1
|
Hedayati M, Garousi B, Rezaei Z, Nazerian Y, Yassaghi Y, Tavasol A, Zanjanbar DB, Sharifpour S, Golestani A, Bolideei M, Maleki F. Identifying SCC Lesions Capable of Spontaneous Regression by Using Immunohistochemistry: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Dermatol Pract Concept 2024; 14:dpc.1402a47. [PMID: 38810039 PMCID: PMC11135932 DOI: 10.5826/dpc.1402a47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/01/2023] [Indexed: 05/31/2024] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Keratoacanthoma (KA) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) are two cutaneous conditions with morphological resemblance, which can complicate the diagnosis in some cases. Using immunohistochemistry staining of biomarkers could be beneficial in resolving this obstacle. OBJECTIVES We investigated a variety of biomarkers assessed in different studies in order to find the most important and helpful biomarkers for differentiation between SCC and lesions capable of spontaneous regression. METHODS MEDLINE via PubMed and Google Scholar database were used to identify relevant literature up to 15 June 2022. The aim of our analyses was to determine the capability of biomarkers to distinguish between SCC and lesions capable of spontaneous regression using calculated individual and pooled odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) and I2 tests. RESULTS Six potential biomarkers were CD10 with pooled OR= 0.006 (95% CI: 0.001-0.057) and I2=0%; COX-2 with pooled OR=0.089 (95% CI: 0.029-0.269) and I2=17.1%; elastic fibers with pooled OR= 6.69 (95% CI: 2.928-15.281) and I2=0%; IMP-3 with pooled OR=0.145 (95% CI: 0.021-1.001) and I2=44.5%; P53 with pooled OR=0.371 (95% CI: 0.188-0.733) and I2=55.9%; AT1R with OR=0.026 (95% CI: 0.006-0.107). CONCLUSIONS We suggest the utilization of the following IHC biomarkers for discrimination between lesions with spontaneous regression such as KA and SCC: CD10, COX-2, and elastic fibers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Behzad Garousi
- Department of Pathology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | - Yasaman Nazerian
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Younes Yassaghi
- School of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Arian Tavasol
- Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Dorsa Bahrami Zanjanbar
- Pharmaceutical Science Research Center, Tehran Medical Sciences, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
| | | | - Amir Golestani
- Students Research Committee, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mansoor Bolideei
- The Center for Biomedical Research, Ministry of Education and Ministry of Health, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology Wuhan, China
| | - Farajolah Maleki
- Non-Communicable Diseases Research Center, Ilam University of Medical Sciences, Ilam, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Xing J, Chen M, Han Y. Multiple datasets to explore the tumor microenvironment of cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma. MATHEMATICAL BIOSCIENCES AND ENGINEERING : MBE 2022; 19:5905-5924. [PMID: 35603384 DOI: 10.3934/mbe.2022276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is one of the most frequent types of cutaneous cancer. The composition and heterogeneity of the tumor microenvironment significantly impact patient prognosis and the ability to practice precision therapy. However, no research has been conducted to examine the design of the tumor microenvironment and its interactions with cSCC. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrieved the datasets GSE42677 and GSE45164 from the GEO public database, integrated them, and analyzed them using the SVA method. We then screened the core genes using the WGCNA network and LASSO regression and checked the model's stability using the ROC curve. Finally, we performed enrichment and correlation analyses on the core genes. RESULTS We identified four genes as core cSCC genes: DTYMK, CDCA8, PTTG1 and MAD2L1, and discovered that RORA, RORB and RORC were the primary regulators in the gene set. The GO semantic similarity analysis results indicated that CDCA8 and PTTG1 were the two most essential genes among the four core genes. The results of correlation analysis demonstrated that PTTG1 and HLA-DMA, CDCA8 and HLA-DQB2 were significantly correlated. CONCLUSIONS Examining the expression levels of four primary genes in cSCC aids in our understanding of the disease's pathophysiology. Additionally, the core genes were found to be highly related with immune regulatory genes, suggesting novel avenues for cSCC prevention and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiahua Xing
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Muzi Chen
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Yan Han
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, The First Medical Center, Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Amôr NG, Santos PSDS, Campanelli AP. The Tumor Microenvironment in SCC: Mechanisms and Therapeutic Opportunities. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:636544. [PMID: 33634137 PMCID: PMC7900131 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.636544] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2020] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is the second most common skin cancer worldwide and, despite the relatively easy visualization of the tumor in the clinic, a sizeable number of SCC patients are diagnosed at advanced stages with local invasion and distant metastatic lesions. In the last decade, immunotherapy has emerged as the fourth pillar in cancer therapy via the targeting of immune checkpoint molecules such as programmed cell-death protein-1 (PD-1), programmed cell death ligand-1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4). FDA-approved monoclonal antibodies directed against these immune targets have provide survival benefit in a growing list of cancer types. Currently, there are two immunotherapy drugs available for cutaneous SCC: cemiplimab and pembrolizumab; both monoclonal antibodies (mAb) that block PD-1 thereby promoting T-cell activation and/or function. However, the success rate of these checkpoint inhibitors currently remains around 50%, which means that half of the patients with advanced SCC experience no benefit from this treatment. This review will highlight the mechanisms by which the immune checkpoint molecules regulate the tumor microenvironment (TME), as well as the ongoing clinical trials that are employing single or combinatory therapeutic approaches for SCC immunotherapy. We also discuss the regulation of additional pathways that might promote superior therapeutic efficacy, and consequently provide increased survival for those patients that do not benefit from the current checkpoint inhibitor therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nádia Ghinelli Amôr
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Paulo Sérgio da Silva Santos
- Department of Surgery, Stomatology, Pathology, and Radiology, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula Campanelli
- Department of Biological Sciences, Bauru School of Dentistry, University of São Paulo, Bauru, Brazil
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Novel Concepts: Langerhans Cells in the Tumour Microenvironment. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2021; 1273:147-158. [PMID: 33119880 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49270-0_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/12/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are immune cells that reside in the stratified epithelium of the skin and mucosal membranes. They play a range of roles in the skin, including antigen presentation and maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Reports of LC numbers have been variable in different cancer types, with the majority of studies indicating a reduction in their number. Changes in the cytokine profile and other secreted molecules, downregulation of surface molecules on cells and hypoxia all contribute to the regulation of LCs in the tumour microenvironment. Functionally, LCs have been reported to regulate immunity and carcinogenesis in different cancer types. An improved understanding of the function and biology of LCs in tumours is essential knowledge that underpins the development of new cancer immunotherapies.
