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Wagner NB, Knierim SM, Luttermann F, Metzler G, Yazdi AS, Bauer J, Gassenmaier M, Forschner A, Leiter U, Amaral T, Garbe C, Eigentler TK, Forchhammer S, Flatz L. Histopathologic regression in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma undergoing sentinel lymph node biopsy is associated with favorable survival and, after metastasis, with improved progression-free survival on immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy: A single-institutional cohort study. J Am Acad Dermatol 2024; 90:739-748. [PMID: 38043594 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2023.11.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Revised: 11/01/2023] [Accepted: 11/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Histopathologic regression of cutaneous melanoma is considered a favorable prognostic factor, but its significance in clinical practice remains controversial. OBJECTIVE To investigate the prognostic importance of regression in patients with primary cutaneous melanoma undergoing sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy and to assess its significance in patients progressing to an unresectable stage requiring systemic therapy. METHODS We retrospectively reviewed patients with newly diagnosed melanoma undergoing SLN biopsy between 2010 and 2015 and available information on histopathologic regression (n = 1179). Survival data and associations of clinical variables with SLN status were assessed. RESULTS Patients with regressive melanoma showed favorable relapse-free (hazard ratio [HR], 0.52; P = .00013), distant metastasis-free (HR, 0.56; P = .0020), and melanoma-specific survival (HR, 0.35; P = .00053). Regression was associated with negative SLN (odds ratio, 0.48; P = .0077). In patients who progressed to an unresectable stage, regression was associated with favorable progression-free survival under immune checkpoint inhibition (HR, 0.43; P = .031) but not under targeted therapy (HR, 1.14; P = .73) or chemotherapy (HR, 3.65; P = .0095). LIMITATIONS Retrospective, single-institutional design. CONCLUSIONS Regression of cutaneous melanoma is associated with improved prognosis in patients eligible for SLN biopsy as well as in patients with unresectable disease receiving systemic therapy with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaus B Wagner
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany.
| | - Sarah M Knierim
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Felix Luttermann
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Gisela Metzler
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Center for Dermatohistopathology and Oral Pathology, Tuebingen/Wuerzburg, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Amir S Yazdi
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Dermatology and Allergology, RWTH University Hospital Aachen, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jürgen Bauer
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Maximilian Gassenmaier
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; MVZ Dermatopathology, Friedrichshafen/Bodensee PartG, Friedrichshafen, Germany
| | - Andrea Forschner
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Ulrike Leiter
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Teresa Amaral
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Claus Garbe
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Thomas K Eigentler
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany; Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin and Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Stephan Forchhammer
- Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Lukas Flatz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, Kantonsspital St. Gallen, St. Gallen, Switzerland; Department of Dermatology, Eberhard Karls University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
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Cheng TW, Hartsough E, Giubellino A. Sentinel lymph node assessment in melanoma: current state and future directions. Histopathology 2023; 83:669-684. [PMID: 37526026 DOI: 10.1111/his.15011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2023] [Revised: 07/03/2023] [Accepted: 07/05/2023] [Indexed: 08/02/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of sentinel lymph node status is an important step in the evaluation of patients with melanoma for both prognosis and therapeutic management. Pathologists have an important role in this evaluation. The methodologies have varied over time, from the evaluation of dimensions of metastatic burden to determination of the location of the tumour deposits within the lymph node to precise cell counting. However, no single method of sentinel lymph node tumour burden measurement can currently be used as a sole independent predictor of prognosis. The management approach to sentinel lymph node-positive patients has also evolved over time, with a more conservative approach recently recognised for selected cases. This review gives an overview of past and current status in the field with a glimpse into future directions based on prior experiences and clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiffany W Cheng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Emily Hartsough
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Alessio Giubellino
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
- Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
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3
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Colagrande A, Ingravallo G, Cazzato G. Is It Time to Supersede the Diagnostic Term "Melanoma In Situ with Regression?" A Narrative Review. Dermatopathology (Basel) 2023; 10:120-127. [PMID: 36975387 PMCID: PMC10047213 DOI: 10.3390/dermatopathology10010018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2022] [Revised: 03/13/2023] [Accepted: 03/16/2023] [Indexed: 03/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Traditionally, the term melanoma in situ (MIS) is used to designate a horizontal (radial) growth phase of malignant melanoma (MM) in which there is no histological evidence of any invasion (or microinvasion) of neoplastic melanocytic cells into the superficial or papillary dermis. In daily dermatopathological practice, we are faced with misleading definitions, such as "melanoma in situ with regression," which risk affecting homogeneity for comparison purposes of pathological reports of malignant melanoma. The authors conducted a literature review using PubMed and Web of Science (WoS) as the main databases and using the following keywords: "Malignant Melanoma in situ" or "Melanoma in situ" and "regression" and/or "radial growth phase regression." A total of 213 articles from both analyzed databases were retrieved; finally, only eight articles in English were considered suitable for the chosen inclusion criteria. In consideration of the absence of studies with large case series, of reviews with meta-analyses, and, therefore, of a broad scientific consensus, expressions including "melanoma in situ with regression" should be avoided in the histopathological report. Instead, they should be replaced with clearer and more exhaustive definitions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Colagrande
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Ingravallo
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
| | - Gerardo Cazzato
- Section of Molecular Pathology, Department of Precision and Regenerative Medicine and Ionian Area (DiMePRe-J), University of Bari "Aldo Moro", 70124 Bari, Italy
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4
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Regression in cutaneous melanoma: histological assessment, immune mechanisms and clinical implications. Pathology 2023; 55:227-235. [PMID: 36639333 DOI: 10.1016/j.pathol.2022.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tumour regression is an immunologically driven process that results in complete or partial disappearance of tumour cells. This can be observed in histological sections as replacement of tumour cells with fibrosis, angiogenesis, and a variable inflammatory infiltrate. In primary cutaneous melanoma, the prognostic significance of regression has been debated for decades, in part because inconsistent histological criteria are used in prognostication studies. It is broadly accepted that CD8+ T lymphocytes are the primary effectors of the anti-tumour response, but the interplay between melanoma and the immune system is complex, dynamic, and incompletely understood. Sustained progress in unravelling the pathogenesis of melanoma regression has led to the identification of therapeutic targets, culminating in the development of immune checkpoint inhibitors for the management of advanced disease. Modern techniques allow for high-resolution spatial analyses of the tumour microenvironment. Such studies may lead to better understanding of the immune drivers of melanoma regression, thereby facilitating the search for new prognostic and predictive biomarkers to assist clinical decision-making.
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Talaat IM, Kim B. A brief glimpse of a tangled web in a small world: Tumor microenvironment. Front Med (Lausanne) 2022; 9:1002715. [PMID: 36045917 PMCID: PMC9421133 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2022.1002715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2022] [Accepted: 07/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A tumor is a result of stepwise accumulation of genetic and epigenetic alterations. This notion has deepened the understanding of cancer biology and has introduced the era of targeted therapies. On the other hand, there have been a series of attempts of using the immune system to treat tumors, dating back to ancient history, to sporadic reports of inflamed tumors undergoing spontaneous regression. This was succeeded by modern immunotherapies and immune checkpoint inhibitors. The recent breakthrough has broadened the sight to other players within tumor tissue. Tumor microenvironment is a niche or a system orchestrating reciprocal and dynamic interaction of various types of cells including tumor cells and non-cellular components. The output of this complex communication dictates the functions of the constituent elements present within it. More complicated factors are biochemical and biophysical settings unique to TME. This mini review provides a brief guide on a range of factors to consider in the TME research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iman M. Talaat
- Clinical Sciences Department, College of Medicine, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Byoungkwon Kim
- Department of Pathology, H.H. Sheikh Khalifa Specialty Hospital, Ras Al Khaimah, United Arab Emirates
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6
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Histological regression in melanoma: impact on sentinel lymph node status and survival. Mod Pathol 2021; 34:1999-2008. [PMID: 34247192 DOI: 10.1038/s41379-021-00870-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Revised: 06/24/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Regression in melanoma is an immunological phenomenon that results in partial or complete replacement of the tumor with variably vascular fibrous tissue, often accompanied by pigment-laden macrophages and chronic inflammation. In some cases, tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) may represent the earliest phase of this process. The prognostic significance of regression has long been a matter of debate, with inconsistent findings reported in the literature to date. This study sought to determine whether regression in primary cutaneous melanomas predicted sentinel lymph node (SLN) status and survival outcomes in a large cohort of patients managed at a single centre. Clinical and pathological parameters for 8,693 consecutive cases were retrieved. Associations between regression and SLN status, overall survival (OS), melanoma-specific survival (MSS) and recurrence-free survival (RFS) were investigated using logistic and Cox regression. Histological evidence of regression was present in 1958 cases (22.5%). Regression was significantly associated with lower Breslow thickness, lower mitotic rate, and absence of ulceration (p < 0.0001). Multivariable analysis showed that regression in combination with TILs independently predicted a negative SLN biopsy (OR 0.33; 95% C.I. 0.20-0.52; p < 0.0001). Patients whose tumors showed both regression and TILs had the highest 10-year OS (65%, 95% C.I. 59-71%), MSS (85%, 95% C.I. 81-89%), and RFS (60%, 95% C.I. 54-66%). On multivariable analyses, the concurrent presence of regression and TILs independently predicted the lowest risk of death from melanoma (HR 0.69; 95% C.I. 0.51-0.94; p = 0.0003) as well as the lowest rate of disease recurrence (HR 0.71; 95% C.I. 0.58-0.85; p < 0.0001). However, in contrast, in the subgroup analysis of Stage III patients, the presence of regression predicted the lowest OS and RFS, with MSS showing a similar trend. Overall, these findings indicate a prognostically favorable role of regression in primary cutaneous melanoma. However, in Stage III melanoma patients, regression may be a marker of more aggressive disease.
