between different breeds. Carcinomas and adjacent tissues were collected from female dogs to perform routine histopathology, immunohistochemistry (IHC) and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). We found that VEGF-B and EGFR genes were overexpressed in the mammary gland carcinomas compared to adjacent tissue. VEGF-B gene expression had associations with different parameters (tumor size, grade, and absence of metastasis). Furthermore, differences in VEGF-B, FLT1, ERBB2, GRB2, RAC1, CDH1 and HYAL-1 genes expression have been found in different breed dogs (German Shepherd, Yorkshire Terrier) and mixed-breed dogs indicating that a dog's breed could determine a molecular difference, outcome of cancer and should be accounted as a confounding factor in the future gene expression research.
Collapse
|
3
|
Valdivia G, Alonso-Diez Á, Pérez-Alenza D, Peña L. From Conventional to Precision Therapy in Canine Mammary Cancer: A Comprehensive Review. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:623800. [PMID: 33681329 PMCID: PMC7925635 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.623800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine mammary tumors (CMTs) are the most common neoplasm in intact female dogs. Canine mammary cancer (CMC) represents 50% of CMTs, and besides surgery, which is the elective treatment, additional targeted and non-targeted therapies could offer benefits in terms of survival to these patients. Also, CMC is considered a good spontaneous intermediate animal model for the research of human breast cancer (HBC), and therefore, the study of new treatments for CMC is a promising field in comparative oncology. Dogs with CMC have a comparable disease, an intact immune system, and a much shorter life span, which allows the achievement of results in a relatively short time. Besides conventional chemotherapy, innovative therapies have a large niche of opportunities. In this article, a comprehensive review of the current research in adjuvant therapies for CMC is conducted to gather available information and evaluate the perspectives. Firstly, updates are provided on the clinical-pathological approach and the use of conventional therapies, to delve later into precision therapies against therapeutic targets such as hormone receptors, tyrosine kinase receptors, p53 tumor suppressor gene, cyclooxygenases, the signaling pathways involved in epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and immunotherapy in different approaches. A comparison of the different investigations on targeted therapies in HBC is also carried out. In the last years, the increasing number of basic research studies of new promising therapeutic agents on CMC cell lines and CMC mouse xenografts is outstanding. As the main conclusion of this review, the lack of effort to bring the in vitro studies into the field of applied clinical research emerges. There is a great need for well-planned large prospective randomized clinical trials in dogs with CMC to obtain valid results for both species, humans and dogs, on the use of new therapies. Following the One Health concept, human and veterinary oncology will have to join forces to take advantage of both the economic and technological resources that are invested in HBC research, together with the innumerable advantages of dogs with CMC as a spontaneous animal model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Guillermo Valdivia
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Ángela Alonso-Diez
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Dolores Pérez-Alenza
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| | - Laura Peña
- Department Animal Medicine, Surgery and Pathology, Veterinary School, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
- Mammary Oncology Unit, Complutense Veterinary Teaching Hospital, Complutense University of Madrid, Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Kaszak I, Witkowska-Piłaszewicz O, Niewiadomska Z, Dworecka-Kaszak B, Ngosa Toka F, Jurka P. Role of Cadherins in Cancer-A Review. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7624. [PMID: 33076339 PMCID: PMC7589192 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21207624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Revised: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cadherins play an important role in tissue homeostasis, as they are responsible for cell-cell adhesion during embryogenesis, tissue morphogenesis, differentiation and carcinogenesis. Cadherins are inseparably connected with catenins, forming cadherin-catenin complexes, which are crucial for cell-to-cell adherence. Any dysfunction or destabilization of cadherin-catenin complex may result in tumor progression. Epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a mechanism in which epithelial cadherin (E-cadherin) expression is lost during tumor progression. However, during tumorigenesis, many processes take place, and downregulation of E-cadherin, nuclear β-catenin and p120 catenin (p120) signaling are among the most critical. Additional signaling pathways, such as Receptor tyrosine kinase (RTK), Rho GTPases, phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and Hippo affect cadherin cell-cell adhesion and also contribute to tumor progression and metastasis. Many signaling pathways may be activated during tumorigenesis; thus, cadherin-targeting drugs seem to limit the progression of malignant tumor. This review discusses the role of cadherins in selected signaling mechanisms involved in tumor growth. The clinical importance of cadherin will be discussed in cases of human and animal cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Kaszak
- Department of Small Animal Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Olga Witkowska-Piłaszewicz
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Zuzanna Niewiadomska
- Carnivore Reproduction Study Center, Ecole Nationale Veterinaire d’Alfort, 94700 Maison Alfort, France;
| | - Bożena Dworecka-Kaszak
- Department of Preclinical Sciences, Institute of Veterinary Medicine; Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| | - Felix Ngosa Toka
- Center for Integrative Mammalian Research, Ross University School of Veterinary Medicine, BOX 334 Basseterre, Saint Kitts and Nevis, West Indies;
| | - Piotr Jurka
- Department of Small Animal Diseases, Institute of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 02-787 Warsaw, Poland;
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Canadas A, Santos M, Medeiros R, Dias-Pereira P. Influence of E-cadherin genetic variation in canine mammary tumour risk, clinicopathological features and prognosis. Vet Comp Oncol 2019; 17:489-496. [PMID: 31100200 DOI: 10.1111/vco.12510] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2018] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
