1
|
Contact Dermatitis Associated With Hair Care Products: A Retrospective Analysis of the North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 2001-2016. Dermatitis 2021; 33:91-102. [PMID: 34149001 DOI: 10.1097/der.0000000000000760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hair care products (HCPs) may cause both allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and irritant contact dermatitis (ICD). OBJECTIVES The aims of the study were to determine the prevalence of HCP-associated ICD/ACD and to characterize relevant allergens. METHODS This study is a retrospective analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group (NACDG) patch test data, 2001-2016. RESULTS Of 38,775 patients tested, 3481 (9.0%) had positive patch test reactions associated with HCPs. The HCP-positive patients were significantly more likely to be female (79.9% vs 66.0%) and/or have primary sites of dermatitis on the face (32.0% vs 27.8%) or scalp (15.4% vs 2.2%) compared with the HCP-negative patients (P < 0.0001). Of 4908 HCP-associated positive patch test reactions, 86.9% (n = 4263) were due to allergens on the NACDG screening series; p-phenylenediamine (35.8%), methylisothiazolinone (9.7%), methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (8.7%), and cocamidopropyl betaine (5.9%) were the most frequent. Most reactions (87.7%, 3736/4263) were currently clinically relevant. The most common job associated with 366 occupationally related NACDG HCP-associated allergens was hairdresser/cosmetologist (71.9%). Two hundred eighty-two patients (0.7%) had ICD associated with HCPs. Shampoo/conditioners were the most frequent source of NACDG HCP-associated reactions (47.3%) and HCP-associated ICD (45.0%). CONCLUSIONS Of the HCP-positive patients, 18.5% had HCP reactions to allergens not on the NACDG screening series, underscoring the importance of patch testing to expanded series in patients suspected of HCP allergy.
Collapse
|
2
|
Ta GH, Weng CF, Leong MK. In silico Prediction of Skin Sensitization: Quo vadis? Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:655771. [PMID: 34017255 PMCID: PMC8129647 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.655771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Skin direct contact with chemical or physical substances is predisposed to allergic contact dermatitis (ACD), producing various allergic reactions, namely rash, blister, or itchy, in the contacted skin area. ACD can be triggered by various extremely complicated adverse outcome pathways (AOPs) remains to be causal for biosafety warrant. As such, commercial products such as ointments or cosmetics can fulfill the topically safe requirements in animal and non-animal models including allergy. Europe, nevertheless, has banned animal tests for the safety evaluations of cosmetic ingredients since 2013, followed by other countries. A variety of non-animal in vitro tests addressing different key events of the AOP, the direct peptide reactivity assay (DPRA), KeratinoSens™, LuSens and human cell line activation test h-CLAT and U-SENS™ have been developed and were adopted in OECD test guideline to identify the skin sensitizers. Other methods, such as the SENS-IS are not yet fully validated and regulatorily accepted. A broad spectrum of in silico models, alternatively, to predict skin sensitization have emerged based on various animal and non-animal data using assorted modeling schemes. In this article, we extensively summarize a number of skin sensitization predictive models that can be used in the biopharmaceutics and cosmeceuticals industries as well as their future perspectives, and the underlined challenges are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giang Huong Ta
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Feng Weng
- Department of Basic Medical Science, Institute of Respiratory Disease, Xiamen Medical College, Xiamen, China
| | - Max K. Leong
- Department of Chemistry, National Dong Hwa University, Shoufeng, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Ahlström MG, Johansen JD. Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Humans: Experimental and Quantitative Aspects. Contact Dermatitis 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-36335-2_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
4
|