Collapse
|
5
|
Attrill GH, Ferguson PM, Palendira U, Long GV, Wilmott JS, Scolyer RA. The tumour immune landscape and its implications in cutaneous melanoma. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2020; 34:529-549. [PMID: 32939993 DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Revised: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 08/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The field of tumour immunology has rapidly advanced in the last decade, leading to the advent of effective immunotherapies for patients with advanced cancers. This highlights the critical role of the immune system in determining tumour development and outcome. The tumour immune microenvironment (TIME) is highly heterogeneous, and the interactions between tumours and the immune system are vastly complex. Studying immune cell function in the TIME will provide an improved understanding of the mechanisms underpinning these interactions. This review examines the role of immune cell populations in the TIME based on their phenotype, function and localisation, as well as contextualising their position in the dynamic relationship between tumours and the immune system. We discuss the function of immune cell populations, examine their impact on patient outcome and highlight gaps in current understanding of their roles in the TIME, both in cancers in general and specifically in melanoma. Studying the TIME by evaluating both pro-tumour and anti-tumour effects may elucidate the conditions which lead to tumour growth and metastasis or immune-mediated tumour regression. Moreover, an in-depth understanding of these conditions could contribute to improved prognostication, more effective use of current immunotherapies and guide the development of novel treatment strategies and therapies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Grace H Attrill
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Peter M Ferguson
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| | - Umaimainthan Palendira
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Discipline of Infectious Diseases and Immunology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Georgina V Long
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Mater and North Shore Hospitals, Sydney, Australia
| | - James S Wilmott
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Richard A Scolyer
- Melanoma Institute Australia, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.,Department of Tissue Pathology and Diagnostic Oncology, Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and New South Wales Health Pathology, Sydney, Australia
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Horev Y, Salameh R, Nassar M, Capucha T, Saba Y, Barel O, Zubeidat K, Matanes D, Leibovich A, Heyman O, Eli-Berchoer L, Hanhan S, Betser-Cohen G, Shapiro H, Elinav E, Bercovier H, Wilensky A, Hovav AH. Niche rather than origin dysregulates mucosal Langerhans cells development in aged mice. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:767-776. [PMID: 32457449 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-020-0301-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Unlike epidermal Langerhans cells (LCs) that originate from embryonic precursors and are self-renewed locally, mucosal LCs arise and are replaced by circulating bone marrow (BM) precursors throughout life. While the unique lifecycle of epidermal LCs is associated with an age-dependent decrease in their numbers, whether and how aging has an impact on mucosal LCs remains unclear. Focusing on gingival LCs we found that mucosal LCs are reduced with age but exhibit altered morphology with that observed in aged epidermal LCs. The reduction of gingival but not epidermal LCs in aged mice was microbiota-dependent; nevertheless, the impact of the microbiota on gingival LCs was indirect. We next compared the ability of young and aged BM precursors to differentiate to mucosal LCs. Mixed BM chimeras, as well as differentiation cultures, demonstrated that aged BM has intact if not superior capacity to differentiate into LCs than young BM. This was in line with the higher percentages of mucosal LC precursors, pre-DCs, and monocytes, detected in aged BM. These findings suggest that while aging is associated with reduced LC numbers, the niche rather than the origin controls this process in mucosal barriers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yael Horev
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.,Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Rana Salameh
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Maria Nassar
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Tal Capucha
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Yasmin Saba
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Or Barel
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Khaled Zubeidat
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Daniela Matanes
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Amit Leibovich
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Oded Heyman
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Luba Eli-Berchoer
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Salem Hanhan
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Gili Betser-Cohen
- The Lautenberg Center for Immunology and Cancer Research, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Hagit Shapiro
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Eran Elinav
- Department of Immunology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - Herve Bercovier
- Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Asaf Wilensky
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel.
| | - Avi-Hai Hovav
- The Institute of Dental Sciences, Faculty of Dental Medicine, Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Density of Langerhans Cells in Nonmelanoma Skin Cancers: A Systematic Review. Mediators Inflamm 2020; 2020:8745863. [PMID: 32377167 PMCID: PMC7187722 DOI: 10.1155/2020/8745863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 04/03/2020] [Accepted: 04/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (DCs) that represent 2-3% of the entire cell population of the human skin, known to have an ability to present antigens to T lymphocytes. Moreover, there is evidence that LCs are probably capable of inducing the local cytotoxic type T-cell-mediated response against the tumour-associated antigens. In the past two decades, a dramatic increase has been noted in the incidence of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The purpose of this study was to critically assess the results of available studies quantitatively assessing the LCs in nonmelanoma skin cancers and try to establish a conclusion of its possible impact on their future treatment. The PubMed, EMBASE, and the Web of Science databases were searched, which returned 948 citations. After a thorough analysis of full article texts, 30 studies have been chosen, including 11 of the BCC, 12 of the SCC specimens, and 7 analysing both tumour types. There was an overall trend towards slightly higher numbers of LCs in BCC than in SCC; however, these tendencies were discrepant between the studies. We presume that such differences could be caused by various staining techniques with a broad spectrum of specificity, including anti-S100, anti-CD1a, and ATPase activity staining used for LCs identification. We hypothesise that as there is a high inconsistency between the results of the studies, as far as the densities of LCs observed in the specimens are concerned, it seems that the mechanism of the influence of LCs on the antitumoural immune response is complicated. Finally, as at present, there is a paucity of available risk scores for the recurrence or progression of BCC or SCC, the creation of classification stratifying that risk including the density of LCs could bring additional information both for the physician and the patient.
Collapse
|
8
|
Huang X, He C, Lin G, Lu L, Xing K, Hua X, Sun S, Mao Y, Song Y, Wang J, Li S. Induced CD10 expression during monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation identifies a unique subset of macrophages in pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 524:1064-1071. [PMID: 32070494 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.02.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Tumor associated macrophages (TAMs) promoted pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) initiation and progression. In this study we aimed to evaluate CD10 expression by monocytes/macrophages and its clinical significance in PDAC. METHODS Human CD14+ peripheral blood monocytes were isolated and cultured for 6-7 days to differentiate into macrophages in vitro. Monocytic THP-1 cells were cultured and treated with 100 ng/ml phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 72 h to induce macrophage differentiation. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR, immunohistochemistry, immunofluorescence, multiplex immunohistochemical staining and flow cytometry were performed to detect CD10 expression. In addition, the correlations between CD10 expression and immune cells infiltration were investigated through TIMER or GEPIA. Finally, Kaplan-Meier plotter and GEPIA databases were adopted to evaluate the influence of CD10 on clinical prognosis. RESULTS Our results indicated that CD10 was expressed by a subset of human monocytes and many more cells expressed CD10 after differentiation into macrophages in vitro (13.19% vs. 41.39%; P < 0.0001). As for PDAC tissues, CD10 was correlated with immune cells infiltration and was expressed by a subset of TAMs. For THP-1 cells, PMA could induce CD10 expression through the MAPK pathway. The Kaplan-Meier plotter results suggested that CD10 expression had an impact on the prognosis of PDAC. CONCLUSIONS In this study we demonstrated that CD10 was expressed by human primary monocytes, human monocyte-derived macrophages and TAMs, and was correlated with poor prognosis in PDAC, suggesting CD10 to be a potential therapeutic target in PDAC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xin Huang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Chaobin He
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Guohe Lin
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of AnHui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lianghe Lu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Hepatic Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kaili Xing
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Hua
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Breast Oncology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxin Sun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yize Mao
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yunda Song
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jun Wang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shengping Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou, China; Department of Experimental Research, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China; Department of Pancreatobiliary Surgery, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou, China.
