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Hwang SJ, Bang HJ, Lee HJ. Ginsenoside Re inhibits melanogenesis and melanoma growth by downregulating microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Biomed Pharmacother 2023; 165:115037. [PMID: 37393867 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2023.115037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2023] [Revised: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 06/20/2023] [Indexed: 07/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Panax ginseng, also known as Korean ginseng, is a traditional remedy widely used in Asian countries. Its major active compounds are ginsenosides, specifically triterpenoid saponins. Among them, one notable ginsenoside called Re has shown various biological effects, including anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties. However, the potential beneficial effects of Re on melanogenesis and skin cancer remain poorly understood. To investigate this, we conducted a comprehensive study using biochemical assays, cell-based models, a zebrafish pigment formation model, and a tumor xenograft model. Our results revealed that Re effectively inhibited melanin biosynthesis in a dose-dependent manner by competitively inhibiting the activity of tyrosinase, an enzyme involved in melanin production. Moreover, Re significantly reduced the mRNA expression levels of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), a key regulator of melanin biosynthesis and melanoma growth. Furthermore, Re decreased the protein expression of MITF and its target genes, including tyrosinase, TRP-1, and TRP-2, through a partially ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation mechanism, mediated by the AKT and ERK signaling pathways. These findings indicate that Re exerts its hypopigmentary effects by directly inhibiting tyrosinase activity and suppressing its expression via MITF. Additionally, Re demonstrated inhibitory effects on skin melanoma growth and induced tumor vascular normalization in our in vivo experiments. This study represents the first evidence of Re-mediated inhibition of melanogenesis and skin melanoma, shedding light on the underlying mechanisms. These promising preclinical findings warrant further investigation to determine the suitability of Re as a natural agent for treating hyperpigmentation disorders and skin cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su Jung Hwang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Hye Jung Bang
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea
| | - Hyo-Jong Lee
- School of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, 2066 Seobu-ro, Jangan-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do 16419, South Korea.
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2
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Shahid NH, Rashid H, Kumar S, Archoo S, Umar SA, Nazir LA, Parvinder SP, Tasduq SA. Inhibition of melanogenesis by 3-(1'-methyltetrahydropyridinyl)-2,4-6-trihydroxy acetophenone via suppressing the activity of cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) and nuclear exclusion of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1). Eur J Pharmacol 2023:175734. [PMID: 37080332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 03/03/2023] [Accepted: 04/17/2023] [Indexed: 04/22/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to Ultraviolet radiation or α-melanocyte-stimulating hormone (α-MSH) stimulates the Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate/Protein Kinase A signalling pathway, which leads to the synthesis and deposition of melanin granules in the epidermis. Skin pigmentation is the major physiological defence against inimical effects of sunlight. However, excessive melanin production and accumulation can cause various skin hyperpigmentation disorders. The present study involved the identification of 3-(1'-methyltetrahydropyridinyl)-2,4-6-trihydroxy acetophenone (IIIM-8) as an inhibitor of melanogenesis, IIIM-8 significantly inhibited pigment production both invitro and invivowithout incurring any cytotoxicity in Human Adult Epidermal Melanocytes (HAEM). IIIM-8 repressed melanin synthesis and secretion both at basal levels and in α-MSH stimulated cultured HAEM cells by decreasing the levels of Cyclic Adenosine Monophosphate (cAMP) and inhibiting the phosphorylation of cAMP response element-binding (CREB) protein, coupled with restoring the phosphorylation of CREB-regulated transcription coactivator 1 (CRTC1) and its nuclear exclusion in HAEM cells. This impeding effect correlates with diminished expression of master melanogenic proteins including microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), Tyrosinase (TYR), Tyrosinase related protein 1 (TRP1), and Tyrosinase related protein 2 (TRP2). Additionally, topical application of IIIM-8 induced tail depigmentation in C57BL/6 J mice. Furthermore, IIIM-8 efficiently mitigated the effect of ultraviolet-B radiation on melanin synthesis in the auricles of C57BL/6 J mice. This study demonstrates that IIIM-8 is an active anti-melanogenic agent against ultraviolet radiation-induced melanogenesis and other hyperpigmentation disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naikoo H Shahid
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Haroon Rashid
- Sher-e-KashmirInstitute of Medical Sciences, Soura, Srinagar, 190011, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India
| | - Sajida Archoo
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sheikh A Umar
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Lone A Nazir
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Singh P Parvinder
- Natural Product and Medicinal Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu Tawi, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Sheikh A Tasduq
- Pharmacology Division, Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-Indian Institute of Integrative Medicine, Canal Road, Jammu, Jammu and Kashmir, India; Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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3
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Niki Y, Adachi N, Fukata M, Fukata Y, Oku S, Makino-Okamura C, Takeuchi S, Wakamatsu K, Ito S, Declercq L, Yarosh DB, Mammone T, Nishigori C, Saito N, Ueyama T. S-Palmitoylation of Tyrosinase at Cysteine 500 Regulates Melanogenesis. J Invest Dermatol 2023; 143:317-327.e6. [PMID: 36063887 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2022.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/10/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Palmitoylation is a lipid modification involving the attachment of palmitic acid to a cysteine residue, thereby affecting protein function. We investigated the effect of palmitoylation of tyrosinase, the rate-limiting enzyme in melanin synthesis, using a human three-dimensional skin model system and melanocyte culture. The palmitoylation inhibitor, 2-bromopalmitate, increased melanin content and tyrosinase protein levels in melanogenic cells by suppressing tyrosinase degradation. The palmitoylation site was Cysteine500 in the C-terminal cytoplasmic tail of tyrosinase. The nonpalmitoylatable mutant, tyrosinase (C500A), was slowly degraded and less ubiquitinated than wild-type tyrosinase. Screening for the Asp-His-His-Cys (DHHC) family of proteins for tyrosinase palmitoylation suggested that DHHC2, 3, 7, and 15 are involved in tyrosinase palmitoylation. Knockdown of DHHC2, 3, or 15 increased tyrosinase protein levels and melanin content. Determination of their subcellular localization in primary melanocytes revealed that DHHC2, 3, and 15 were localized in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and/or melanosomes, whereas only DHHC2 was localized in the melanosomes. Immunoprecipitation showed that DHHC2 and DHHC3 predominantly bind to mature and immature tyrosinase, respectively. Taken together, tyrosinase palmitoylation at Cysteine500 by DHHC2, 3, and/or 15, especially DHHC2 in trans-Golgi apparatus and melanosomes and DHHC3 in the endoplasmic reticulum and cis-Golgi apparatus, regulate melanogenesis by modulating tyrosinase protein levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Niki
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University, Nishinomiya, Japan
| | - Naoko Adachi
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Masaki Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Yuko Fukata
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Shinichiro Oku
- Division of Membrane Physiology, Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, National Institute for Physiological Sciences, National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Aichi, Japan
| | - Chieko Makino-Okamura
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Seiji Takeuchi
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | | | - Shosuke Ito
- Institute for Melanin Chemistry, Fujita Health University, Aichi, Japan
| | - Lieve Declercq
- Research & Development, Estee Lauder Companies, Melville, New York, USA
| | - Daniel B Yarosh
- Research & Development, Estee Lauder Companies, Melville, New York, USA
| | - Tomas Mammone
- Research & Development, Estee Lauder Companies, Melville, New York, USA
| | - Chikako Nishigori
- Division of Dermatology, Department of Internal Related, Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Naoaki Saito
- Kobe Skin Research Department, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan; Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan
| | - Takehiko Ueyama
- Laboratory of Molecular Pharmacology, Biosignal Research Center, Kobe University, Kobe, Japan.
