1
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Barra C, Nilsson JB, Saksager A, Carri I, Deleuran S, Garcia Alvarez HM, Høie MH, Li Y, Clifford JN, Wan YTR, Moreta LS, Nielsen M. In Silico Tools for Predicting Novel Epitopes. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2813:245-280. [PMID: 38888783 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3890-3_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
Identifying antigens within a pathogen is a critical task to develop effective vaccines and diagnostic methods, as well as understanding the evolution and adaptation to host immune responses. Historically, antigenicity was studied with experiments that evaluate the immune response against selected fragments of pathogens. Using this approach, the scientific community has gathered abundant information regarding which pathogenic fragments are immunogenic. The systematic collection of this data has enabled unraveling many of the fundamental rules underlying the properties defining epitopes and immunogenicity, and has resulted in the creation of a large panel of immunologically relevant predictive (in silico) tools. The development and application of such tools have proven to accelerate the identification of novel epitopes within biomedical applications reducing experimental costs. This chapter introduces some basic concepts about MHC presentation, T cell and B cell epitopes, the experimental efforts to determine those, and focuses on state-of-the-art methods for epitope prediction, highlighting their strengths and limitations, and catering instructions for their rational use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Barra
- Section for Bioinformatics, Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark.
| | | | - Astrid Saksager
- Section for Bioinformatics, Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Ibel Carri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
| | - Sebastian Deleuran
- Section for Bioinformatics, Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Heli M Garcia Alvarez
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
| | - Magnus Haraldson Høie
- Section for Bioinformatics, Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Yuchen Li
- Section for Bioinformatics, Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | | | - Yat-Tsai Richie Wan
- Section for Bioinformatics, Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Lys Sanz Moreta
- Section for Bioinformatics, Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Morten Nielsen
- Section for Bioinformatics, Health Tech, Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark
- Instituto de Investigaciones Biotecnológicas, Universidad Nacional de San Martín (UNSAM) - Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), San Martín, Argentina
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2
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Fahl SP, Coffey F, Wiest DL. Origins of γδ T cell effector subsets: a riddle wrapped in an enigma. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 193:4289-94. [PMID: 25326547 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1401813] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
αβ and γδ T cells are thought to arise from a common precursor in the thymus but play distinct roles in pathogen resistance. Although conventional αβ T cells exit the thymus in a naive state and acquire effector function in the periphery, the effector fate of many γδ T cells is specified in the thymus and exhibits limited plasticity thereafter. This review describes the current models that have been proposed to explain the acquisition of effector fate by γδ T cells, as well as the apparent linkage to Vγ gene usage. The two predominant models are the predetermination model, which suggests that effector fate is determined prior to TCR expression, perhaps in association with the developmental timing of Vγ rearrangement, and the TCR-dependence model, which proposes that the nature of the TCR signal, particularly its intensity or duration, plays an important role in influencing effector fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shawn P Fahl
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Francis Coffey
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - David L Wiest
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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3
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Blanco R, Borroto A, Schamel W, Pereira P, Alarcon B. Conformational changes in the T cell receptor differentially determine T cell subset development in mice. Sci Signal 2014; 7:ra115. [DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.2005650] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
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4