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition in Skin Cancers: A Review. Anal Cell Pathol (Amst) 2019; 2019:3851576. [PMID: 31934531 PMCID: PMC6942705 DOI: 10.1155/2019/3851576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) is involved in physiologic processes such as embryogenesis and wound healing. A similar mechanism occurs in some tumors where cells leave the epithelial layer and gain mesenchymal particularities in order to easily migrate to other tissues. This process can explain the invasiveness and aggressiveness of these tumors which metastasize, by losing the epithelial phenotype (loss of E-cadherin, desmoplakin, and laminin-1) and acquiring mesenchymal markers (N-cadherin). Complex changes and interactions happen between the tumor cells and the microenvironment involving different pathways, transcription factors, altered expression of adhesion molecules, reorganization of cytoskeletal proteins, production of ECM-degrading enzymes, and changes in specific microRNAs. The purpose of this review is to determine particularities of the EMT process in the most common malignant cutaneous tumors (squamous cell carcinoma, basal cell carcinoma, and melanoma) which still have an increasingly high incidence. More studies are required on this topic in order to establish clear correlations. High costs related to skin cancer therapies in general as well as high impact on patients' quality of life demand finding new, reliable prognostic and therapeutic markers with significant public health impact.
Collapse
|
10
|
Singer K, Dettmer K, Unger P, Schönhammer G, Renner K, Peter K, Siska PJ, Berneburg M, Herr W, Oefner PJ, Karrer S, Kreutz M, Datz E. Topical Diclofenac Reprograms Metabolism and Immune Cell Infiltration in Actinic Keratosis. Front Oncol 2019; 9:605. [PMID: 31334125 PMCID: PMC6619385 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.00605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 06/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Melanoma and squamous cell carcinoma of the skin are characterized by an altered glucose metabolism, but little is known about metabolic changes in precancerous skin lesions such as actinic keratosis (AK). Here, we studied the central carbon metabolism and immune cell infiltrate of actinic keratosis lesions before, under, and 4 weeks after treatment with topical diclofenac (Solaraze®). Methods: This study was designed as a prospective, randomized, controlled, monocentric investigation (ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier: NCT01935531). Myeloid and T cell infiltration was analyzed in skin biopsies from 28 patients by immunohistochemistry. Furthermore, immune cell activation was determined via quantitative real-time PCR (IFN-γ, IL-10, CSF1, TGF-β, IL-6). Glucose, amino acid and Krebs' cycle metabolism was studied by mass spectrometry prior, during and after treatment with topical diclofenac. Biopsies from sun-exposed, untreated, healthy skin served as controls. Results: Increased lactate and decreased glucose levels suggested accelerated glycolysis in pre-treatment AK. Further, levels of Krebs' cycle intermediates other than citrate and amino acids were elevated. Analysis of the immune infiltrate revealed less epidermal CD1a+ cells but increased frequencies of dermal CD8+ T cells in AK. Treatment with diclofenac reduced lactate and amino acid levels in AK, especially in responding lesions, and induced an infiltration of dermal CD8+ T cells accompanied by high IFN-γ mRNA expression, suggesting improved T cell function. Discussion: Our study clearly demonstrated that not only cancers but also pre-malignant skin lesions, like AK, exhibit profound changes in metabolism, correlating with an altered immune infiltrate. Diclofenac normalizes metabolism, immune cell infiltration and function in AK lesions, suggesting a novel mechanism of action.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Katrin Singer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katja Dettmer
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Petra Unger
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Schönhammer
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Renner
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Peter
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Siska
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Mark Berneburg
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Herr
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Peter J Oefner
- Institute of Functional Genomics, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sigrid Karrer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Marina Kreutz
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Regensburg Center for Interventional Immunology, University of Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Datz
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bottomley MJ, Thomson J, Harwood C, Leigh I. The Role of the Immune System in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:E2009. [PMID: 31022866 PMCID: PMC6515307 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20082009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2019] [Revised: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 04/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC) is the second most common skin cancer. In immunosuppressed populations it is a source of considerable morbidity and mortality due to its enhanced recurrence and metastatic potential. In common with many malignancies, leucocyte populations are both protective against cancer development and also play a role in 'sculpting' the nascent tumor, leading to loss of immunogenicity and tumor progression. UV radiation and chronic viral carriage may represent unique risk factors for cSCC development, and the immune system plays a key role in modulating the response to both. In this review, we discuss the lessons learned from animal and ex vivo human studies of the role of individual leucocyte subpopulations in the development of cutaneous SCC. We then discuss the insights into cSCC immunity gleaned from studies in humans, particularly in populations receiving pharmacological immunosuppression such as transplant recipients. Similar insights in other malignancies have led to exciting and novel immune therapies, which are beginning to emerge into the cSCC clinical arena.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Bottomley
- Transplantation Research and Immunology Group, Nuffield Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Jason Thomson
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Catherine Harwood
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| | - Irene Leigh
- Centre for Cell Biology and Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London E1 2AT, UK.
