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Shanazarov N, Benberin V, Zinchenko S, Nalgieva F, Muratov N, Isahanova B, Tashpulatov T. Possibilities of Photodynamic Therapy in the Treatment of Multiple Cylindroma of the Scalp: The Clinical Case Study. ELECTRONIC JOURNAL OF GENERAL MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.29333/ejgm/11580] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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Cutaneous Adnexal Cylindroma of Breast: Epithelial Immunoreactivities for GATA-3, Mammaglobin, and E-Cadherin Do Not Equate to a Mammary Ductal Neoplasm. Case Rep Pathol 2018; 2018:4039545. [PMID: 29651355 PMCID: PMC5831977 DOI: 10.1155/2018/4039545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cylindromas are benign epithelial neoplasms derived from cutaneous eccrine adnexal structures. These tumors are most commonly encountered on the head, neck, and scalp of older women. In rare instances, solitary cylindromas may arise at other body sites. In the current case, a cylindroma of the skin of the breast was diagnosed by complete excision. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed the tumor cells to be immunoreactive with cytokeratin AE1/3, cytokeratin 5/6, cytokeratin 7, p63, and SOX10. The neoplastic cells were also noted to be immunoreactive with markers typically expected to be positive in ductal epithelium of the breast including GATA3, mammaglobin, and E-cadherin. The case emphasizes the importance of correlating clinical setting, imaging studies, patient history, and careful microscopic evaluation in arriving at an accurate diagnosis. This case also illustrates the point that not all “breast” tumors that are confirmed to be positive for GATA3, mammaglobin, and E-cadherin are derived from mammary ducts.
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Sellheyer K. Spiradenoma and cylindroma originate from the hair follicle bulge and not from the eccrine sweat gland: an immunohistochemical study with CD200 and other stem cell markers. J Cutan Pathol 2014; 42:90-101. [PMID: 25354097 DOI: 10.1111/cup.12406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Revised: 10/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Spiradenoma and cylindroma have historically been described as sweat gland tumors and have often been considered to be of eccrine lineage. However, (a) associations with trichoepitheliomas in Brooke-Spiegler syndrome or with trichoepitheliomas and milia in Rasmussen syndrome, (b) neoplastic combinations with hair follicle tumors in solitary cases, and (c) anatomical considerations support a folliculosebaceous-apocrine lineage. Follicular stem cell markers may allow for further characterization of these neoplasms. METHODS A total of 97 tumors were examined for the expression pattern of follicular stem cell markers cytokeratin 15 (CK15), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), pleckstrin homology-like domain, family A, member 1 (PHLDA1), and CD200. The tumors were comprised of 27 spiradenomas, 30 cylindromas, 16 hidradenomas, 19 poromas, 4 dermal duct tumors and 1 hidroacanthoma simplex. RESULTS All spiradenomas and cylindromas were CD200-positive whereas the other tumors classified as eccrine in lineage were all CD200-negative. CK15 also discriminated between spiradenomas and cylindromas and the remaining neoplasms but not to the degree of CD200. PHLDA1 and CK19 were noncontributory. CONCLUSIONS It is concluded that both spiradenoma and cylindroma are not eccrine but follicular tumors. More specifically, it is proposed that both adnexal neoplasms are derived from the hair follicle bulge and as such represent one of the least differentiated follicular tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Klaus Sellheyer
- Department of Dermatology, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland, OH, 44195, USA