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Deng G, Carter J, Traystman RJ, Wagner DH, Herson PS. Pro-inflammatory T-lymphocytes rapidly infiltrate into the brain and contribute to neuronal injury following cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 274:132-40. [PMID: 25084739 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2014] [Revised: 07/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although inflammatory mechanisms have been linked to neuronal injury following global cerebral ischemia, the presence of infiltrating peripheral immune cells remains understudied. We performed flow cytometry of single cell suspensions obtained from the brains of mice at varying time points after global cerebral ischemia induced by cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CA/CPR) to characterize the influx of lymphocytes into the injured brain. We observed that CA/CPR caused a large influx of lymphocytes within 3h of resuscitation that was maintained for the 3day duration of our experiments. Using cell staining flow cytometry we observed that the large majority of infiltrating lymphocytes were CD4(+) T cells. Intracellular stains revealed a large proportion of pro-inflammatory T cells expressing either TNFα or INFγ. Importantly, the lack of functional T cells in TCRα knockout mice reduced neuronal injury following CA/CPR, implicating pro-inflammatory T cells in the progression of ischemic neuronal injury. Finally, we made the remarkable observation that the novel CD4(+)CD40(+) (Th40) population of pro-inflammatory T cells that are strongly associated with autoimmunity are present in large numbers in the injured brain. These data indicate that studies investigating the neuro-immune response after global cerebral ischemia should consider the role of infiltrating T cells in orchestrating the acute and sustained immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guiying Deng
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Jessica Carter
- Webb Waring Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Richard J Traystman
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David H Wagner
- Webb Waring Center, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12850 E. Montview Blvd., Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Paco S Herson
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Anesthesiology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, 12800 E. 19th Ave., Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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5
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Lee SY, Stadanlick J, Kappes DJ, Wiest DL. Towards a molecular understanding of the differential signals regulating alphabeta/gammadelta T lineage choice. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:237-46. [PMID: 20471282 PMCID: PMC2906684 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
While insights into the molecular processes that specify adoption of the alphabeta and gammadelta fates are beginning to emerge, the basis for control of specification remains highly controversial. This review highlights the current models attempting to explain T lineage commitment. Recent observations support the hypothesis that the T cell receptor (TCR) provides instructive cues through differences in TCR signaling intensity and/or longevity. Accordingly, we review evidence addressing the importance of differences in signal strength/longevity, how signals differing in intensity/longevity may be generated, and finally how such signals modulate the activity of downstream effectors to promote the opposing developmental fates.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Lineage
- Humans
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Yun Lee
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Blood Cell Development and Cancer Keystone, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Jason Stadanlick
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Blood Cell Development and Cancer Keystone, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - Dietmar J. Kappes
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Blood Cell Development and Cancer Keystone, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
| | - David L. Wiest
- Immune Cell Development and Host Defense Program, Blood Cell Development and Cancer Keystone, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111
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6
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Hayes SM, Laird RM, Love PE. Beyond alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment: TCR signal strength regulates gammadelta T cell maturation and effector fate. Semin Immunol 2010; 22:247-51. [PMID: 20452783 PMCID: PMC3129014 DOI: 10.1016/j.smim.2010.04.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2010] [Revised: 04/02/2010] [Accepted: 04/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Signaling by the gammadelta T cell receptor (TCR) is required not only for alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment but also to activate and elicit effector functions in mature gammadelta T cells. Notably, at both of these stages, the signal delivered by the gammadeltaTCR is more robust than the one delivered by either the preTCR or the alphabetaTCR. Recent studies now provide evidence that signaling by the gammadeltaTCR is also required at other stages during gammadelta T cell development. Remarkably, the strength of the gammadeltaTCR signal also plays a role at these other stages, as evidenced by the findings that genetic manipulation of gammadeltaTCR signal strength affects gammadelta T cell maturation and effector fate. In this review, we discuss how a strong TCR signal is a recurring theme in gammadelta T cell development and activation.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, SUNY Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, NY 13210, USA.
