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Bonney EA, Brown SA. To drive or be driven: the path of a mouse model of recurrent pregnancy loss. Reproduction 2014; 147:R153-67. [PMID: 24472815 DOI: 10.1530/rep-13-0583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
This review is an example of the use of an animal model to try to understand the immune biology of pregnancy. A well-known model of recurrent spontaneous pregnancy loss is put in clinical, historical, and theoretical context, with emphasis on T cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth A Bonney
- Division of Reproductive Sciences, Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Sciences, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Given Building, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Burlington, Vermont 05404, USA
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Immunopathology of early pregnancy. Infect Dis Obstet Gynecol 2012; 5:73-92. [PMID: 18476159 PMCID: PMC2364571 DOI: 10.1155/s1064744997000148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/1997] [Accepted: 10/21/1997] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Chaouat G, Petitbarat M, Dubanchet S, Rahmati M, Ledée N. Tolerance to the foetal allograft? Am J Reprod Immunol 2010; 63:624-36. [PMID: 20367624 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.2010.00832.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
In this review, we will detail the concept of tolerance and its history in reproductive immunology. We will then consider whether it applies to the foetal-maternal relationship and discuss the mechanisms involved in non-rejection of the foeto-placental unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Chaouat
- U 782 INSERM, Université Paris Sud, and Hôpital Antoine Béclère, Clamart, France.
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Abstract
Immunology is a fast developing and intriguing biomedical science, which can give rise to specific considerations about the physiological process of both successful and unsuccessful vivparous pregnancy. It is normal in clinical organ transplantation for unmatched foreign tissues (allografts) to provoke immunological rejection by the host, unless there has been prior tissue matching (histocompatibility antigen tissue typing) or immunosuppressive therapy. Thus, it is still not fully clear how, after ‘random’ mating, haplo-nonidentical fetal tissue is able to survive in the potentially hostile immunocompetent maternal environment. The majority of pregnancies survive uninterrupted and there has now been much speculation and research regarding the immunological success of pregnancy (i.e. nature’s transplant). Medawar orginally offered four nonexclusive hypotheses to explain the enigmatic immunological survival of normal pregnancy:1) the conceptus is not immunogenic and therefore does not evoke an immunological response;2) pregnancy alters the maternal immune response;3) the uterus is an immunologically privileged site;4) the placenta is an immunological barrier between the mother and the as yet immunologically incompetent fetus.Before discussing these, as well as some of the clinical immunological problems that may arise during pregnancy, it is necessary to outline some of the basic components of the normal immune system. This will lead to a description of current understanding of immunological events at the fetomaternal interface as well as the maternal immune response in human pregnancy.
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van de Graaf SFJ, Bindels RJM, Hoenderop JGJ. Physiology of epithelial Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport. Rev Physiol Biochem Pharmacol 2007; 158:77-160. [PMID: 17729442 DOI: 10.1007/112_2006_0607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Ca2+ and Mg2+ are essential ions in a wide variety of cellular processes and form a major constituent of bone. It is, therefore, essential that the balance of these ions is strictly maintained. In the last decade, major breakthrough discoveries have vastly expanded our knowledge of the mechanisms underlying epithelial Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport. The genetic defects underlying various disorders with altered Ca2+ and/or Mg2+ handling have been determined. Recently, this yielded the molecular identification of TRPM6 as the gatekeeper of epithelial Mg2+ transport. Furthermore, expression cloning strategies have elucidated two novel members of the transient receptor potential family, TRPV5 and TRPV6, as pivotal ion channels determining transcellular Ca2+ transport. These two channels are regulated by a variety of factors, some historically strongly linked to Ca2+ homeostasis, others identified in a more serendipitous manner. Herein we review the processes of epithelial Ca2+ and Mg2+ transport, the molecular mechanisms involved, and the various forms of regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- S F J van de Graaf
- Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre, 286 Cell Physiology, PO Box 9101, 6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Abstract
Ca(2+) is an essential ion in all organisms, where it plays a crucial role in processes ranging from the formation and maintenance of the skeleton to the temporal and spatial regulation of neuronal function. The Ca(2+) balance is maintained by the concerted action of three organ systems, including the gastrointestinal tract, bone, and kidney. An adult ingests on average 1 g Ca(2+) daily from which 0.35 g is absorbed in the small intestine by a mechanism that is controlled primarily by the calciotropic hormones. To maintain the Ca(2+) balance, the kidney must excrete the same amount of Ca(2+) that the small intestine absorbs. This is accomplished by a combination of filtration of Ca(2+) across the glomeruli and subsequent reabsorption of the filtered Ca(2+) along the renal tubules. Bone turnover is a continuous process involving both resorption of existing bone and deposition of new bone. The above-mentioned Ca(2+) fluxes are stimulated by the synergistic actions of active vitamin D (1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D(3)) and parathyroid hormone. Until recently, the mechanism by which Ca(2+) enter the absorptive epithelia was unknown. A major breakthrough in completing the molecular details of these pathways was the identification of the epithelial Ca(2+) channel family consisting of two members: TRPV5 and TRPV6. Functional analysis indicated that these Ca(2+) channels constitute the rate-limiting step in Ca(2+)-transporting epithelia. They form the prime target for hormonal control of the active Ca(2+) flux from the intestinal lumen or urine space to the blood compartment. This review describes the characteristics of epithelial Ca(2+) transport in general and highlights in particular the distinctive features and the physiological relevance of the new epithelial Ca(2+) channels accumulating in a comprehensive model for epithelial Ca(2+) absorption.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joost G J Hoenderop
- Department of Physiology, Nijmegen Center for Moecular Life Sciences, University Medical Center Nijmegen, The Netherlands
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Chaouat G. Should We Re-Examine the Status of Lymphocyte Alloimmunization Therapy for Recurrent Spontaneous Abortion? Am J Reprod Immunol 2003; 50:433-8. [PMID: 14750549 DOI: 10.1046/j.8755-8920.2003.00132.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM In the human, lymphocyte alloimmunization immunotherapy (IT) has been proposed as a treatment for recurrent spontaneous abortion (RSA). This treatment has been the subject of debate for a long period of time. Recently, it has been proposed to extend such a treatment for implantation failure in humans, and I was asked to express my opinion on this topic. METHODS I reviewed the evolution and theories and current paradigms in Reproductive Immunology and rationales proposed for IT. New discoveries show the complexity of implantation as a step by step developmental event, in mice and humans, and as such led me to re-examine paradigms currently evoked for extension of IT to implantation. Such a re-examination obviously leads me to re-question the basis of IT for RSA itself. CONCLUSIONS I conclude that the Th1/Th2 paradigm, evoked as the current basis for IT, and as useful as it has been to explain pregnancy, is no longer sufficient. It is especially insufficient to explain the process of implantation, which involves inflammatory molecules and cannot fit in such a scheme. It ensues that alloimmunization has no scientific rationale for the treatment of human implantation as a whole, and should not be applied broadly at such a stage of pregnancy. Furthermore, its use in RSA should be re-examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Chaouat