E-cadherin is a cell adhesion molecule that participates in several cellular processes that guarantee the maintenance of structural and functional integrity of epithelial tissues. E-cadherin plays an important role in mammary carcinogenesis, and various studies have demonstrated the effect of CDH1 genetic variation in risk, progression and biological behaviour of human breast cancer. Although there are some recognized genetic variations in canine CDH1 gene, their influence in canine mammary tumour development and progression has not been previously evaluated. In this study, we aim to assess the influence of CDH1 SNPs rs850805755, rs852280880 and rs852639930 in the risk, clinicopathological features and clinical outcome of canine mammary tumours. A case-control study was conducted involving 206 bitches with mammary tumours and 161 bitches free of mammary neoplasia. CDH1 SNPs rs850805755 and rs852280880 were associated with a decreased risk and a later onset of mammary tumour development. Furthermore, these SNPs were related to the development of small size carcinomas, of low histological grade and low nuclear pleomorphism. SNP rs852639930 was associated with the development of small size tumours with a non-infiltrative, non-invasive growth pattern. Data from the present investigation demonstrate that these CDH1 genetic variants could have a protective role in canine mammary tumours, by being associated with low risk of tumour development, delayed onset of the disease and less aggressive clinicopathological features.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Canadas
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS - UPorto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Marta Santos
- Department of Microscopy, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS - UPorto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Rui Medeiros
- Molecular Oncology and Viral Pathology Group, IPO-Porto Research Centre, Portuguese Institute of Oncology of Porto, (IPO-Porto), Porto, Portugal.,CEBIMED, Biomedical Research Centre, Faculty of Health Sciences of Fernando Pessoa University, Porto, Portugal.,FMUP, Faculty of Medicine of Porto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,LPCC, Research Department-Portuguese League Against Cancer (LPCC-NRNorte), Porto, Portugal
| | - Patrícia Dias-Pereira
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Immunology, Instituto Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, ICBAS - UPorto, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Raposo-Ferreira TMM, Brisson BK, Durham AC, Laufer-Amorim R, Kristiansen V, Puré E, Volk SW, Sorenmo K. Characteristics of the Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Primary and Paired Metastatic Canine Mammary Carcinomas. Vet Pathol 2018; 55:622-633. [PMID: 29788797 DOI: 10.1177/0300985818776054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is a dynamic process linked to metastasis in many tumor types, including mammary tumors. In this study, we evaluated E-cadherin and vimentin immunolocalization in primary canine mammary carcinomas (20 cases) and their respective metastases, as well as their relationship with the core regulators SNAIL/SLUG. To assess the number of cells undergoing the process of EMT, we quantitated double-positive (E-cadherin+/vimentin+) cells using immunofluorescence, via cell counting and image analysis. In addition, SNAIL/SLUG expression was evaluated by established immunohistochemical methods. Primary tumors had significantly more E-cadherin+/vimentin+ co-expression than their paired respective lymph node or distant metastasis, respectively. Furthermore, the percentage of E-cadherin+/vimentin+ cells in grade II and III carcinomas was significantly higher than in grade I tumors. Primary tumors had significantly higher SNAIL/SLUG expression when analyzed based on the percentage of positive cells compared with their respective distant metastases in pairwise comparisons. An inverse correlation was noted between SNAIL/SLUG immunoreactivity and percentage of E-cadherin+/vimentin+ immunopositive cells in primary tumor samples when SNAIL/SLUG immunoreactivity was grouped into 2 categories (high versus low) based on percentage-positive staining. These results show a positive correlation between E-cadherin+/vimentin+ cells and higher tumor grade, establish differences between primary tumor and their respective metastases, and provide further support that EMT plays a critical role in the metastasis of canine mammary carcinoma. Furthermore, these data suggest that modulation of this process could provide greater therapeutic control and provide support for further research to determine if E-cadherin+/vimentin+ co-immunoreactivity imparts predictive value in the clinical outcome of patients with canine mammary carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Talita M M Raposo-Ferreira
- 1 Department of Veterinary Clinic and Surgery, School of Agricultural and Veterinarian Sciences, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Jaboticabal, Brazil
| | - Becky K Brisson
- 2 Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Amy C Durham
- 3 Department of Pathobiology, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,4 Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Renee Laufer-Amorim
- 5 Department of Veterinary Clinic, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, Brazil
| | - Veronica Kristiansen
- 6 Department of Companion Animal Clinical Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Biosciences, Norwegian University of Life Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ellen Puré
- 4 Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,7 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Susan W Volk
- 2 Department of Clinical Sciences and Advanced Medicine, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,4 Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,7 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Karin Sorenmo