Ye B, Lee MY, Wang WL, Li A, Liu ZY, Wu QY, Hu HY. Graphene oxide enhanced ozonation of 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one: Kinetics, degradation pathway, and toxicity. JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2020; 394:122563. [PMID: 32248031 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.122563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2019] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Kathon is among the most common non-oxidative biocides, containing 5-chloro-2-methyl-4-isothiazolin-3-one (CMIT) and methylisothiazolone (MIT) as the active ingredients. In our previous work, MIT was shown to be efficiently removed by ozonation. In this work, we found that ozonation didn't readily degrade CMIT. Rate constants [Formula: see text] and k·OH,CMIT, determined to be 6.43 L mol-1 s-1 and 7.8 × 109 L mol-1 s-1, indicated that hydroxyl radicals played a more important role than ozone molecule in the CMIT ozonation which was also proved by the significant inhibition (55.7 %) when adding t-butanol (TBA). Graphene oxide (GO) greatly enhanced the CMIT ozonation, and degradation efficiency raised from 15 % to 100 % after 10 min through the increased production of hydroxyl radical. Basic conditions benefited the CMIT degradation compared with acidic and neutral conditions by promoting ozone decomposition and hydroxyl radical generation, while high carbonate and humic acid concentrations had slight influence on the CMIT degradation. In spite of the complex water matrix, CMIT degradation by GO enhanced ozonation was applicable in reverse osmosis concentrate (ROC). Based on the identification of the inorganic and organic products, a possible CMIT degradation pathway was proposed. However, CMIT transformation products still showed toxicity to Photobacterium phosphoreum and Daphnia magna even after a longer ozonation time.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bei Ye
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Min-Yong Lee
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Wen-Long Wang
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| | - Ang Li
- Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China; Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Zi-Ye Liu
- Lab of Computational Chemistry and Drug Design, State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Peking University Shenzhen Graduate School, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China
| | - Qian-Yuan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control of Shenzhen, Guangdong Provincial Engineering Research Center for Urban Water Recycling and Environmental Safety, Graduate School at Shenzhen, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China.
| | - Hong-Ying Hu
- Shenzhen Environmental Science and New Energy Technology Engineering Laboratory, Tsinghua-Berkeley Shenzhen Institute, Shenzhen, 518055, PR China; Environmental Simulation and Pollution Control State Key Joint Laboratory and State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Microorganism Application and Risk Control (SMARC), School of Environment, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, PR China
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Pónyai G, Németh I, Nagy G, Fábos B, Irinyi B, Dinnyés M, Altmayer A, Temesvári E. Methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone hypersensitivity in 1122 patients: A national multicenter study organized by the Hungarian Contact Dermatitis Group. Contact Dermatitis 2019; 81:467-469. [PMID: 31373004 DOI: 10.1111/cod.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/30/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Györgyi Pónyai
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ilona Németh
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gabriella Nagy
- Department of Dermatology, Central Hospital of Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén County, Miskolc, Hungary
| | - Beáta Fábos
- Department of Dermatology, Kaposi Mór Teaching Hospital, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Beatrix Irinyi
- Dermatology Clinic, University of Debrecen - Medical Center, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - Mária Dinnyés
- Dermatology Outpatient Unit of Szt. László and Szt, István Hospital, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Anita Altmayer
- Department of Dermatology and Allergology of the Szent-Györgyi Albert Health Center, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Erzsébet Temesvári
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology and Dermato-Oncology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Ahlström MG, Johansen JD. Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Humans: Experimental and Quantitative Aspects. Contact Dermatitis 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-72451-5_14-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
7
|
Rozas-Muñoz E, Gamé D, Serra-Baldrich E. Allergic Contact Dermatitis by Anatomical Regions: Diagnostic Clues. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2018.05.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
|
8
|
Dermatitis de contacto alérgica por regiones anatómicas. Claves diagnósticas. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2018; 109:485-507. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2017.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2017] [Revised: 05/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