- U 131 INSERM, Department of Obstetrics Gynaecology Hôpital A Béclère, Clamart, France
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Thaler CJ, Labarrere CA, Hunt JS, McIntyre JA, Faulk WP. Unique epitopes of lactoferrin expressed in human cytotrophoblasts involved in immunologic reactions. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1999; 181:460-7. [PMID: 10454701 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(99)70579-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Lactoferrin is an iron-binding protein that has been implicated in protection against infections and allogeneic recognition reactions and in the control of cell growth. We studied the biochemical characteristics and expression of the unique lactoferrin epitopes (LF(1)) in human placentas. STUDY DESIGN Immunohistologic studies of normal human term placentas were done by using monoclonal antibodies to LF(1). Double-antibody experiments were done by using monoclonal antibodies to markers of inflammation (macrophages, human leukocyte antigen [HLA-DR]). LF(1) was studied immunochemically by using lactoferrin fragments produced by the reaction of lactoferrin with trypsin or N-glycanase. RESULTS Anti-LF(1) monoclonal antibodies reacted with most interstitial cytotrophoblasts in the basal plate and with villous cytotrophoblasts of some but not all chorionic villi. Cytotrophoblasts expressing LF(1) were associated with large numbers of HLA-DR-reactive macrophages. Anti-LF(1) monoclonal antibodies reacted with 2 distinct tryptic fragments of lactoferrin, and these reactivities were not affected by treatment with N-glycanase. CONCLUSION Placental cytotrophoblasts express unique epitopes of lactoferrin (LF(1)). Such expression is increased in the presence of activated macrophages. This expression could be an extraembryonic response to inflammation and maternal allogeneic recognition as an effort to protect trophoblastic cells. The LF(1) epitopes might represent conserved polypeptide epitopes on 2 homologous lobes of lactoferrin.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Thaler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Frauenheilkunde und Geburtshilfe, Klinikum Brosshadern, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Munich, Germany
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Cross JC, Lam S, Yagel S, Werb Z. Defective induction of the transcription factor interferon-stimulated gene factor-3 and interferon alpha insensitivity in human trophoblast cells. Biol Reprod 1999; 60:312-21. [PMID: 9915996 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod60.2.312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022] Open
Abstract
During pregnancy, trophoblast cells of the placenta contact maternal immune cells and yet are protected from attack. One mechanism that may account for this is that trophoblasts show altered expression of major histocompatibility complex (MHC) antigens. The gene for human leukocyte antigen G (HLA-G), a nonclassical gene, is expressed at high levels in trophoblast. Unlike other MHC class I genes, the HLA-G gene lacks an interferon (IFN) response element. Moreover, we demonstrate here that IFN, which regulates classical MHC class I genes in other cell types, does not affect these genes in trophoblast, owing to inactivation of an IFNalpha signaling pathway. Trophoblast cells (JEG-3 and JAR) were found to be selectively refractory to IFN. Specifically, although IFNalpha induced the transcription factors STAT1, STAT2, and IFN regulatory factor-1, and a protective response against encephalomyocarditis virus, it failed to protect the cells from vesicular stomatitis virus, activate a transfected MHC class I gene promoter, and induce the transcription factor IFN-stimulated gene factor (ISGF)-3. The lack of ISGF3 DNA-binding activity apparently was due to diminished p48/ISGF3gamma subunit activity since ISGF3 DNA-binding activity and IFNalpha induction of MHC class I promoter activity were reconstituted by p48/ISGF3gamma supplementation. These data indicate that a specific IFN signaling pathway is inactive in JEG-3 trophoblast cells because of altered activity of p48/ISGF3gamma, and they suggest IFN insensitivity as a mechanism that may help promote feto-placental survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Cross
- Program in Development and Fetal Health, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5G 1X5.
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Aït-Azzouzene D, Gendron MC, Houdayer M, Langkopf A, Bürki K, Nemazee D, Kanellopoulos-Langevin C. Maternal B Lymphocytes Specific for Paternal Histocompatibility Antigens Are Partially Deleted During Pregnancy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1998. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.161.6.2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
Although genetically different from its mother, a mammalian fetus bearing paternal alloantigens is normally not rejected. To investigate one of the many possible mechanisms involved in this important biologic phenomenon, we analyzed the consequences of fetal alloantigen recognition on maternal B lymphocytes. We used transgenic mice expressing a unique B cell receptor with a relatively high affinity for the MHC class I molecule H-2Kk on most B lymphocytes. We provide the first evidence for an alloantigen-specific B cell deletion in the spleens and bone marrow of transgenic mothers bearing H-2Kk-positive fetuses. This highly reproducible deletion affects ≤80% of Id-bearing B cells, starts at midpregnancy, and is only observed until term. Such a specific maternal B cell deletion could contribute to the success of the fetal allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- Djemel Aït-Azzouzene
- *Laboratory of Immune Regulations and Development, Department of Developmental Biology, and
| | - Marie-Claude Gendron
- †Flow Cytometry Unit, J. Monod Institute, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique and Universities Paris 6 and 7, Paris, France
| | - Monique Houdayer
- *Laboratory of Immune Regulations and Development, Department of Developmental Biology, and
| | - Anja Langkopf
- *Laboratory of Immune Regulations and Development, Department of Developmental Biology, and
| | | | - David Nemazee
- §Division of Basic Sciences, National Jewish Center for Immunology and Respiratory Medicine, Denver, CO 80206
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Torry DS, McIntyre JA, Faulk WP. Immunobiology of the trophoblast: mechanisms by which placental tissues evade maternal recognition and rejection. Curr Top Microbiol Immunol 1997; 222:127-40. [PMID: 9257489 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-60614-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- D S Torry
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Tennessee Graduate School of Medicine, Knoxville 37920, USA