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gellén E, Fidrus E, Péter M, Szegedi A, Emri G, Remenyik É. Immunological effects of photodynamic therapy in the treatment of actinic keratosis and squamous cell carcinoma. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2018; 24:342-348. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
|
13
|
Kneitz H, Fetzer S, Goebeler M, Bröcker EB. Differential diagnostic significance of epithelial and stromal CD10 expression in tumors of trichogenic origin. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:719-728. [PMID: 29873924 DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES The histological differential diagnosis between benign trichogenic skin tumors and basal cell carcinoma may be challenging. We therefore set out to investigate whether expression of CD10, a cell surface protein with neutral endopeptidase activity, might be a suitable marker for the histological differential diagnosis of trichogenic skin tumors. PATIENTS AND METHODS We immunohistochemically analyzed 119 cases of benign trichogenic skin tumors and basal cell carcinoma. These included 28 nodular and 15 sclerosing basal cell carcinomas, 21 Pinkus tumors, 20 trichoblastomas, nine trichofolliculomas, eleven trichoepitheliomas, five desmoplastic trichoepitheliomas, and ten seborrheic keratoses. RESULTS The majority of nodular basal cell carcinomas expressed CD10 in tumor cells at the peripheral (22/28 [75 %]). On the other hand, trichoblastomas revealed peripheral CD10 expression in only 10 % (2/20) of cases, whereas 50 % showed central expression (10/20). Peripheral epithelial expression of CD10 was also found in Pinkus tumors (9/21 [42.9 %]) and trichoepithelioma (4/11 [36.4 %]). Desmoplastic trichoepithelioma showed no tumoral CD10 expression at all (0/5 [0 %]), while the majority of sclerosing basal cell carcinomas was positive for CD10 (13/15 [86.7 %]). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that epithelial expression of CD10 - and not peritumoral stromal CD10 expression, as has been postulated - may well be of differential diagnostic significance. The pattern of distribution of CD10-positive neoplastic cells in particular can be useful in the diagnosis of trichogenic tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Kneitz
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Stefanie Fetzer
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Eva-Bettina Bröcker
- Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Allergology, University Medical Center, Würzburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Kneitz H, Fetzer S, Goebeler M, Bröcker EB. Differenzialdiagnostische Bedeutung epithelialer und stromaler CD10-Expression in Tumoren trichogenen Ursprungs. J Dtsch Dermatol Ges 2018; 16:719-729. [DOI: 10.1111/ddg.13547_g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Hermann Kneitz
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
| | - Stefanie Fetzer
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
| | - Matthias Goebeler
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
| | - Eva-Bettina Bröcker
- Klinik für Dermatologie; Venerologie und Allergologie; Universitätsklinikum Würzburg
| |
Collapse
|
15
|
Reflectance Confocal Microscopy Criteria of Pigmented Squamous Cell Carcinoma In Situ. Am J Dermatopathol 2018; 40:173-179. [DOI: 10.1097/dad.0000000000000938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
|
16
|
Antsiferova M, Piwko-Czuchra A, Cangkrama M, Wietecha M, Sahin D, Birkner K, Amann VC, Levesque M, Hohl D, Dummer R, Werner S. Activin promotes skin carcinogenesis by attraction and reprogramming of macrophages. EMBO Mol Med 2017; 9:27-45. [PMID: 27932444 PMCID: PMC5210090 DOI: 10.15252/emmm.201606493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Activin has emerged as an important player in different types of cancer, but the underlying mechanisms are largely unknown. We show here that activin overexpression is an early event in murine and human skin tumorigenesis. This is functionally important, since activin promoted skin tumorigenesis in mice induced by the human papillomavirus 8 oncogenes. This was accompanied by depletion of epidermal γδ T cells and accumulation of regulatory T cells. Most importantly, activin increased the number of skin macrophages via attraction of blood monocytes, which was prevented by depletion of CCR2‐positive monocytes. Gene expression profiling of macrophages from pre‐tumorigenic skin and bioinformatics analysis demonstrated that activin induces a gene expression pattern in skin macrophages that resembles the phenotype of tumor‐associated macrophages in different malignancies, thereby promoting angiogenesis, cell migration and proteolysis. The functional relevance of this finding was demonstrated by antibody‐mediated depletion of macrophages, which strongly suppressed activin‐induced skin tumor formation. These results demonstrate that activin induces skin carcinogenesis via attraction and reprogramming of macrophages and identify novel activin targets involved in tumor formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Antsiferova
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Michael Cangkrama
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mateusz Wietecha
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dilara Sahin
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Birkner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Valerie C Amann
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Daniel Hohl
- Department of Dermatology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Reinhard Dummer
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Sabine Werner
- Department of Biology, Institute of Molecular Health Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Astarci HM, Gurbuz GA, Sengul D, Hucumenoglu S, Kocer U, Ustun H. Significance of androgen receptor and CD10 expression in cutaneous basal cell carcinoma and trichoepithelioma. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:3466-3470. [PMID: 26788151 PMCID: PMC4665148 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential diagnosis of trichoepithelioma (TE) and basal cell carcinoma (BCC) on the basis of clinical symptoms and laboratory investigations may be difficult in certain patients. The aim of the present study was to compare cluster of differentiation 10 (CD10) and androgen receptor (AR) expression patterns in BCC and TE, to investigate the predictive power of these proteins as markers of the two conditions. A total of 39 cases of BCC and 15 cases of TE were retrieved from the pathology department archives. AR and CD10 immunohistochemistry was performed on all of the specimens; 23 BCC cases displayed focal nuclear AR staining, however, none of the cases demonstrated diffuse nuclear staining and 16 BCC cases were negative for AR staining. Stromal CD10 staining was more common in TE cases than in BCC cases, and peripheral CD10 staining was more common in BCC cases than in TE cases. AR immunostaining of the BCC samples typically appeared as scattered clusters and individual cells. In addition, AR and CD10 staining exhibited varying staining intensities within each samples. Incisional punch biopsy specimens have the potential to present false-negative results. Therefore, AR and CD10 staining of total excision biopsies provides a more accurate differential diagnosis of BCC and TE for cases with difficulties in the histopathological analysis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hesna M Astarci
- Department of Pathology, Abant Izzet Baysal University, Bolu 14280, Turkey
| | - Gulfem A Gurbuz
- Department of Dermatology, Dr. N.K. Sincan State Hospital, Ankara 06930, Turkey
| | - Demet Sengul
- Department of Pathology, Giresun University, Giresun 28200, Turkey
| | - Sema Hucumenoglu
- Department of Pathology, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06340, Turkey
| | - Ugur Kocer
- Department of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Ankara Training and Research Hospital, Ankara 06340, Turkey
| | - Huseyin Ustun
- Department of Pathology, Kafkas University, Kars 36100, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Gaballah MA, Ahmed RA. Diagnostic value of CD10 and Bcl2 expression in distinguishing cutaneous basal cell carcinoma from squamous cell carcinoma and seborrheic keratosis. Pathol Res Pract 2015; 211:931-8. [PMID: 26573127 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2015.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2014] [Revised: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The distinction between cutaneous basal cell carcinoma (BCC), squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) and seborrheic keratosis (SK), which are common entities in clinical practice, can be difficult clinically and histologically. CD10 and Bcl2 antigens are important factors in tumor growth, survival and spread. The aim of the present study is to define the frequency of CD10 and Bcl2 expression in such cutaneous tumors and its relation to the clinicopathological characteristics as well as their possible diagnostic utility. CD10 and Bcl2 immunohistochemistry was performed on 30 BCC, 20 SCC and 15 SK. 93.3% of SK cases and 53.3% of BCC cases showed significant expression of CD10 in tumor cells when compared either with each other or with SCC cases (100% negative). Stromal CD10 expression was positive in 50% of BCC cases and 75% of SCC cases. Stromal CD10 expression was significantly higher in high risk BCC and BCC with infiltrating deep margins; furthermore, it showed a significant positive correlation with grade of SCC. A significant inverse correlation between CD10 expression in stromal and tumor cells of BCC was present. Bcl2 was significantly expressed in 93.3% of SK cases and 80% of BCC cases when compared with SCC cases (100% negative). It was found that for distinguishing BCC from SK, only CD10 expression in tumor cells provided a high diagnostic value with positive likelihood ratio (PLR) was 7.00. In addition, CD10 and Bcl2 expression in tumor cells could give convincing diagnostic value to distinguish SCC from SK (PLR=15.00 for each marker). Moreover, for differentiating BCC from SCC, only Bcl2 in the tumor cells could provide a high diagnostic value (PLR=5.5). In conclusion, CD10 and Bcl2 can help in differentiating cutaneous BCC from SK and SCC. The overexpression of CD10 in the stromal cells of SCC and some variants of BCC suggests the invasive properties of such tumors.