|
9
|
|
10
|
Methylchloroisothiazolinone/Methylisothiazolinone and Methylisothiazolinone Sensitivity in Hungary. Dermatol Res Pract 2016; 2016:4579071. [PMID: 27047541 PMCID: PMC4800086 DOI: 10.1155/2016/4579071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2015] [Revised: 01/25/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Due to allowing of methylisothiazolinone (MI) in cosmetics, cleaning products, and paints, an epidemic of MI-hypersensitivity emerged. Patch testing Kathon CG® (3:1 mixture of methylchloroisothiazolinone and methylisothiazolinone, MCI/MI) does not correctly detect MI contact allergy, due to the low concentration of MI in the test material. Methods. A retrospective survey was performed to estimate the prevalence of MCI/MI hypersensitivity in 14693 patients tested consecutively between 1993 and 2014. Moreover, currently 314 patients were prospectively tested with the allergens MCI/MI and with MI during one year. Results. MCI/MI hypersensitivity increased retrospectively from 0.5% to 6.0%. By current prospective testing we detected 25 patients (8%) with MCI/MI and/or MI positive reactions. Out of the 25 patients 10 were only MCI/MI positive, 9 were only MI positive, and 6 were MCI/MI and MI positive. If MI had not been tested separately, MI contact allergy would have missed in 36% of all detected cases and in 2.8% of the total 314 patients. Conclusions. The frequency of MCI/MI hypersensitivity is increasing also in Hungary. We confirm that, in order to detect MI contact allergy, it needs to be tested separately. A further increase of MI hypersensitivity might be expected in the future as products containing MI are still widely available.
Collapse
|
11
|
Ezendam J, Vermeulen JP, de Klerk A, de Jong WH, van Loveren H. A quantitative approach to assess the potency of skin sensitizers in the elicitation phase. Toxicology 2012; 299:20-4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tox.2012.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2012] [Accepted: 04/28/2012] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
12
|
Thyssen JP, Giménez-Arnau E, Lepoittevin JP, Menné T, Boman A, Schnuch A. The critical review of methodologies and approaches to assess the inherent skin sensitization potential (skin allergies) of chemicals Part II. Contact Dermatitis 2012; 66 Suppl 1:25-52. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2011.02004_3.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
13
|
|
14
|
|
15
|
|
16
|
Janach M, Kühne A, Seifert B, French LE, Ballmer-Weber B, Hofbauer GFL. Changing delayed-type sensitizations to the baseline series allergens over a decade at the Zurich University Hospital. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 63:42-8. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
17
|
Heratizadeh A, Killig C, Worm M, Soost S, Simon D, Bauer A, Mahler V, Schuster C, Szliska C, Frambach Y, Eben R, Werfel T, Uter W, Schnuch A. Quantitative repeated open application testing with a rinse-off product in methyldibromo glutaronitrile-sensitive patients: results of the IVDK. Contact Dermatitis 2010; 62:330-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.2010.01726.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
18
|
Basketter DA, Clapp CJ, Safford BJ, Jowsey IR, McNamee P, Ryan CA, Gerberick FG. Preservatives and Skin Sensitization Quantitative Risk Assessment. Dermatitis 2008. [DOI: 10.2310/6620.2008.07018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
19
|
Hervella M, Yanguas JI, Iglesias MEZ, Larrea M, Ros C, Gallego M. Alergia de contacto a 3-dimetilaminopopilamina y cocamidopropil betaína. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2006; 97:189-95. [PMID: 16796966 DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(06)73378-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been discovered that all individuals who are allergic to cocamidopropyl betaine (CAPB) are sensitized to 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA) and to amidoamine, molecules which are intermediaries in CAPB synthesis, and which persist as impurities in the material that is sold; the amounts vary, depending on the quality of the CAPB in the end product. We present three cases of allergic contact dermatitis to DMAPA. In all three cases, the skin tests for DMAPA were positive, while there was no reaction to CAPB. The current relevance of these tests was confirmed by the patients' re-exposure to the suspect products themselves, which contained CAPB. Contact allergy to CAPB is now infrequent, partly because of the increasing use of new non-irritating surfactants that have been introduced on the market in the last decade. However, cases of patients allergic to commercial CAPB who only react to DMAPA -and not to CAPB- when they are patch tested are still being reported. DMAPA itself, and other molecules like amidoamine, would be the true allergens, and some cases of CAPB allergy are therefore being overlooked because DMAPA is not always included in the cosmetics series. CAPB may no longer be necessary in patch tests, as DMAPA seems to be the principal allergenic fraction in this surfactant, and also because manufacturers of skin allergens currently prepare CAPB extracts that are so pure that they are no longer a good screening tool for contact allergy to commercial CAPB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos Hervella