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Taylor LA, Eguchi MM, Reisch LM, Radick AC, Shucard H, Kerr KF, Piepkorn MW, Knezevich SR, Elder DE, Barnhill RL, Elmore JG. Histopathologic synoptic reporting of invasive melanoma: How reliable are the data? Cancer 2021; 127:3125-3136. [PMID: 33945628 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.33612] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 03/05/2021] [Accepted: 03/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Synoptic reporting is recommended by many guideline committees to encourage the thorough histologic documentation necessary for optimal management of patients with melanoma. METHODS One hundred fifty-one pathologists from 40 US states interpreted 41 invasive melanoma cases. For each synoptic reporting factor, the authors identified cases with "complete agreement" (all participants recorded the same value) versus any disagreement. Pairwise agreement was calculated for each case as the proportion of pairs of responses that agreed, where paired responses were generated by the comparison of each reviewer's response with all others. RESULTS There was complete agreement among all reviewers for 22 of the 41 cases (54%) on Breslow thickness dichotomized at 0.8 mm, with pairwise agreement ranging from 49% to 100% across the 41 cases. There was complete agreement for "no ulceration" in 24 of the 41 cases (59%), with pairwise agreement ranging from 42% to 100%. Tumor transected at base had complete agreement for 26 of the 41 cases (63%), with pairwise agreement ranging from 31% to 100%. Mitotic rate, categorized as 0/mm2 , 1/mm2 , or 2/mm2 , had complete agreement for 17 of the 41 cases (41%), with pairwise agreement ranging from 36% to 100%. Regression saw complete agreement for 14 of 41 cases (34%), with pairwise agreement ranging from 40% to 100%. Lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, and microscopic satellites were rarely reported as present. Respectively, these prognostic factors had complete agreement for 32 (78%), 37 (90%), and 18 (44%) of the 41 cases, and the ranges of pairwise agreement were 47% to 100%, 70% to 100%, and 53% to 100%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS These findings alert pathologists and clinicians to the problem of interobserver variability in recording critical prognostic factors. LAY SUMMARY This study addresses variability in the assessment and reporting of critical characteristics of invasive melanomas that are used by clinicians to guide patient care. The authors characterize the diagnostic variability among pathologists and their reporting methods in light of recently updated national guidelines. Results demonstrate considerable variability in the diagnostic reporting of melanoma with regard to the following: Breslow thickness, mitotic rate, ulceration, regression, and microscopic satellites. This work serves to alert pathologists and clinicians to the existence of variability in reporting these prognostic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura A Taylor
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky
| | - Megan M Eguchi
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
| | - Lisa M Reisch
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Andrea C Radick
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Hannah Shucard
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kathleen F Kerr
- Department of Biostatistics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Michael W Piepkorn
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington.,Dermatopathology Northwest, Bellevue, Washington
| | | | - David E Elder
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Raymond L Barnhill
- Department of Pathology, Curie Institute, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Department of Translational Research, Curie Institute, Paris Sciences and Lettres Research University, Paris, France.,Faculty of Medicine, University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Joann G Elmore
- Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California
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Cartron AM, Aldana PC, Khachemoune A. Reporting regression in primary cutaneous melanoma. Part 1: history, histological criteria and pathogenesis. Clin Exp Dermatol 2021; 46:28-33. [PMID: 32597504 DOI: 10.1111/ced.14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Regression is an important histopathological parameter reported for the diagnosis of primary cutaneous melanoma. Histological regression is defined by The College of American Pathologists as the replacement of tumour cells by lymphocytic inflammation, with attenuation of the epidermis, and nonlaminated dermal fibrosis with inflammatory cells, melanophagocytosis and telangiectasia. Histological regression may be reported as absent versus present and, if present, as complete, partial or segmental. The stages of histological regression are early, intermediate and late, depending on the extent of histological inflammation and fibrosis. Regression occurs when the host's immune system attacks primary melanocytic tumour cells via tumour-infiltrating lymphocytes, resulting in fibrosis. The immunological mechanisms driving complete, partial and segmental regression may vary. In this first part of this two-part review, we review the history, histological criteria and pathogenesis of regression in primary cutaneous melanoma, while in Part 2 we will review the effect of histological regression on prognosis, evaluation and management.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Cartron
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - P C Aldana
- Department of Dermatology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - A Khachemoune
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA
- Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA
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Cartron AM, Aldana PC, Khachemoune A. Reporting regression with melanoma in situ: reappraisal of a potential paradox. Arch Dermatol Res 2020; 313:65-69. [PMID: 32632620 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-020-02106-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 06/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma in situ (MIS) is a form of radial growth phase melanoma in which the proliferation of malignant cells is confined to the epidermis. Histologic features are invaluable in recognition of MIS. Regression occurs when the host's immune system attacks the primary melanocytic tumor cells via tumor infiltrate lymphocytes, resulting in a fibrotic component. Various criteria have been proposed to assess the extent of histologic regression. Some authors define regression based on histologic features of the dermis, which is inappropriate for MIS. Specific dermatoscopic findings of regression in MIS have been reported including peppering, grey-blue areas, white areas, and blue-whitish veils. Many studies assess the impact of histologic regression on invasive melanoma prognosis, but no studies to-date have considered the effect of histologic regression exclusively in patients with MIS. The literature to-date does not suggest evaluation and management should be modified if histologic regression is present in MIS. Studies specifically investigating the effect of histologic regression on MIS prognosis are needed to inform evidence-based practices.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Paola C Aldana
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Amor Khachemoune
- Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Brooklyn, NY, USA. .,Department of Dermatology, SUNY Downstate, Brooklyn, NY, USA. .,Veterans Affairs Hospital and SUNY Downstate Dermatology Service, 800 Poly Place, Brooklyn, NY, 11209, USA.
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Gardner LJ, Strunck JL, Wu YP, Grossman D. Current controversies in early-stage melanoma: Questions on incidence, screening, and histologic regression. J Am Acad Dermatol 2019; 80:1-12. [PMID: 30553298 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2018.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 03/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In the first article in this continuing medical education series we review controversies and uncertainties relating to the epidemiology and initial diagnosis of localized cutaneous melanoma (ie, stage 0, I, or II). Many of these issues are unsettled because of conflicting evidence. Melanoma incidence appears to be increasing, yet its basis has not been fully explained. Despite the advantages of early detection, the US Preventive Services Task Force does not recommend skin screening for the general population. Occasionally, biopsy specimens of melanoma will show histologic regression, but the prognostic importance of this phenomenon is uncertain. Some practitioners recommend obtaining a sentinel lymph node biopsy specimen for thin melanomas showing regression, although this histologic finding is not part of the staging system for thin melanomas. Our goal is to provide the clinician who cares for patients with (or at risk for) melanoma with up-to-date contextual knowledge to appreciate the multiple sides of each controversy so that they will be better informed to discuss these issues with their patients and their families.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Yelena P Wu
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Douglas Grossman
- Department of Dermatology, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah; Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah Health Sciences Center, Salt Lake City, Utah.