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Schmidt CM, Orr HT. HLA-G transgenic mice: a model for studying expression and function at the maternal/fetal interface. Immunol Rev 1995; 147:53-65. [PMID: 8847080 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-065x.1995.tb00087.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Experiments designed to identify all HLA class I genes led to the cloning of the HLA-G gene (Geraghty et al. 1987). Very low levels of HLA-G mRNA expression have been demonstrated in the eye, thymus, peripheral blood lymphocytes and in keratinocytes (Shukla et al. 1990, Ishitani & Geraghty 1992, Kirszenbaum et al. 1994, Ulbrecht et al. 1994). Higher levels of HLA-G expression were demonstrated in certain subpopulations of trophoblasts (Ellis et al. 1990, Kovats et al. 1990). Specifically, those subpopulations of trophoblasts in direct contact with decidua, i.e. the cytotrophoblasts of the cytotrophoblast shell and columns, invasive cytotrophoblasts, and cytotrophoblasts of the chorionic membrane, express HLA-G (Yelavarthi et al. 1991, Chumbley et al. 1993). HLA-G molecules on these cells are in a position to interact directly with the maternal immune system. HLA-G transgenic mice have been produced in an effort to produce a model in which antigen presentation by HLA-G can be studied. Studies utilizing these transgenic mice have led to the definition of a previously unknown regulatory region and have yielded some basic information about HLA-G's ability to function as a class I molecule (Schmidt et al., in press; manuscript in preparation). One of the HLA-G transgenic mouse lines produced, G.3.2, has been shown to have a cell-type specific extraembryonic HLA-G expression pattern paralleling that seen in human extraembryonic tissues (Schmidt et al, in press). In addition, the levels of HLA-G mRNA expression seen in the extraembryonic tissues from this transgenic mouse line are similar to the levels of HLA-G mRNA expression detectable in human extraembryonic tissues. As cells expressing HLA-G come in direct contact with decidual cells, these mice will serve as a model in which HLA-G's ability to present foreign antigens to the maternal immune system can be studied. The G.3.2 HLA-G transgenic mouse line also exhibits thymic HLA-G expression levels similar to those seen in human thymus (Schmidt et al., manuscript in preparation). HLA-G expression in the transgenic murine thymus is largely restricted to dendritic cells. It is possible that this thymic HLA-G mRNA expression is responsible for the tolerance to HLA-G which is seen in the HLA-G transgenic mice. Further studies will be necessary to determine whether the lymphocytic repertoire of the HLA-G transgenic mouse can recognize HLA-G molecules presenting foreign peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Schmidt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine & Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis 55455, USA
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Lalmanach Girard AC, Guillaumin JM, Thibault G, Rupin A, De Russé J, Bardos P. Inhibition of induced lymphocyte proliferation by lipid and protein components of the syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane. Am J Reprod Immunol 1995; 33:182-9. [PMID: 7646770 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1995.tb00883.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM The aim of this work was to define the respective responsibilities of the lipid and protein components of syncytiotrophoblast plasma membranes on the inhibition of lymphocyte proliferation induced in vitro. METHOD A fractionation method using octyl-beta-D-glucopyranoside enabled lipoprotein, lipid, and protein fractions to be isolated from the membrane. RESULTS The lipid fraction was shown nonspecifically to inhibit lymphocyte proliferation, to a lower extent compared with the native membrane. Alternatively, the protein fraction used as a proteoliposome contained the totality of the cytostatic effect of the native fraction. CONCLUSION These results are discussed generally in the context of the immunoregulatory role of membrane lipids and proteins and in relation to the local properties of syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane components in fetal graft tolerance.
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Bennett WA, Brackin MN, Long CA, Cowan BD. Immunosuppression by conditioned media derived from a cloned choriocarcinoma cell line in serum-supplemented and defined media. Am J Reprod Immunol 1995; 33:108-13. [PMID: 7619224 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1995.tb01146.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Immunosuppressive factor(s) of trophoblast origin may contribute to the immunological privilege afforded the fetal allograft. Characterization of these immunoregulators in humans has been impeded by a lack of sufficient quantities of early gestational trophoblast for experimentation. METHOD In this study, a cloned choriocarcinoma cell line (BeWo) was evaluated as an experimental model of trophoblast-derived immunoregulation. BeWo cells were cultured in both serum-supplemented (15% fetal bovine serum; FCS-CM) and serum-free (10% bovine serum albumin, BSA-CM; 0.01% gelatin, Gel-CM) media. Immunosuppressive activity was determined through the use of interleukin-2-dependent (CTLL-2) and -independent (LBRM) cell lines. Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) levels were determined by an immunoradiometric assay, and cellular morphology was assessed by light microscopy. RESULTS In the serum-supplemented cultures, a portion of cells underwent transformation from single nucleated cytotrophoblast to multinucleated syncytiotrophoblast during days 1 to 5 of culture and was accompanied by a rise in hCG. Serum-free cultures were characterized as islands of cytotrophoblast and did not exhibit differentiation. FCS-CM suppressed CTLL-2 and LBRM proliferation with estimated EC50 values of 415 and 280 micrograms protein/mL, respectively. Gel-CM suppressed CTLL-2 and LBRM proliferation with EC50 values of 12 and 7 micrograms protein/mL, respectively. BSA-CM suppressed CTLL-2 proliferation with an EC50 of 132 micrograms protein/mL, but failed to suppress LBRM proliferation below 50% of control. CONCLUSION These results suggest that the BeWo cell line is a promising model for the study of trophoblast-derived suppressive factors and that these factors can be generated in serum-free medium.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Bennett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505, USA
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Labarrere CA, Faulk WP. Intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and HLA-DR antigens are expressed on endovascular cytotrophoblasts in abnormal pregnancies. Am J Reprod Immunol 1995; 33:47-53. [PMID: 7619233 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1995.tb01137.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM We asked if the lack of normal trophoblastic invasion of spiral arteries in the basal plate of abnormal pregnancies was associated with the expression of HLA-DR antigens and intercellular adhesion molecules (ICAM-1) on endovascular cytotrophoblasts. METHOD The basal plates of placentae from 15 normal and 55 abnormal pregnancies, including preeclampsia, small-for-gestational age infants, and mothers with history of secondary recurrent spontaneous abortion, were studied immunocytochemically by using monoclonal antibodies to HLA-DR and ICAM-1. Spiral and uteroplacental arteries were identified by using a triple antibody technique with antibodies to cytokeratin, alpha-smooth muscle actin, and von Willebrand factor to detect cytotrophoblasts, arterial smooth muscle cells, and endothelium, respectively. RESULTS Placentae with normal placentation showed the presence of uteroplacental arteries that contained endovascular cytotrophoblasts that were negative for HLA-DR and ICAM-1 antigens. Placentae from abnormal pregnancies showed the presence of spiral arteries without trophoblastic invasion and uteroplacental arteries that were surrounded by numerous macrophages and T lymphocytes. Endovascular cytotrophoblasts in uteroplacental arteries of placentae from abnormal pregnancies reacted with antibodies to HLA-DR and ICAM-1 antigens. CONCLUSION Placentae from normal pregnancies show uteroplacental arteries that contain endovascular cytotrophoblasts that do not react with antibodies to ICAM-1 and HLA-DR antigens, and placentae from abnormal pregnancies with uteroplacental arteries that are associated with arteries that do not show physiological changes contain endovascular cytotrophoblasts that react with antibodies to ICAM-1 an HLA-DR antigens. Normal uteroplacental arteries were found to be not surrounded by round cell infiltrates, but uteroplacental arteries associated with arteries that lack physiological changes were surrounded by round cell infiltrates, indicating that round cell infiltrates and endovascular cytotrophoblasts which react with antibodies to ICAM-1 and HLA-DR antigens are associated with abnormal pregnancies. These findings suggest that the cellular infiltrates are associated with endovascular cytotrophoblasts that react with ICAM-1 and HLA-DR antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Labarrere
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46202, USA