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Primary cutaneous apocrine carcinoma versus metastasis, a plea to the dermatopathology community. Am J Dermatopathol 2011; 32:853-4. [PMID: 20431390 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3181bbc473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Missall TA, Burkemper NM, Jensen SL, Hurley MY. Immunohistochemical differentiation of four benign eccrine tumors. J Cutan Pathol 2009; 36:190-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.2008.00991.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Obaidat NA, Alsaad KO, Ghazarian D. Skin adnexal neoplasms--part 2: an approach to tumours of cutaneous sweat glands. J Clin Pathol 2007; 60:145-59. [PMID: 16882695 PMCID: PMC1860616 DOI: 10.1136/jcp.2006.041608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2006] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Tumours of cutaneous sweat glands are uncommon, with a wide histological spectrum, complex classification and many different terms often used to describe the same tumour. Furthermore, many eccrine/apocrine lesions coexist within hamartomas or within lesions with composite/mixed differentiation. In addition to the eccrine and apocrine glands, two other skin sweat glands have recently been described: the apoeccrine and the mammary-like glands of the anogenital area. In this review (the second of two articles on skin adnexal neoplasms), common as well as important benign and malignant lesions of cutaneous sweat glands are described, and a summary for differentiating primary adnexal neoplasms from metastatic carcinoma is outlined, striving to maintain a common and acceptable terminology in this complex subject. Composite/mixed adnexal tumours are also discussed briefly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nidal A Obaidat
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathobiology, University of Toronto and University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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Kutzner H, Requena L, Rütten A, Mentzel T. Spindle cell predominant trichodiscoma: a fibrofolliculoma/trichodiscoma variant considered formerly to be a neurofollicular hamartoma: a clinicopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of 17 cases. Am J Dermatopathol 2006; 28:1-8. [PMID: 16456317 DOI: 10.1097/01.dad.0000190773.79463.75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Seventeen solitary nasal tumors that fulfilled all diagnostic criteria of so-called neurofollicular hamartoma, apart from distinct S100-positivity, were compared histopathologically and immunohistochemically with seven typical trichodiscomas from a similar clinical setting. Both the S100-negative neurofollicular hamartoma-like tumors and the trichodiscomas expressed an identical CD13-positive/CD34-positive fibrocytic immunophenotype without co-expression of neural/perineural (S100, neurofilament, epithelial membrane antigen), myogenic (desmin, calponin, muscle-specific actin, and alpha-smooth muscle actin), or melanocytic (S100, HMB45, NKI/C3, MelanA) epitopes. Histopathologically, there was striking morphologic overlap between trichodiscoma and S100-negative neurofollicular hamartoma-like tumor, apart from a highly characteristic fascicularly organized cellular fibrocytic stroma in the latter. We conclude that fibrofolliculoma/trichodiscoma and neurofollicular hamartoma-like tumor are morphologic variants of a single hamartomatous entity in which neurofollicular hamartoma-like tumor occupies the cellular pole of the morphologic spectrum. The entity formerly known as neurofollicular hamartoma appears to be nothing but a particularly cellular trichodiscoma with a distinctively organized stroma composed of CD34-positive fibrocytes. We therefore propose the new term spindle cell predominant trichodiscoma (SCPT) for this particular variant of the morphologic fibrofolliculoma/trichodiscoma spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heinz Kutzner
- Dermatopathologische Gemeinschaftspraxis, Friedrichshafen, Germany.