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11
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Stillhard A, Cazzaniga S, Borradori L, Beltraminelli H. Pushing and loss of elastic fibers are highly specific for melanoma and rare in melanocytic nevi. Arch Dermatol Res 2018; 311:99-107. [PMID: 30547366 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-018-1885-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2018] [Revised: 11/21/2018] [Accepted: 12/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The histopathological differentiation of melanocytic nevi from malignant melanoma (MM) is based on well-known criteria, and is straightforward in the vast majority of cases. However, there are few cases of melanocytic lesions (ML), the diagnosis of which is very challenging or even impossible. Here we have studied several morphological characteristics with particular focus on elastic fibers (EF) to identify features, helpful for the distinction between nevi and MM. In a monocentric retrospective study we have analyzed 14 morphological histological characteristics in 30 MMs and 90 nevi, encompassing 30 compound/dermal nevi, 30 junctional nevi, 30 dysplastic nevi. All consecutive cases were retrieved from the archives of our tertiary referral centre during the 6-month study period. Nine characteristics including loss of EF in the ML, loss of EF in lesional fibrosis, pushing of the EF, UV-elastosis, loss of rete ridges of the epidermis, regression of the ML, atrophy of the epidermis, pigment incontinence, and concentric eosinophilic fibroplasia (CEF) showed a statistical significant difference (p < 0.05 and at least an OR > 2) distinguishing nevi from MM. Loss of EF was found in 73.1% of MM cases, but in less than 2.5% of nevi. We identified nine morphological characteristics that are helpful to differentiate melanocytic nevi from MM. A loss of the EF in a ML appeared to be highly associated with MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Stillhard
- Dermatology Department, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - S Cazzaniga
- Dermatology Department, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
- Centro Studi GISED, Bergamo, Italy
| | - L Borradori
- Dermatology Department, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Helmut Beltraminelli
- Dermatology Department, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
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Sclerosing Melanocytic Lesions (sclerosing Melanomas with Nevoid Features and Sclerosing Nevi with Pseudomelanomatous Features) - An Analysis of 90 Lesions. Radiol Oncol 2018; 52:220-228. [PMID: 30018527 PMCID: PMC6043882 DOI: 10.2478/raon-2018-0003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Sclerosing melanocytic lesions, which are characterized by either focal or diffuse sclerosis in the dermal component and atypical proliferation of predominantly nevoid melanocytes, remain poorly defined. Our aim was to analyze systematically their morphologic spectrum, especially the distinction between sclerosing melanocytic nevus and sclerosing melanoma, which has not been well documented. Patients and methods We collected 90 sclerosing melanocytic lesions, occurring in 82 patients (49 male, 33 female; age range from 21 to 89 years). A four probe fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) assay was performed in 41 lesions to substantiate the diagnosis of sclerosing melanomas. Results A prominent full-thickness pagetoid spread of melanocytes was identified in 44 (48%) lesions, and a melanoma in situ adjacent to the sclerosis in 55 (61%) lesions. In the intrasclerotic component, maturation was absent in 40 (44%) and mitotic figures were identified in 18 (20%) lesions. Of the 90 lesions, 26 (29%) were diagnosed morphologically as nevi and 64 (71%) as melanomas (Breslow thickness from 0.4 to 1.8 mm), including 45 (50%) melanomas with an adjacent nevus. A four-probe FISH assay was positive in the sclerotic component in 14 of 25 lesions diagnosed morphologically as melanomas and none of 16 nevi. A sentinel lymph node biopsy was performed for 17 lesions and was negative in all cases. Conclusions Sclerosing melanocytic lesions form a morphologic spectrum and include both nevi and melanomas. The pathogenesis of sclerosis remains obscure but seems to be induced by melanocytes or an unusual host response in at least a subset of lesions.
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Letca AF, Ungureanu L, Şenilă SC, Grigore LE, Pop Ş, Fechete O, Vesa ŞC, Cosgarea R. Regression and Sentinel Lymph Node Status in Melanoma Progression. Med Sci Monit 2018; 24:1359-1365. [PMID: 29507279 PMCID: PMC5848716 DOI: 10.12659/msm.905862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 07/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The purpose of this study was to assess the role of regression and other clinical and histological features for the prognosis and the progression of cutaneous melanoma. MATERIAL AND METHODS Between 2005 and 2016, 403 patients with melanoma were treated and followed at our Department of Dermatology. Of the 403 patients, 173 patients had cutaneous melanoma and underwent sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy and thus were included in this study. RESULTS Histological regression was found in 37 cases of melanoma (21.3%). It was significantly associated with marked and moderate tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) and with negative SLN. Progression of the disease occurred in 42 patients (24.2%). On multivariate analysis, we found that a positive lymph node and a Breslow index higher than 2 mm were independent variables associated with disease free survival (DFS). These variables together with a mild TIL were significantly correlated with overall survival (OS). The presence of regression was not associated with DFS or OS. CONCLUSIONS We could not demonstrate an association between regression and the outcome of patients with cutaneous melanoma. Tumor thickness greater than 2 mm and a positive SLN were associated with recurrence. Survival was influenced by a Breslow thickness >2 mm, the presence of a mild TIL and a positive SLN status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Florentina Letca
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Loredana Ungureanu
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Simona Corina Şenilă
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Lavinia Elena Grigore
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ştefan Pop
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Oana Fechete
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Ştefan Cristian Vesa
- Departmant of Pharmacology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Toxicology and Clinical Pharmacology, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
| | - Rodica Cosgarea
- Department of Dermatology, Iuliu Haţieganu University of Medicine and Pharmacy, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Grogan J, Cooper CL, Dodds TJ, Guitera P, Menzies SW, Scolyer RA. Punch 'scoring': a technique that facilitates melanoma diagnosis of clinically suspicious pigmented lesions. Histopathology 2018; 72:294-304. [PMID: 28796900 DOI: 10.1111/his.13342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Early recognition and accurate diagnosis underpins melanoma survival. Identifying early melanomas arising in association with pre-existing lesions is often challenging. Clinically suspicious foci, however small, must be identified and examined histologically. This study assessed the accuracy of punch biopsy 'scoring' of suspicious foci in excised atypical pigmented skin lesions to identify early melanomas. METHODS AND RESULTS Forty-one excised pigmented skin lesions with a clinically/dermoscopically focal area of concern for melanoma, with the suspicious focus marked prior to excision with a punch biopsy 'score' (a partial incision into the skin surface), were analysed. Melanoma was diagnosed in nine of 41 cases (22%). In eight of nine cases (89%) the melanoma was associated with a naevus, and in seven of nine (88%) cases the melanoma was identified preferentially by the scored focus. In six of nine cases (67%), the melanoma was entirely encompassed by the scored focus. In one case of melanoma in situ, the diagnostic material was identified only on further levelling through the scored focus. In 28 of 32 of non-melanoma cases (88%), the scored focus identified either diagnostic features of a particular lesion or pathological features that correlated with the clinical impression of change/atypia including altered architecture or distribution of pigmentation, features of irritation or regression. CONCLUSIONS The 'punch scoring technique' allows direct clinicopathological correlation and facilitates early melanoma diagnosis by focusing attention on clinically suspicious areas. Furthermore, it does not require special expertise in ex-vivo clinical techniques for implementation. Nevertheless, in some cases examination of the lesion beyond the scored focus is also necessary to make a diagnosis of melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judith Grogan
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Caroline L Cooper
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Tristan J Dodds
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Pascale Guitera
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Scott W Menzies
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Melanoma Diagnostic Centre, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
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15
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Gualano MR, Osella-Abate S, Scaioli G, Marra E, Bert F, Faure E, Baduel ES, Balagna E, Quaglino P, Fierro MT, Siliquini R, Ribero S. Prognostic role of histological regression in primary cutaneous melanoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Br J Dermatol 2017; 178:357-362. [PMID: 28386936 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.15552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/29/2017] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