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4
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Shi J, Guo Y, Wang H, Xiao Y, Liu W, Lyu L. The ubiquitin-proteasome system in melanin metabolism. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6661-6668. [PMID: 36207998 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15433] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2022] [Revised: 08/06/2022] [Accepted: 10/03/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The ubiquitin-proteasome system (UPS) is a highly conserved way of regulating intracellular protein balance. UPS mediates proteolysis and disruption of variation or misfolding, while finely regulating proteins involved in differentiation and other biological processes. AIMS The aim of this review is to systematically introduce UPS as a key regulator of melanin metabolism. METHODS Systematic search and retrospective review were performed on the published data. RESULTS Melanocyte-inducing transcription factor (MITF) is a substrate of the ubiquitin ligase VCHL1 and acts as a transcription factor to regulate the expression of key enzymes in melanin synthesis such as tyrosinase (TYR). The rate-limiting enzyme TYR is modified by the ubiquitin ligase Hrd1 during melanosynthesis. Melanin itself is also regulated by multiple ubiquitin ligases including Fbp1 and Vhl. By regulating the ubiquitination modification to target each link of melanin synthesis, it plays an important role in correcting the disorder of melanin metabolism. A number of chemical agents have been proven to inhibit the activity of ubiquitin ligase. CONCLUSIONS Drugs targeting E3 ligase and deubiquitinating enzymes have great potential in the treatment of melanin metabolism disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingpei Shi
- Yunnan Key Laboratory of Stomatology, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Kunming Medical University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Kunming, China
| | - Yanfang Guo
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Hanying Wang
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
| | - Yun Xiao
- Department of Dermatology, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Kunming, China
| | - Weimin Liu
- Department of Dermatology, the Affiliated Hospital of Yunnan University, Yunnan University, Kunming, China
| | - Lechun Lyu
- Science and Technology Achievement Incubation Center, Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China
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5
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Enhanced production of terrein in marine-derived Aspergillus terreus by refactoring both global and pathway-specific transcription factors. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:136. [PMID: 35794562 PMCID: PMC9258105 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01859-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2022] [Accepted: 06/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Terrein, a major secondary metabolite from Aspergillus terreus, shows great potentials in biomedical and agricultural applications. However, the low fermentation yield of terrein in wild A. terreus strains limits its industrial applications. Results Here, we constructed a cell factory based on the marine-derived A. terreus RA2905, allowing for overproducing terrein by using starch as the sole carbon source. Firstly, the pathway-specific transcription factor TerR was over-expressed under the control of a constitutive gpdA promoter of A. nidulans, resulting in 5 to 16 folds up-regulation in terR transcripts compared to WT. As expected, the titer of terrein was improved in the two tested terR OE mutants when compared to WT. Secondly, the global regulator gene stuA, which was demonstrated to suppress the terrein synthesis in our analysis, was deleted, leading to greatly enhanced production of terrein. In addition, LS-MS/MS analysis showed that deletion of StuA cause decreased synthesis of the major byproduct butyrolactones. To achieve an optimal strain, we further refactored the genetic circuit by combining deletion of stuA and overexpression of terR, a higher terrein yield was achieved with a lower background of byproducts in double mutants. In addition, it was also found that loss of StuA (both ΔstuA and ΔstuA::OEterR) resulted in aconidial morphologies, but a slightly faster growth rate than that of WT. Conclusion Our results demonstrated that refactoring both global and pathway-specific transcription factors (StuA and TerR) provides a high-efficient strategy to enhance terrein production, which could be adopted for large-scale production of terrein or other secondary metabolites in marine-derived filamentous fungi. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12934-022-01859-5.
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Lee KE, Bharadwaj S, Sahoo AK, Yadava U, Kang SG. Determination of tyrosinase-cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and (-/+)-catechin binding modes reveal mechanistic differences in tyrosinase inhibition. Sci Rep 2021; 11:24494. [PMID: 34969954 PMCID: PMC8718538 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-03569-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Tyrosinase, exquisitely catalyzes the phenolic compounds into brown or black pigment, inhibition is used as a treatment for dermatological or neurodegenerative disorders. Natural products, such as cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and (-/+)-catechin, are considered safe and non-toxic food additives in tyrosinase inhibition but their ambiguous inhibitory mechanism against tyrosinase is still elusive. Thus, we presented the mechanistic insights into tyrosinase with cyanidin-3-O-glucoside and (-/+)-catechin using computational simulations and in vitro assessment. Initial molecular docking results predicted ideal docked poses (- 9.346 to - 5.795 kcal/mol) for tyrosinase with selected flavonoids. Furthermore, 100 ns molecular dynamics simulations and post-simulation analysis of docked poses established their stability and oxidation of flavonoids as substrate by tyrosinase. Particularly, metal chelation via catechol group linked with the free 3-OH group on the unconjugated dihydropyran heterocycle chain was elucidated to contribute to tyrosinase inhibition by (-/+)-catechin against cyanidin-3-O-glucoside. Also, predicted binding free energy using molecular mechanics/generalized Born surface area for each docked pose was consistent with in vitro enzyme inhibition for both mushroom and murine tyrosinases. Conclusively, (-/+)-catechin was observed for substantial tyrosinase inhibition and advocated for further investigation for drug development against tyrosinase-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyung Eun Lee
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
- Stemforce, 313 Institute of Industrial Technology, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
| | - Shiv Bharadwaj
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
- Laboratory of Ligand Engineering, Institute of Biotechnology of the Czech Academy of Sciences, BIOCEV Research Center, Vestec, Czech Republic.
| | - Amaresh Kumar Sahoo
- Department of Applied Sciences, Indian Institute of Information Technology Allahabad, Allahabad, 211015, Uttar Pradesh, India.
| | - Umesh Yadava
- Department of Physics, Deen Dayal Upadhyay Gorakhpur University, Gorakhpur, India.
| | - Sang Gu Kang
- Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biotechnology, College of Life and Applied Sciences, Yeungnam University, 280 Daehak-Ro, Gyeongsan, 38541, Gyeongbuk, Korea.