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7
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Anderson SJ, Lauritsen JPH, Hartman MG, Foushee AMD, Lefebvre JM, Shinton SA, Gerhardt B, Hardy RR, Oravecz T, Wiest DL. Ablation of ribosomal protein L22 selectively impairs alphabeta T cell development by activation of a p53-dependent checkpoint. Immunity 2007; 26:759-72. [PMID: 17555992 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2007.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2006] [Revised: 02/27/2007] [Accepted: 04/10/2007] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The alphabeta and gammadelta T lineages are thought to arise from a common precursor; however, the regulation of separation and development of these lineages is not fully understood. We report here that development of alphabeta and gammadelta precursors was differentially affected by elimination of ribosomal protein L22 (Rpl22), which is ubiquitously expressed but not essential for translation. Rpl22 deficiency selectively arrested development of alphabeta-lineage T cells at the beta-selection checkpoint by inducing their death. The death was caused by induction of p53 expression, because p53 deficiency blocked death and restored development of Rpl22-deficient thymocytes. Importantly, Rpl22 deficiency led to selective upregulation of p53 in alphabeta-lineage thymocytes, at least in part by increasing p53 synthesis. Taken together, these data indicate that Rpl22 deficiency activated a p53-dependent checkpoint that produced a remarkably selective block in alphabeta T cell development but spared gammadelta-lineage cells, suggesting that some ribosomal proteins may perform cell-type-specific or stage-specific functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Anderson
- Division of Immunology and Hematology, Lexicon Genetics, Inc., 8800 Technology Forest Place, The Woodlands, TX 77381, USA
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8
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Ferrero I, Mancini SJC, Grosjean F, Wilson A, Otten L, MacDonald HR. TCRgamma silencing during alphabeta T cell development depends upon pre-TCR-induced proliferation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 177:6038-43. [PMID: 17056529 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.177.9.6038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
During thymus development, immature T cells become committed to two distinct lineages based upon expression of alphabeta or gammadelta TCR. In the alphabeta lineage, developing thymocytes progressively extinguish transcription of the TCRgamma genes by a poorly understood process known as gamma silencing. We show that alphabeta lineage thymocytes in mice lacking a functional pre-TCR undergo limited proliferation and fail to silence TCRgamma genes during development. Stimulation of pre-TCR-deficient immature thymocytes with anti-CD3 Abs does not directly down-regulate TCRgamma transcription but restores TCRgamma silencing following proliferation. Collectively our data reveal an important role for pre-TCR induced proliferation in activating the TCRgamma silencer in alphabeta lineage thymocytes, a process that may reinforce alphabeta or gammadelta lineage commitment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies/pharmacology
- CD3 Complex/immunology
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Proliferation
- Gene Silencing
- Mice
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/agonists
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Silencer Elements, Transcriptional/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ferrero
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research-Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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9
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Lauritsen JPH, Haks MC, Lefebvre JM, Kappes DJ, Wiest DL. Recent insights into the signals that control alphabeta/gammadelta-lineage fate. Immunol Rev 2006; 209:176-90. [PMID: 16448543 DOI: 10.1111/j.0105-2896.2006.00349.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
During thymopoiesis, two major types of mature T cells are generated that can be distinguished by the clonotypic subunits contained within their T-cell receptor (TCR) complexes: alphabeta T cells and gammadelta T cells. Although there is no consensus as to the exact developmental stage where alphabeta and gammadelta T-cell lineages diverge, gammadelta T cells and precursors to the alphabeta T-cell lineage (bearing the pre-TCR) are thought to be derived from a common CD4- CD8- double-negative precursor. The role of the TCR in alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment has been controversial, in particular whether different TCR isotypes intrinsically favor adoption of the corresponding lineage. Recent evidence supports a signal strength model of lineage commitment, whereby stronger signals promote gammadelta development and weaker signals promote adoption of the alphabeta fate, irrespective of the TCR isotype from which the signals originate. Moreover, differences in the amplitude of activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase- mitogen-activated protein kinase-early growth response pathway appear to play a critical role. These findings will be placed in context of previous analyses in an effort to more precisely define the signals that control T-lineage fate during thymocyte development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jens Peter H Lauritsen
- Fox Chase Cancer Center, Division of Basic Sciences, Immunobiology Working Group, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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10
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Abstract