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Sagot P, Bignon J, Cesbron A, Cheneau ML, Boog G, Muller JY. Lack of evidence for a role of HLA-DP in unexplained recurrent spontaneous abortion. Transfus Clin Biol 1995; 2:145-50. [PMID: 7627354 DOI: 10.1016/s1246-7820(05)80041-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Using the "Polymerase Chain Reaction-Sequence Specific Oligoprobes" (PCR-SSOp) technique, we studied the HLA-DPB locus in both partners of 59 couples with a history of three spontaneous abortions, and of 38 control couples in order to determine the role of this centromeric region of the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in the immune reaction needed for a favorable course of pregnancy. As no particular phenotypes were noted, and also neither excessive HLA-DP homozygosity in sterile women nor excessive HLA-DP allele sharing between sterile partners, this MHC class II sub-region would seem to play no role either directly or by linkage disequilibrium, in the development of normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Sagot
- Fédération de Gynécologie-Obstétrique et Biologie de la Reproduction, Centre Hospitalier Régional Universitaire de Nantes
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Bennett WA, Brackin MN, Long CA, Cowan BD. Immunosuppression by hydatidiform mole trophoblast is neutralized by monoclonal antibodies to beta-interferon. Am J Reprod Immunol 1994; 32:157-62. [PMID: 7880397 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1994.tb01107.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM In sheep and cattle, trophoblast-derived interferons serve as signals for the maternal recognition of pregnancy and may regulate the immunologic relationship between the fetus and mother. METHOD In this study, soluble extracts prepared from human hydatidiform mole decidua (DE) and trophoblast (HME) were screened for immunosuppressive activity using an interleukin (IL)-2-dependent T-cell line (CTLL2). Antibody neutralization studies were performed with monoclonal antibodies to alpha- and beta-interferon (IFN). RESULTS HME suppressed (P < 0.05) IL-2-stimulated (2 IU/well) CTLL2 proliferation at doses ranging from 500 (52 +/- 2% of control) to 100 (74 +/- 5%) micrograms/ml concentrations. DE also suppressed (P < or = 0.05) CTLL2 proliferation in a dose-related fashion from 500 (20 +/- 6% of control) to 100 (71 +/- 8%) micrograms/ml doses. Preincubation with the alpha- and beta-IFN antibody preparations had no effect on CTLL2 suppression by the DE sample. In contrast, the beta-IFN antibody partially neutralized the suppressive activity of HME at each of the dilutions tested. The monoclonal antibody to alpha-IFN failed to neutralize HME suppression at any of the doses tested. CONCLUSIONS These results suggest that hydatidiform mole trophoblast produces a beta-IFN-like macromolecule that may abrogate maternal rejection responses that are harmful to the developing fetal allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Bennett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505
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Collins MH. Placentas and foetal health. Equine Vet J 1993:8-11. [PMID: 9079129 DOI: 10.1111/j.2042-3306.1993.tb04801.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The placenta provides many critical services to the developing foetus. Proper placental implantation, growth and function are necessary for normal foetal growth and development. Placental structure varies widely among species but all mammalian placentas have a convoluted materno-foetal interface that may be quite simple or highly complex; the more complicated interdigitations tend to characterise smaller placentas that have limited areas of contact between the placenta and the endometrium. The intimacy of the contact between maternal and foetal tissue varies from apposition only, as in the equine placenta, to invasion of maternal vessels by foetal cells, as in man. Abnormalities identified in the human placenta provide insight into maternal and foetal diseases that affect pregnancy outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- M H Collins
- Department of Pathology, Indiana University School of Medicine, James Whitcomb Riley Hospital for Children, Indianapolis 46202-5200, USA
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Abstract
This investigation explores the transplantation analogy of placentae with allografted human organs. Biopsies of cardiac and renal allografts and placentae were studied immunocytochemically with antibodies to components of the immunological, coagulational, anticoagulational, and fibrinolytic systems. Cellular rejection of cardiac and renal allografts was identified by infiltrating lymphocytes and macrophages. This was accompanied by vascular damage characterized by loss of endothelial anticoagulant pathways, vascular deposits of fibrin, and depletion of arterial tissue plasminogen activator (tPA). Failing allografts, including placentae from abnormal pregnancies, demonstrated coagulation/fibrinolytic changes consistent with vascular rejection, regardless of the presence of cellular infiltrates. An IgM autoantibody to allogeneic endothelium was associated with vascular protection. Its presence in cardiac and renal transplant biopsies was associated with an absence of fibrin deposits, and its absence was associated with vascular damage. Atherosclerosis commonly was identified in allograft biopsies (including placentae from abnormal pregnancies). These changes were shown in serial biopsies of transplanted hearts to be preceded by or associated with diminished IgM autoantibody, impaired endothelial anticoagulant pathways, vascular fibrin deposits, and depleted arterial reactivity for tPA. These results indicate the transplantation analogy of pregnancy should be viewed more specifically as vascular smooth muscle cell and endothelial responses to as yet unidentified microenvironmental stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Faulk
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46402
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20
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Abstract
Trophoblast antigens at the maternal-fetal interface that are capable of stimulating maternal immune responses have been studied. Candidates are blood group I and P, HLA, Fc gamma-receptors, TLX, and phospholipids. Antigens I and P on trophoblast have been implicated in pregnancy loss but incompatible i,p mothers are rare. HLA-G is expressed on cytotrophoblast; however, no evidence for HLA-G allotypy or maternal responses to these molecules exists, although HLA-G has been implicated in recruitment of suppressor T cells. Receptors for IgG (Fc gamma-RI, Fc gamma-RII and Fc gamma-III) are present on trophoblast but allotypy is limited to the NA1-NA2 antigen system associated with Fc gamma-RIII on neutrophils. Maternal Fc-gamma R blocking antibodies have been linked to pregnancy success. The TLX alloantigen system was described by using xenogeneic antisera. Idiotype-antiidiotype regulated maternal responses to TLX are proposed as necessary for successful pregnancy. Several putative TLX monoclonal antibodies (Mab) recognize a regulator of complement activation called MCP (membrane cofactor protein, or CD46). Mab to MCP do not exhibit allotypy. Syncytial and cytotrophoblastic membranes are rich sources of MCP. Preliminary data suggest that a conformational site induced by C3b (iC3) binding to MCP may be responsible for TLX allotypy. Certain pregnancy loss patients produce antiphospholipid antibodies (aPA). Some investigators believe that aPA recognize a plasma protein cofactor, beta 2 GPI and not phospholipid per se. We produced three Mab specific for beta 2 GPI, one of which fails to recognize beta 2 GPI bound to phospholipid [corrected].(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J A McIntyre
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46202
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21
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Affiliation(s)
- N S Rote
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Wright State University School of Medicine, Dayton, Ohio 45435
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22
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Affiliation(s)
- M Kurpisz
- Institute of Human Genetics, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznan
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23