- 4 Penn Vet Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.,7 Department of Biomedical Sciences, School of Veterinary Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Timmermans-Sprang EPM, Gracanin A, Mol JA. Molecular Signaling of Progesterone, Growth Hormone, Wnt, and HER in Mammary Glands of Dogs, Rodents, and Humans: New Treatment Target Identification. Front Vet Sci 2017; 4:53. [PMID: 28451590 PMCID: PMC5389977 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2017.00053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary tumors are the most common form of neoplasia in the bitch. Female dogs are protected when they are spayed before the first estrus cycle, but this effect readily disappears and is already absent when dogs are spayed after the second heat. As the ovaries are removed during spaying, ovarian steroids are assumed to play an essential role in tumor development. The sensitivity toward tumor development is already present during early life, which may be caused by early mutations in stem cells during the first estrus cycles. Later on in life, tumors arise that are mostly steroid-receptor positive, although a small subset of tumors overexpressing human epidermal growth factor 2 (HER2) and some lacking estrogen receptor, progesterone receptor (PR), and HER2 (triple negative) are present, as is the situation in humans. Progesterone (P4), acting through PR, is the major steroid involved in outgrowth of mammary tissue. PRs are expressed in two forms, the progesterone receptor A (PRA) and progesterone receptor B (PRB) isoforms derived from splice variants from a single gene. The dog and the whole family of canids have only a functional PRA isoform, whereas the PRB isoform, if expressed at all, is devoid of intrinsic biological activity. In human breast cancer, overexpression of the PRA isoform is related to more aggressive carcinomas making the dog a unique model to study PRA-related mammary cancer. Administration of P4 to adult dogs results in local mammary expression of growth hormone (GH) and wing less-type mouse mammary tumor virus integration site family 4 (Wnt4). Both proteins play a role in activation of mammary stem cells. In this review, we summarize what is known on P4, GH, and Wnt signaling in canine mammary cancer, how the family of HER receptors could interact with this signaling, and what this means for comparative and translational oncological aspects of human breast cancer development.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Ana Gracanin
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| | - Jan A Mol
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Araújo M, Campos L, Damasceno K, Gamba C, Ferreira E, Cassali G. HER-2, EGFR, Cox-2 and Ki67 expression in lymph node metastasis of canine mammary carcinomas: Association with clinical-pathological parameters and overall survival. Res Vet Sci 2016; 106:121-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2016.03.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2015] [Revised: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 03/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
9
|
Asproni P, Ressel L, Millanta F, Vannozzi I, Poli A. Co-localization of PTEN and E-cadherin in canine mammary hyperplasias and benign and malignant mammary tumors. Res Vet Sci 2015; 103:113-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2015.09.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 09/24/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
|
10
|
Spoerri M, Guscetti F, Hartnack S, Boos A, Oei C, Balogh O, Nowaczyk RM, Michel E, Reichler IM, Kowalewski MP. Endocrine control of canine mammary neoplasms: serum reproductive hormone levels and tissue expression of steroid hormone, prolactin and growth hormone receptors. BMC Vet Res 2015; 11:235. [PMID: 26370564 PMCID: PMC4570623 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-015-0546-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neoplasms of the mammary gland are among the most common diseases in female domestic dogs (Canis familiaris). It is assumed that reproductive hormones influence tumorigenesis in this species, although the precise role of the endocrine milieu and reproductive state is subject to continuing discussion. In line with this, a recent systematic review of available data on the development of mammary neoplasms revealed weak evidence for risk reduction after neutering and an effect of age at neutering. Investigation of several hormone receptors has revealed decreased expression of estrogen receptor-alpha (ERα, ESR1), progesterone (P4) receptor (PGR), prolactin (PRL) receptor (PRLR) and growth hormone receptor (GHR) associated with neoplastic differentiation of mammary tissues. In other studies, increased levels of estrogens, progesterone and prolactin were found in serum and/or tissue homogenates of dogs with malignant neoplasms. However, the association between these entities within one animal population was never previously examined. Therefore, this study investigated the association between circulating serum concentrations of estradiol-17β, progesterone and prolactin, and gene expression of ERα (ESR1), ERβ (ESR2), PGR, PRLR, PRL and GHR, with respect to reproductive state (spayed vs. intact) and cycle stage (anestrus vs. diestrus). Additionally, the expression of E-cadherin (CDH-1) was evaluated as a possible indicator of metastatic potential. Results For all receptors, the lowest gene expression was found in malignant tumors compared to normal tissues of affected dogs. Steroid levels were not influenced by their corresponding receptor expression in mammary neoplasms, but increased PRL levels were negatively associated with low PRLR gene expression in malignant tumors. The expression of CDH-1 was influenced by tumor malignancy and cycle stage, i.e., the highest gene expression was found in benign mammary tumors in diestrous dogs compared to normal and malignant mammary tissues of anestrous and spayed dogs. Conclusions Herein, it has been confirmed that transformation towards malignant neoplasms is associated with significant reduction of gene expression of particular hormone receptors. Only PRLR in malignant tumors seems to be influenced by circulating PRL levels. In dogs, CDH-1 can be used as a prognostic factor; its expression, however, in benign tumors is influenced by cycle stage. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12917-015-0546-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michèle Spoerri
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland. .,Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Franco Guscetti
- Institute of Veterinary Pathology, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 268/272, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Sonja Hartnack
- Section of Epidemiology, Vetsuisse Faculty, Winterthurerstrasse 270, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Alois Boos
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Christine Oei
- Department of Animal Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, P.O Box 80125, Utrecht, 3508 TC, The Netherlands.