The prognostic significance of histological regression in primary melanoma has been debated for many years. We aim to review the evidence to see how histological regression may affect prognosis. A systematic review was performed by searching in MEDLINE, Scopus and the Cochrane Library from 1 January 1966 to 1 August 2015. All studies reporting hazard ratios or data on survival and histological regression were included. Primary random-effects meta-analyses were used to summarize outcome measures. Heterogeneity was assessed using the χ2 -test and I2 -statistic. To assess the potential bias of small studies we used funnel plots and the Begg and Mazumdar adjusted rank correlation method. Summaries of survival outcomes were measured as hazard ratios or relative risk of death at 5 years according to the presence of histological regression of primary melanoma. In total, 183 articles were reviewed out of 1876 retrieved. Ten studies comprising 8557 patients were included. Patients with histological regression had a lower relative risk of death (0·77, 95% confidence interval 0·61-0·97) than those without. Examination of the funnel plot did not provide evidence of publication bias. The results showed that histological regression is a protective factor for survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Gualano
- Department of Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S Osella-Abate
- Section of Surgical Pathology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - G Scaioli
- Department of Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - E Marra
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - F Bert
- Department of Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - E Faure
- Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Section of Dermatology, Fondazione IRCCS Ca Granda, University of Milan
| | - E S Baduel
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - E Balagna
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - P Quaglino
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - M T Fierro
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - R Siliquini
- Department of Public Health, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - S Ribero
- Section of Dermatology, Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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16
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Zugna D, Senetta R, Osella-Abate S, Fierro MT, Pisacane A, Zaccagna A, Sapino A, Bataille V, Maurichi A, Picciotto F, Cassoni P, Quaglino P, Ribero S. Favourable prognostic role of histological regression in stage III positive sentinel lymph node melanoma patients. Br J Cancer 2017; 118:398-404. [PMID: 29123256 PMCID: PMC5808022 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2017.397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 09/22/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sentinel lymph node (SLN)-positive melanoma patients are a heterogeneous group of patients with survival rates ranging from ∼20 to over 80%. No data are reported concerning the role of histological regression on survival in stage III melanoma. METHODS The study included 365 patients with positive SLN from two distinct hospitals. The model was developed on patients from 'AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino', and externally validated on patients from IRCCS of Candiolo. Survival analyses were carried out according to the presence of regression and adjusted for all other prognostic factors. RESULTS Among patients followed at 'AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino' (n=264), the median follow-up time to death or censoring (whatever two events occurred earlier) was 2.7 years since diagnosis (interquartile range: 1.3-5.8). In all, 79 patients died from melanoma and 11 from other causes. Histological regression (n=43) was associated with a better prognosis (sub-HR=0.34, CI 0.12-0.92), whereas the other factors above showed an inverse association. In the external validation, the concordance index was 0.97 at 1 year and decreased to 0.66 at 3 years and to 0.59 at 5 years. Adding histological regression in the prognostic model increased the discriminative ability to 0.75 at 3 years and to 0.62 at 5 years. Finally, using a cutoff of 20% for the risk of death led to a net re-classification improvement of 15 and 11% at 3 and 5 years after diagnosis, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Histological regression could lead to an improvement in prognostic prediction in patients with stage III-positive SLN melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Zugna
- Department of Medical Sciences, Unit of Cancer Epidemiology, CERMS, University of Turin, C.So Dogliotti, 14, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - R Senetta
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Surgical Pathology, University of Turin, C.So Dogliotti, 14, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - S Osella-Abate
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Surgical Pathology, University of Turin, C.So Dogliotti, 14, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - M T Fierro
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, C.So Dogliotti, 14, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - A Pisacane
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Candiolo Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Km 3,95, SP142, 10060 Candiolo, Torino Italy
| | - A Zaccagna
- Dermatologic Surgery Section, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Candiolo Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Km 3,95, SP142, 10060 Candiolo, Torino, Italy
| | - A Sapino
- Pathology Unit, Fondazione del Piemonte per l'Oncologia (FPO), Candiolo Cancer Institute (IRCCS), Km 3,95, SP142, 10060 Candiolo, Torino Italy
| | - V Bataille
- Mount Vernon Cancer Centre, Rickmansworth Road, Northwood HA6 2RN, UK.,Department of Twin Research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, South Wing Block D, Westminster Bridge Road, London SE1 7EH, UK
| | - A Maurichi
- Melanoma and Sarcoma Surgery Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Nazionale Tumouri, Via Giacomo Venezian, 1, 20133 Milan, Italy
| | - F Picciotto
- Dermatologic Surgery Section, Department of Oncology, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, Via Cherasco 23, 10123 Torino, Italy
| | - P Cassoni
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Surgical Pathology, University of Turin, C.So Dogliotti, 14, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - P Quaglino
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, C.So Dogliotti, 14, Torino 10126, Italy
| | - S Ribero
- Department of Medical Sciences, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, C.So Dogliotti, 14, Torino 10126, Italy
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Spring IR, de Wet J, Jordaan HF, Tod B, Visser WI. Complete spontaneous regression of a metastatic acral melanoma with associated leukoderma. JAAD Case Rep 2017; 3:524-528. [PMID: 29264383 PMCID: PMC5729012 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdcr.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Isobel R. Spring
- Correspondence to: Isobel R. Spring, MBBS BSc, Division of Dermatology, Department of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic Hospital, PO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505, Cape Town, South Africa.Division of DermatologyDepartment of Medicine, University of Stellenbosch and Tygerberg Academic HospitalPO Box 19063, Tygerberg 7505Cape TownSouth Africa
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18
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Melanocytic nevi and melanoma: unraveling a complex relationship. Oncogene 2017; 36:5771-5792. [PMID: 28604751 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2017] [Revised: 05/09/2017] [Accepted: 05/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Approximately 33% of melanomas are derived directly from benign, melanocytic nevi. Despite this, the vast majority of melanocytic nevi, which typically form as a result of BRAFV600E-activating mutations, will never progress to melanoma. Herein, we synthesize basic scientific insights and data from mouse models with common observations from clinical practice to comprehensively review melanocytic nevus biology. In particular, we focus on the mechanisms by which growth arrest is established after BRAFV600E mutation. Means by which growth arrest can be overcome and how melanocytic nevi relate to melanoma are also considered. Finally, we present a new conceptual paradigm for understanding the growth arrest of melanocytic nevi in vivo termed stable clonal expansion. This review builds upon the canonical hypothesis of oncogene-induced senescence in growth arrest and tumor suppression in melanocytic nevi and melanoma.
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19
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Aung PP, Nagarajan P, Prieto VG. Regression in primary cutaneous melanoma: etiopathogenesis and clinical significance. J Transl Med 2017; 97:657-668. [PMID: 28240749 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2016] [Revised: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Though not required currently for staging, regression is a histopathologic parameter typically reported upon diagnosis of an invasive primary cutaneous melanoma. The studies examining the prognostic significance of regression in patient outcome have yielded controversial findings; likely because the definition and assessment of regression have not been consistent, in addition to subjectivity of pathologists' interpretation. Regression is histologically characterized by variable decrease in the number of melanoma cells accompanied by the presence of a host response consisting of dermal fibrosis, inflammatory infiltrate, melanophages, ectatic blood vessels, epidermal attenuation, and/or apoptosis of keratinocytes or melanocytes; the relative extent of these features depends on the stage of the regression. However, the magnitudes to which these individual changes must be present to meet the threshold of histologic regression have not been well defined or agreed upon, and thus, the definition and classification of histologic regression in melanoma varies considerably among institutions and even among individual pathologists. In order to determine the clinical significance of histologic analysis of regression, there is a compelling need for a universal scheme to objectively define and assess histologic regression in primary cutaneous melanoma, so that the biologic and prognostic significance of this process may be completely understood.Laboratory Investigation advance online publication, 27 February 2017; doi:10.1038/labinvest.2017.8.