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Massoumi R, Podda M, Fässler R, Paus R. Cylindroma as Tumor of Hair Follicle Origin. J Invest Dermatol 2006; 126:1182-4. [PMID: 16484982 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jid.5700218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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Albores-Saavedra J, Heard SC, McLaren B, Kamino H, Witkiewicz AK. Cylindroma (Dermal Analog Tumor) of the Breast. Am J Clin Pathol 2005. [DOI: 10.1309/crwua3k0mpqhqc4w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichodiscomas are rare hamartomas of the dermal portion of the hair disc, a specialized component of the perifollicular mesenchyme. They are usually found as asymptomatic multiple skin-colored papules on the face and extremities and may have an autosomal dominant inheritance pattern. However, a solitary variant has been described. CASE REPORT A 78-year-old woman presented with a single, non-pigmented, firm papule on the left tip of the nose, measuring 3.5 mm in diameter. RESULTS The histological examination revealed the previously described features of a trichodiscoma. The immunohistochemical analysis showed strong immunoreactivity for CD34 in the spindle cell component. Spindle cells were negative for S-100, HMB-45, Melan-A, EMA, neurofilament, desmin, and Factor XIIIa by immunohistochemistry. CONCLUSIONS We report strong reactivity for CD34 in the spindle cell component of a trichodiscoma. We suggest that this lesion be considered in the differential diagnosis of any CD34+ dermal spindle cell proliferation, in which an adjacent epithelial component cannot be entirely excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Chartier
- Department of Dermatology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Dowling South, 263 Farmington Avenue, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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Nonaka D, Rosai J, Spagnolo D, Fiaccavento S, Bisceglia M. Cylindroma of the Breast of Skin Adnexal Type. Am J Surg Pathol 2004; 28:1070-5. [PMID: 15252315 DOI: 10.1097/01.pas.0000126774.27698.27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Four cases of solitary cylindroma of the breast of skin adnexal type are described. The tumors were morphologically and immunophenotypically identical to their dermal counterparts. They arose in close proximity to the nipple, such as the retroareolar area of the breast and in intimate association with the lactiferous ducts, suggesting an origin from the latter structures. One case occurred in a woman with hereditary multiple cylindromatosis (Brooke-Spiegler syndrome). This is the second reported case of this hereditary syndrome with extracutaneous manifestations and the first case in which the breast is involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daisuke Nonaka
- Department of Pathology, National Cancer Institute, Via G. Venezian 1, 20133 Milan, Italy.
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Tricoepitelioma múltiple familiar asociado a cilindroma y espiradenoma. Síndrome de Brooke-Spiegler. ACTAS DERMO-SIFILIOGRAFICAS 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s0001-7310(02)76568-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
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Nakayama H, Enzan H, Miyazaki E, Moriki T, Toi M, Zhang Y. CD34-positive stromal cells and alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive stromal cells in the tumor capsule of skin sweat gland neoplasms. Pathol Int 2002; 52:25-30. [PMID: 11940203 DOI: 10.1046/j.1440-1827.2002.01317.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
To elucidate the roles of CD34-positive stromal cells and alpha-smooth muscle actin-positive stromal cells at the tumor border of skin sweat gland neoplasms, we examined expression of stromal cell markers in the tumor capsule of 19 skin sweat gland neoplasms (16 mixed tumors of the skin and three nodular hidradenomas) using monoclonal antibodies to CD34, CD31, cytokeratin 14 (CK14), alpha-smooth muscle actin (ASMA) and high molecular weight caldesmon (HCD). We regarded CD34-positive, CD31-, CK14-, ASMA- and HCD-negative stromal cells to be CD34-positive stromal cells, and ASMA-positive, HCD-, CK14-, CD34- and CD31-negative stromal cells to be ASMA-positive stromal cells. CD34-positive stromal cells were detected in the tumor capsule of all 19 of the tumors examined. In nine of the 16 mixed tumors (56%) and all of the three nodular hidradenomas, ASMA-positive stromal cells were detected at the immediate inner side of the CD34-positive stromal cell layers. These results indicate that cellular components in the tumor capsules of mixed tumors of the skin and nodular hidradenomas are CD34-positive stromal cells and ASMA-positive stromal cells, and suggest that stromal cells of these two cell types are associated with tumor capsule formation of skin sweat gland neoplasms.