Collapse
|
19
|
Watanabe IC, Magalhães RF, de Moraes AM, Stelini RF, Cintra GF, Metze K, Cintra ML. Keratoacanthoma and Keratoacanthoma-Like Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Similar Morphology but Different Pathogenesis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2015; 94:e934. [PMID: 26061320 PMCID: PMC4616484 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000000934] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Differential diagnosis between keratoacanthoma (KA) and squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) is difficult due to their similarities. The mechanisms that drive their distinct biological behavior are poorly understood. To investigate whether the assessment of microvessel density (MVD) could be helpful in KA and SCC differential diagnosis and to gain insight into the pathogenesis of KA-like neoplasms, we compared the density of CD105- and CD34-stained vessels in KAs and SCCs and their relation to the expression of the p53 oncoprotein and proliferation marker Ki67. This is an observational retrospective cohort study. Forty lesions with clinical appearance of KAs (29 KAs and 11 SCCs) entered the study. A biopsy was taken from each lesion at presentation and the natural clinical course was monitored for at least 1 month. Growing or minimally regressing lesions were submitted to complete surgical excision. The diagnoses were established on combined clinical, histological, and follow-up evaluations. The MVD and p53 or Ki67 expression in neoplastic cells were assessed through morphometry. The MVD did not show discriminating power between KAs and SCCs. The Ki67 proliferation rate was significantly higher in SCCs. Although neoangiogenesis (CD105-MVD) in KAs was associated with cell proliferation, in SCCs it was not. There was significant correlation between p53 expression and neoplasia size in SCCs but not in KAs. From our results, we may conclude that KA and SCC have similarities, as CD105- and CD34-MVD. However, the low Ki67 proliferation index and the positive correlation between Ki-67 index and neovascularization in KA suggest a dependence in neovascularization to grow in KA, pointing to involvement of distinct pathogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Isabela C Watanabe
- From the Department of Pathology (ICW, RFS, GFC, KM, MLC); Department of Dermatology (RFM, AMM), Medical Sciences School, State University of Campinas, Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
K D, Munisekhar MS, Suri C, Rajalbandi SK, M R P, Gothe P. Comparision of Immunohistochemical Expression of CD10 in Odontogenic Cysts. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 8:ZC35-8. [PMID: 25584313 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2014/9883.5126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2014] [Accepted: 10/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Expression of CD10 has been documented in various tumors like nasopharyngeal carcinoma, gastric carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, odontogenic tumors. AIM To evaluate and compare CD10 expression in odontogenic cysts like radicular cyst, dentigerous cyst and odontogenic keratocyst (OKC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Total 60 cases were included in the study, comprising 20 cases each of radicular, dentigerous and odontogenic keratocyst. Each case was evaluated and compared for immunohistochemical expression of CD10. RESULTS obtained were statistically analysed using ANOVA test followed by post hoc test Tukey-Kramer Multiple Comparisons Test for continuous variable and Chi-square test for discrete variable. RESULTS More number of cases showing sub-epithelial stromal CD10 expression were found in OKC among the cysts. CONCLUSION CD10 expression was more in OKC compared to radicular and dentigerous cysts.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deepa K
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, AME's Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre , Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - M S Munisekhar
- Professor and HOD, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, SVS Dental College , Mahabubnagar, AP, India
| | - Charu Suri
- Reader, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, SSCDS , Vikarabad, AP, India
| | - Santosh Kumar Rajalbandi
- Reader, Department of Prosthodontics, AME's Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre , Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Pradeep M R
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, AME's Dental College, Hospital and Research Centre , Raichur, Karnataka, India
| | - Pavan Gothe
- Assistant Professor, Department of Oral & Maxillofacial Pathology, Al-Badar Rural Dental College and Hospital , Daryapur village Nagan Halli road, Gulbarga, Karnataka, India
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Expression of follicular helper T-cell markers in primary cutaneous T-cell lymphoma. Am J Dermatopathol 2015; 36:465-70. [PMID: 24162385 DOI: 10.1097/dad.0b013e3182a72f8c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The follicular helper T cells (TFH) seemed to be expressed in several subsets of T-cell lymphomas. However, their expression in cutaneous T-cell lymphomas (CTCLs) has been rarely described. We investigated the clinical features, histopathological morphology, and expression of TFH markers in CTCLs. Forty-nine patients (24 men and 25 women) diagnosed with CTCL were examined, 25 patients with mycosis fungoides (MF) and 24 with other CTCLs. Immunohistochemical staining for CD10, Bcl-6, inducible costimulator, CXCL13, and PD-1 were performed. Relation between PD-1 and clinical course in MF was evaluated. PD-1 was detected in 21 of 25 (84.0%) MF cases and in 11 of 24 (45.8%) other CTCL cases. Bcl-6, CXCL13, inducible costimulator, and CD10 were occasionally expressed in most T-cell lymphomas, including MF. The staining for PD-1 was negative in all the MF cases with large-cell transformation. No correlation was observed between disease course and PD-1 expression rate in the MF cases. In conclusion, among the TFH markers, PD-1 was most frequently expressed in CTCL. PD-1 was expressed in most MF. PD-1 expression rates were significantly higher in MF than in other CTCLs.
Collapse
|
22
|
Omatsu M, Kunimura T, Mikogami T, Shiokawa A, Nagai T, Masunaga A, Kitami A, Suzuki T, Kadokura M. Difference in distribution profiles between CD163+ tumor-associated macrophages and S100+ dendritic cells in thymic epithelial tumors. Diagn Pathol 2014; 9:215. [PMID: 25499804 PMCID: PMC4302590 DOI: 10.1186/s13000-014-0215-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In a number of human malignancies, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are closely involved in tumor progression. On the other hand, dendritic cells (DCs) that infiltrate tumor tissues are involved in tumor suppression. However, there have been very few reports on the distribution profiles of TAMs and DCs in thymic epithelial tumors. We examined the difference in the distribution profiles between TAMs and DCs in thymoma and thymic carcinoma. Methods We examined 69 samples of surgically resected thymic epithelial tumors, namely, 16 thymic carcinomas and 53 thymomas, in which we immunohistochemically evaluated the presence of TAMs using CD68 and CD163 as markers and DCs using S100 as the marker in tumor tissue samples in comparison with normal thymic tissues. Results The percentage of samples with a large number of CD68+ TAMs was not significantly different between thymic carcinoma and thymoma (7/16 versus 16/53, p = 0.904). However, the percentage of sample with a large number of CD163+ TAMs was significantly higher in thymic carcinoma than in thymoma (15/16 versus 34/53, p = 0.024). In contrast, the percentage of samples with a large number of S100+ DCs was significantly lower in thymic carcinoma than in thymoma (2/16 versus 23/53, p = 0.021). Conclusions To the best of our knowledge, we are the first to show a high percentage of CD163+ TAMs and a low percentage of S100+ DCs in thymic carcinoma samples, and our findings may provide an idea for future targeted therapeutic strategies for thymic carcinoma using antibodies that inhibit monocyte differentiation to TAMs, thereby skewing TAMs differentiation toward DCs. Virtual Slides The virtual slide(s) for this article can be found here: http://www.diagnosticpathology.diagnomx.eu/vs/13000_2014_215
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mutsuko Omatsu
- Department of Clinico-diagnostic Pathology, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasaki-chuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan.