- Unidad de Dermatología, Hospital García Orcoyen, Estella. Pamplona, España.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Johansen JD, Frosch PJ, Menné T. Allergic Contact Dermatitis in Humans — Experimental and Quantitative Aspects. Contact Dermatitis 2006. [DOI: 10.1007/3-540-31301-x_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/11/2023]
|
21
|
Frosch PJ, Menné T, Lepoittevin JP. Prevention and Therapy from Contact Dermatitis (with Special Reference to Occupational Dermatology). Contact Dermatitis 2006. [PMCID: PMC7121054 DOI: 10.1007/3-540-31301-x_44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/13/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Peter J. Frosch
- Klinikum Dortmund gGmbH, Hautklinik Lehrstuhl Dermatologie der Universität Witten/Herdecke, Beurhausstr. 40, 44137 Dortmund, Germany
| | - Torkil Menné
- Dermatologisk afdeling K, Amtssygehuset Gentofte, 2900 Hellerup, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Raison-Peyron N, Guirauden M, Guillot B. Eczéma de contact au mélange méthylchloroisothiazolinone/méthylisothiazolinone après un contact professionnel accidentel. ARCH MAL PROF ENVIRO 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/s1775-8785(06)70280-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
23
|
|
24
|
Jensen CD, Johansen JD, Menné T, Andersen KE. Methyldibromoglutaronitrile in rinse-off products causes allergic contact dermatitis: an experimental study. Br J Dermatol 2004; 150:90-5. [PMID: 14746621 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2133.2004.05727.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The frequency of sensitivity to the cosmetic preservative methyldibromoglutaronitrile (MDBGN) has increased significantly in Europe. Most cases of allergic contact dermatitis from MDBGN are caused by leave-on cosmetic products. The risk of developing allergic contact dermatitis from rinse-off products has been less studied. OBJECTIVES To investigate the allergic response elicited in presensitized individuals from exposure to a rinse-off product preserved with the maximum permitted level of MDBGN. METHODS Nineteen contact allergic individuals and nine controls participated in a double-blind, randomized repeated open application test (ROAT) using two coded liquid soaps with and without MDBGN. Areas of 50 cm2 on the lower arms were washed with the soaps twice a day for up to 28 days; two of the subjects continued for 34 days. The subjects were also patch tested with a dilution series of MDBGN to determine their patch test threshold values. RESULTS Seven presensitized individuals (37%) developed allergic contact dermatitis from the soap containing MDBGN. The mean dose of MDBGN per application was 2.2 micro g cm-2 and the reactions appeared between days 6 and 34. All nine controls had negative ROATs. The difference in reactivity between test subjects and controls was significant (one-sided Fisher's exact test, P = 0.04). Patch test threshold values ranged from < 0.001% to 0.2% MDBGN in ethanol/water. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that the exposure to a rinse-off product containing the maximum permitted level of MDBGN can easily elicit an allergic response in presensitized individuals. Along with reported cases of induction and elicitation caused by MDBGN in rinse-off products the study indicates that the permitted level of MDBGN in rinse-off products is too high. We recommend that this level should be re-evaluated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C D Jensen
- Department of Dermatology, Odense University Hospital, University of Southern Denmark, Sdr. Boulevard 29, 5000 Odense C, Denmark.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Foti C, Bonamonte D, Mascolo G, Corcelli A, Lobasso S, Rigano L, Angelini G. The role of 3-dimethylaminopropylamine and amidoamine in contact allergy to cocamidopropylbetaine. Contact Dermatitis 2003; 48:194-8. [PMID: 12786723 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2003.00078.