| | - Orsolya Balogh
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Renata M Nowaczyk
- Division of Animal Anatomy, Department of Animal Physiology and Biostructure, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Wroclaw, Poland.
| | - Erika Michel
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Iris M Reichler
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| | - Mariusz P Kowalewski
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty University of Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 260, Zurich, 8057, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Santos A, Matos A. Advances in the understanding of the clinically relevant genetic pathways and molecular aspects of canine mammary tumours. Part 2: Invasion, angiogenesis, metastasis and therapy. Vet J 2015; 205:144-53. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 03/23/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
|
12
|
Yoshida K, Choisunirachon N, Saito T, Matsumoto K, Saeki K, Mochizuki M, Nishimura R, Sasaki N, Nakagawa T. Hepatocyte growth factor-induced up-regulation of Twist drives epithelial–mesenchymal transition in a canine mammary tumour cell line. Res Vet Sci 2014; 97:521-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2014.09.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 09/17/2014] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
|
13
|
Figueira AC, Gomes C, de Oliveira JT, Vilhena H, Carvalheira J, de Matos AJF, Pereira PD, Gärtner F. Aberrant P-cadherin expression is associated to aggressive feline mammary carcinomas. BMC Vet Res 2014; 10:270. [PMID: 25424750 PMCID: PMC4254012 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-014-0270-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/06/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cadherins are calcium-dependent cell-to-cell adhesion glycoproteins playing a critical role in the formation and maintenance of normal tissue architecture. In normal mammary gland, E-cadherin is expressed by luminal epithelial cells, while P-cadherin is restricted to myoepithelial cells. Changes in the expression of classical E- and P-cadherins have been observed in mammary lesions and related to mammary carcinogenesis. P-cadherin and E-cadherin expressions were studied in a series of feline normal mammary glands, hyperplastic/dysplastic lesions, benign and malignant tumours by immunohistochemistry and double-label immunofluorescence. RESULTS In normal tissue and in the majority of hyperplastic/dysplastic lesions and benign tumours, P-cadherin was restricted to myoepithelial cells, while 80% of the malignant tumours expressed P-cadherin in luminal epithelial cells. P-cadherin expression was significantly related to high histological grade of carcinomas (p <0.0001), tumour necrosis (p = 0.001), infiltrative growth (p = 0.0051), and presence of neoplastic emboli (p = 0.0401). Moreover, P-cadherin positive carcinomas had an eightfold likelihood of developing neoplastic emboli than negative tumours. Cadherins expression profile in high grade and in infiltrative tumours was similar, the majority expressing P-cadherin, regardless of E-cadherin expression status. The two cadherins were found to be co-expressed in carcinomas with aberrant P-cadherin expression and preserved E-cadherin. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate a relationship between P-cadherin expression and aggressive biological behaviour of feline mammary carcinomas, suggesting that P-cadherin may be considered an indicator of poor prognosis in this animal species. Moreover, it indicates that, in queens, the aberrant expression of P-cadherin is a better marker of mammary carcinomas aggressive behaviour than the reduction of E-cadherin expression. Further investigation with follow-up studies in feline species should be conducted in order to evaluate the prognostic value of P-cadherin expression in E-cadherin positive carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ana Catarina Figueira
- Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes, Campus Universitário de Lordemão, Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Catarina Gomes
- Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Joana Tavares de Oliveira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Hugo Vilhena
- Escola Universitária Vasco da Gama (EUVG), Av. José R. Sousa Fernandes, Campus Universitário de Lordemão, Bloco B, Lordemão, 3020-210, Coimbra, Portugal. .,Hospital Veterinário do Baixo Vouga (HVBV), Estrada Nacional 1, 355, Segadães, 3750-742, Águeda, Portugal. .,Centro de Ciência Animal e Veterinária (CECAV), Universidade de Trás-os-Montes e Alto Douro (UTAD), Quinta de Prados, 5000-801, Vila Real, Portugal.