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Vanderpuye OA, Labarrere CA, McIntyre JA. Glycosylation of membrane cofactor protein (CD46) in human trophoblast, kidney and platelets. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1992; 1121:301-8. [PMID: 1627608 DOI: 10.1016/0167-4838(92)90161-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Many cell surface glycoconjugates are differentiation markers and are involved in cell-cell and intermolecular interactions in development, immunity and cancer. Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) comprises structurally related 65 and 55 kDa glycoproteins that bear O- and N-linked glycans. MCP prevents amplification of autologous complement action on human cells. We used immunoblotting with MCP-specific monoclonal antibody TRA-2-10 to determine lectin-binding properties and glycosidase sensitivities of MCP in a study of cell-specific variation in glycosylation of this protein. The results showed that N-linked glycans on placental syncytiotrophoblast and cytotrophoblast, kidney and platelet MCP are similar in binding to concanavalin A and Lens culinaris lectins, but are not bound by leucophytohemagglutinin. Lectin binding prior to and after neuraminidase digestion indicates that MCP from these sources is highly sialylated. 65 kDa MCP was confirmed to contain more O-linked glycans than 55 kDa MCP. A fraction of platelet 65 kDa MCP is distinct, however, in bearing peripheral fucose residues. Syncytiotrophoblast is unique in containing a 110 kDa form of MCP in non-reducing SDS-PAGE that resembles 65 kDa MCP in glycosylation. Chorion laeve MCP in 4 of 8 preparations was unusually heterogeneous and differed from syncytiotrophoblast MCP after neuraminidase digestion in the forms bound to peanut agglutinin and WGA. The results indicated for the first time, differences in O-linked glycosylation of MCP in chorion laeve cytotrophoblast relative to syncytiotrophoblast, platelet and kidney MCP. We conclude that structures of MCP glycans can differ between trophoblasts and other cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Vanderpuye
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46202
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24
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Abstract
Regulation of the complement system in reproduction is unique inasmuch as reproductive tissues represent the only condition where allogeneic interactions occur naturally. Both allogeneic extraembryonic membranes and semen that contact and interact with maternal cells and tissues must avert complement-mediated damage to ensure reproductive success. Several regulators of complement activation exist. Membrane cofactor protein (MCP) and decay accelerating factor (DAF) inactivate C3 and C5 convertases on cell surfaces. In addition, CD59 inhibits the membrane attack complex (MAC) of the complement cascade. Strong expression of these membrane glycoproteins by trophoblast and amniotic epithelium has been observed. MCP, DAF, and CD59 likely safeguard extraembryonic tissues from complement damage originating from maternal and fetal blood or amniotic fluid. Different reproductive tract fluids vary in complement levels. With the exception of ovarian follicular fluid, these levels are generally much less than those in blood. Endometrial and cervical content of C3 appear to be regulated by hormones. These observations suggest that the effects of complement activation may vary in reproductive tissues. MCP is absent from the surfaces of oocytes. Sperm express MCP and DAF in discrete areas that would not be associated with the known complement-regulatory functions of these proteins. Seminal plasma contains MCP and the MAC inhibitor SP-40,40 but not DAF.SP-40,40 may exemplify how complement-regulatory proteins perform alternative functions as it interacts with molecules other than complement components. We have reviewed aspects of the complement system that relate to allogeneic interactions in reproduction and that suggest fruitful areas for further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Vanderpuye
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Inc., Indianapolis
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25
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Thibault G, Degenne D, Lacord M, Guillaumin JM, Girard AC, Bardos P. Inhibitory effect of human syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane vesicles on Jurkat cells activated by phorbol ester and calcium ionophore. Cell Immunol 1992; 139:259-67. [PMID: 1309491 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(92)90118-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The effects of syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane vesicles (STPM) on stimulated Jurkat leukemic T cells have been investigated. STPM inhibited IL-2 production and the expression of protein P55 of the IL-2 receptor (IL-2R P55), when Jurkat cells were stimulated by a combination of calcium ionophore A23187 (CaI) + phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA). STPM also inhibited IL-2R P55 when cells were stimulated by PMA alone, a situation in which IL-2 production is negligible. On the other hand, STPM had no effect on the sustained mobilization of intracellular Ca2+ induced by CaI nor on the PKC-dependent CD3 down regulation induced by PMA. Finally STPM had no effect on intracellular cAMP levels. These results show that (i) the inhibitory effect of STPM on IL-2R P55 expression is independent of the inhibition of IL-2 production, and (ii) the inhibitory effects of STPM are at least partially independent of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate hydrolysis. They suggest that STPM affect a signaling pathway activated by PMA but possibly PKC independent.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thibault
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
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26
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Labarrere CA, Faulk WP. Diabetic placentae: studies of the battlefield after the war. DIABETES/METABOLISM REVIEWS 1991; 7:253-63. [PMID: 1813280 DOI: 10.1002/dmr.5610070405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- C A Labarrere
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Inc., Indianapolis 46202
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27
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Vanderpuye OA, Labarrere CA, McIntyre JA. A vitronectin-receptor-related molecule in human placental brush border membranes. Biochem J 1991; 280 ( Pt 1):9-17. [PMID: 1720617 PMCID: PMC1130592 DOI: 10.1042/bj2800009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The heterodimeric vitronectin receptor (VNR) and platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa (GPIIb/IIIa) are two members of the integrin family of cell adhesion receptors that share the same beta subunit (GPIIIa). These proteins are involved in binding to vitronectin, fibrinogen and fibronectin and in cytoskeleton-membrane interactions. The present study shows that the human placental syncytiotrophoblast brush border membrane contains a heterodimer of subunit Mr values of 140,000 and 90,000 (non-reduced) or 125,000 and 100,000 (reduced). This protein was recognized by a monoclonal antibody to GPIIIa, rabbit antisera to the VNR and a human alloantiserum to GPIIIa. Brush border VNR-related protein bound to an immobilized peptide containing the Arg-Gly-Asp sequence and, less avidly, to immobilized fibrinogen. Only a small fraction of brush border VNR was associated with a cytoskeleton fraction. Membrane-bound brush border GPIIIa was distinct from that of platelets in its resistance to digestion by trypsin and Staphylococcus aureus V8 protease, and had a slightly lower mobility on SDS/PAGE. In addition, lectin-binding studies indicate glycosylation differences between microvillar and platelet GPIIIa heterodimers. Thus, although placental syncytiotrophoblast expresses a beta 3 integrin in its apical brush border, differences in protease sensitivity and carbohydrate content suggest that it may lack or mask certain antigenic determinants. This may be beneficial in avoiding harmful maternal alloantibody responses during pregnancy. Immunohistology showed that the VNR was present in syncytiotrophoblast apical but not basal plasma membranes, and was absent from other forms of trophoblast. The brush border VNR could function in localizing Arg-Gly-Asp-sequence-containing plasma proteins to the materno-trophoblastic interface.