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7
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Sirés-Campos J, Lambertos A, Delevoye C, Raposo G, Bennett DC, Sviderskaya E, Jiménez-Cervantes C, Olivares C, García-Borrón JC. Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 regulates pigmentation by controlling the pH of melanosomes in melanocytes and melanoma cells. Cell Mol Life Sci 2021; 79:47. [PMID: 34921635 PMCID: PMC8738503 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-021-04053-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Mahogunin Ring Finger 1 (MGRN1) is an E3-ubiquitin ligase absent in dark-furred mahoganoid mice. We investigated the mechanisms of hyperpigmentation in Mgrn1-null melan-md1 melanocytes, Mgrn1-KO cells obtained by CRISPR-Cas9-mediated knockdown of Mgrn1 in melan-a6 melanocytes, and melan-a6 cells depleted of MGRN1 by siRNA treatment. Mgrn1-deficient melanocytes showed higher melanin content associated with increased melanosome abundance and higher fraction of melanosomes in highly melanized maturation stages III-IV. Expression, post-translational processing and enzymatic activity of the rate-limiting melanogenic enzyme tyrosinase measured in cell-free extracts were comparable in control and MGRN1-depleted cells. However, tyrosinase activity measured in situ in live cells and expression of genes associated with regulation of pH increased upon MGRN1 repression. Using pH-sensitive fluorescent probes, we found that downregulation of MGRN1 expression in melanocytes and melanoma cells increased the pH of acidic organelles, including melanosomes, strongly suggesting a previously unknown role of MGRN1 in the regulation of melanosomal pH. Among the pH regulatory genes upregulated by Mgrn1 knockdown, we identified those encoding several subunits of the vacuolar adenosine triphosphatase V-ATPase (mostly Atp6v0d2) and a calcium channel of the transient receptor potential channel family, Mucolipin 3 (Mcoln3). Manipulation of expression of the Mcoln3 gene showed that overexpression of Mcoln3 played a significant role in neutralization of the pH of acidic organelles and activation of tyrosinase in MGRN1-depleted cells. Therefore, lack of MGRN1 led to cell-autonomous stimulation of pigment production in melanocytes mostly by increasing tyrosinase specific activity through neutralization of the melanosomal pH in a MCOLN3-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Sirés-Campos
- University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain.,Institut Curie, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | | | - Cédric Delevoye
- Institut Curie, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Graça Raposo
- Institut Curie, UMR144, Structure and Membrane Compartments, PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France.,Institut Curie, UMR144, Cell and Tissue Imaging Facility (PICT-IBiSA), PSL Research University, CNRS, 75005, Paris, France
| | - Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Elena Sviderskaya
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St. George's, University of London, London, SW17 0RE, UK
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8
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Huang D, Yang J, Li C, Hui Y, Chen W. Recent Advances in Isolation, Synthesis and Biological Evaluation of Terrein. Chem Biodivers 2021; 18:e2100594. [PMID: 34704347 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.202100594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Terrein is a small-molecule polyketide compound with a simple structure mainly isolated from fungi. Since its discovery in 1935, many scholars have conducted a series of research on its structure identification, isolation source, production increase, synthesis and biological activity. Studies have shown that terrein has a variety of biological activities, not only can inhibit melanin production and epidermal hyperplasia, but also has anti-cancer, anti-inflammatory, anti-angiopoietic secretion, antibacterial, insecticidal activities, and so on. It has potential application prospects in beauty, medicine, agriculture and other fields. This article reviews the process of structural identification of terrein since 1935, and summarizes the latest advances in its isolation, source, production increase, synthesis, and biological activity evaluation, with a view to providing a reference and helping for the in-depth research of terrein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resources Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158 Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Jianni Yang
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resources Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158 Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Chen Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resources Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158 Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Yang Hui
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resources Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158 Hainan, P. R. China
| | - Wenhao Chen
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Resources Chemistry of Ministry of Education, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158, P. R. China.,Key Laboratory of Tropical Medicinal Plant Chemistry of Hainan Province, College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Hainan Normal University, Haikou, 571158 Hainan, P. R. China
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9
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Ferguson R, Subramanian V. The secretion of the angiogenic and neurotrophic factor angiogenin is COPII and microtubule dependent. Exp Cell Res 2019; 381:265-279. [PMID: 31128105 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2019.05.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Revised: 05/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/19/2019] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The RNaseA superfamily member Angiogenin (ANG) is a secreted protein involved in neovascularization, cell proliferation and stress response. Dysregulation of ANG expression is found in many cancers with poor prognosis and mutations in ANG are associated with neurodegenerative diseases. While the uptake and nuclear translocation of ANG is relatively well characterised, little is known about how it reaches the plasma membrane and its mode of secretion. We generated SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cell lines constitutively expressing wild type (WT) Hemagglutinin (HA) epitope tagged mouse Ang1 (mAng1), and two amyotrophic lateral sclerosis associated ANG variants (C39W and K40I). Herein, we show that these cell lines secrete mAng1 into the culture media. Using small molecule inhibitors we probed the route taken between the endoplasmic reticulum and trans-Golgi network during secretion and have characterised it as COPII and microtubule dependent. In addition, we show that disruption by the PI3-kinase inhibitor wortmannin of the later stages of transit to the plasma membrane leads to mAng1 trafficking to lysosomal compartments. This suggests an autophagy dependent regulation of secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross Ferguson
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Vasanta Subramanian
- Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Bath, Bath, BA2 7AY, UK.
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10
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Ketata E, Elleuch H, Neifar A, Mihoubi W, Ayadi W, Marrakchi N, Rezgui F, Gargouri A. Anti-melanogenesis potential of a new series of Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts in B16F10 melanoma cell line. Bioorg Chem 2018; 84:17-23. [PMID: 30476649 DOI: 10.1016/j.bioorg.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2018] [Revised: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Melanin is a natural polymer pigment which provides skin photoprotection against ultraviolet radiation. An excessive synthesis of melanin leads to hyperpigmentation disorders. Tyrosinase catalyzes the rate limiting steps on melanogenesis. Therefore, tyrosinase inhibitors have potential applications in medicine and cosmetic fields. We carried out herein the screening of a family of cyclic Morita-Baylis-Hillman adducts (MBH) to find out their effects on tyrosinase activity and on melanogenesis in murine melanoma B16F10 cell line. Kinetic analysis of tyrosinase inhibition showed that compounds 1a (2-hydroxymethyl) cyclohex-2-enone) and 3f (diethyl (1-(6-oxocyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl-phosphonate) were competitive inhibitors, whereas the compound 2b (6-oxocyclohex-1-en-1-yl) ethyl acetate) was a non-competitive one. Additionally we have found that (1a, 2b and 3f) compounds had a strong melanogenesis inhibition effect in isobutylmethylxanthine (IBMX)-treated murine melanoma B16F10 cells when tested at low and non cytotoxic dose (10-50 µM), by attenuating the melanin production, intracellular tyrosinase activity and tyrosinase expression. Thus, we suggest that these compounds could be used as effective skin-whitening agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emna Ketata
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia.