| | - Júlio Carvalheira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Centro de Investigação em Biodiversidade e Recursos Genéticos (CIBIO), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua Padre Armando Quintas, 4485-661, Vairão, Portugal.
| | - Augusto J F de Matos
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Centro de Estudos de Ciência Animal (CECA), Instituto de Ciências e Tecnologias Agrárias e Agro Alimentares (ICETA), Universidade do Porto (UP), Rua D. Manuel II, ap° 55142, 4051-401, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Patrícia Dias Pereira
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal.
| | - Fátima Gärtner
- Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto (ICBAS-UP), Rua de Jorge Viterbo Ferreira No. 228, 4050-313, Porto, Portugal. .,Instituto de Patologia e Imunologia Molecular da Universidade do Porto (IPATIMUP), Rua Dr Roberto Frias s/n, 4200-465, Porto, Portugal.
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ligand-independent canonical Wnt activity in canine mammary tumor cell lines associated with aberrant LEF1 expression. PLoS One 2014; 9:e98698. [PMID: 24887235 PMCID: PMC4041801 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0098698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2013] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pet dogs very frequently develop spontaneous mammary tumors and have been suggested as a good model organism for breast cancer research. In order to obtain an insight into underlying signaling mechanisms during canine mammary tumorigenesis, in this study we assessed the incidence and the mechanism of canonical Wnt activation in a panel of 12 canine mammary tumor cell lines. We show that a subset of canine mammary cell lines exhibit a moderate canonical Wnt activity that is dependent on Wnt ligands, similar to what has been described in human breast cancer cell lines. In addition, three of the tested canine mammary cell lines have a high canonical Wnt activity that is not responsive to inhibitors of Wnt ligand secretion. Tumor cell lines with highly active canonical Wnt signaling often carry mutations in key members of the Wnt signaling cascade. These cell lines, however, carry no mutations in the coding regions of intracellular Wnt pathway components (APC, β-catenin, GSK3β, CK1α and Axin1) and have a functional β-catenin destruction complex. Interestingly, however, the cell lines with high canonical Wnt activity specifically overexpress LEF1 mRNA and the knock-down of LEF1 significantly inhibits TCF-reporter activity. In addition, LEF1 is overexpressed in a subset of canine mammary carcinomas, implicating LEF1 in ligand-independent activation of canonical Wnt signaling in canine mammary tumors. We conclude that canonical Wnt activation may be a frequent event in canine mammary tumors both through Wnt ligand-dependent and novel ligand–independent mechanisms.
Collapse
|
15
|
Rodrigues MMP, Rema A, Gartner MF, Laufer-Amorim R. Role of adhesion molecules and proliferation hyperplasic, pre neoplastic and neoplastic lesions in canine prostate. Pak J Biol Sci 2013; 16:1324-1329. [PMID: 24511741 DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.1324.1329] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
E-cadherin and beta-catenin are component of adherens junctions in epithelial cells. Loss of these proteins have been associated with progression of prostatic diseases. We performed immunohistochemistry for E-cadherin, beta-catenin and Ki-67 on canine prostatic lesions. We analyzed the expression of these antibodies in benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH, n = 22), in pre neoplastic lesions Prostatic Intra-epithelial Neoplasia (PIN), n = 3 and Prostatic Inflammatory Atrophy (PIA), n = 7 and prostate carcinoma (PC, n = 10). In this study, a membranous expression of E-cadherin and beta-catenin and nuclear expression of Ki-67 antigen were demonstrated. The proliferative index was statistically different between carcinomas and BPH and carcinomas and pre-neoplastic lesions. Like in men, the reduction of E-cadherin and increase of Ki-67 expression in neoplastic lesions in dog prostate may be related to the carcinogenic process in this gland.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - A Rema
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | - M F Gartner
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences of Abel Salazar, University of Porto, Portugal
| | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Buendia AJ, Peñafiel-Verdu C, Navarro JA, Vilafranca M, Sanchez J. N-cadherin expression in feline mammary tumors is associated with a reduced E-cadherin expression and the presence of regional metastasis. Vet Pathol 2013; 51:755-8. [PMID: 24091815 DOI: 10.1177/0300985813505115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The cadherin family of adhesion molecules regulates cell-cell interactions. N-cadherin is expressed by neural and fibroblast cells but not by normal epithelial cells. In human medicine, the role of N-cadherin in breast cancer remains controversial, but some studies have described the switch from E-cadherin to N-cadherin as a critical step in the malignant progression of neoplastic cells. The present study was carried out on 160 feline mammary tumors (21 adenomas and 139 carcinomas). The relationship between the immunohistochemical expression of N-cadherin in neoplastic epithelial cells and 2 established prognostic factors such as regional metastasis and tumor grade was examined. The results of the study showed a statistically significant relation between the expression of N-cadherin and the 2 prognostic factors, and also a reduced expression of E-cadherin in tumors that expressed N-cadherin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A J Buendia
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - C Peñafiel-Verdu
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - J A Navarro
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - M Vilafranca
- Histovet S. L. San Quirze del Valles, Barcelona, Spain
| | - J Sanchez
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Cadherin cell adhesion system in canine mammary cancer: a review. Vet Med Int 2012; 2012:357187. [PMID: 22973534 PMCID: PMC3432389 DOI: 10.1155/2012/357187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2012] [Accepted: 07/15/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Cadherin-catenin adhesion complexes play important roles by providing cell-cell adhesion and communication in different organ systems. Abnormal expression of cadherin adhesion molecules constitutes a common phenomenon in canine mammary cancer and has been frequently implicated in tumour progression. This paper summarizes the current knowledge on cadherin/catenin adhesion molecules (E-cadherin, β-catenin, and P-cadherin) in canine mammary cancer, focusing on the putative biological functions and clinical significance of these molecules in this disease. This paper highlights the need for further research studies in this setting in order to elucidate the role of these adhesion molecules during tumour progression and metastasis.