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Affiliation(s)
- O A Vanderpuye
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46202
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28
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Thibault G, Degenne D, Girard AC, Guillaumin JM, Lacord M, Bardos P. The inhibitory effect of human syncytiotrophoblast plasma membrane vesicles on in vitro lymphocyte proliferation is associated with reduced interleukin 2 receptor expression. Cell Immunol 1991; 138:165-74. [PMID: 1913835 DOI: 10.1016/0008-8749(91)90141-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The mechanisms by which vesicles of syncytiotrophoblast plasma membranes (STPM) prepared from full-term human placentas inhibit lymphocyte proliferation have been investigated. In the presence of STPM, IL-2 secretion and the expression of protein P55 (IL-2R P55) from its receptor were examined in two models of PBMC proliferation: induced by PHA in 3-day-old cultures, and induced by IL-2 in 6-day-old cultures. In the case of PHA stimulation, STPM strongly inhibited IL-2 (but not IL-1) secretion and IL-2R P55 expression at a concentration where lymphocyte proliferation was also blocked. In these conditions, the addition of excess recombinant IL-2 (rIL-2) only partially restored proliferation and IL-2R P55 expression. In addition, STPM inhibited proliferation and IL-2R P55 expression when resting PBMC were stimulated by a high concentration of rIL-2. These results suggest that STPM inhibit lymphocyte proliferation by affecting one or several events occurring in the synthesis and/or expression of IL-2R P55 by a mechanism which is at least partially independent of its inhibitory effect on IL-2 secretion. The significance of these results is discussed in the context of the survival of the fetal allograft.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Thibault
- Laboratoire d'Immunologie, Faculté de Médecine, Tours, France
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29
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Torry DS, Faulk WP, McIntyre JA. Trophoblast immunity in human pregnancy defined by antiidiotype. Am J Reprod Immunol 1991; 25:181-4. [PMID: 1786088 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1991.tb01091.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Successful reproduction in mammals requires the mother to immunologically accept genetically disparate tissues. Allotypic trophoblast antigens (TLX) are thought to be responsible for influencing maternal acceptance of the feto-placental graft, and faulty regulation of immunity to TLX antigens has been associated with recurrent pregnancy losses. In this report, rabbit antiidiotype (RAb2) was produced to a human TLX antibody (Ab1). This RAb2 detected TLX cross-reactive idiotypes (CRI) on antitrophoblast IgG from women with normal and abnormal pregnancies. These findings support an hypothesis that women respond immunologically to allotypic trophoblast antigens, and that idiotype-antiidiotype regulation of this response is characteristic of normal pregnancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Torry
- Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
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30
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Abstract
We have previously reported the presence in normal human placentae of coagulation, macrophages and helper T lymphocytes in inflammatory foci known as villitis of unestablished etiology. In order to investigate the link between coagulation and immunity, we have studied fetal stem vessel endothelium for tissue factor, which is made available by cytokines and activates coagulation via the extrinsic pathway. We found that fetal stem vessel endothelial cells of normal chorionic villi did not react with antibody to tissue factor. Normal placentae contain small numbers of villitis areas and endothelium in these areas was reactive with antibody to tissue factor. Endothelial tissue factor reactivity was more prominent in placentae from secondary recurrent spontaneous aborters and these placentae have greatly increased numbers of villitis areas. The tissue factor availability on fetal stem vessel endothelium may result from immunologically mediated cytokine release. The net effect of these reactions is the presence of lymphocytes, macrophages, coagulation, necrosis and vasculitis in villitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Labarrere
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46202
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31
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Abstract
Cryostat sections of human normal term placentae were studied for evidence of immunopathology by using antibodies to lymphocytes, macrophages, platelets, and coagulation factors. Areas of so-called chronic villitis of unestablished etiology were identified in all placentae. The same tissues were examined for HIV protein antigens gp120, p17, p24, and gp41. No evidence for gp41 was found. Antigens gp120 and p17 were identified in normal chorionic villi in vimentin-positive fibroblast-like cells and in endothelium, respectively. Antigen p24 was localized to HLA-DR positive cells that morphologically resembled macrophages in areas of villitis. The distribution of gp120 and p17 was similar to that observed for tissue factor. These findings prompted speculation that retroviral proto-oncogenes that are known to encode for certain placental receptors could be involved in the presentation of tissue factor, and that gp120 may be a hitherto unrecognized immunobiological mechanism for the blockade of CD4 on maternal lymphocytes if and when such cells gain entrance to chorionic villi.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Faulk
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46202
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32
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Coulam CB, Faulk WP, McIntyre JA. Immunotherapy for recurrent spontaneous abortion and its analogies to treatment for cancer. Am J Reprod Immunol 1991; 25:114-9. [PMID: 1930637 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1991.tb01077.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C B Coulam
- Center for Reproduction and Transportation Immunology, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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33
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Abstract
We have studied basal plates in 25 normal placentae, ten placentae from primary aborters and six placentae from secondary aborters for leukocyte markers and coagulation components. Anchoring villi contained class II MHC antigen-reactive (HLA-DR, DP and DQ) macrophages and T-lymphocytes of the helper (CD4) phenotype. Antibodies to coagulation components revealed the presence of tissue factor, factor IX and fibrin in and around anchoring villi. Immune cells and coagulation components in anchoring villi were more frequently identified in secondary aborters. These findings provide morphological support for an idea that there is a linkage between the presence of immune cells and coagulation in anchoring villi of the basal plate. Helper T-lymphocytes can activate macrophages which release cytokines that activate coagulation through the extrinsic pathway. We envision this as an expression of maternal allogeneic recognition of extraembryonic tissues in the basal plate.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Labarrere
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46202
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34
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Mano H, Chermann JC. Replication of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in primary cultured placental cells. RESEARCH IN VIROLOGY 1991; 142:95-104. [PMID: 1896650 DOI: 10.1016/0923-2516(91)90044-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
The role of placental cells in transplacental transmission of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV 1) was investigated. Placental macrophages and trophoblasts, which together represent the main cell components of the placenta, were cultivated separately and then compared to foetal monocyte-derived macrophages for susceptibility to HIV 1 infection. Placental macrophages treated with granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) were less easily infected with HIV 1 than were GM-CSF-treated foetal monocyte-derived macrophages. HIV 1 replication in cocultures consisting of infected placental macrophages together with a highly HIV 1-permissive cell line (CEM) was detected persistently for at least 6 weeks by reverse transcriptase assay, even though placental macrophages expressed no detectable CD4 receptor, as indicated by indirect immunofluorescence. HIV 1-specific DNA sequences were also detected in infected placental macrophages. Trophoblasts exhibited no detectable CD4 expression and did not support the replication of HIV 1, although low levels of HIV 1-specific DNA sequences could be detected in infected trophoblasts. Placental macrophages or trophoblasts (or both) may thus play an important role in transplacental HIV 1 transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Mano