| | - Haitham Elleuch
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale LR99ES14, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Aref Neifar
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia; Laboratoire de Biodiversité et Biotechnologie Marine, Institut National des Sciences et Technologies de la Mer (INSTM) Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wafa Mihoubi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Wajdi Ayadi
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Naziha Marrakchi
- Laboratoire des Venins et Toxines, Institut Pasteur de Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Farhat Rezgui
- Laboratoire de Chimie Organique Structurale LR99ES14, Faculté des Sciences de Tunis, Université de Tunis El Manar, Campus Universitaire, 2092 Tunis, Tunisia
| | - Ali Gargouri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Moléculaire des Eucaryotes, Centre de Biotechnologie de Sfax, Université de Sfax, Tunisia
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11
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Attenuation of melanogenesis by Nymphaea nouchali (Burm. f) flower extract through the regulation of cAMP/CREB/MAPKs/MITF and proteasomal degradation of tyrosinase. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13928. [PMID: 30224716 PMCID: PMC6141596 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-32303-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Medicinal plants have been used to treat diseases from time immemorial. We aimed to examine the efficacy of the ethyl acetate fraction of Nymphaea nouchali flower extract (NNFE) against melanogenesis process, and the underlying mechanisms in vitro and in vivo. Paper spray ionisation mass spectroscopy and (+) mode electrospray ionisation revealed the presence of seven flavonoids, two spermidine alkaloids, 3,4,8,9,10-pentahydroxy-dibenzo[b,d]pyran-6-one, and shoyuflavone C in NNFE. NNFE (100 µg/mL) significantly inhibited the monophenolase and diphenolase activities of mushroom tyrosinase at 94.90 ± 0.003% and 93.034 ± 0.003%, respectively. NNFE significantly suppressed cellular tyrosinase activity and melanin synthesis in vitro in melan-a cells and in vivo in HRM2 hairless mice. Furthermore, NNFE inhibited tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosinase-related protein (TYRP)-1, TYRP-2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression, thereby blocking melanin synthesis. In particular, NNFE suppressed cAMP production with subsequent downregulation of CREB phosphorylation. Additionally, it stimulated MAP kinase phosphorylation (p38, JNK, and ERK1/2) and the proteasomal debasement pathway, leading to degradation of tyrosinase and MITF and the suppression of melanin production. Moreover, selective inhibitors of ERK1/2, JNK, and p38 attenuated NNFE inhibitory effects on melanogenesis, and MG-132 (a proteasome inhibitor) prevented the NNFE-induced decline in tyrosinase protein levels. In conclusion, these findings indicate that NNFE is a potential therapy for hyperpigmentation.
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12
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Byeon JH, Alam MB, Kim KC, Heo S, Lim JY, Kwon YG, Zhao P, Cha YH, Choi HJ, Lee SH. Anti-Melanogenic Effect of Chestnut Spike Extract through Downregulation of Tyrosinase-Related Proteins and Activation of ERK 1/2. Nat Prod Commun 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1801300825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanin has been reported to be the key factor for skin homeostasis. Besides defining an important human phenotypic trait, melanin overproduction may cause various disorders such as vitiligo, Addison's disease, Cushing's syndrome, and melasma. In this study, we aimed to investigate the anti-melanogenic potential of dried spike extract of chestnut. The extract inhibited tyrosinase (TYR) activity in a dose-dependent manner. Cellular melanin content decreased markedly after treatment with the extract. The spike extract inhibited microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) expression and downregulated TYR, TYRP-1, and TYRP-2 protein expression by increasing the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK)1/2 signalling pathway in melan-a cells. In addition, treatment with U0126, a specific inhibitor of ERK, restored melanin content. Collectively, these results suggest that the chestnut spike extract attenuated melanogenesis by inhibiting MITF expression and downregulating TYR, TYRP-1, and TYRP-2 protein expressions via activation of ERK1/2 pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hee Byeon
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Md Badrul Alam
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Food & Bio-Industry Research Institute, Inner Beauty/Antiaging Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki-Chan Kim
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sangsun Heo
- School of Bioconvergence, Jungbu University, Gumsan 32713, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-young Lim
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon-Gyung Kwon
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Peijun Zhao
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Yeong-Ho Cha
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Jeong Choi
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- School of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Food & Bio-Industry Research Institute, Inner Beauty/Antiaging Center, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
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13
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Ha JH, Jeong YJ, Xuan SH, Lee JY, Park J, Park SN. Methyl-2-acetylamino-3-(4-hydroxyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzoylthio)propanoate suppresses melanogenesis through ERK signaling pathway mediated MITF proteasomal degradation. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:S0923-1811(18)30169-5. [PMID: 29735364 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2017] [Revised: 04/12/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) is regulated by expression and/or degradation pathway, controlling to the expression of melanogenic enzymes for melanin synthesis. Methyl-2-acetylamino-3-(4-hydroxyl-3,5-dimethoxybenzoylthio)propanoate (MAHDP) is reported to anti-melanogenesis effect but its mechanism remain unclear. OBJECTIVE To investigate the effects of MAHDP on melanogenesis and elucidate its mechanism. METHODS Tyrosinase activity, melanogenic proteins and gene expression levels were measured with MAHDP treatment in B16F1 cells, human melanocytes, reconstructed skin and clinical trial. RESULTS MAHDP attenuated melanin production in α-MSH (melanocyte stimulating hormone) stimulated-B16F1 cells. MAHDP decreased the expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1 (TRP-1), and tyrosinase-related protein-2 (TRP-2). But, MADPH did not affect the phosphorylation of p38 MAPK, JNK and AKT, which are associated with the regulation of MITF expression. These results suggest that MITF downstream is regulated not transcriptionally but translationally. Treatment of MG132 (a proteasomal degradation inhibitor) almost abolished the decrease of MITF protein levels by MAHDP. Phosphorylation and ubiquitination of MITF for proteasomal degradation were increased by treatment of MAHDP. Treatment of PD98059 (an ERK phosphorylation inhibitor) abrogated ERK phosphorylation, downregulation of MITF and tyrosinase as well as the decrease of melanin contents by MAHDP. Therefore, the degradation of MITF proteins by MAHDP is regulated to the ERK signaling. Finally, MAHDP improved the pigmentation in human epidermal melanocytes, a UVB-irradiated the reconstructed skin model and clinical trial without cytotoxicity and skin irritation. CONCLUSION These results clearly demonstrate that MAHDP suppresses the expression of melanogenic enzymes through ERK phosphorylation-mediated MITF proteasomal degradation, and suggest that MAHDP may be efficient as a therapeutic agent for hyperpigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Hoon Ha
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Cosmetic R&D Center, Cosmetic Industry Coupled Collaboration Center, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Ju Jeong
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Cosmetic R&D Center, Cosmetic Industry Coupled Collaboration Center, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Song Hua Xuan
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Cosmetic R&D Center, Cosmetic Industry Coupled Collaboration Center, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Young Lee
- Daebong LS. Ltd., 692-8, Gojan-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21697, Republic of Korea
| | - Jino Park
- Daebong LS. Ltd., 692-8, Gojan-dong, Namdong-gu, Incheon 21697, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo Nam Park
- Department of Fine Chemistry, Cosmetic R&D Center, Cosmetic Industry Coupled Collaboration Center, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, 232 Gongneung-ro, Nowon-gu, Seoul 01811, Republic of Korea.