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Gokaslan ST, Carlile B, Dudak M, Albores-Saavedra J. Solitary cylindroma (dermal analog tumor) of the breast: a previously undescribed neoplasm at this site. Am J Surg Pathol 2001; 25:823-6. [PMID: 11395563 DOI: 10.1097/00000478-200106000-00017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The authors report a previously undescribed small, well-demarcated breast tumor similar to a dermal cylindroma in a 63-year-old woman. The tumor was an incidental finding in a lumpectomy specimen for infiltrating lobular carcinoma. The cylindroma was surrounded by normal-appearing breast parenchyma and had the typical "jigsaw" pattern of epithelial basaloid islands. The islands showed focal squamous and myoepithelial differentiation. A notable number of reactive dendritic Langerhans cells permeated the epithelial cell islands, a feature considered to be characteristic of dermal cylindroma. There was also ductal differentiation. Thick bands of hyaline periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) stain and collagen IV-positive basement membrane material bordered the cell islands, and PAS-collagen IV-positive hyaline globules were seen within the cell islands. There was no nuclear pleomorphism or mitotic figures. The cylindroma did not express gross cystic disease fluid protein 15, carcinoembryonic antigen, estrogen and progesterone receptors, or cytokeratin 20 (CK20). There was diffuse and strong immunoreactivity to CK AE1/AE3, and focal reactivity for CK7 and smooth muscle actin. Cylindroma of the breast should be distinguished from adenoid cystic carcinoma and basal cell carcinoma. Although clearly epithelial, the exact histogenesis and cell phenotype of this unusual dermal type cylindroma of the breast are unknown.
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Affiliation(s)
- S T Gokaslan
- Department of Pathology, Division of Anatomic Pathology, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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Soma L, LiVolsi VA, Baloch ZW. Dendritic interstitial and myofibroblastic cells at the border of salivary gland tumors. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2001; 125:232-6. [PMID: 11175641 DOI: 10.5858/2001-125-0232-diamca] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE CD34-positive dendritic interstitial cells may be associated with the regulation of tumor growth. This association has been studied in various human neoplasms, especially skin tumors. In this study, we evaluated the distribution of dendritic interstitial cells and myofibroblastic cells at the tumor periphery of various benign and malignant salivary gland neoplasms. METHODS Forty-nine cases of salivary gland tumors were selected: 16 pleomorphic adenomas, 12 Warthin tumors, 8 polymorphous low-grade tumors, 5 adenoid cystic carcinomas, 6 acinic cell carcinomas, and 2 mucoepidermoid carcinomas. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed by using antibodies for CD34 (dendritic cells) and alpha-smooth muscle actin (myofibroblast) on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded archival tissue. Staining intensity was graded as marked (3+), moderate (2+), weak (1+), and absent (0). RESULTS Staining intensity for CD34 was 3+ in 24 (86%) of 28 benign tumors (pleomorphic adenomas and Warthin tumors) and 6 (29%) of 21 malignant tumors (polymorphous low-grade tumors, acinic cell carcinomas, adenoid cystic carcinomas, and mucoepidermoid carcinomas) and 2+ in 4 (19%) of 21 malignant tumors. None of the benign tumors displayed 2+ staining with CD34. Three (11%) of 28 benign and 11 (52%) of 21 of malignant tumors failed to stain with CD34. alpha-Smooth muscle actin staining was 3+ in 10 (36%) of 28 benign tumors and 6 (29%) of 21 malignant tumors, and 2+ in 11 (39%) of 28 benign and 2 (9%) of 21 malignant tumors. Five (18%) of 28 benign and 11 (52%) of 21 malignant tumors failed to stain with alpha-smooth muscle actin. CONCLUSION We conclude that the dendritic interstitial cells and myofibroblastic cells may be associated with the regulation of tumor growth in salivary gland tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Soma
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Medical Center, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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Abstract