- INSERM U 322, Unité de Recherches sur les Rétrovirus et Maladies associées, Marseille, France
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35
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Fromm GA, Labarrere CA, Ramirez J, Mautalen CA, Plantalech L, Althabe O, Casco C, Ferraris J. Hypercalcaemia in pregnancy in a renal transplant recipient with secondary hyperparathyroidism. Case report. BRITISH JOURNAL OF OBSTETRICS AND GYNAECOLOGY 1990; 97:1049-53. [PMID: 2252871 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-0528.1990.tb02482.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G A Fromm
- Hospital Italiano, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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36
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Abstract
The data presented here demonstrate that the HLA-G class I gene is unique among the members of the human class I gene family in that its expression is restricted to extraembryonic tissues during gestation. Furthermore, the pattern of HLA-G expression in these tissues changes as gestation proceeds. During first trimester HLA-G is expressed within the placenta and not within the extravillous membrane. At term, the pattern of the HLA-G expression is reversed, extravillous membrane expresses HLA-G while placenta does not. Another non-HLA-A, -B, -C class I gene, HLA-E, is also expressed by extraembryonic tissues. Unlike HLA-G, HLA-E is expressed by both placenta and extravillous membrane at first trimester and at term. These results raise the intriguing possibility that the HLA-G-encoded molecule has a role in embryonic development and/or the fetal-maternal immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- X H Wei
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis
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37
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Human proviral mRNAs down regulated in choriocarcinoma encode a zinc finger protein related to Krüppel. Mol Cell Biol 1990. [PMID: 2115127 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.8.4401] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA transcripts of the HERV-R (ERV3) human provirus that are abundant in placenta but absent in choriocarcinoma contain nonproviral genomic sequences at their 3' ends. We report here the isolation of cDNA clones of these genomic sequences. The transcripts encode a Krüppel-related zinc finger protein consisting of a unique leader region and more than 12 28-amino-acid finger motifs.
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38
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Kato N, Shimotohno K, VanLeeuwen D, Cohen M. Human proviral mRNAs down regulated in choriocarcinoma encode a zinc finger protein related to Krüppel. Mol Cell Biol 1990; 10:4401-5. [PMID: 2115127 PMCID: PMC361000 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.10.8.4401-4405.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
RNA transcripts of the HERV-R (ERV3) human provirus that are abundant in placenta but absent in choriocarcinoma contain nonproviral genomic sequences at their 3' ends. We report here the isolation of cDNA clones of these genomic sequences. The transcripts encode a Krüppel-related zinc finger protein consisting of a unique leader region and more than 12 28-amino-acid finger motifs.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Kato
- Virology Division, National Cancer Center Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan
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39
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Bennett WA, Brackin MN, McGehee RP, Cowan BD. Hydatidiform mole pregnancy trophoblast extracts differentially suppress interleukin-2-induced proliferation of human T-lymphocytes and PHA-blasts. Am J Reprod Immunol 1990; 23:44-9. [PMID: 2222775 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1990.tb00669.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Immunoregulatory factors of trophoblast origin may partially abrogate maternal immune responses to the fetus during pregnancy. We have previously shown that soluble factors extracted from hydatidiform mole trophoblast suppress interleukin-2 (IL-2)-dependent proliferation of a cloned murine cytotoxic T cell line (CTLL-2). To characterize human T cell responses to this trophoblast extract, we measured the effects of molar tissue extracts (HME) on IL-2-stimulated proliferation of human T-lymphocytes and mitogen (PHA) transformed T-cell blasts (PHA-blasts). HME significantly (P less than 0.05) suppressed T-lymphocyte proliferation in response to 5 and 10 units/ml of IL-2 at 500 and 250 micrograms/ml, while no effect was observed at the 100 micrograms/ml concentration. Suppression by HME of IL-2-stimulated T-cell proliferation was partially overcome by the addition of excess IL-2. HME also suppressed (P less than 0.05) IL-2-stimulated proliferation of PHA-blasts at 500 and 250 micrograms/well at both 5 and 10 units/ml of IL-2. As observed with resting T-cell responses, no suppression of PHA-blast proliferation was observed using 100 micrograms/ml of HME. In contrast to the response of the resting T-cells to excess IL-2, HME suppression of IL-2-stimulated blast proliferation was not affected by increasing the concentration of IL-2. These results indicate that extracts from hydatidiform mole trophoblast contain immunosuppressive factors that block human T-cell clonal expansion by inhibiting the utilization and/or production of IL-2. Furthermore, the effects of HME are not reversed by excess IL-2 when PHA-blasts are reacted compared to resting T-cell responses, which are partially reversed in the presence of excess IL-2.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- W A Bennett
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson 39216-4505
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40
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Faulk WP, Hunt JS. Human Trophoblast Antigens. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00247-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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41
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Labarrere CA, McIntyre JA, Faulk WP. Immunohistologic evidence that villitis in human normal term placentas is an immunologic lesion. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162:515-22. [PMID: 2137969 DOI: 10.1016/0002-9378(90)90421-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Villitis of unestablished origin is a lesion in placentas from normal and high-risk pregnancies. We have studied villitis areas in 25 normal term placentas for immune cells, coagulation components, and endothelial markers. Villitis areas were filled with activated (HLA-DR, HLA-DP, and HLA-DQ reactive) macrophages. B lymphocytes were not identified, and T lymphocytes were of the helper (CD4) phenotype. Antibodies to coagulation components revealed perivascular and trophoblastic basement membrane deposits of factor IX, increased numbers of platelets, and fetal stem vessels that did not react with endothelial markers. These findings suggest helper T lymphocytes activate macrophages that mediate coagulation activation and alter endothelium. This combination of immunologic events results in tissue changes that are histologically diagnosed as villitis. It is not known what triggers these immunologic events, but the finding of villitis in normal placentas suggests the causative factor(s) is present in all pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Labarrere
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46202
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42
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Fetal Wastage and Nonrecognition in Human Pregnancy. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/s0889-8561(22)00250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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43
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Lata JA, Cowchock FS, Jackson LG, Smith JB. Cell surface antigen expression of first trimester chorionic villus samples. Am J Reprod Immunol 1990; 22:18-25. [PMID: 2189432 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1990.tb01027.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