How equipotent cells develop into complex tissues containing many diverse cell types is still a mystery. However, evidence is accumulating from different tissue systems in multiple organisms that many of the specific receptor families known to regulate cell fate decisions target conserved signaling pathways. A mechanism for preserving specificity in the cellular response that has emerged from these studies is one in which quantitative differences in receptor signaling regulate the cell fate decision. A signal strength model has recently gained support as a means to explain alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment. In this review, we compare the alphabeta/gammadelta fate decision with other cell fate decisions that occur outside of the lymphoid system to attain a better picture of the quantitative signaling mechanism for cell fate specification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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11
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Haks MC, Lefebvre JM, Lauritsen JPH, Carleton M, Rhodes M, Miyazaki T, Kappes DJ, Wiest DL. Attenuation of gammadeltaTCR signaling efficiently diverts thymocytes to the alphabeta lineage. Immunity 2005; 22:595-606. [PMID: 15894277 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2004] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/05/2005] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The role of the T cell antigen receptor complex (TCR) in alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment remains controversial, in particular whether different TCR isoforms intrinsically favor adoption of a certain lineage. Here, we demonstrate that impairing the signaling capacity of a gammadeltaTCR complex enables it to efficiently direct thymocytes to the alphabeta lineage. In the presence of a ligand, a transgenic gammadeltaTCR mediates almost exclusive adoption of the gammadelta lineage, while in the absence of ligand, the same gammadeltaTCR promotes alphabeta lineage development with efficiency comparable to the pre-TCR. Importantly, attenuating gammadeltaTCR signaling through Lck deficiency causes reduced ERK1/2 activation and Egr expression and diverts thymocytes to the alphabeta lineage even in the presence of ligand. Conversely, ectopic Egr overexpression favors gammadelta T cell development. Our data support a model whereby gammadelta versus alphabeta lineage commitment is controlled by TCR signal strength, which depends critically on the ERK MAPK-Egr pathway.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Early Growth Response Protein 1
- Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism
- Immediate-Early Proteins/biosynthesis
- Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics
- Inhibitor of Differentiation Proteins
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Phosphorylation
- Proteins/genetics
- Proteins/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- Transcription Factors/biosynthesis
- Transcription Factors/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariëlle C Haks
- Division of Basic Sciences, Immunobiology Working Group, Fox Chase Cancer Center, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
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12
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Hayes SM, Li L, Love PE. TCR Signal Strength Influences αβ/γδ Lineage Fate. Immunity 2005; 22:583-93. [PMID: 15894276 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2005.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2004] [Revised: 03/16/2005] [Accepted: 03/28/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Signals transduced by T cell antigen receptors (TCRs) have been shown to be critical for alphabeta and gammadelta T cell development, but their role in lineage determination remains poorly defined. Two models have been forwarded for alphabeta/gammadelta lineage choice: the instructive model and the stochastic model. Recent data, however, are inconsistent with either model. In this study, we devised an experimental system in which lineage fate was controlled exclusively by the gammadeltaTCR. We then analyzed the impact of TCR signal strength on alphabeta/gammadelta lineage development by altering the surface expression or signaling potential of the gammadeltaTCR complex. We found that increasing the gammadeltaTCR signal strength favored gammadelta lineage development, whereas weakening the gammadeltaTCR signal favored alphabeta lineage development. These results support a model in which the strength of the TCR signal is a critical determinant in the lineage fate decision.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Base Sequence
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- DNA, Complementary/genetics
- Humans
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development/NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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13
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Gerber D, Boucontet L, Pereira P. Early Expression of a Functional TCRβ Chain Inhibits TCRγ Gene Rearrangements without Altering the Frequency of TCRγδ Lineage Cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:2516-23. [PMID: 15294967 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.4.2516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