| | - Toshiaki Kunimura
- Department of Clinico-diagnostic Pathology, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasaki-chuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan.
| | - Tetsuya Mikogami
- Department of Clinico-diagnostic Pathology, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasaki-chuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan.
| | - Akira Shiokawa
- Department of Clinico-diagnostic Pathology, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, 35-1 Chigasaki-chuo, Tsuzuki-ku, Yokohama, 224-8503, Japan.
| | - Tomoko Nagai
- Department of Clinico-diagnostic Pathology, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| | - Atsuko Masunaga
- Respiratory Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kitami
- Respiratory Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Respiratory Disease Center, Showa University Northern Yokohama Hospital, Yokohama, Japan.
| | - Mitsutaka Kadokura
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Showa University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
| |
Collapse
|
23
|
Brücher BL, Jamall IS. Epistemology of the origin of cancer: a new paradigm. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:331. [PMID: 24885752 PMCID: PMC4026115 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Accepted: 05/06/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Carcinogenesis is widely thought to originate from somatic mutations and an inhibition of growth suppressors, followed by cell proliferation, tissue invasion, and risk of metastasis. Fewer than 10% of all cancers are hereditary; the ratio in gastric (1%), colorectal (3-5%) and breast (8%) cancers is even less. Cancers caused by infection are thought to constitute some 15% of the non-hereditary cancers. Those remaining, 70 to 80%, are called “sporadic,” because they are essentially of unknown etiology. We propose a new paradigm for the origin of the majority of cancers. Presentation of hypothesis Our paradigm postulates that cancer originates following a sequence of events that include (1) a pathogenic stimulus (biological or chemical) followed by (2) chronic inflammation, from which develops (3) fibrosis with associated changes in the cellular microenvironment. From these changes a (4) pre-cancerous niche develops, which triggers the deployment of (5) a chronic stress escape strategy, and when this fails to resolve, (6) a transition of a normal cell to a cancer cell occurs. If we are correct, this paradigm would suggest that the majority of the findings in cancer genetics so far reported are either late events or are epiphenomena that occur after the appearance of the pre-cancerous niche. Testing the hypothesis If, based on experimental and clinical findings presented here, this hypothesis is plausible, then the majority of findings in the genetics of cancer so far reported in the literature are late events or epiphenomena that could have occurred after the development of a PCN. Our model would make clear the need to establish preventive measures long before a cancer becomes clinically apparent. Future research should focus on the intermediate steps of our proposed sequence of events, which will enhance our understanding of the nature of carcinogenesis. Findings on inflammation and fibrosis would be given their warranted importance, with research in anticancer therapies focusing on suppressing the PCN state with very early intervention to detect and quantify any subclinical inflammatory change and to treat all levels of chronic inflammation and prevent fibrotic changes, and so avoid the transition from a normal cell to a cancer cell. Implication of the hypothesis The paradigm proposed here, if proven, spells out a sequence of steps, one or more of which could be interdicted or modulated early in carcinogenesis to prevent or, at a minimum, slow down the progression of many cancers.
Collapse
|
24
|
Yun JH, Roh JY, Park SH, Lee JR. CD10 Expression in Cutaneous Squamous Cell Carcinoma and Its Precursor Lesions: Evaluation Using Tissue Microarray. Ann Dermatol 2013; 25:515-7. [PMID: 24371410 PMCID: PMC3870231 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2013.25.4.515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 12/17/2012] [Accepted: 01/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hwan Yun
- Department of Dermatology, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Joo Young Roh
- Department of Dermatology, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Sang Hui Park
- Department of Pathology, Ewha Womans University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jong Rok Lee
- Department of Dermatology, Gachon University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Oh SJ, Shin JH, Kim TH, Lee HS, Yoo JY, Ahn JY, Broaddus RR, Taketo MM, Lydon JP, Leach RE, Lessey BA, Fazleabas AT, Lim JM, Jeong JW. β-Catenin activation contributes to the pathogenesis of adenomyosis through epithelial-mesenchymal transition. J Pathol 2013; 231:210-22. [PMID: 23784889 DOI: 10.1002/path.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2013] [Revised: 05/22/2013] [Accepted: 06/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Adenomyosis is defined by the presence of endometrial glands and stroma within the myometrium. Despite its frequent occurrence, the precise aetiology and physiopathology of adenomyosis is still unknown. WNT/β-catenin signalling molecules are important and should be tightly regulated for uterine function. To investigate the role of β-catenin signalling in adenomyosis, the expression of β-catenin was examined. Nuclear and cytoplasmic β-catenin expression was significantly higher in epithelial cells of human adenomyosis compared to control endometrium. To determine whether constitutive activation of β-catenin in the murine uterus leads to development of adenomyosis, mice that expressed a dominant stabilized β-catenin in the uterus were used by crossing PR-Cre mice with Ctnnb1(f(ex3)/+) mice. Uteri of PR(cre) (/+) Ctnnb1(f(ex3)/+) mice displayed an abnormal irregular structure and highly active proliferation in the myometrium, and subsequently developed adenomyosis. Interestingly, the expression of E-cadherin was repressed in epithelial cells of PR(cre) (/+) Ctnnb1(f(ex3)/+) mice compared to control mice. Repression of E-cadherin is one of the hallmarks of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The expression of SNAIL and ZEB1 was observed in some epithelial cells of the uterus in PR(cre) (/+) Ctnnb1(f(ex3)/+) mice but not in control mice. Vimentin and COUP-TFII, mesenchymal cell markers, were expressed in some epithelial cells of PR(cre) (/+) Ctnnb1(f(ex3)/+) mice. In human adenomyosis, the expression of E-cadherin was decreased in epithelial cells compared to control endometrium, while CD10, an endometrial stromal marker, was expressed in some epithelial cells of human adenomyosis. These results suggest that abnormal activation of β-catenin contributes to adenomyosis development through the induction of EMT.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seo Jin Oh
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Biology, Michigan State University, College of Human Medicine, Grand Rapids, MI, 49503, USA; WCU Biomodulation Major, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 151-742, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jang TJ, Park JB, Lee JI. The Expression of CD10 and CD15 Is Progressively Increased during Colorectal Cancer Development. KOREAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 47:340-7. [PMID: 24009629 PMCID: PMC3759633 DOI: 10.4132/koreanjpathol.2013.47.4.340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Background The aim of this study was to examine the expression of CD10 and CD15 in tumor cells, stromal cells and infiltrating inflammatory cells during colorectal carcinoma (CRC) development and to investigate their expression levels between the tumor center and invasive front and compare them to clinicopathological parameters in invasive CRC. Methods We performed immunohistochemical staining for CD10, CD15, and E-cadherin in 42 cases of CRC, 49 of tubular adenoma, 15 of hyperplastic polyp, and 17 of non-neoplastic colon. Results CD10 was expressed in tumor cells (tCD10), stromal cells (sCD10) and infiltrating inflammatory cells (iCD10), and CD15 was expressed in tumor cells (tCD15) and infiltrating inflammatory cells (iCD15). Their expressions were progressively increased during CRC development and the iCD10 expression level was significantly correlated with the iCD15 expression level in invasive CRC. Invasive front revealed a higher expression level of iCD10 and iCD15 than the tumor center. Moreover, the iCD15 expression level of invasive front was significantly correlated with the degree of tumor budding and tCD15 in whole tissue sections was closely associated with tumor depth. Conclusions The present study suggests that the expression of CD10 and CD15 is associated with the development and progression of CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Gyeongju, Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Understanding dendritic cells and their role in cutaneous carcinoma and cancer immunotherapy. Clin Dev Immunol 2013; 2013:624123. [PMID: 23606870 PMCID: PMC3625554 DOI: 10.1155/2013/624123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 03/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) represent a diverse group of professional antigen-presenting cells that serve to link the innate and adaptive immune systems. Their capacity to initiate a robust and antigen-specific immune response has made them the ideal candidates for cancer immunotherapies. To date, the clinical impact of DC immunotherapy has been limited, which may, in part, be explained by the complex nature of DC biology. Multiple distinct subsets of DCs have been identified in the skin, where they can be broadly subcategorized into epidermal Langerhans cells (LC), myeloid-derived dermal dendritic cells (mDC) and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pDC). Each subset is functionally unique and may activate alternate branches of the immune system. This may be relevant for the treatment of squamous cell carcinoma, where we have shown that the tumor microenvironment may preferentially suppress the activity of mDCs, while LCs remain potent stimulators of immunity. Here, we provide an in depth analysis of DC biology, with a particular focus on skin DCs and their role in cutaneous carcinoma. We further explore the current approaches to DC immunotherapy and provide evidence for the targeting of LCs as a promising new strategy in the treatment of skin cancer.