First trimester chorionic villi obtained by chorionic villus sampling at approximately 9 weeks of gestation were investigated by indirect immunofluorescence to demonstrate trophoblast cell surface antigen expression. Villous trophoblast expressing the trophoblast specific markers transferrin receptor, human placental lactogen, and cytokeratin was also found to express a monomorphic major histocompatibility complex class I determinant recognized by the monoclonal antibody W6/32. W6/32 positive regions included sparsely scattered regions of villous trophoblast and fanning outgrowths of trophoblast. The class I antigenic determinant expressed by first trimester trophoblast was found to be recognized exclusively by W6/32 when assayed with a panel of anti-class I determinant monoclonal antibodies. Trophoblast W6/32 determinant expression was not increased after 24 hour organ culture in the presence of 200 U of interferon gamma. Exposure to interferon gamma resulted in increased class I antigen expression by mesenchyme and low level de novo mesenchyme class II antigen expression. These data suggest that early gestational stage villous trophoblast express non-classical class I antigens which do not seem to be subject to the regulatory effects of interferon gamma.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Lata
- Department of Medicine, Jefferson Medical College, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107-5099
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44
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Abstract
One of the major questions in medicine is how human extraembryonic tissues escape rejection by maternal immune responses, because these tissues are allogeneic and should stimulate allogeneic recognition and rejection reactions. Evidence for maternal allogeneic recognition of extraembryonic tissues in chorionic villi, basal plate, and spiral arteries is presented. Extraembryonic membranes seem always to stimulate maternal allogeneic recognition and rejection reactions, and abnormal pregnancies appear to be associated with a simple quantitative increase of the same placental immunopathological lesions found in normal pregnancies.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Labarrere
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 4622
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Torry DS, Faulk WP, McIntyre JA. Regulation of immunity to extraembryonic antigens in human pregnancy. Am J Reprod Immunol 1989; 21:76-81. [PMID: 2484202 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1989.tb01007.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy results in the immunologic challenge of the female to a wide variety of allogeneic antigens. Particular attention has been given to antibodies directed to allotypic trophoblast antigens (TLX), for trophoblast form the true allograft interface between mother and fetus. Studies found that antibodies to paternal TLX allotypes are produced in women suffering from secondary recurrent abortions. These TLX antibodies are not directed to classical HLA private epitopes. In this report, treatment of lymphocytes with papain to remove HLA Class I did not decrease TLX antigen densities. These results suggest TLX antibodies are not directed to Class I epitopes, public or private. The allotypic nature of TLX antigens requires that a pregnant female must be able to regulate TLX immune responses to avoid rejection of the conceptus. One mechanism to specifically and systemically regulate TLX immunity is the idiotype anti-idiotype network. We provide preliminary evidence in this report for the presence of TLX idiotype network in a normal primigravida. Initially, no antipaternal TLX antibodies were detected in the serum of the primigravida, suggesting no TLX immunization had occurred. However, separation of Ab1 from Ab2 by absorption of primigravida serum with 2 degrees aborter Ab1 resulted in seroconversion. The primigravida's Ab1 was cytotoxic for paternal and 3rd-party lymphocytes in a non-HLA-restricted pattern. Primigravida's Ab2 was recovered from the Ab1 matrix by competitive elution by using platelets as source of TLX antigen. The Ab2 was found to inhibit cytotoxicity by 2 degrees aborter Ab1 as well as primigravida Ab1. This is evidence that the Ab2 recognizes a cross-reactive idiotype (CRI) on TLX antibodies.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- D S Torry
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46205
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Abstract
Human placentae form a major part of the interface between maternal and embryonic tissues. Placentae are morphologically complex organs that are lined with a trophoblastic tissue that provides anatomical constraints over which flows maternal blood. Maternal antibodies and immune cells thus contact the lining syncytiotrophoblast, and this paper considers some of the antigens that maternal immune components might encounter. The antigens have been grouped into those of unknown function, major histocompatibility antigens, and antigens of suspected function. The paper also details certain antigens of cytotrophoblasts. We discuss consequences of maternal immune responses to extraembryonic antigens and present evidence for amplification of these responses through the activation of hemostasis and fibrinolysis within the placenta and placental bed.
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Affiliation(s)
- W P Faulk
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis 46205
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Thaler CJ, Critser JK, McIntyre JA, Faulk WP. Seminal vesicles: a source of trophoblast lymphocyte cross-reactive antigen. Fertil Steril 1989; 52:463-8. [PMID: 2776900 DOI: 10.1016/s0015-0282(16)60920-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Maternal recognition of allotypic trophoblast lymphocyte cross-reactive (TLX) antigens is proposed to be involved in immunologic acceptance of the allogeneic fetus. The presence of TLX antigens in seminal plasma suggests that sensitization can occur before fertilization and implantation. In this study, the origin of TLX antigens within the male reproductive tract was investigated. Analysis of split ejaculates and immunohistological examinations of male accessory gland tissues showed the luminal epithelium of seminal vesicles as the source of seminal plasma TLX antigens. This finding suggests that seminal vesicles may play a role in the immunology of human reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C J Thaler
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital of Indiana, Indianapolis, 46202
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Labarrere CA, Faulk WP, McIntyre JA, Althabe OH. Materno-trophoblastic immunological balance. Am J Reprod Immunol 1989; 21:16-25. [PMID: 2695105 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0897.1989.tb00992.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- C A Labarrere
- Center for Reproduction and Transplantation Immunology, Methodist Hospital, Indianapolis, IN 46202
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Strowitzki T, Wiedemann R, Mempel W, Hepp H. [Immunologic assessment in habitual abortion]. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1989; 245:157-9. [PMID: 2802700 DOI: 10.1007/bf02417221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Since 1985, after excluding nonimmunological reasons for habitual abortion, we have been performing an MCL, a cross-match, and an HLA typing in these patients. Those with a low MLC response and a negative cross-match are considered to be immunological aborters. Only three out of 42 examined couples showed a low response and in 21 of 24 tested couples the cross-match was negative. Of 36 patients with a high response, 10 had successful pregnancies; seven of them shared more than two HLA antigens. An immunological treatment is indicated in patients with low response and a negative cross-match. High responders should have another pregnancy without stimulation. HLA typing is without any consequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Strowitzki
- Frauenklinik im Klinikum Grosshadern, Universität München
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von Ditfurth M, Kuntz BM, Kuhn U, Distler W. [Immunologically-induced abortion--diagnosis and therapy]. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1989; 245:149-54. [PMID: 2679419 DOI: 10.1007/bf02417219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
As etiological factors responsible for repeated miscarriages disturbances of the maternal-fetal immunoregulation are involved. Diagnostic aspects of the immunobiology of abortion and the clinical management of habitual abortion by immunotherapy are discussed.
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