Collapse
|
18
|
Zappulli V, De Cecco S, Trez D, Caliari D, Aresu L, Castagnaro M. Immunohistochemical Expression of E-Cadherin and β-Catenin in Feline Mammary Tumours. J Comp Pathol 2012; 147:161-70. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2012.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/12/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
19
|
Mackowiak II, Gentile LB, Chaible LM, Nagamine MK, Guerra JM, Mota EFF, Matera JM, Mennecier G, Sanches DS, Dagli MLZ. E-cadherin in canine mast cell tumors: decreased expression and altered subcellular localization in Grade 3 tumors. Vet J 2012; 194:405-11. [PMID: 22766308 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 05/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Mast cell tumors (MCTs) are the most frequent round cell tumors in dogs and comprise approximately 21% of all canine cutaneous tumors. MCTs are highly invasive and metastatic corresponding to the histological grade. E-cadherin is an adhesion molecule expressed in epithelial cells and although it is an epithelial cellular marker, studies have shown expression of E-cadherin in canine round cell tumors. To better characterize the expression pattern of E-cadherin in several different histological grades of MCTs in dogs, the expression and localization of the adhesion molecule was investigated using immunohistochemistry. For this purpose, 18 cutaneous MCTs were classified into three histological grades, 1, 2 or 3. Clinical history and follow-up data were available for all of the dogs. Cytoplasmic and nuclear expressions of E-cadherin in all three types of tumors were verified by immunostaining using two different antibodies. There was decreased E-cadherin expression in the more aggressive MCTs (Grade 3), suggesting an association between E-cadherin and tumor aggressiveness. Additionally, the loss of E-cadherin expression in either the cytoplasm or nucleus in more aggressive and undifferentiated tumor types confirmed the importance of cellular adhesion in tumor behavior.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I I Mackowiak
- Laboratory of Experimental and Comparative Oncology, Department of Pathology, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of the University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Oh SY, Ryu HH, Yoo DY, Hwang IK, Kweon OK, Kim WH. Evaluation of FOXP3 expression in canine mammary gland tumours. Vet Comp Oncol 2012; 12:20-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5829.2012.00327.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2011] [Revised: 02/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Y. Oh
- Department of Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - H. H. Ryu
- Department of Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - D. Y. Yoo
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - I. K. Hwang
- Laboratory of Veterinary Anatomy; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - O. K. Kweon
- Department of Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - W. H. Kim
- Department of Surgery; College of Veterinary Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Canine tumors: a spontaneous animal model of human carcinogenesis. Transl Res 2012; 159:165-72. [PMID: 22340765 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2011.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 153] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2011] [Revised: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The enormous biologic complexity of human cancer has stimulated the development of more appropriate experimental models that could resemble in a natural and spontaneous manner the physiopathologic aspects of cancer biology. Companion animals have many desired characteristics that fill the gap between in vitro and in vivo studies, and these characteristics have proven to be important in understanding many complex molecular aspects of human cancer. Spontaneous tumors in dogs share a wide variety of epidemiologic, biologic, and clinical features with human cancer, which makes this animal model both attractive and underused in oncology research. In this review, we summarize the importance of naturally occurring canine tumors as valuable tools for studying numerous aspects of human cancer as well as the potential use of this animal model for the development of new cancer treatments. We address specifically the use of canine mammary tumors as an increasingly powerful model to study human breast cancer.