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14
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Alam MB, Bajpai VK, Lee J, Zhao P, Byeon JH, Ra JS, Majumder R, Lee JS, Yoon JI, Rather IA, Park YH, Kim K, Na M, Lee SH. Inhibition of melanogenesis by jineol from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans via MAP-Kinase mediated MITF downregulation and the proteasomal degradation of tyrosinase. Sci Rep 2017; 7:45858. [PMID: 28393917 PMCID: PMC5385534 DOI: 10.1038/srep45858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 03/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the authors investigated the anti-melanogenic effects of 3,8-dihydroxyquinoline (jineol) isolated from Scolopendra subspinipes mutilans, the mechanisms responsible for its inhibition of melanogenesis in melan-a cells, and its antioxidant efficacy. Mushroom tyrosinase activities and melanin contents were determined in melan-a cells, and the protein and mRNA levels of MITF, tyrosinase, TYRP-1, and TYRP-2 were assessed. Jineol exhibited significant, concentration-dependent antioxidant effects as determined by DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, and FRAP assays. Jineol significantly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity by functioning as an uncompetitive inhibitor, and markedly inhibited melanin production and intracellular tyrosinase activity in melan-a cells. In addition, jineol abolished the expressions of tyrosinase, TYRP-1, TYRP-2, and MITF, thereby blocking melanin production and interfering with the phosphorylations of ERK1/2 and p38. Furthermore, specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 and p38 prevented melanogenesis inhibition by jineol, and the proteasome inhibitor (MG-132) prevented jineol-induced reductions in cellular tyrosinase levels. Taken together, jineol was found to stimulate MAP-kinase (ERK1/2 and p38) phosphorylation and the proteolytic degradation pathway, which led to the degradations of MITF and tyrosinase, and to suppress the productions of melanin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Badrul Alam
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Vivek K Bajpai
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiome Laboratory, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - JungIn Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Peijun Zhao
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jung-Hee Byeon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Jeong-Sic Ra
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
| | - Rajib Majumder
- Department of Biological Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW 2109, Australia.,Bio-security and Food Safety, NSW Department of Primary Industries, Elizabeth Macarthur Agricultural Institute (EMAI), Menangle, NSW 2567, Australia
| | - Jong Sung Lee
- Kcellbio, Seoulsoop Kolon Digital Tower, Seongsuil-ro-4-gil, Seongdong-gu 04713, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jung-In Yoon
- Kcellbio, Seoulsoop Kolon Digital Tower, Seongsuil-ro-4-gil, Seongdong-gu 04713, Seoul, Korea
| | - Irfan A Rather
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiome Laboratory, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - Yong-Ha Park
- Department of Applied Microbiology and Biotechnology, Microbiome Laboratory, Yeungnam University, Gyeongsan, Gyeongbuk 38541, Korea
| | - Kangmin Kim
- Division of Biotechnology, College of Environmental and Bioresource Sciences, Chonbuk National University, 79 Gobong-ro, Iksan-si 570-752, Jeonbuk, Republic of Korea
| | - MinKyun Na
- College of Pharmacy, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 34134, Korea
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, Graduate School, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea
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15
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Alam MB, Seo BJ, Zhao P, Lee SH. Anti-Melanogenic Activities of Heracleum moellendorffii via ERK1/2-Mediated MITF Downregulation. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:ijms17111844. [PMID: 27827938 PMCID: PMC5133844 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17111844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, the anti-melanogenic effects of Heracleum moellendorffii Hance extract (HmHe) and the mechanisms through which it inhibits melanogenesis in melan-a cells were investigated. Mushroom tyrosinase (TYR) activity and melanin content as well as cellular tyrosinase activity were measured in the cells. mRNA and protein expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (TYR), TYR-related protein-1 (TYRP-1) and -2 were also examined. The results demonstrate that treatment with HmHe significantly inhibits mushroom tyrosinase activity. Furthermore, HmHe also markedly inhibits melanin production and intracellular tyrosinase activity. By suppressing the expression of TYR, TYRP-1, TYRP-2, and MITF, HmHe treatment antagonized melanin production in melan-a cells. Additionally, HmHe interfered with the phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, with reversal of HmHe-induced melanogenesis inhibition after treatment with specific inhibitor U0126. In summary, HmHe can be said to stimulate ERK1/2 phosphorylation and subsequent degradation of MITF, resulting in suppression of melanogenic enzymes and melanin production, possibly due to the presence of polyphenolic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Badrul Alam
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Bum-Ju Seo
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Peijun Zhao
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
| | - Sang-Han Lee
- Department of Food Science & Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea.
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16
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Zhao C, Guo L, Wang L, Zhu G, Zhu W. Improving the yield of (+)-terrein from the salt-tolerant Aspergillus terreus PT06-2. World J Microbiol Biotechnol 2016; 32:77. [DOI: 10.1007/s11274-016-2029-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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17
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Yin Y, Ding Y, Feng G, Li J, Xiao L, Karuppiah V, Sun W, Zhang F, Li Z. Modification of artificial sea water for the mass production of (+)-terrein by Aspergillus terreus strain PF26 derived from marine sponge Phakellia fusca. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015; 61:580-7. [PMID: 26394071 DOI: 10.1111/lam.12496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Revised: 09/02/2015] [Accepted: 09/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED (+)-Terrein shows multiple bioactivities, however, its mass production is a big challenge. Aspergillus terreus strain PF26 derived from South China Sea sponge Phakellia fusca has been cultured to produce (+)-terrein successfully, but artificial sea water (ASW) of high salinity used in the fermentation medium may cause the corrosion risk of metal bioreactor, which limits the fermentation on a large scale. In this study, we modified the components of ASW by removing NaCl and CaCl2 from the original formula, which reduced about 80% salinity of ASW. As a result, 7·56 g l(-1) (+)-terrein production was achieved in shake flask, which was 78·72% higher than using the original ASW, and the cultivation time was decreased from 24 to 15 days. Then, the modified ASW was used for the fermentation of A. terreus strain PF26 in a 500 l stirred bioreactor, consequently 2·5 g l(-1) of (+)-terrein production was achieved. SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY The fermentation of marine micro-organisms always needs to use sea water or artificial sea water (ASW), which limits the fermentation on a large scale, as the high-salinity medium may cause the corrosion risk of bioreactor. In this study, the ASW formula is simplified to reduce the sea water salinity and improve the yield of (+)-terrein, finally, the modified ASW was successfully used for the mass production of (+)-terrein by A. terreus strain PF26 in a 500 l bioreactor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Yin
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor Engineering, East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai, China
| | - Y Ding
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - G Feng
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - J Li
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - L Xiao
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - V Karuppiah
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - W Sun
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - F Zhang
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Z Li
- Marine Biotechnology Laboratory, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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18
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N-Nicotinoyl tyramine, a novel niacinamide derivative, inhibits melanogenesis by suppressing MITF gene expression. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 764:1-8. [PMID: 26118836 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2015] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
We synthesized and investigated the inhibitory effects of a novel niacinamide derivative, N-nicotinoyltyramine (NNT) on melanogenesis. NNT inhibited melanin production in B16F10 murine melanoma cells stimulated with α-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH), in human melanocyte and in three-dimensional cultured human skin model. NNT did not affect the catalytic activity of tyrosinase, but acted as an inhibitor of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and tyrosinase expressions in B16F10 cells. These findings suggest that the hypopigmentary effect of NNT results from the down-regulation of MITF and subsequently of tyrosinase, although NNT did not directly inhibit tyrosinase activity. In addition, safety of NNT was verified through performing neural stem cell morphology assay and Human repeated insult patch test as whitening agent. Our findings indicate that NNT may be a potential and non-skin irritant whitening agent for use in cosmetics and in the medical treatment of pigmentary disorders.