To investigate the consequences of the simultaneous expression in progenitor cells of a TCRgammadelta and a pre-TCR on alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment, we have forced expression of functionally rearranged TCRbeta, TCRgamma, and TCRdelta chains by means of transgenes. Mice transgenic for the three TCR chains contain numbers of gammadelta thymocytes comparable to those of mice transgenic for both TCRgamma and TCRdelta chains, and numbers of alphabeta thymocytes similar to those found in mice solely transgenic for a rearranged TCRbeta chain gene. gammadelta T cells from the triple transgenic mice express the transgenic TCRbeta chain, but do not express a TCRalpha chain, and, by a number of phenotypic and molecular parameters, appear to be bona fide gammadelta thymocytes. Our results reveal a remarkable degree of independence in the generation of alphabeta and gammadelta lineage cells from progenitor cells that, in theory, could simultaneously express a TCRgammadelta and a pre-TCR.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/immunology
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma/immunology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/immunology
- Lymphopoiesis/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/immunology
- Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gerber
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Institute of Physical and Chemical Research/Neuroscience Research Center, The Picower Center for Learning and Memory, Department of Biology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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14
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Abstract
Notch signaling regulates many cell fate decisions during development of multi-cellular organisms. Signals initiated by Notch influence a wide variety of processes that include lineage specification, cell survival and proliferation, and border formation. During development of the immune system, Notch has been shown to influence the fate of both hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and committed progenitors. Notch appears to play an especially important role in the development of cells that mediate acquired immunity where Notch influences multiple aspects of T and B cell development. In this review, we will focus on the potential functions of Notch signaling during lymphoid development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Warren S Pear
- Department of Pathology, Institute for Medicine and Engineering, Abramson Family Cancer Research Institute, University of Pennsylvania, 611 BRB II/III, 421 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104-3111, USA.
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15
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Hayes SM, Shores EW, Love PE. An architectural perspective on signaling by the pre-, alphabeta and gammadelta T cell receptors. Immunol Rev 2003; 191:28-37. [PMID: 12614349 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2003.00011.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The T cell antigen receptor (TCR) is a multimeric complex composed of an antigen-binding clonotypic heterodimer and a signal transducing complex consisting of the CD3 dimers (CD3gammaepsilon and CD3deltaepsilon) and a TCR-zeta homodimer. In all jawed vertebrates there are two T cell lineages, alphabeta and gammadelta, distinguished by the clonotypic subunits contained within their TCRs (TCR-alpha and -beta or TCR-gamma and -delta, respectively). A third receptor complex, the preTCR, is only expressed on immature T cells. The preTCR, which contains the invariant pre-Talpha (pTalpha) chain in lieu of TCR-alpha, plays a critical role in the early development of alphabeta lineage cells. The subunit composition of the signal transducing complexes of the pre-, alphabeta- and gammadeltaTCRs was previously thought to be identical. However, recent data demonstrate that there are significant differences in the signal transducing complexes of these three TCRs. For example, alphabetaTCRs contain both CD3gammaepsilon and CD3deltaepsilon dimers, whereas gammadeltaTCRs contain only CD3gammaepsilon dimers. Moreover, preTCR function appears to be unaffected in the absence of CD3delta, suggesting that CD3deltaepsilon dimers are dispensable for pre-TCR assembly. In this review, we summarize current data relating to the subunit composition of the pre-, alphabeta- and gammadeltaTCRs and discuss how these structural differences may impact receptor signaling and alphabeta/gammadelta lineage determination.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Humans
- Membrane Glycoproteins/chemistry
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Signal Transduction/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandra M Hayes
- Laboratory of Mammalian Genes and Development, National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
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16
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Radtke F, Wilson A, Ernst B, MacDonald HR. The role of Notch signaling during hematopoietic lineage commitment. Immunol Rev 2002; 187:65-74. [PMID: 12366683 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-065x.2002.18706.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last few years a vast amount of progress has been made in identifying mechanisms controlling lineage commitment and plasticity of hematopoietic precursors to different lymphoid or myeloid lineages. This has been due largely to the ability to identify and isolate rare cell populations in order to investigate their developmental potential, together with the development of inducible and/or tissue specific targeting technology. One family of proteins that has been postulated to be involved in hematopoietic stem cell maintenance as well as in multiple commitment processes during T cell development is the Notch receptors and their ligands. In this review we will summarize recent findings and controversies regarding the role of Notch signaling in the myeloid and lymphoid systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Freddy Radtke
- The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland.