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Since it has been found that all subjects with contact allergy to cocamidopropylbetaine (CAPB) have positive reactions to 3-dimethylaminopropylamine (DMAPA), and reports have appeared in literature of the sensitizing action of amidoamine in products containing CAPB, we aimed to verify the possibility that pure amidoamine may have a sensitizing role in subjects with positive reactions to CAPB. To this end, in 10 patients with contact allergy to a commercial CAPB, we tested DMAPA 1% aq. and a pure amidoamine in concentrations ranging from 0.5% aq. to 0.1% aq. The study showed that all patients with positive reactions to DMAPA reacted to amidoamine at 0.5% and 0.25% aq., while 4 of the 10 also had positive reactions to amidoamine at 0.1% aq. We consider that simultaneous allergic reaction to DMAPA and amidoamine represents cross-reactivity and hypothesize that DMAPA is in fact the true sensitizing substance, while amidoamine, which may in any case release DMAPA in vivo as a result of enzymatic hydrolysis, may favour the transepidermal penetration of the sensitizing agent. In addition, we advise that testing of CAPB be suspended, because, as suggested by chemico-structural analyses and demonstrated in vivo, when thoroughly purified, it no longer has a sensitizing action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Caterina Foti
- Department of Internal Medicine, Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Bari, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Weinberger B, Hanna N, Gropper CA, Heck DE, Laskin DL, Laskin JD. Transdermal Xenobiotics in Newborn Skin. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 22:51-67. [PMID: 37007905 PMCID: PMC10061589 DOI: 10.1081/cus-120019330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Newborn infants are regularly exposed to a wide variety of topical agents, including treatments for rashes, antimicrobial agents, solvents, and skin barriers or moisturizers. Premature and hospitalized infants are also exposed to topical iodine for antisepsis and to topical analgesic agents. The fact that most of these agents have not been specifically evaluated for use in infants has recently been recognized as a major public health concern. The epidermis of preterm infants is not fully developed, constituting an incomplete barrier to systemic absorption of topical agents. Thus, substances applied to the skin can have adverse systemic effects. Povidone-iodine and steroid creams have been associated with thyroid and hypothalamic-pituitary axis suppression, respectively, in premature infants. Application of topical EMLA (Eutectic Mixture of Local Anesthetics) for analgesia has been implicated in methemoglobinemia in premature infants. Exposure to natural latex in gloves and medical equipment may sensitize infants, leading to the development of airway hyperreactivity and other allergic manifestations. Therefore, it is advisable to limit skin exposure of premature infants to xenobiotics. Further work is required to define safe doses of common agents. In addition, transdermal administration of systemic medications, including methylxanthines, may be practical in premature infants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry Weinberger
- Division of Neonatology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
- Correspondence: Barry Weinberger, M.D., Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, St. Peter’s University Hospital, 254 Easton Avenue, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA; Fax: 732-249-6306;
| | - Nazeeh Hanna
- Division of Neonatology, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| | - Charles A. Gropper
- Department of Dermatology, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, New York, USA
| | - Diane E. Heck
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Debra L. Laskin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Laskin
- Department of Environmental and Community Medicine, UMDNJ-Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA
| |
Collapse
|
27
|
Imidazolidinyl Urea. Int J Toxicol 2003. [DOI: 10.1177/1091581803022s108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
|
28
|
Duus Johansen J. Contact allergy to fragrances: clinical and experimental investigations of the fragrance mix and its ingredients. Contact Dermatitis 2002; 46 Suppl 3:4-31. [PMID: 11903392 DOI: 10.1046/j.1395-3907.2002.codsupplement.doc.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
|
29
|
Jerschow E, Hostýnek JJ, Maibach HI. Allergic contact dermatitis elicitation thresholds of potent allergens in humans. Food Chem Toxicol 2001; 39:1095-108. [PMID: 11527569 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(01)00059-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Literature scoured for human allergenicity to individual chemicals yields a limited number of potent sensitizers, which can be classified in four categories: metals, botanicals, biocides and miscellany. Potency is defined as strong for substances eliciting eczematous reactions to patch concentrations of 500 ppm (parts per million) or less in sensitized individuals. Most data encountered stem from studies conducted on dermatology patients tested routinely for hypersensitivity; only few data have been generated by systematic serial dilution testing.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Jerschow