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Affiliation(s)
- Phyu P Aung
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Priyadharsini Nagarajan
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Victor G Prieto
- Department of Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
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20
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Ribero S, Moscarella E, Ferrara G, Piana S, Argenziano G, Longo C. Regression in cutaneous melanoma: a comprehensive review from diagnosis to prognosis. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2016; 30:2030-2037. [PMID: 27401335 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Histological regression in primary cutaneous melanoma occurs in 10-35% of cases. Although a large body of literature exists to suggest that histological regression serves very little purpose in predicting biologic behaviour with melanoma, recognizing the presence of regression at clinical and histological ground may still retain some value in grading melanoma aggressiveness. In the current review, a comprehensive overview of the main aspects of regression will be provided. Histologically, many classifications have been reported so far, but all of them only agreed on the presence of an infiltrate of lymphocytes admixed with pigment-laden macrophages underlying an atrophic epidermis with flattened rete ridges. Upon dermoscopy, regression is also named Blue White Scar-like areas and could be variably admixed with granularity or peppering. Almost fully regressed lesions represent a main diagnostic issue in dermoscopy, and thus, confocal microscopy can be of help to identify whether the tumour is melanocytic or not. The clinical utility of regression as a prognostic factor has been challenged recently. Nowadays, evidences showed that it is less likely associated to SLN metastases.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Ribero
- Medical Sciences Department, Section of Dermatology, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Department off Twin research and Genetic Epidemiology, King's College London, London, UK
| | - E Moscarella
- Skin Cancer Unit, Arcispedale ASMN-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - G Ferrara
- Pathology Unit, Gaetano Rummo Hospital, Benevento, Italy
| | - S Piana
- Pathology Unit, Arcispedale ASMN-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - G Argenziano
- Dermatology Unit, Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - C Longo
- Skin Cancer Unit, Arcispedale ASMN-IRCCS, Reggio Emilia, Italy
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21
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Gugger A, Barnhill RL, Seifert B, Dehler S, Moch H, Lugassy C, Marques-Maggio E, Rushing EJ, Mihic-Probst D. Cutaneous Melanoma with Brain Metastasis: Report of 193 Patients with New Observations. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0156115. [PMID: 27213536 PMCID: PMC4877095 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0156115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Brain metastasis is a common endpoint in patients suffering from malignant melanoma. However, little is known about factors that predispose to brain metastases. OBJECTIVE We performed a retrospective clinical and pathological investigation of melanoma patients with brain metastases in order to better characterise this patient population. METHODS 193 melanoma patients with brain metastasis histologically diagnosed between 1990 and 2015 at the University Hospital Zurich were retrospectively identified and further specified for sex, age at diagnosis and detection of brain metastasis, and localisation. In addition, data were extracted regarding the subtype of primary melanoma, Breslow tumour thickness, Clark Level, mutation status, extent of metastatic spread and history of a second melanoma. RESULTS We found a significant male predominance (n = 126/193; 65%; p < 0.001). Breslow tumour thickness showed a wide range from 0.2 to 12.0 mm (n = 99; median 2.3 mm). 14 of 101 melanomas (14%) were classified as T1, thereof 11 (79%) were found in men. In 32 of 193 patients (17%), the primary melanoma was unknown. CONCLUSIONS Of special interest in our series is the high incidence of male predominance (79%) in cases of thin metastasing melanoma (14%), implicating genetic or epigenetic (hormonal) gender differences underlying tumour progression. Additionally, the high percentage of unknown primary melanoma (17%), at least partly representing completely regressed melanomas, indicates the importance of immune surveillance in melanoma progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alenka Gugger
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Raymond L. Barnhill
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Burkhardt Seifert
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Silvia Dehler
- Cancer Registry Zurich and Zug, Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich and Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Prevention Institute, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Holger Moch
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claire Lugassy
- Departments of Pathology and Translational Research, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | | | | | - Daniela Mihic-Probst
- Institute of Surgical Pathology, University Hospital Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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22
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Ribero S, Osella-Abate S, Pasquali S, Rossi CR, Borgognoni L, Piazzalunga D, Solari N, Schiavon M, Brandani P, Ansaloni L, Ponte E, Silan F, Sommariva A, Bellucci F, Macripò G, Quaglino P. Prognostic Role of Multiple Lymphatic Basin Drainage in Sentinel Lymph Node-Negative Trunk Melanoma Patients: A Multicenter Study from the Italian Melanoma Intergroup. Ann Surg Oncol 2016; 23:1708-15. [PMID: 26597362 DOI: 10.1245/s10434-015-4973-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Multiple lymphatic basin drainage (MLBD) is frequently observed in patients with trunk melanoma undergoing sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy. Conflicting data regarding the prognostic association of MLBD in SLN-negative patients have been reported. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic role of MLBD in patients with negative SLN biopsy. METHODS Retrospective data from 656 melanoma patients who underwent a SLN biopsy (1991-2012) at six Italian centers were gathered in a multicenter database. MLBD was defined as lymphoscintigraphic and intraoperative identification of an SLN in more than one nodal basin. Clinical and pathologic variables were recorded and analyzed for their impact on survival. RESULTS SLN-negative patients with MLBD were at lower risk of melanoma recurrence [hazard ratio (HR) 0.73, P = 0.05) and melanoma-related death (HR 0.68, P = 0.001) independent of common staging features. Multivariable Cox analyses of disease-free interval (DFI) and disease-specific survival (DSS) showed that MLBD maintained a favorable role and ulceration an unfavorable role. Histologic regression was independently associated only with DFI. When survival was stratified according to presence of MLBD, histologic regression and Breslow thickness <2 mm were associated with improved DFI (5-year DFI: 96.9 vs. 66,1 %, respectively; HR 0.48, P < 0.001) and DSS (5-year DSS: 96.7 vs. 71.8 %, respectively; HR 0.52, P = 0.005) compared to patients without these three favorable parameters. CONCLUSIONS Patients with negative SLN biopsy results have better prognosis when two or more lymphatic basins are identified and analyzed. Further research is required to investigate the mechanisms behind this evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Ribero
- Section of Dermatology, Medical Sciences Department, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.
- Oncological Department, Dermatologic Surgery Department, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, Turin, Italy.
| | - Simona Osella-Abate
- Section of Dermatology, Medical Sciences Department, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Sandro Pasquali
- Surgical Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Carlo Riccardo Rossi
- Surgical Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
- Department of Surgery, Oncology, and Gastroenterology, Surgery Branch, University of Padova, Padua, Italy
| | - Lorenzo Borgognoni
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Tuscan Tumor Institute, Florence, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Solari
- Division of Surgical Oncology, IRCC-San Martino Hospital-National Cancer Institute of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Mauro Schiavon
- Plastic Surgery Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia di Udine Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Paola Brandani
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Tuscan Tumor Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Luca Ansaloni
- Unit of Surgery, Papa Giovanni XXIII Hospital, Bergamo, Italy
| | - Erica Ponte
- Division of Surgical Oncology, IRCC-San Martino Hospital-National Cancer Institute of Genoa, Genoa, Italy
| | - Francesco Silan
- Plastic Surgery Department, Santa Maria della Misericordia di Udine Hospital, Udine, Italy
| | - Antonio Sommariva
- Surgical Oncology, Veneto Institute of Oncology IOV, IRCCS, Padua, Italy
| | - Francesco Bellucci
- Plastic Surgery Unit, Regional Melanoma Referral Center, Santa Maria Annunziata Hospital, Tuscan Tumor Institute, Florence, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Macripò
- Oncological Department, Dermatologic Surgery Department, Citta' della Salute e della Scienza di Torino Hospital, Turin, Italy
| | - Pietro Quaglino
- Section of Dermatology, Medical Sciences Department, Dermatologic Clinic, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Study of the immunophenotype of the inflammatory cells in melanomas with regression and halo nevi. Am J Dermatopathol 2016; 37:376-80. [PMID: 25222195 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000205] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The pathogenesis and prognostic implications of regression in melanoma are not well understood. It has traditionally been considered an immunologically mediated phenomenon. Improvement in the knowledge of the mechanisms that lead to regression may prove to be of great value in an era in which treatments oriented to the augmentation of the host's immunity against melanoma have demonstrated excellent clinical results. This study was designed to improve the understanding of the mechanisms underlying melanoma regression and the differences between similar situations in benign melanocytic nevus. The study sample consisted of 77 lesions: 62 melanomas and 15 halo nevi. The following markers were included in the study: CD4, CD8, FoxP3, PD1, CD123, granzyme, and TIA-1. Staining was evaluated in 5 categories, according to the percentage of labeled cells. Granzyme, PD1, and TIA-1 stained significantly more cells in halo nevi than in melanomas with regression (P < 0.01). The ratio CD123/TIA-1 was higher in melanomas than in halo nevi (1 vs. 0.67, P < 0.05). Regression in the 62 melanomas was categorized as early in 14 cases and late in 48 cases. Early regression was associated with a higher percentage of CD123, CD4, and TIA-1 staining than late regression. The inflammatory infiltrate found in halo nevi is characterized by a higher number of active cytotoxic T cells and regulatory PD1-positive T cells than the infiltrate found in melanoma with regression. CD123 staining was higher in early regression than in late regression, suggesting the presence of a tolerogenic mechanism in this phenomenon's initiation phase.