Antibodies reactive with S100 protein are useful markers in a diagnostic immunohistochemistry laboratory dealing with cutaneous tumors. However, S100 protein is not a single protein but instead a group of S100 proteins with diverse functions. S100 proteins constitute a family of acidic calcium-binding proteins that are important in intracellular calcium metabolism. Recent evidence that some S100 proteins are secreted makes it likely that they are also involved in cell-cell interactions. The exploration of the status of the different members of the S100 family may yield not only diagnostic clues but also relevant functional information about the cells. Considerable recent progress has been made in our understanding of S100 proteins. This review surveys some of these findings that may be either directly or indirectly relevant to cutaneous pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- N S McNutt
- Department of Pathology, New York Presbyterian Hospital-Cornell University Medical Center, New York 10021, USA
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Ishihara M, Mehregan DR, Hashimoto K, Yotsumoto S, Toi Y, Pietruk T, Mehregan AH, Mehregan DA. Staining of eccrine and apocrine neoplasms and metastatic adenocarcinoma with IKH-4, a monoclonal antibody specific for the eccrine gland. J Cutan Pathol 1998; 25:100-5. [PMID: 9521499 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1998.tb01697.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The histogenesis of apocrine and eccrine neoplasms has always interested dermatopathologists. In addition, the histologic differential diagnosis of eccrine carcinoma from metastatic adenocarcinoma is of practical importance. We describe a novel monoclonal antibody IKH-4 which stains the eccrine secretory coil, but not the apocrine secretory segment. Positive staining was observed in eccrine hidradenoma, eccrine poroma, eccrine spiradenoma, papillary eccrine adenoma, eccrine hidrocystoma, syringoma, eccrine carcinoma, and in 1 case of syringocystadenoma papilliferum. Negative staining was observed in apocrine adenocarcinoma, hidradenoma papilliferum, erosive adenomatosis of the nipple, and primary and metastatic adenocarcinomas. IKH-4 antibody was useful in differentiating eccrine from apocrine neoplasms and in differentiating eccrine carcinoma from metastatic adenocarcinomas.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Ishihara
- Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, Michigan, USA
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Meybehm M, Fischer HP. Spiradenoma and dermal cylindroma: comparative immunohistochemical analysis and histogenetic considerations. Am J Dermatopathol 1997; 19:154-61. [PMID: 9129700 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199704000-00009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We carried out an immunohistochemical analysis of nine spiradenomas and seven cylindromas. Our findings underscore the histomorphological similarities of the two adnexal neoplasms-namely, the expression of S-100 protein ascribed to eccrine differentiation within the tubular and large, pale-staining cells of both entities. Human milk fat globulin (HMFG) and lysozyme, two markers associated with apocrine differentiation, are expressed by tubular cells in spiradenomas and cylindromas. Lysozyme is also expressed in cylindromas by large, pale-staining cells. In addition, antibodies to alpha-smooth muscle actin strongly characterized the small basaloid cells of both types of neoplasm. Both spiradenomas and cylindromas expressed identical cytokeratin patterns. As with the various regions of eccrine and apocrine units, the expression by spiradenomas and cylindromas of keratins 7, 8, and 18 indicates differentiation toward the secretory tissue, whereas the expression of keratin 14 in some of the neoplastic cells points toward ductal differentiation. Malformed ductal and glandular structures in continuity with evolving spiradenomas and cylindromas in two of our cases also suggest that these tumors might arise from abortive adenxal anlagen.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Meybehm
- Department of Pathology, University of Bonn, F.R.G
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19
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Cohen PR, Rapini RP, Farhood AI. Dermatopathologic advances in clinical research. The expression of antibody to CD34 in mucocutaneous lesions. off. Dermatol Clin 1997; 15:159-76. [PMID: 9001869 DOI: 10.1016/s0733-8635(05)70423-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The human progenitor cell antigen, CD34, is selectively expressed in most hematopoietic colony-forming cells from normal human bone marrow, and in a significant proportion of acute leukemias. Within the dermis, CD34 is normally expressed by endothelial cells, dendritic cells, and the spindle-shaped cells around adnexal structures. Benign and malignant vascular lesions, adnexal tumors differentiating toward the external root sheath (trichilemmomas and pilar tumors), specific benign soft tissue tumors (spindle cell lipoma and solitary fibrous tumors), and many of the gastrointestinal stromal tumors uniformly express CD34 antigen. CD34 expression is also often present in benign tumors of neural origin; however, it is less consistently present in malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Cohen