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19
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Cellular Anti-Melanogenic Effects of a Euryale ferox Seed Extract Ethyl Acetate Fraction via the Lysosomal Degradation Machinery. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:9217-35. [PMID: 25915032 PMCID: PMC4463586 DOI: 10.3390/ijms16059217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2014] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of ethyl acetate fraction of Euryale ferox seed extracts (Efse-EA) on melanogenesis in immortalized mouse melanocyte cell line, melan-a. Efse-EA showed strong dose-dependent mushroom tyrosinase inhibitory activity. Treatment of melan-a cells with 30 μg/mL Efse-EA produced strong inhibition of cellular tyrosinase and melanin synthesis. Efse-EA significantly reduced the levels of melanogenesis-related proteins, such as tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related proteins 1 and 2, and microphthalmia-associated transcription factor. Because Efse-EA treatment reduced tyrosinase protein levels without changing its mRNA expression, we investigated whether this decrease was related to proteasomal or lysosomal degradation of tyrosinase. We found that chloroquine, a lysosomal proteolysis inhibitor, almost completely abolished both the down-regulation of tyrosinase and the inhibition of melanin synthesis induced by Efse-EA. These results suggested that Efse-EA may contribute to the inhibition of melanogenesis by altering lysosomal degradation of tyrosinase, and that this extract may provide a new cosmetic skin-whitening agent.
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20
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Lee CC, Chen YT, Chiu CC, Liao WT, Liu YC, David Wang HM. Polygonum cuspidatum extracts as bioactive antioxidaion, anti-tyrosinase, immune stimulation and anticancer agents. J Biosci Bioeng 2014; 119:464-9. [PMID: 25311751 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2014.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2014] [Revised: 09/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/09/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In our study, it was applied for the technology of supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction to achieve biological constitutes from a Taiwan native plant, Polygonum cuspidatum. We developed bioactive effects of P. cuspidatum extracts via multiple examinations that established bio-purposes at a range of dosage ranges. The research of P. cuspidatum extracts indicated that they possessed anti-oxidative properties on radical-scavenging abilities, reducing activities and metal chelating powers in dose-dependant manners. The extracts also had minor in vitro mushroom tyrosinase suppression and decreased cellular tyrosinase activities and melanin production in B16-F10 cells. Immunologically, P. cuspidatum extracts enhanced the release of tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α) induced by THP-1 macrophage cell line. In addition, the cell proliferation showed anti-proliferation in dose-dependent manner on human skin melanoma cells, A375 and A375.S2, of the extracts suggesting biological constitutes employed the anti-cancer possessions. This is the first statement presenting bioactivities on P. cuspidatum extracts including anti-oxidation, immune stimulation, anti-tyrosinase and anti-melanoma as far as we know.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Chen Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yen-Ting Chen
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chien-Chih Chiu
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Wei-Ting Liao
- Department of Biotechnology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Yung-Chuan Liu
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hui-Min David Wang
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC; Graduate Institute of Natural Products, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Synthetic (+)-terrein suppresses interleukin-6/soluble interleukin-6 receptor induced-secretion of vascular endothelial growth factor in human gingival fibroblasts. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:5338-44. [PMID: 25151086 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.07.047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Revised: 07/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interleukin (IL)-6 is a proinflammatory cytokine that performs a wide variety of biological functions, including important roles in the progression of chronic inflammatory diseases such as periodontal disease. (+)-Terrein, a secondary bioactive fungal metabolite isolated from Aspergillus terreus, has various biological activities; however, its anti-inflammatory effects are still unknown. The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of synthetic (+)-terrein on IL-6 signaling and related protein production in human gingival fibroblasts. To our knowledge, this study is the first to report that synthetic (+)-terrein is not cytotoxic at concentrations less than 20 μM and suppresses IL-6/soluble IL-6 receptor (sIL-6R)-induced phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3, extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2, and c-jun N-terminal kinase 1/2-signaling proteins that are downstream of IL-6 signaling. In addition, synthetic (+)-terrein suppresses IL-6/sIL-6R-induced vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion in a concentration-dependent manner (p<0.01). These data suggest that synthetic (+)-terrein has potential anti-IL-6 signaling activity and suppresses VEGF-associated inflammatory disease progression.
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22
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Choo SJ, Ryoo IJ, Kim KC, Na M, Jang JH, Ahn JS, Yoo ID. Hypo-pigmenting effect of sesquiterpenes from Inula britannica in B16 melanoma cells. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:567-74. [DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0302-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 11/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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23
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Xiao L, Yin Y, Sun W, Zhang F, Li Z. Enhanced production of (+)-terrein by Aspergillus terreus strain PF26 with epigenetic modifier suberoylanilide hydroxamic acid. Process Biochem 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2013.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Lee CC, Chiu CC, Liao WT, Wu PF, Chen YT, Huang KC, Chou YT, Wen ZH, Wang HM. Alpinia oxyphylla Miq. bioactive extracts from supercritical fluid carbon dioxide extraction. Biochem Eng J 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2013.