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Martín J, Pinazo I, Mateo J, Escandell I, Jordá E, Monteagudo C. Evaluación de la regresión en melanomas primarios sucesivos. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2014; 105:768-73. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2014.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2013] [Revised: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
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Assessment of Regression in Successive Primary Melanomas. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.adengl.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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Abstract
Staging of cancer is a shorthand system of describing the extent of disease. Pathological staging, often called microstaging, uses the methods of histopathology to achieve this goal. Microstaging for melanoma utilizes attributes that are associated with outcome, generally in association with prognostic models that allow for estimation of survival rates, based on large groups of patients with similar tumors. Microstaging can be performed on primary tumors and to a lesser extent on metastases. Attributes that are important in microstaging in primary tumors include, in particular, those that are utilized in the AJCC/UICC staging system. These are, more or less in order of importance, Breslow's thickness, ulceration, and mitogenicity (the presence or absence of mitoses). Other attributes that have relevance to prognosis at least in some well-conducted studies include tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, lymphovascular invasion, perineural invasion, Clark's level of invasion, the presence or absence of vertical growth phase and of regression, and other attributes. The pathologic interpretation and significance of these "prognostic variables" are discussed in this chapter. In addition, prognostic models including the AJCC staging system are presented in some detail.
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Ribero S, Osella-Abate S, Sanlorenzo M, Savoia P, Astrua C, Cavaliere G, Tomasini C, Senetta R, Macripò G, Bernengo M, Quaglino P. Favourable prognostic role of regression of primary melanoma in AJCC stage I-II patients. Br J Dermatol 2013; 169:1240-5. [DOI: 10.1111/bjd.12586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Ribero
- Section of Dermatology; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; via Cherasco 23 10126 Turin Italy
- Section of Dermatologic Surgery; Department of Oncology and Haematology via Cherasco 23; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; 10126 Turin Italy
| | - S. Osella-Abate
- Section of Dermatology; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; via Cherasco 23 10126 Turin Italy
| | - M. Sanlorenzo
- Section of Dermatology; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; via Cherasco 23 10126 Turin Italy
| | - P. Savoia
- Section of Dermatology; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; via Cherasco 23 10126 Turin Italy
| | - C. Astrua
- Section of Dermatology; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; via Cherasco 23 10126 Turin Italy
| | - G. Cavaliere
- Section of Dermatology; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; via Cherasco 23 10126 Turin Italy
| | - C. Tomasini
- Division of Anatomic Pathology IV, via Cherasco; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; 23, 10126 Turin Italy
| | - R. Senetta
- Section of Surgical Pathology; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; via Cherasco 23 10126 Turin Italy
- Department of Laboratory Diagnostics; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino, via Santena 7; 10126 Turin Italy
| | - G. Macripò
- Section of Dermatologic Surgery; Department of Oncology and Haematology via Cherasco 23; AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza di Torino; 10126 Turin Italy
| | - M.G. Bernengo
- Section of Dermatology; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; via Cherasco 23 10126 Turin Italy
| | - P. Quaglino
- Section of Dermatology; Department of Medical Sciences; University of Turin; via Cherasco 23 10126 Turin Italy
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Abstract
OBJECTIVES To determine the rate and clinicopathologic factors predictive of sentinel lymph node (SLN) positivity, regional lymph node recurrence, and survival in a large series of patients with thin primary cutaneous melanoma who underwent SLN biopsy (SLNB). METHODS Patients with thin (≤1 mm) melanomas who underwent SLNB between 1992 and 2009 at Melanoma Institute Australia were identified from the Melanoma Institute Australia database. The association of clinicopathologic features with SLN status, lymph node recurrence, and survival was analyzed. RESULTS In 432 patients [226 men, 206 women; median age 49.5 years (range: 14.4-85.0 years)], SLNB was positive for metastatic melanoma in 29 (6.7%) patients. No SLN positivity was detected in 37 patients with primary tumor thickness 0.50 mm or less. Breslow thickness (P = 0.012) and presence of lymphovascular invasion (P = 0.018) were the only factors significantly associated with SLN positivity. Regional lymph node recurrence was significantly more common in tumors located in the head/neck region (4/33, 12%) than in extremities (3/245, 1.2%) and trunk (2/154, 1.3%) (P < 0.001). Primary tumor mitotic rate was a significant predictor of melanoma-specific survival (Hazard Ratio [HR] = 1.2, 95% confidence interval: 1.09-1.35, P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS There is a low but significant rate of SLN positivity in patients with primary melanomas 0.51 to 1.0 mm in thickness. Given its prognostic importance, SLNB should be considered in such patients, particularly if there is lymphatic permeation by melanoma at the primary tumor site. More frequent regional node field recurrences in patients with head/neck primary tumors may be a consequence of complex lymphatic drainage patterns in this region.
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Factores pronósticos en el melanoma cutáneo primario no incluidos en la clasificación de la American Joint Committee on Cancer (AJCC). ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011; 102:255-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ad.2011.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 01/20/2011] [Accepted: 01/27/2011] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
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Primary Cutaneous Melanoma: Prognostic Factors Not Included in the Classification of the American Joint Committee on Cancer. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/s1578-2190(11)70800-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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[Tumour regression is not predictive for higher risk of sentinel node involvement in thin melanomas (Breslow thickness < or = 1 mm)]. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2010; 137:276-80. [PMID: 20417360 DOI: 10.1016/j.annder.2010.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thin melanomas (Breslow thickness < or = 1 mm) are considered highly curable. The aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between histological tumour regression and sentinel lymph node (SLN) involvement in thin melanomas. PATIENTS AND METHODS This was a retrospective single-centre study of 34 patients with thin melanomas undergoing SLN biopsy between April 1998 and January 2005. RESULTS The study included 14 women and 20 men of mean age 56.3 years. Melanomas were located on the neck (n=3), soles (n=4), trunk (n=13) and extremities (n=14). Pathological examination showed 25 SSM, four acral lentiginous melanomas, three in situ melanomas, one nodular melanoma and one unclassified melanoma with a mean Breslow thickness of 0.57 mm. Histological tumour regression was observed in 26 over 34 cases and ulceration was found in one case. Clark levels were as follows: I (n=3), II (n=20), III (n=9), IV (n=2). Growth phase was available in 15 cases (seven radial and eight vertical). Mitotic rates, available in 24 cases, were: 0 (n=9), 1 (n=11), 2 (n=2), 3 (n=1), 6 (n=1). One patient with histological tumour regression (2.9% of cases and 3.8% of cases with regressing tumours) had a metastatic SLN. One patient negative for SLN had a lung relapse and died of the disease. Mean follow-up was 26.2 months. CONCLUSION The results of the present study and the analysis of the literature show that histological regression of the primary tumour does not seem predictive of higher risk of SLN involvement in thin melanomas. This suggests that screening for SLN is not indicated in thin melanomas, even those with histological regression.