- Department of Dermatology, University of Texas-Houston Medical School, USA
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Fernández-Figueras MT, Puig L, Ariza A, Calatrava A, Fuente MJ, Ferrándiz C. CD44 distribution in sweat gland tumors suggests it has different functional roles in the various cell types. Am J Dermatopathol 1996; 18:483-9. [PMID: 8902095 DOI: 10.1097/00000372-199610000-00007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CD44 is a polymorphic group of membrane glycoproteins with multiple functions that include cell adhesion. Since on normal sweat glands CD44 is expressed only in eccrine coil secretory cells, it has been considered as a possible marker of this type of differentiation. We have immunohistochemically investigated the distribution of CD44 in paraffin-embedded samples of 41 benign and malignant sweat gland tumors by using a monoclonal antibody directed against the standard isoform of CD44. CD44 was strongly expressed in epithelial cells at the peripheral row of syringomas and in cuticular areas of eccrine poromas. Apocrine tumors such as apocrine hidrocystoma, syringocystadenoma papilliferum, or hidradenoma papilliferum showed intense CD44 positivity in the portion of cells in contact with the neighboring stroma and focally on the luminal side of cells with apocrine secretion. Cylindromas and spiradenomas presented focal CD44 positivity, virtually limited to clear cells. Malignant neoplasms exhibited irregular CD44 staining, which was more intense in the less differentiated zones and tumors. Our results indicate that CD44 is not a useful marker for a specific form of sweat gland differentiation. Nevertheless, its characteristic patterns of distribution might reflect the variety of functional roles assumed by the different CD44 isoforms in each epithelial cell.
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Herold-Mende C, Seiter S, Born AI, Patzelt E, Schupp M, Zöller J, Bosch FX, Zöller M. Expression of CD44 splice variants in squamous epithelia and squamous cell carcinomas of the head and neck. J Pathol 1996; 179:66-73. [PMID: 8691348 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1096-9896(199605)179:1<66::aid-path544>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
Splice variants of the adhesion molecule CD44 have been described as essential for the lymphatic spread of rat tumour cells and are claimed to be involved in the metastatic spread of several human tumours. Immunohistochemistry has been used to analyse the expression pattern of CD44 standard (CD44s) and variant (CD44v) isoforms in normal and dysplastic squamous epithelia, as well as in primary and metastatic squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), which spread predominantly by way of the lymphatic system. Frozen sections of squamous epithelia and of squamous cell carcinomas were stained with a panel of monoclonal antibodies recognizing epitopes of CD44s as well as of the variant exons v5, v6, v7, v7-v8, and v10. The stratum basale and stratum suprabasale of squamous epithelia stained with all antibodies; the stratum spinosum stained with anti-CD44v5, anti-CD44v6, anti-CD44v7-8 and anti-CD44v10; the lower layers of the stratum corneum stained with anti-CD44v5. This expression profile was seen in epithelia of the lip, the tongue, the gingiva, the hard palate, the floor of the mouth, the buccal mucosa, and the pharynx. The same pattern of expression was also noted in dysplastic epithelia, but expression of the variant exons v7, v8, and v10 was significantly downregulated in primary squamous cell carcinomas and was not detected at all in the majority of metastasis-derived specimens. Expression of CD44v5 and CD44v6, on the other hand, was mainly unaltered. Thus, epithelial cell layers representing different stages of differentiation express distinct sets of CD44 variant isoforms, where especially exons v8-v10 might be required for the maintenance of the structural integrity of squamous epithelium. Downregulation of these exons on tumour cells could indicate that they are irrelevant for tumour progression or may even hamper infiltration of surrounding tissue or of lymphatics.