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Shin SH, Lee YM. Glyceollins, a novel class of soybean phytoalexins, inhibit SCF-induced melanogenesis through attenuation of SCF/c-kit downstream signaling pathways. Exp Mol Med 2013; 45:e17. [PMID: 23559126 PMCID: PMC3641398 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2013.20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2012] [Revised: 12/11/2012] [Accepted: 12/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The anti-melanogenesis effect of glyceollins was examined by melanin synthesis, tyrosinase activity assay in zebrafish embryos and in B16F10 melanoma cells. When developing zebrafish embryos were treated with glyceollins, pigmentation of the embryos, melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity were all decreased compared with control zebrafish embryos. In situ expression of a pigment cell-specific gene, Sox10, was dramatically decreased by glyceollin treatment in the neural tubes of the trunk region of the embryos. Stem cell factor (SCF)/c-kit signaling pathways as well as expression of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) were determined by western blot analysis. Glyceollins inhibited melanin synthesis, as well as the expression and activity of tyrosinase induced by SCF, in a dose-dependent manner in B16F10 melanoma cells. Pretreatment of B16F10 cells with glyceollins dose-dependently inhibited SCF-induced c-kit and Akt phosphorylation. Glyceollins significantly impaired the expression and activity of MITF. An additional inhibitory function of glyceollins was to effectively downregulate intracellular cyclic AMP levels stimulated by SCF in B16F10 cells. Glyceollins have a depigmentation/whitening activity in vitro and in vivo, and that this effect may be due to the inhibition of SCF-induced c-kit and tyrosinase activity through the blockade of downstream signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sun-Hye Shin
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - You-Mie Lee
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, College of Natural Sciences, Daegu, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
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Goh MJ, Lee HK, Cheng L, Kong DY, Yeon JH, He QQ, Cho JC, Na YJ. Depigmentation effect of kadsuralignan F on melan-a murine melanocytes and human skin equivalents. Int J Mol Sci 2013; 14:1655-66. [PMID: 23322017 PMCID: PMC3565339 DOI: 10.3390/ijms14011655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of melanogenic inhibitors is important for the prevention of hyperpigmentation, and, recently, consideration has been given to natural materials or traditionally used ingredients such as Chinese medicine. The aim of this study is the evaluation of a new anti-melanogenic candidate, kadsuralignan F, from the natural plant Kadsura coccinea, as well as the determination of mechanisms of melanogenesis inhibition at a molecular level. Kadsuralignan F significantly reduced melanin synthesis in a dose-dependent manner in a murine melanocyte cell line and human skin equivalents. There was no direct inhibition on mushroom tyrosinase or cell-extract tyrosinase activity, and mRNA expression of tyrosinase and other melanogenic genes such as tyrosinase-related protein-1 (trp-1) or trp-2 were not affected by kadsuralignan F. Interestingly, the protein level of tyrosinase was dramatically downregulated with kadsuralignan F treatment. We found that a decrease of tyrosinase protein by kadsuralignan F was fully recovered by MG132, a proteasome inhibitor, but not by chloroquine, a lysosome inhibitor. In this study, we found that kadsuralignan F, a lignan from an extract of Kadsura coccinea, has an inhibitory activity on melanin synthesis through tyrosinase degradation. These findings suggest that kadsuralignan F can be used as an active ingredient for hyperpigmentation treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Myeong-Jin Goh
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific R&D Center, 314-1 Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin 446-729, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (H.-K.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Hae-Kwang Lee
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific R&D Center, 314-1 Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin 446-729, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (H.-K.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Liang Cheng
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1320 Beijing Road (W), Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (L.C.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - De-Yun Kong
- Department of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, 1320 Beijing Road (W), Shanghai 200040, China; E-Mails: (L.C.); (D.-Y.K.)
| | - Jae-Ho Yeon
- Amorepacific Shanghai R&I Center, 383 Yumin Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201801, China; E-Mails: (J.-H.Y.); (Q.-Q.H.)
| | - Quan-Quan He
- Amorepacific Shanghai R&I Center, 383 Yumin Road, Jiading District, Shanghai 201801, China; E-Mails: (J.-H.Y.); (Q.-Q.H.)
| | - Jun-Cheol Cho
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific R&D Center, 314-1 Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin 446-729, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (H.-K.L.); (J.C.)
| | - Yong Joo Na
- Skin Research Institute, Amorepacific R&D Center, 314-1 Bora-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin 446-729, Korea; E-Mails: (M.-J.G.); (H.-K.L.); (J.C.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: ; Tel.: +82-31-280-5966; Fax: +82-31-282-6063
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Jeong HS, Choi HR, Yun HY, Baek KJ, Kwon NS, Park KC, Kim DS. Ceramide PC102 inhibits melanin synthesis via proteasomal degradation of microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and tyrosinase. Mol Cell Biochem 2012. [PMID: 23203344 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-012-1530-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A few types of ceramide are reported to decrease melanin synthesis. In the present study, we examined the effects of an artificial ceramide analog, PC102, on melanogenesis using a spontaneously immortalized melanocyte cell line (Mel-Ab). PC102 is currently used as a moisturizing additive in a variety of cosmetics. Our data showed that PC102 inhibited melanin production and tyrosinase activity in a dose-dependent manner, but did not directly affect tyrosinase activity. Microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase, and β-catenin protein levels decreased after 48 h of PC102 treatment. In contrast, PC102 did not decrease MITF, tyrosinase, and β-catenin mRNA levels. Therefore, we investigated whether the decrease in MITF and tyrosinase by PC102 is due to proteasomal degradation. MG132, a proteasomal inhibitor, completely abolished tyrosinase downregulation due to PC102 and partially reduced the downregulation of MITF and β-catenin due to PC102. Moreover, MG132 abrogated the inhibition of melanin synthesis by PC102. Taken together, our data suggest that PC102 may inhibit melanin synthesis through MITF and tyrosinase degradation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyo-Soon Jeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Chung-Ang University College of Medicine, 221 Heukseok-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
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Abstract
Melanogenesis is a biosynthetic pathway for the formation of the pigment melanin in human skin. A key enzyme, tyrosinase, catalyzes the first and only rate-limiting steps in melanogenesis, and the down-regulation of enzyme activity is the most reported method for the inhibition of melanogenesis. Because of the cosmetically important issue of hyperpigmentation, there is a big demand for melanogenesis inhibitors. This encourages researchers to seek potent melanogenesis inhibitors for cosmetic uses. This article reviews melanogenesis inhibitors that have been recently discovered from natural sources. The reaction mechanisms of the inhibitors on tyrosinase activity are also discussed.