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Kamino H, Tam S, Roses D, Toussaint S. Elastic fiber pattern in regressing melanoma: a histochemical and immunohistochemical study. J Cutan Pathol 2010; 37:723-9. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2010.01531.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Regresión en el melanoma: problemas en su definición e implicación pronóstica. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(09)72549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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King R, Hayzen BA, Page RN, Googe PB, Zeagler D, Mihm MC. Recurrent nevus phenomenon: a clinicopathologic study of 357 cases and histologic comparison with melanoma with regression. Mod Pathol 2009; 22:611-7. [PMID: 19270643 DOI: 10.1038/modpathol.2009.22] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Recurrent nevus phenomenon and regression in melanoma may have overlapping histologic features. The clinical findings and histologic changes in 357 cases of recurrent nevus phenomenon were compared with 34 cases of melanoma with regression. Regression was defined as (1) Early: dense lymphoid infiltrates replacing nests of melanocytes, (2) Intermediate: absence/ loss of tumor with replacement by mix of lymphocytes and melanophages and early fibrosis, and (3) Late: tumor absence with extensive fibrosis and telangiectasia, melanophages and epidermal effacement. Four broad histologic patterns of recurrent nevus were identified and classified into type 1: junctional melanocytic hyperplasia with effacement of the retiform epidermis and associated dermal scar, type 2: compound melanocytic proliferation with effacement of the retiform epidermis and associated dermal scar, type 3: junctional melanocytic hyperplasia with retention of the retiform epidermis, and type 4: compound melanocytic hyperplasia with retention of the retiform epidermis and scar. Melanomas with early and intermediate regression were recognizable due to the presence of residual melanoma. Melanomas with late regression had overlapping features of type 1 and 2 recurrent nevi. Type 3 recurrent nevi resembled primary melanoma with scar/fibrosis. Histologically, the vast majority of recurrent nevi are readily identifiable; however, partial biopsies or cases without prior knowledge of the original biopsy may lead to misdiagnosis. This is especially true in recurrent nevus and regression in malignant melanoma, where these two lesions share overlapping histologic features. Correlation with the clinical findings and prior biopsy will avoid these pitfalls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roy King
- Knoxville Dermatopathology Laboratory, Department of Pathology, University of Tennessee, Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville, TN 37919, USA.
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Warycha MA, Zakrzewski J, Ni Q, Shapiro RL, Berman RS, Pavlick AC, Polsky D, Mazumdar M, Osman I. Meta-analysis of sentinel lymph node positivity in thin melanoma (<or=1 mm). Cancer 2009; 115:869-79. [PMID: 19117354 PMCID: PMC3888103 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.24044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Despite the lack of an established survival benefit of sentinel lymph node (SLN) biopsy, this technique has been increasingly applied in the staging of thin ( METHODS MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane databases were searched for rates of SLN positivity in patients with thin melanoma. The methodologic quality of included studies was assessed using the Methodological Index for Non-Randomized Studies criteria. Heterogeneity was assessed using the Cochran Q statistic, and publication bias was examined through funnel plot and the Begg and Mazumdar method. Overall SLN positivity in thin melanoma patients was estimated using the DerSimonial-Laird random effect method. RESULTS Thirty-four studies comprising 3651 patients met inclusion criteria. The pooled SLN positivity rate was 5.6%. Significant heterogeneity among studies was detected (P = .005). There was no statistical evidence of publication bias (P = .21). Eighteen studies reported select clinical and histopathologic data limited to SLN-positive patients (n = 113). Among the tumors from these patients, 6.1% were ulcerated, 31.5% demonstrated regression, and 47.5% were Clark level IV/V. Only 4 melanoma-related deaths were reported. CONCLUSIONS Relatively few patients with thin melanoma have a positive SLN. To the authors' knowledge, there are no clinical or histopathologic criteria that can reliably identify thin melanoma patients who might benefit from this intervention. Given the increasing diagnosis of thin melanoma, in addition to the cost and potential morbidity of this procedure, alternative strategies to identify patients at risk for lymph node disease are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A. Warycha
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Jan Zakrzewski
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Quanhong Ni
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Richard L. Shapiro
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Russell S. Berman
- Department of Surgery, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Anna C. Pavlick
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - David Polsky
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Pathology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
| | - Madhu Mazumdar
- Division of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, Department of Public Health, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, New York, NY
| | - Iman Osman
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
- Department of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY
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Warycha MA, Christos PJ, Mazumdar M, Darvishian F, Shapiro RL, Berman RS, Pavlick AC, Kopf AW, Polsky D, Osman I. Changes in the presentation of nodular and superficial spreading melanomas over 35 years. Cancer 2009; 113:3341-8. [PMID: 18988292 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.23955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nodular melanoma (NM) may be biologically aggressive compared with the more common superficial spreading melanoma (SSM), with recent data suggesting underlying genetic differences between these 2 subtypes. To better define the clinical behavior of NMs, the authors compared their clinical and histopathologic features to those of SSMs at their institution, a tertiary referral center, over 3 decades. METHODS A total of 1,684 patients diagnosed with 1,734 melanomas were prospectively enrolled. Of these, 1,143 patients (69% SSM, 11% NM, 20% other) were diagnosed between 1972 and 1982; 541 patients (54% SSM, 23% NM, 23% other) were diagnosed between 2002 and the present. Differences between the features of NM and SSM within each time period as well as changes over time were analyzed. RESULTS The authors found that SSMs are now diagnosed as thinner lesions (P < .0001) with a low incidence of histologic ulceration (P < .0001), whereas there was no significant change in the median tumor thickness or ulceration status of NMs over time (P = .10, P = .30, respectively). The median age at diagnosis of NM, however, did significantly increase over time (51 years to 63 years, P < .01). The median duration of NMs was reported to be only 5 months compared with 9 months in SSM patients. CONCLUSIONS The authors' data suggest that improvements have been made in the early detection of SSM but not NM. Modifications of current screening practices, including increased surveillance of high-risk patients with an emphasis on the "E" for "evolution" criterion of the ABCDE acronym used for early detection of melanoma, are thus warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melanie A Warycha
- Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY 10016, USA
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41
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Carlson JA, Ross JS, Slominski AJ. New techniques in dermatopathology that help to diagnose and prognosticate melanoma. Clin Dermatol 2009; 27:75-102. [DOI: 10.1016/j.clindermatol.2008.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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42
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Fabrizi G, Pennacchia I, Pagliarello C, Massi G. Sclerosing nevus with pseudomelanomatous features. J Cutan Pathol 2008; 35:995-1002. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2007.00941.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Dunn GP, Lewis JS, Sunwoo JB, Uppaluri R. Spontaneous regression of cutaneous head and neck melanoma: implications for the immunologic control of neoplasia. Head Neck 2008; 30:267-72. [PMID: 17657794 DOI: 10.1002/hed.20701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spontaneous regression of cancer in the head and neck is a rare event. Moreover, there are rare reported cases of spontaneous regression of primary head and neck melanoma with accompanying immunohistochemical analysis of the tumor. METHODS We used detailed preoperative and postoperative pathologic examination of a lesion in the right supraclavicular region. RESULTS Pathologic examination of the initial specimen identified a melanoma of superficial spreading type with vertical growth and a thickness of 1.8 mm. The excised specimen demonstrated a complete regression of the melanoma with a florid host inflammatory response predominantly composed of a histiocytic reaction. CONCLUSION The case presented illustrates histopathologic findings occurring in a head and neck melanoma as it is undergoing spontaneous regression. These findings point to a potentially critical role for histiocytes in effecting tumor elimination. Pathologic analysis of spontaneous head and neck melanoma regression will ultimately facilitate an improved understanding of naturally-occurring tumor elimination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gavin P Dunn
- Department of Neurosurgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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44
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Paredes BE. [Regression in malignant melanoma. Definition, etiopathogenesis, morphology and differential diagnosis]. DER PATHOLOGE 2008; 28:453-63. [PMID: 17874109 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-007-0937-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Malignant melanoma is a neoplasm that more often tends to undergo regression. Clinically, variation in color is perhaps the most important hallmark of primary cutaneous melanoma. The change in color to white, off-white, blue-white and gray-white is a sign of (spontaneous) regression in malignant melanoma. Histopathologically the process starts with a dense lichenoid infiltrate of lymphocytes, and ends with fibrosis and/or melanosis within a thickened papillary dermis. The dense infiltrate of lymphocytes permeates the thin melanoma and destroys the atypical melanocytes in the epidermis and the papillary dermis. A key concern is how to define regression in a reproducible way. Using the following definition, a statistically significant risk of metastases can be demonstrated in thin melanomas (<1.0 mm) with extensive regression (>50%): "fibroplasia with an absence of epidermal and dermal involvement by melanoma cells, but allowing for (lentiginous) single-cell proliferation of atypical melanocytes along the dermo-epidermal junction".
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Paredes
- Dermatopathologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Siemensstrasse 6/1, 88048, Friedrichshafen.