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Abstract
Multiple dermal cylindromas on the scalp and back and eccrine spiradenoma on the face of a 59 year old woman are described. A case for a common origin is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M W Lee
- Dermatology Unit, Alfred Hospital, Prahran, Victoria, Australia
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Zöller M. Joint features of metastasis formation and lymphocyte maturation and activation. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1996; 213 ( Pt 1):215-47. [PMID: 8814989 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-61107-0_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Zöller
- Department of Tumor Progression and Immune Defense, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Demirkesen C, Hoede N, Moll R. Epithelial markers and differentiation in adnexal neoplasms of the skin: an immunohistochemical study including individual cytokeratins. J Cutan Pathol 1995; 22:518-35. [PMID: 8835171 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0560.1995.tb01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Applying immunohistochemical procedures for the detection of eight different cytokeratin (CK) polypeptides and other differentiation markers, we compared the staining patterns of normal cutaneous structures with those of benign adnexal tumors (n = 65). Syringomas exhibited a marker pattern highly reminiscent of that seen in normal dermal eccrine ducts (EMA in peripheral cells, CK 10 in intermediate cells, and CK 6, CK 19, and CEA in luminal cells). Nodular hidradenomas exhibited complex patterns suggesting relationship between tumor cells, including clear cells, and normal secretory coil cells (CK 7, CK 8, CK 19, and EMA); however, dermal-duct and epidermoid differentiation were also detectable. In both cylindromas and spiradenomas, zonal staining patterns were apparent: modified myoepithelial cells were positive for smooth-muscle-type actin, while the luminal cells mainly expressed ductal markers (CK 6 and CK 19) and, less prominently, secretory-coil markers including CK 7. Eccrine poromas exhibited a widespread reaction for CK 5/6 and EMA, analogous to peripheral dermal duct cells, but focal maturation toward inner-ductal and secretory-coil cells was also demonstrable. The staining pattern observed in trichoepitheliomas resembled that of the outer but not the inner root sheath. In conclusion, the detailed marker profiles obtained in the present study have broadened our understanding of the differentiation and nature of these highly singular tumor types.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Demirkesen
- Department of Dermatology, Medical School of the University of Mainz, Germany
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Zöller M. CD44: physiological expression of distinct isoforms as evidence for organ-specific metastasis formation. J Mol Med (Berl) 1995; 73:425-38. [PMID: 8528746 DOI: 10.1007/bf00202261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Continuous progress has been achieved during recent decades in the therapy of metastasizing malignancies by improving chemotherapeutic strategies and new approaches in radiation therapy. Genetic manipulation of tumor cells and of the tumor fighting immune system is hoped to add significant contributions to curative interventions in disseminated tumors. That we are still far from eradicating death by malignant growth is due ultimately to our limited understanding of the cascade of events resulting in metastasis formation, which until recently was believed to rely on multiple rounds of mutation and selection processes. This implies an individually specific history of each metastatic tumor, which would rule out uniform diagnostic and therapeutic concepts. When it was noted in a rat tumor model that the transfer of cDNA of a single gene, a CD44 variant isoform (CD44v) covering the exons v4-v7, sufficed to initiate metastasis formation of a locally growing tumor, hope was created that a "metastogene" may have been identified. Although the idea of CD44v expression as a unifying concept for tumor progression was not sustained, the discovery of CD44v-initiated metastatic spread allowed a conceptually new hypothesis on tumor progression as a consequence of the reactivation of genetic programs of ontogeny, stem cell differentiation, and/or lymphocyte activation. Since distinct CD44 isoforms play an important role in these processes, unraveling the functions of this family of molecules can indeed provide a cornerstone in the understanding of tumor progression. This article summarizes briefly the present knowledge on known functions of CD44 isoforms with particular focus on parallels between physiological programs and tumor progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Zöller
- Department of Tumor Progression and Immune Defense, German Cancer Research Center, Heidelberg, Germany
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Affiliation(s)
- A Berke
- Division of Dermatology/Dermatopathology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington 06030
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