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17
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Ferrero I, Wilson A, Beermann F, Held W, MacDonald HR. T cell receptor specificity is critical for the development of epidermal gammadelta T cells. J Exp Med 2001; 194:1473-83. [PMID: 11714754 PMCID: PMC2193672 DOI: 10.1084/jem.194.10.1473] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
A particular feature of gammadelta T cell biology is that cells expressing T cell receptor (TCR) using specific Vgamma/Vdelta segments are localized in distinct epithelial sites, e.g., in mouse epidermis nearly all gammadelta T cells express Vgamma3/Vdelta1. These cells, referred to as dendritic epidermal T cells (DETC) originate from fetal Vgamma3+ thymocytes. The role of gammadelta TCR specificity in DETC's migration/localization to the skin has remained controversial. To address this issue we have generated transgenic (Tg) mice expressing a TCR delta chain (Vdelta6.3-Ddelta1-Ddelta2-Jdelta1-Cdelta), which can pair with Vgamma3 in fetal thymocytes but is not normally expressed by DETC. In wild-type (wt) Vdelta6.3Tg mice DETC were present and virtually all of them express Vdelta6.3. However, DETC were absent in TCR-delta(-/-) Vdelta6.3Tg mice, despite the fact that Vdelta6.3Tg gammadelta T cells were present in normal numbers in other lymphoid and nonlymphoid tissues. In wt Vdelta6.3Tg mice, a high proportion of in-frame Vdelta1 transcripts were found in DETC, suggesting that the expression of an endogenous TCR-delta (most probably Vdelta1) was required for the development of Vdelta6.3+ epidermal gammadelta T cells. Collectively our data demonstrate that TCR specificity is essential for the development of gammadelta T cells in the epidermis. Moreover, they show that the TCR-delta locus is not allelically excluded.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Ferrero
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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18
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Falk I, Nerz G, Haidl I, Krotkova A, Eichmann K. Immature thymocytes that fail to express TCRbeta and/or TCRgamma delta proteins die by apoptotic cell death in the CD44(-)CD25(-) (DN4) subset. Eur J Immunol 2001; 31:3308-17. [PMID: 11745348 DOI: 10.1002/1521-4141(200111)31:11<3308::aid-immu3308>3.0.co;2-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Pre-TCR/CD3 signals are essential for survival and maturation of (CD44(-)25(+)) DN3 thymocytes via the (CD44(-)25(-)) DN4 stage to CD4(+)CD8(+) (DP) cells, a process termed beta-selection. The exact developmental stages of apoptosis resulting from lack of pre-TCR/CD3 signals have so far not been determined. Here we analyzed apoptotic cell death in relation to expression of clonotypic TCR polypeptides and to cell cycle status in immature thymocyte subpopulations of wild type (wt) mice and of several strains of mice with compromised pre-TCR/CD3 signaling complexes. In wt mice or pre-TCR/CD3-deficient mice, apoptotic cells could not be detected among DN3 cells but accumulated in a subset of DN4 expressing CD69. Apoptotic CD69(+)DN4 cells were rare in wt mice and were found among DN4 cells that were negative or low for intracellular TCRbeta and negative for TCRgamma delta polypeptide chains. Apoptotic CD69(+)DN4 cells were abundant in pre-TCR/CD3 signaling-deficient mice in which most DN4 cells failed to express clonotypic TCR polypeptides. Survival of DN4 cells, but not maturation of DN3 cells to DN4, was found to depend on the expression of clonotypic TCR polypeptides in the same cell. The results suggest that thymocytes unsuccessful in alpha beta or in gamma delta lineage development die by apoptosis in the DN4 subset.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, CD/analysis
- Antigens, Differentiation, T-Lymphocyte/analysis
- Apoptosis
- Gene Rearrangement
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma
- Hyaluronan Receptors/analysis
- Lectins, C-Type
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/physiology
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/analysis
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- I Falk
- Max-Planck-Institut für Immunbiologie, Freiburg, Germany
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19