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Paik SH, Kim HJ, Son HY, Lee S, Im SW, Ju YS, Yeon JH, Jo SJ, Eun HC, Seo JS, Kwon OS, Kim JI. Gene mapping study for constitutive skin color in an isolated Mongolian population. Exp Mol Med 2012; 44:241-9. [PMID: 22198297 PMCID: PMC3317488 DOI: 10.3858/emm.2012.44.3.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the genes responsible for constitutive human skin color, we measured the extent of skin pigmentation in the buttock, representative of lifelong non-sun-exposed skin, and conducted a gene mapping study on skin color in an isolated Mongolian population composed of 344 individuals from 59 families who lived in Dashbalbar, Mongolia. The heritability of constitutive skin color was 0.82, indicating significant genetic association on this trait. Through the linkage analysis using 1,039 short tandem repeat (STR) microsatellite markers, we identified a novel genomic region regulating constitutive skin color on 11q24.2 with an logarithm of odds (LOD) score of 3.39. In addition, we also found other candidate regions on 17q23.2, 6q25.1, and 13q33.2 (LOD ≥ 2). Family-based association tests on these regions with suggestive linkage peaks revealed ten and two significant single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) on the linkage regions of chromosome 11 and 17, respectively. We were able to discover four possible candidate genes that would be implicated to regulate human skin color: ETS1, UBASH3B, ASAM, and CLTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hwan Paik
- Department of Dermatology Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul 110-799, Korea
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Lee CH, Kuo CN, Chen HL, Chen CY. Review on pharmacological activities of Cinnamomum subavenium. Nat Prod Res 2012; 27:988-91. [PMID: 22691063 DOI: 10.1080/14786419.2012.695369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
This review describes the morphological, phytochemical and pharmacological properties of Cinnamomum subavenium (Lauraceae). The plant grows wild in southern Mainland China, Burma, Cambodia, Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia. This plant is recorded as having long been used to treat carcinomatous swelling, stomach ache, chest pain, abdominal pain, hernia, diarrhoea, rheumatism, nausea and vomiting. This article enumerates an overview of phytochemical and pharmacological aspects that is useful to researchers for further exploration for the necessary development of this potential herb.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Hsing Lee
- Bachelor Degree Program of Health Beauty, Fooyin University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC
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Yin Y, Gao Q, Zhang F, Li Z. Medium optimization for the high yield production of single (+)-terrein by Aspergillus terreus strain PF26 derived from marine sponge Phakellia fusca. Process Biochem 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2012.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kim H, Choi HR, Kim DS, Park KC. Topical hypopigmenting agents for pigmentary disorders and their mechanisms of action. Ann Dermatol 2012; 24:1-6. [PMID: 22363147 PMCID: PMC3283838 DOI: 10.5021/ad.2012.24.1.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2011] [Accepted: 11/15/2011] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanin is produced in melanocytes and stored in melanosomes. In spite of its beneficial sun-protective effect, abnormal accumulation of melanin results in esthetic problems. Hydroquinone, competing with tyrosine, is a major ingredient in topical pharmacological agents. However, frequent adverse reactions are amongst its major limitation. To solve this problem, several alternatives such as arbutin, kojic acid, aloesin, and 4-n-butyl resorcinol have been developed. Herein, we classify hypopigmenting agents according to their mechanism of action; a) regulation of enzyme, which is subdivided into three categories, i) regulation of transcription and maturation of tyrosinase, ii) inhibition of tyrosinase activity, and iii) post-transcriptional control of tyrosinase; b) inhibition of melanosome transfer, and c) additional mechanisms such as regulation of the melanocyte environment and antioxidant agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyojin Kim
- Department of Dermatology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea
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1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4-dimethoxy-3-methylpheny)propane inhibits melanin synthesis by dual mechanisms. J Dermatol Sci 2011; 63:115-21. [PMID: 21680155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2011.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2011] [Revised: 04/07/2011] [Accepted: 04/08/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND 1-(2,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-3-(2,4-dimethoxy-3-methylpheny)propane (DP) was reported as a novel tyrosinase inhibitor by Nesterov et al. In previous study, we showed that DP is an antioxidant and accelerates the fading of UVB-induced tan in human skin but details of inhibiting mechanism of DP in melanogenesis remain incomplete. OBJECTIVE To clarify additional mechanisms of DP inhibition of melanogenesis, we studied the effect of DP on tyrosinase processing and degradation. METHODS Tyrosinase inhibition was assessed using mushroom and human tyrosinase. The effect of DP on mRNA and protein levels as well as glycosylation and degradation of tyrosinase was examined using normal human epidermal melanocytes (NHEM). RESULTS DP was 200 times more potent than that of kojic acid in inhibiting mushroom tyrosinase activity. In contrast, DP (IC(50)=200μM) was significantly less effective at inhibiting tyrosinase from NHEM. DP decreased melanin content in cultured NHEM after 7th day (IC(50)=10μM). The IC(50) for DP against human tyrosinase activity was found to be at least 20 times higher than that of melanin synthesis. At a non-cytotoxic concentration DP did not decrease tyrosinase mRNA however protein level decreased by 46% after 48h treatment. DP did not alter the ratio of mature and immature tyrosinase assayed by endo H cleavage. Tyrosinase degradation assays revealed that DP accelerated tyrosinase degradation in NHEM. CONCLUSIONS We found that DP acts through dual mechanisms to reduce melanin synthesis; by inhibition of tyrosinase activity via an anti-oxidant effect, and, more importantly, by the acceleration of tyrosinase degradation.
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Ding HY, Chang TS, Shen HC, Tai SSK. Murine tyrosinase Inhibitors from Cynanchum bungei and evaluation of in vitro and in vivo depigmenting activity. Exp Dermatol 2011; 20:720-4. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2011.01302.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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35
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Yamashita Y, Hoshino T, Matsuda M, Kobayashi C, Tominaga A, Nakamura Y, Nakashima K, Yokomizo K, Ikeda T, Mineda K, Maji D, Niwano Y, Mizushima T. HSP70 inducers from Chinese herbs and their effect on melanin production. Exp Dermatol 2011; 19:e340-2. [PMID: 20163455 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2009.01061.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Skin hyperpigmentation disorders as a result of abnormal melanin production induced by ultraviolet (UV) irradiation are both a clinical and a cosmetic problem. This melanin production is mediated by tyrosinase whose expression is positively regulated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). We recently found that expression of heat shock protein 70 (HSP70) inhibits melanin production. In this study, we searched for HSP70 inducers from Chinese herbs and selected an ethanol extract of Eupatorium lindleyanum (E. lindleyanum). Not only melanin production but also the activity and expression of tyrosinase were significantly suppressed in cells treated with E. lindleyanum extract as well as in HSP70-overexpressing cells. The expression of MITF was clearly suppressed in cells treated with E. lindleyanum extract but not in HSP70-overexpressing cells. These results suggest that E. lindleyanum extract suppresses the expression of tyrosinase and melanin production through both HSP70-dependent and HSP70-independent mechanisms.
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36
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Wang HM, Chen CY, Wen ZH. Identifying melanogenesis inhibitors from Cinnamomum subavenium with in vitro and in vivo screening systems by targeting the human tyrosinase. Exp Dermatol 2010; 20:242-8. [PMID: 21054558 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0625.2010.01161.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tyrosinase is known to be the first two and rate-limiting enzyme in the synthesis of melanin pigments responsible for colouring skin, hair and eyes. Tyrosinase inhibition is one major strategy used to treat hyperpigmentation. In human skin melanocytes, the cellular tyrosinase inhibition was examined by the conversion of l-tyrosine and oxidation of l-DOPA to dopaquinone. We evaluated the skin pigmentation inhibitor effects with both in vitro and in vivo systems to find skin-whitening agents without cytotoxic concerns. First, linderanolide B and subamolide A were isolated from the stems of Cinnamomum subavenium and exhibited mushroom tyrosinase inhibition. Then, these two herbal compounds were proved to have good pigmentation inhibitory abilities at low doses and demonstrated free cytotoxicities to normal human skin cells and zebrafish system. With molecular docking, in a virtual model of human tyrosinase, linderanolide B and subamolide A displayed meta(l) -coordinating interactions with Cu(2+) ions. The results obtained from biological assays showed that linderanolide B and subamolide A possessed anti-tyrosinase properties, which exhibited potential for application in medical cosmetology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui-Min Wang
- Department of Fragrance and Cosmetic Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan, ROC.
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Ficus deltoidea (Mas cotek) extract exerted anti-melanogenic activity by preventing tyrosinase activity in vitro and by suppressing tyrosinase gene expression in B16F1 melanoma cells. Arch Dermatol Res 2010; 303:161-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00403-010-1089-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2010] [Revised: 09/29/2010] [Accepted: 10/04/2010] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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38
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Park KC, Huh SY, Choi HR, Kim DS. Biology of melanogenesis and the search for hypopigmenting agents. DERMATOL SIN 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s1027-8117(10)60011-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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