Collapse
|
28
|
Schmitt JV, Miot HA. Actinic keratosis: a clinical and epidemiological revision. An Bras Dermatol 2013; 87:425-34. [PMID: 22714759 DOI: 10.1590/s0365-05962012000300012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2011] [Accepted: 10/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Actinic keratoses are benign intraepithelial skin neoplasms constituted by atypical proliferation of keratinocytes that may evolve to squamous cell carcinoma. They develop in photoexposed skin areas; they are induced mainly by ultraviolet radiation and are considered cutaneous markers of chronic exposure to sunlight. They develop mainly in adults and older, fair skinned individuals, and are the fourth most common cause of dermatologic consultation in Brazil. Damage to the apoptosis pathway in photoexposed epithelium favors cellular proliferation and the permanence of the lesions. In this revision, the authors assemble the main epidemiological data regarding this disease and suggest that strategies to identify risky phenotypes, early diagnosis, adequate treatment, clinical follow-up, stimulus to skin self examination, photoeducation and photoprotection should be promoted with the aim of avoiding the progression to malignancy and also the prevention and the diagnose of concomitant neoplasms also induced by ultraviolet radiation.
Collapse
|
29
|
Abstract
We identified 11 patients with CD10(+) cutaneous T-cell lymphoma by flow cytometry. All cases were CD4(+) and CD8(-). Three patients had extensive lymphadenopathy, systemic symptoms and an aggressive clinical course consistent with angioimmunoblastic T-cell lymphoma or peripheral T-cell lymphoma. However, 8 of the 11 patients had a prolonged disease course with gross morphology, histology and tumor cell phenotype indistinguishable from mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome. Immunohistochemical studies confirmed CD10 expression in seven of the eight cases and revealed the lymphoma cells were Bcl-6(+), PD-1(+), and EBV(-). Two had significant expression of CXCL-13(+). The findings indicate that lymphoma cells from mycosis fungoides or Sezary syndrome may express follicular center helper T-cell markers CD10, Bcl-6, and PD-1 and occasionally CXCL-13. The expression of these markers in some cases of mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome suggests follicular center helper T-cell differentiation and may lead to confusion in distinguishing mycosis fungoides/Sezary syndrome from other follicular center helper T-cell marker positive T-cell lymphomas with cutaneous manifestations.
Collapse
|
30
|
Jang TJ. Epithelial to mesenchymal transition in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma is correlated with COX-2 expression but not with the presence of stromal macrophages or CD10-expressing cells. Virchows Arch 2012; 460:481-7. [PMID: 22460857 DOI: 10.1007/s00428-012-1227-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2011] [Revised: 02/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT) is an intricate process by which epithelial cells loose epithelial characteristics and acquire a mesenchymal-like phenotype. EMT and cyclooxygenase 2 (COX-2) expression are related to tumor invasion and metastasis. The tumor microenvironment plays a major role in tumor progression and the induction of EMT. Here, we investigated the relationship between EMT and COX-2 expression as well as tumor-associated macrophages (TAM) and CD10-positive stromal cells during the development of cutaneous squamous neoplastic lesion. We performed immunohistochemical staining for vimentin, E-cadherin, β-catenin, COX-2, CD68, and CD10 in 41 cases of squamous cell cancers (SCC), 20 of Bowen's disease, 30 of actinic keratosis, and 30 samples of normal skin. SCC cells showed significantly increased vimentin expression and reduced expression of membranous E-cadherin and β-catenin compared with cells in precursor lesions and in normal skin. COX-2 expression was also markedly increased in SCC cells. E-cadherin expression was positively correlated with β-catenin expression and inversely correlated with COX-2 expression in SCC cells. The number of TAM and CD10-positive stromal cells increased from the normal skin to precursor lesions and SCC cells. The number of TAM and of CD10-positive stromal cells did not correlate with the expression of E-cadherin, β-catenin, COX-2, and vimentin in SCC cells. We suggest that cutaneous SCC cells show EMT, which appears to be correlated with COX-2 expression but not with stromal CD10 expression and TAM.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tae Jung Jang
- Department of Pathology, Dongguk University College of Medicine, Sukjang-dong 707, Gyeongju, Gyeongbuk 780-714, South Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Langerhans cells from human cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma induce strong type 1 immunity. J Invest Dermatol 2012; 132:1645-55. [PMID: 22402444 DOI: 10.1038/jid.2012.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are dendritic cells (DCs) localized to the epidermis. They should be the first antigen-presenting cells to encounter squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). The aim of this study was to investigate the ability of LCs isolated from human SCC to induce T-cell proliferation and polarization. We investigated the ability of LCs from SCC and peritumoral skin to induce T-cell proliferation and polarization. We also studied the effect of SCC supernatant on the ability of LCs from normal skin, in vitro-generated LCs, and DCs to activate and polarize T cells. LCs from SCC were stronger inducers of allogeneic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ production than LCs from peritumoral skin. We found that tumor supernatants (TSNs) were rich in immunosuppressive cytokines; despite this, allogeneic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T-cell proliferation and IFN-γ induction by LCs were augmented by TSN. Moreover, TSN facilitated IFN-γ induction by in vitro-generated LCs, but suppressed the ability of in vitro-generated DCs to expand allogeneic CD4(+) and CD8(+) T cells. We have demonstrated that LCs from SCC can induce type 1 immunity. TSN induces IFN-γ induction by in vitro-generated LCs. This contrasts greatly with prior studies showing that DCs from SCC cannot stimulate T cells. These data indicate that LCs may be superior to DCs for SCC immunotherapy and may provide a new rationale for harnessing LCs for the treatment of cancer patients.