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45
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Singh RS, Hafeez Diwan A, Prieto VG. Potential diagnostic pitfalls in melanoma arising in a cutaneous tattoo. Histopathology 2007; 51:283-5. [PMID: 17650221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2559.2007.02740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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46
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Alquier-Bouffard A, Franck F, Joubert-Zakeyh J, Barthélémy I, Mansard S, Ughetto S, Aublet-Cuvelier B, Déchelotte PJ, Mondié JM, Souteyrand P, D'incan M. Absence de valeur prédictive des signes de régression histologique sur l’envahissement du ganglion sentinelle. Ann Dermatol Venereol 2007; 134:521-5. [PMID: 17657177 DOI: 10.1016/s0151-9638(07)89262-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The predictive value of regression in melanoma is debated. AIM OF THE STUDY A retrospective single-centre study to evaluate the correlation between regression in primary skin tumor and the presence of micrometastases in sentinel lymph nodes. PATIENTS AND METHODS Histological signs of regression in 84 melanomas (>1 mm) with corresponding sentinel lymph nodes were studied by two independent pathologists. RESULTS Regression was seen in 40 skin melanoma tumors while micrometastasis was seen in 24. Of the tumors with micrometastasis, only 10 were regressive (RR: 0.47, p=0.49). Breslow value>2 mm and male sex were predictive for node micrometastasis (RR: 4.6, p=0.03 and RR: 7.6, p=0.006, respectively). On multivariate analysis, these two factors were independent. COMMENTS These data suggest that regression in primary cutaneous melanoma is not predictive for lymph node metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Alquier-Bouffard
- Service de Dermatologie, Université d'Auvergne Clermont-Ferrand 1, CHU, Hôtel-Dieu, Clermont-Ferrand
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Elder DE, Gimotty PA, Guerry D. Cutaneous melanoma: estimating survival and recurrence risk based on histopathologic features. Dermatol Ther 2005; 18:369-85. [PMID: 16297012 DOI: 10.1111/j.1529-8019.2005.00044.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The prognosis of melanoma is best understood in terms of a model of tumor progression, in which most melanomas may evolve through two major phases of progression: from a lesion that is nontumorigenic and has little or no capacity for metastasis; to a more advanced lesion that is tumorigenic and may have capacity for metastasis. The likelihood of metastasis varies with a number of attributes of the primary melanoma, including the phase of progression, the Breslow tumor thickness, mitotic rate, and host response to the tumorigenic compartment of the lesion, Clark's level of invasion, and other factors. When distant metastasis has occurred, the prognosis for the patient is very poor. In this monograph, the focus will be the discussion of factors related to the prognosis of melanomas that at diagnosis are clinically localized to the primary site.
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Affiliation(s)
- David E Elder
- Melanoma Program of the Abramson Cancer Center, Divison of Anatomic Pathology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, 19104, USA.
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Barnhill RL, Katzen J, Spatz A, Fine J, Berwick M. The importance of mitotic rate as a prognostic factor for localized cutaneous melanoma. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 32:268-73. [PMID: 15769275 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2005.00310.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tumor ulceration (TU) is considered the second most important prognostic factor after Breslow thickness for localized cutaneous malignant melanoma (CMM). However, many studies have not included mitotic rate (MR) with TU in these analyses. When both TU and MR are included in the same analysis, MR appears to be the more important than TU and TU loses its significance as an independent prognostic factor. METHODS The relative importance of TU and MR as prognostic factors in localized CMM were compared in a population-based series of 650 consecutive invasive CMM cases ascertained from the Connecticut tumor registry and reviewed by a single dermatopathologist (RLB), during the period between January 15, 1987 and May 15, 1989. Seventeen clinical and histopathological variables including tumor thickness measured in mm, TU recorded as present or absent, and MR recorded as number per mm(2) were included in an unconditional logistic regression model and selected for inclusion using a backward stepwise algorithm with death as an endpoint or at least five-years follow-up. RESULTS In the multivariate regression, the independent prognostic factors included: 1. tumor thickness in millimeters (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.3-1.9) 2. moderate mitotic index (between 1 and 6): (OR = 8.3, 95% CI 2.4-28.7), 3. mitotic index (>6): (OR = 11.6, 95% CI = 3.0-44.6), 4. solar elastosis: (inversely associated with mortality)(OR = 0.4, 95% CI = 0.2-8). After adjustment for MR, TU lost its significance. When MR was left out of the analysis, ulceration then became an independent prognostic factor. The model with ulceration only (excluding MR) showed a relative risk (RR) of 2.4 (95%CI: 1.1-5.1). In the model with MR only, MR had a RR of 14.5 (95% CI3.9-53.7). Finally, regression analysis including both TU and MR yielded an RR of 11.6 for MR and 1.7 for TU. CONCLUSIONS Our results suggest that MR as a proxy for tumor proliferation is a more important prognostic factor than TU.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raymond L Barnhill
- Department of Dermatology, George Washington University Medical Center, Washington, DC, USA.
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Rossi CR, Testori A, Mocellin S, Campana L, Lejeune F. Melanoma - what is new in sentinel node biopsy and locoregional treatments in 2003? Report of a workshop at the Third Research Meeting on Melanoma, Milan, Italy, May 2003. Melanoma Res 2004; 14:329-32. [PMID: 15457087 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200410000-00001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This paper reports on the scientific session on sentinel node biopsy, surgery and locoregional treatments that took place during the Third Research Meeting on Melanoma, Milan, Italy, held in May 2003. It provides an overview of contributions presented at the meeting grouped according to subject - ultrasound scanning, sentinel node biopsy, mini-invasive surgery and stop-flow limb perfusion. The main comments made by the respective rapporteurs are also summarized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Riccardo Rossi
- Università di Padova, Dipartimento di Scienze Oncologiche e Chirurgiche, Sezione di Clinica Chirurgica II, via Giustiniani, 2, 35128 Padova, Italy.
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Håkansson A, Håkansson L, Gustafsson B, Krysander L, Rettrup B, Ruiter D, Bernsen MR. On the effect of biochemotherapy in metastatic malignant melanoma: an immunopathological evaluation. Melanoma Res 2003; 13:401-7. [PMID: 12883367 DOI: 10.1097/00008390-200308000-00010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Although immunotherapy and biochemotherapy have shown promise, producing a subset of durable responses, for the majority of patients with metastatic melanoma the prognosis is still poor. Therefore there is a great need for predictive tests to identify patients with a high probability of responding. Furthermore, there is also a need for a better understanding of the mechanisms of action during treatment in order to be able to monitor the relevant antitumour reactivity during treatment and to optimize the efficacy of future immunotherapy and biochemotherapy. In the present study histopathological regression criteria were used to study the efficacy of biochemotherapy. Thirty-two patients with metastatic malignant melanoma (18 with regional disease and 14 with systemic disease) were treated with biochemotherapy (cisplatin 30 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1-3, dacarbazine 250 mg/m2 intravenously on days 1-3 and interferon-alpha2b 10 million IU subcutaneously 3 days a week, every 28 days). Pre-treatment fine needle aspirates were obtained from metastases to analyse the number of tumour-infiltrating CD4+ lymphocytes. Therapeutic efficacy was evaluated in metastases resected after treatment using histopathological criteria of tumour regression. Comparisons were also made with metastases from 17 untreated patients, all with regional disease. Regressive changes of 25% or more (of the section area) were found in two of the 17 untreated patients with regional disease compared with 13 of the 18 patients with regional disease and 10 of the 14 patients with systemic disease after biochemotherapy. Fifty per cent of the patients with regional disease showed a high degree of regressive changes (75-100% of the section area) after biochemotherapy. These results demonstrate the occurrence of an antitumour reactivity in the majority of patients. Patients with extensive regressive changes in 75-100% of the analysed biopsies were also found to have a longer overall survival (P = 0.019). In patients with regional disease there was a close correlation between a larger number of CD4+ lymphocytes pre-treatment and a higher degree of regressive changes post-treatment (P < 0.05). Thus, immunohistochemical analysis of tumour biopsies shortly after treatment seems to be a good surrogate endpoint. This technique also allows detailed analysis of antitumour reactivity and escape mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Håkansson
- Department of Oncology, Division of Clinical Tumour Immunology, Hand Surgery and Burns, University Hospital, Linköping, Sweden.
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