- UCSF School of Medicine, Department of Dermatology, 90 Medical Center Way, Surge 110, San Francisco, CA 94143-0989, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Roggeband R, Basketter DA, De Groot AC, Robinson MK, Gerberick GF. Labelling of skin sensitizers: the new European Dangerous Preparations Directive. Contact Dermatitis 2001; 44:321-4. [PMID: 11380540 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0536.2001.044006321.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The new Dangerous Preparations Directive (DPD, 1999/45/EC) introduces a special labelling requirement for skin sensitizers in products that are regulated under this Directive. The packaging of products containing 0.1% of a sensitizer must bear the inscription "Contains 'name of sensitizer'. May produce an allergic reaction." The aim is to protect individuals already sensitized by providing information which enables them to avoid products containing ingredients which may elicit their allergy. However, this is only of benefit where such sensitized individuals do exist in the population. Moreover, this labelling requirement does not take into account the potency of the skin sensitizer. For each sensitizer and type of skin exposure, there will be levels below which it will not elicit allergic contact dermatitis reactions in individuals who are sensitized to that chemical. We therefore propose that within the new DPD, it should be possible to override this labelling requirement with well-documented data, to ensure that information provided to the consumer on the product label is not misleading. The current implementation in the DPD of what is in principle a good idea means that further action (legislative changes; scope for derogation) is needed if the potential benefits are not to be lost.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Roggeband
- Procter and Gamble Eurocor, Strombeek-Bever, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Fewings J, Menné T. An update of the risk assessment for methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) with focus on rinse-off products. Contact Dermatitis 1999; 41:1-13. [PMID: 10416701 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1999.tb06200.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Methylchloroisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone (MCI/MI) has been widely used during the last 20 years for the preservation of aqueous systems in cosmetics, toiletries and in various industrial applications. MCI/MI has a broad spectrum of activity against fungi and bacteria at very low concentrations. The allergic contact potential of MCI/MI has been known for many years. This paper provides a review of pre-clinical and clinical experimental studies as well as experience from dermatology clinics worldwide. This forms the basis for an update of the risk assessment for the use of MCI/MI in rinse-off products. The scientific data indicate that the actual sensitization rate observed with a contact allergen is extremely dependent on dose and type of exposure. This review of the data leads to the conclusion that, under normal use conditions, within the current permitted/ recommended use concentrations for MCI/MI of up to 15ppm, the risk of primary sensitization from the use of rinse-off products is negligible, and elicitation of allergic contact dermatitis in MCI/MI-sensitized individuals rare, after exposure to MCI/MI-preserved rinse-off products.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Fewings
- Department of Dermatology, University of Copenhagen, Gentofte Hospital, Denmark
| | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kimber I, Gerberick GF, Basketter DA. Thresholds in contact sensitization: theoretical and practical considerations. Food Chem Toxicol 1999; 37:553-60. [PMID: 10456684 DOI: 10.1016/s0278-6915(99)00048-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The existence of thresholds for both the induction and the elicitation of contact sensitization is an important issue for hazard assessment in this area of toxicology. In this paper, the evidence for such thresholds has been reviewed from both theoretical and practical perspectives. When the mechanisms of skin sensitization are considered, the existence of thresholds can be shown to occur at several stages. They are both quantitative, for example in terms of the degree of protein haptenation and in the sufficiency of the signals for Langerhans cell migration and maturation, as well as qualitative, in terms of the type of immune response that is engaged. Such considerations are evidenced by a substantial body of practical observation. In humans and in animal models of skin sensitization there is abundant evidence for the existence of thresholds for both the induction and the elicitation of reactions. In addition to, and in distinction from, the experimental situation, in the general human population there is extensive evidence for threshold effects. This evidence arises directly from the observation that only a proportion of those who are exposed become sensitized (i.e. are patch test positive), and of that latter group only a proportion develop allergic contact dermatitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Kimber
- Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
|
34
|
Abstract
Infant skin differs from adult skin in several ways. These important differences place infants at increased risk for fluid electrolyte imbalance, thermal instability, skin damage, percutaneous infection, and percutaneous toxicity from topically applied agents. This article includes a review of skin development, as well as the details of current skin care practices in the neonatal nursery. A better understanding of the principles of infant skin care and a more uniform approach to skin care in the neonatal nursery can minimize risks and costs to this special population of patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E C Siegfried
- Department of Dermatology and Pediatrics, Saint Louis University Health Sciences Center, Missouri, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Schnuch A, Geier J, Uter W, Frosch PJ. Patch testing with preservatives, antimicrobials and industrial biocides. Results from a multicentre study. Br J Dermatol 1998; 138:467-76. [PMID: 9580801 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2133.1998.02126.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 158] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Preservatives are biologically reactive substances, and their allergenic potential has been known for a long time. This study examined the role of different preservatives in a large number of patients with suspected allergic contact dermatitis. Patch test data and data from the patients' history were collected from the 24 departments participating in the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology from 1 January 1990 to 31 December 1994. Patch test data from 28,349 patients tested with preservatives of the standard series (SS), from 11,485 patients tested additionally with a preservative series (PS), and from 1787 patients tested with an industrial biocide tray (IB) were evaluated. Sensitization rates (standardized) of the SS preservatives were all > 1%, with thiomersal rating highest (5.3%), the parabens lowest (1.6%), and the remainder (chlormethylisothiazolinone/methylisothiazolinone, formaldehyde and methyldibromoglutaronitrile/phenoxyethanol (MDBGN/PE)) in the range of 2%. The most important allergens of the PS were, in women, alkylaminobenzoate (contained in milking fat) (2.5%), MDBGN/PE (2.2%), benzalkonium chloride (1.8%), chloracetamide (1.4%), diazolidinyl urea (1.3%), octylgallate (1.2%) and Bronopol (1.1%). In men rates differed only with regard to alkylaminobenzoate (0.9%). Patients tested with the IB series reacted most often to methylene-bis-thiocyanate (5%), but with a reaction index of -0.7, many reactions were most probably false positives. A further seven preservatives, mostly formaldehyde-releasers used in cutting fluids, gave sensitization rates of between 1% and 3%. Glutaraldehyde, not contained in the series but often tested additionally, showed a remarkable increase in sensitization during the study period. Health care personnel were frequently affected. Altogether, this study identified areas of concern within the different groups of preservatives. The overall impact of most of the preservatives on public health seems to be low, but for diagnostic reasons preservatives must be included in patch test series.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Schnuch
- Department of Dermatology (IVDK)/Univ.-Hautklinik, Göttingen, Germany
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Affiliation(s)
- P Podmore
- Department of Dermatology, Altnagelvin Area Hospital, Northern Ireland, UK
| |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- A C De Groot
- Department of Dermatology, Carolus-Liduina Hospital, 's-Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Pazzaglia M, Vincenzi C, Gasparri F, Tosti A. Occupational hypersensitivity to isothiazolinone derivatives in a radiology technician. Contact Dermatitis 1996; 34:143-4. [PMID: 8681547 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0536.1996.tb02150.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Pazzaglia
- Department of Dermatology, University of Bologna, Italy
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|