Collapse
|
32
|
Oba J, Nakahara T, Hayashida S, Kido M, Xie L, Takahara M, Uchi H, Miyazaki S, Abe T, Hagihara A, Moroi Y, Furue M. Expression of CD10 predicts tumor progression and unfavorable prognosis in malignant melanoma. J Am Acad Dermatol 2011; 65:1152-60. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2010.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2010] [Revised: 09/30/2010] [Accepted: 10/01/2010] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
|
33
|
Abstract
Uncontrolled proliferation is a defining feature of the malignant phenotype. Nevertheless, the supportive network provided by the stroma is indispensable for further invasion, progression and metastasis of cancer cells. In addition, the role of inflammation in tumorigenesis is now generally accepted, and it has become evident that an inflammatory microenvironment is an essential component of tumor progression. Since skin tumors are common and easily assessable lesions with features at various stages of tumorigenesis, they provide a wide scope for research in this field to further our understanding of fundamental and clinical carcinogenesis. Some of the basic aspects of epithelial tumorigenesis, invasion and stromal reaction are reviewed in this paper.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masutaka Furue
- Department of Dermatology and Research and Clinical Center for Yusho and Dioxin, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Yan X, Takahara M, Xie L, Oda Y, Nakahara T, Uchi H, Takeuchi S, Tu Y, Moroi Y, Furue M. Stromal expression of cathepsin K in squamous cell carcinoma. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2011; 25:362-5. [PMID: 20524946 DOI: 10.1111/j.1468-3083.2010.03743.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cathepsin K (CTSK), a cysteine protease with strong collagenolytic and elastolytic properties involved in extracellular matrix turnover, may be produced by neoplastic cells as well as stromal macrophages and fibroblasts. Its expression is suggested as associated with increased invasive and metastatic potential. OBJECTIVES The aim of this study is to examine stromal expression of cathepsin K in skin tumors. METHODS A series of 13 normal skin and 109 skin tumours, including 51 benign and 58 malignant epidermal tumours were tested for CTSK and Ki-67 expression by immunohistochemical analysis. RESULTS Stromal CTSK expression and the tumoral Ki-67 labelling index were significantly higher in invasive squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) than in other epidermal tumours. CONCLUSION Cathepsin K-positive stromal fibroblasts may play a crucial role in SCC progression by promoting extracellular matrix degradation, thereby facilitating SCC growth and invasion into surrounding tissue and vasculature. CTSK inhibitors may be a potential novel therapeutic option to decrease SCC progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- X Yan
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
Xie L, Takahara M, Nakahara T, Oba J, Uchi H, Takeuchi S, Moroi Y, Furue M. CD10-bearing fibroblasts may inhibit skin inflammation by down-modulating substance P. Arch Dermatol Res 2011; 303:49-55. [PMID: 21076839 DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1093-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2010] [Revised: 10/27/2010] [Accepted: 10/29/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Substance P (SP) is a multipotent neuropeptide that affects the proliferation, activation and motility of keratinocytes and fibroblasts (Fbs). SP in pulmonary and synovial cells is degraded by CD10, a 90- to 110-kDa cell surface zinc-dependent metalloprotease. However, the expression and function of CD10 in human dermal Fbs have not yet been investigated in vivo and in vitro specifically with reference to SP. Our immunohistologic study revealed moderate to strong fibroblastic CD10 expression in the majority of psoriasis vulgaris (16/16), chronic eczema (15/16), lichen planus (18/20) and atopic dermatitis (4/5). Keratinocytes showed no CD10 expression in vivo and in vitro. Cultured Fbs constitutively expressed CD10 and SP. CD10 expression was augmented by external interleukin (IL)-1β and IL-22, but not by IL-8 and IL-17A in Fbs. SP production was enhanced in CD10 knockdown-Fbs (CD10ND-Fbs) compared with control-Fbs. In the presence of IL-1β or IL-22, the enhancement of SP production was more prominent in CD10ND-Fbs than in control-Fbs, suggesting the down-modulating activity of CD10 on SP in cytokine-mediated inflammation. In conclusion, fibroblastic CD10 expression may down-regulate skin inflammation by degrading SP or reducing its level in the dermal microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lining Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Kyushu University, Higashiku, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Xie L, Moroi Y, Tsuji G, Liu M, Hayashida S, Takahara M, Fukagawa S, Takeuchi S, Shan B, Nakahara T, Uchi H, Yokomizo T, Furue M. CD10-bearing fibroblast inhibits matrigel invasive potency of interleukin-1α-producing squamous cell carcinoma by diminishing substance P levels in the tumor microenvironment. Cancer Sci 2010; 101:2570-8. [PMID: 20874839 PMCID: PMC11158981 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2010.01735.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
CD10 is a neutral endopeptidase, which cleaves various peptide substrates including substance P. CD10 expression has been detected in peritumoral fibroblasts (Fb) within the invasive area of various cancers such as squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). However, the biological significance of CD10-bearing Fb remains largely unknown. We examined dynamic interactions of Fb with tumorigenic A431 SCC cells or non-tumorigenic HaCaT squamous cells. The SCC and HaCaT cells did not synthesize CD10, while Fb constitutively expressed CD10. When co-cultured, SCC markedly upregulated fibroblastic CD10 expression compared with HaCaT, which was mainly attributable to SCC-derived interleukin-1α (IL-1α). Both SCC and Fb autonomously secreted substance P, which eventually enhanced the invasive capacity of SCC in a matrigel invasion assay by upregulating matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-1 and MMP-2, but not MMP-9. Transfection of siRNA for CD10 successfully knocked down the CD10 expression in Fb (CD10ND-Fb). In the presence of CD10ND-Fb, substance P levels in supernatants as well as MMP production and the invasive potency of SCC were significantly augmented compared with control scramble RNA-transfected Fb. We also transfected CD10 vector to Fb and found that the matrigel invasive ability of SCC cells was downregulated co-cultured with CD10 vector-transfected Fb rather than empty vector-transfected Fb. In conclusion, the CD10-bearing Fb generated by SCC-derived IL-1 inhibited the invasive capacity of SCC by diminishing the microenvironmental concentration of substance P.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lining Xie
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
TASHIRO A, TAKEUCHI S, NAKAHARA T, OBA J, TSUJITA J, FUKUSHI JI, KIRYU H, ODA Y, XIE L, YAN X, TAKAHARA M, MOROI Y, FURUE M. Aberrant expression of CD10 in ground-glass-like multinucleated giant cells of multicentric reticulohistiocytosis. J Dermatol 2010; 37:995-7. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1346-8138.2010.00930.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|