Collapse
|
22
|
Peñafiel-Verdu C, Buendia AJ, Navarro JA, Ramirez GA, Vilafranca M, Altimira J, Sanchez J. Reduced expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin and high expression of basal cytokeratins in feline mammary carcinomas with regional metastasis. Vet Pathol 2012; 49:979-87. [PMID: 22337774 DOI: 10.1177/0300985812436744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Feline mammary carcinomas are highly aggressive neoplasms. Several mechanisms are thought to be involved in their progression, including the loss of epithelial adhesion molecules. The present study was carried out on 21 adenomas and 139 mammary carcinomas. Of the carcinomas, 66 were not reported to have metastasized, while the remaining 73 had evidence of regional lymph node metastasis at the moment of diagnosis. The relationship was examined between the expression of the E-cadherin-β-catenin complex and basal (CK5/6, CK14) and luminal (CK8/18) cytokeratin expression. In the medical literature, carcinomas expressing basal cytokeratins are reported as having a poor prognosis in human breast cancer. Results revealed that preservation of the expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin is a significant feature of carcinomas without metastasis, whereas carcinomas with metastasis reveal the loss of one or both adhesion molecules. Additionally, basal cytokeratin expression was statistically associated with the presence of regional metastasis. Furthermore, the expression of E-cadherin-β-catenin was significantly correlated with the high expression of CK18 and low expression of CK5/6.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C Peñafiel-Verdu
- Departamento de Anatomía y Anatomía Patológica Comparadas, Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad de Murcia, Campus de Espinardo, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Nentwig A, Higgins RJ, Francey T, Doherr M, Zurbriggen A, Oevermann A. Aberrant E-cadherin, β-catenin, and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) expression in canine choroid plexus tumors. J Vet Diagn Invest 2011; 24:14-22. [PMID: 22362931 DOI: 10.1177/1040638711425940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of E-cadherin and β-catenin has been widely studied in various human and canine epithelial tumors and has been correlated with dedifferentiation, invasiveness, and metastasis. Choroid plexus tumors (CPTs) are of epithelial origin, and the most important prognostic factor in human medicine is the tumor grade. Limited information is available regarding E-cadherin and β-catenin expression in human CPTs, and no information is found in the veterinary literature. In the current study, 42 canine CPTs (19 choroid plexus papillomas and 23 choroid plexus carcinomas) were retrospectively reviewed, and the intensity and cellular staining pattern of E-cadherin and β-catenin were correlated with histological features, paying special attention to grade, invasion, and metastasis. In addition, cytokeratin and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP) antibodies were evaluated as markers for canine CPTs. It was found that loss of E-cadherin and β-catenin expression was uncommon in canine CPTs. Rather, membranous expression of both molecules was increased in CPTs compared to normal choroid plexus (NCP), regardless of tumor grade. Additionally, aberrant cytoplasmic or nuclear expression of both E-cadherin and β-catenin was often observed in CPTs. GFAP was frequently expressed in CPTs in contrast to NCP. None of these parameters were correlated with malignancy, and therefore, do not appear to be useful for prognostic information. Nevertheless, a panel of antibodies including E-cadherin and GFAP might be useful to support the diagnosis of CPTs and help to differentiate them from other tumors, such as ependymomas and metastatic epithelial tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alice Nentwig
- Department of Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Division of Small Animal Internal Medicine, University of Berne, Laenggassstrasse 109a, 3012 Berne, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Klopfleisch R, von Euler H, Sarli G, Pinho SS, Gärtner F, Gruber AD. Molecular carcinogenesis of canine mammary tumors: news from an old disease. Vet Pathol 2010; 48:98-116. [PMID: 21149845 DOI: 10.1177/0300985810390826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Studies focusing on the molecular basis of canine mammary tumors (CMT) have long been hampered by limited numbers of molecular tools specific to the canine species. The lack of molecular information for CMT has impeded the identification of clinically relevant tumor markers beyond histopathology and the introduction of new therapeutic concepts. Additionally, the potential use for the dog as a model for human breast cancer is debatable until questions are answered regarding cellular origin, mechanisms, and cellular pathways. During the past years, increasing numbers of canine molecular tools have been developed on the genomic, RNA, and protein levels, and an increasing number of studies have shed light on specific aspects of canine carcinogenesis, particularly of the mammary gland. This review summarizes current knowledge on the molecular carcinogenesis of CMT, including the role of specific oncogenes, tumor suppressors, regulators of apoptosis and DNA repair, proliferation indices, adhesion molecules, circulating tumor cells, and mediators of angiogenesis in CMT progression and clinical behavior. Whereas the data available are far from complete, knowledge of molecular pathways has a significant potential to complement and refine the current diagnostic and therapeutic approach to this tumor type. Furthermore, current data show that significant similarities and differences exist between canine and human mammary tumors at the molecular level. Clearly, this is only the beginning of an understanding of the molecular mechanisms of CMT and their application in clinical patient management.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, College of Veterinary Medicine, reie Universität Berlin, Robert von Ostertag Str 15, D-14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Klopfleisch R, Lenze D, Hummel M, Gruber AD. Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be identified by a gene expression profile that partly overlaps with human breast cancer profiles. BMC Cancer 2010; 10:618. [PMID: 21062462 PMCID: PMC2994823 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-10-618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2010] [Accepted: 11/09/2010] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Similar to human breast cancer mammary tumors of the female dog are commonly associated with a fatal outcome due to the development of distant metastases. However, the molecular defects leading to metastasis are largely unknown and the value of canine mammary carcinoma as a model for human breast cancer is unclear. In this study, we analyzed the gene expression signatures associated with mammary tumor metastasis and asked for parallels with the human equivalent. Methods Messenger RNA expression profiles of twenty-seven lymph node metastasis positive or negative canine mammary carcinomas were established by microarray analysis. Differentially expressed genes were functionally characterized and associated with molecular pathways. The findings were also correlated with published data on human breast cancer. Results Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas had 1,011 significantly differentially expressed genes when compared to non-metastatic carcinomas. Metastatic carcinomas had a significant up-regulation of genes associated with cell cycle regulation, matrix modulation, protein folding and proteasomal degradation whereas cell differentiation genes, growth factor pathway genes and regulators of actin organization were significantly down-regulated. Interestingly, 265 of the 1,011 differentially expressed canine genes are also related to human breast cancer and, vice versa, parts of a human prognostic gene signature were identified in the expression profiles of the metastatic canine tumors. Conclusions Metastatic canine mammary carcinomas can be discriminated from non-metastatic carcinomas by their gene expression profiles. More than one third of the differentially expressed genes are also described of relevance for human breast cancer. Many of the differentially expressed genes are linked to functions and pathways which appear to be relevant for the induction and maintenance of metastatic progression and may represent new therapeutic targets. Furthermore, dogs are in some aspects suitable as a translational model for human breast tumors in order to identify prognostic molecular signatures and potential therapeutic targets.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Robert Klopfleisch
- Department of Veterinary Pathology, Freie Universität Berlin, Robert-von-Ostertag-Straße 15, 14163 Berlin, Germany.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
de Oliveira JT, de Matos AJ, Gomes J, Vilanova M, Hespanhol V, Manninen A, Rutteman G, Chammas R, Gartner F, Bernardes ES. Coordinated expression of galectin-3 and galectin-3-binding sites in malignant mammary tumors: implications for tumor metastasis. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1341-52. [DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
|
27
|
Gama A, Alves A, Schmitt F. Identification of molecular phenotypes in canine mammary carcinomas with clinical implications: application of the human classification. Virchows Arch 2008; 453:123-32. [PMID: 18677512 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-008-0644-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2008] [Accepted: 07/07/2008] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Similarly to humans, canine mammary cancer represents a heterogeneous group in terms of morphology and biological behaviour. In the present study, we evaluated a series of canine mammary carcinomas based on a new human classification, initially based on gene expression profiling analysis. Similarly to human breast cancer, by using an immunohistochemistry surrogate panel based on five molecular markers [estrogen receptor, human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), cytokeratin 5, p63 and P-cadherin], we were able to classify canine mammary carcinomas into four different subtypes: luminal A [estrogen receptor (ER)+/HER2-; 44.8%], luminal B (ER+/HER2+; 13.5%), basal (ER-/HER2- and a basal marker positive; 29.2%) and HER2 overexpressing tumours (ER-/HER2+; 8.3%). Luminal A-type tumours were characterised by lower grade and proliferation rate, whereas basal-type tumours were mostly high grade, high proliferative and positive for cytokeratin 5, p63 and P-cadherin. In addition, as in humans, basal subtype was significantly associated with shorter disease-free and overall survival rates, and we propose canine mammary carcinomas as a suitable natural model for the study of this particular subset of human carcinomas.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, CECAV, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-811, Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Gama A, Paredes J, Gärtner F, Alves A, Schmitt F. Expression of E-cadherin, P-cadherin and beta-catenin in canine malignant mammary tumours in relation to clinicopathological parameters, proliferation and survival. Vet J 2007; 177:45-53. [PMID: 17631398 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.05.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2007] [Revised: 05/17/2007] [Accepted: 05/27/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Cadherin-catenin complexes play a critical role in intercellular adhesion, and their altered expression has been implicated in tumour progression. In this study, the expression of E-cadherin, P-cadherin and beta-catenin was analysed in 65 canine malignant mammary tumours and correlated with clinicopathological parameters, proliferation and survival. Reduction in E-cadherin expression was significantly associated with increased tumour size, high histological and invasion grades, lymph node metastasis and high mitotic index. Reduced beta-catenin expression was associated with high histological and invasion grades. Anomalous expression of P-cadherin was only associated with invasion. In 39 cases for which follow-up data were available, reduced E-cadherin and beta-catenin expression was significantly associated with shorter overall survival and disease free survival. Abnormal expression of adhesion molecules is a common phenomenon in canine mammary malignant tumours and may play a central role in tumour progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adelina Gama
- Department of Veterinary Sciences, University of Trás-os-Montes and Alto Douro (UTAD), 5001-911 Vila Real, Portugal
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|