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Summer B, Sander CA, Przybilla B, Thomas P. Molecular analysis of T-cell clonality with concomitant specific T-cell proliferation in vitro in nickel-allergic individuals. Allergy 2001; 56:767-70. [PMID: 11488671 DOI: 10.1034/j.1398-9995.2001.056008767.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC) of individuals with nickel contact allergy are reported to proliferate to a varying degree upon nickel stimulation in vitro. Different phenotypes of the T cells involved are described. With regard to preferential use of the T-cell receptor (TCR), analysis of the several families of the TCR-gamma gene allows rearrangement evaluation of all T cells regardless of predominant surface expression of TCR alpha/beta. METHODS The PBMC of 10 nickel-allergic and five nonallergic individuals were cultured for 4 days in the presence of either medium, PHA, NiSO4, or tetanus toxoid (TT). Proliferation was measured by radioactive thymidine uptake and expressed as stimulation index (SI). T-cell clonality was assessed by analysis of the TCR-gamma chain gene, including the use of PCR with a primer combination covering the four main groups (Vgamma1-8, Vgamma9, Vgamma10, and Vgamma11) of the variable region of the TCR-beta chain gene. RESULTS In the allergic individuals, proliferation to NiSO4 was significantly (P<0.05) higher than in nonallergics (mean SI: 18.05/17.87 vs 0.67/2.27). In unstimulated and PHA-stimulated cultures, there was a random TCR spectrum in both groups. In contrast, in nickel-allergic individuals or individuals with recent TT-booster, oligoclonality could be observed in the correspondingly stimulated cultures. CONCLUSION In addition to proliferation assay, analysis of T-cell clonality may be a further means to characterize clinical hypersensitivity reactions on the basis of antigen-dependent oligoclonal T-cell expansion, as in the case of tissue-infiltrating lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Summer
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Dermatologie und Allergologie, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Frauenlobstr. 9-11, D-80337 Munich, Germany
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20
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MacDonald HR, Radtke F, Wilson A. T cell fate specification and alphabeta/gammadelta lineage commitment. Curr Opin Immunol 2001; 13:219-24. [PMID: 11228416 DOI: 10.1016/s0952-7915(00)00207-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The development of T cells from pluripotent stem cells involves a coordinated series of lineage-commitment steps. Common lymphoid precursors in the fetal liver or adult bone marrow must first choose between a T, B or NK cell fate. Committed T cell precursors in the thymus then differentiate into cells committed to the alphabeta or gammadelta lineages. Recent advances have been made in our understanding of the mechanisms underlying T cell fate specification and alphabeta/gammadelta lineage divergence.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R MacDonald
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, CH-1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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21
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Kang J, Volkmann A, Raulet DH. Evidence that gammadelta versus alphabeta T cell fate determination is initiated independently of T cell receptor signaling. J Exp Med 2001; 193:689-98. [PMID: 11257136 PMCID: PMC2193423 DOI: 10.1084/jem.193.6.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Two types of T cells, alphabeta and gammadelta, develop in vertebrates. How these two T cell lineages arise from a common thymic T progenitor is poorly understood. Differentiation of alphabeta lineage T cells requires the surrogate alpha chain (pTalpha), which associates with the T cell receptor (TCR) beta chain to form the pre-TCR. gammadelta lineage development does not appear to involve an obligatory surrogate chain, but instead requires productive rearrangement and expression of both TCR gamma and delta genes. It has been proposed that the quality of signals transmitted by the pre-TCR and gammadelta TCR are distinct and that these "instructive" signals determine the lineage fate of an uncommitted progenitor cell. Here we show that the thymic T progenitor cells (CD25(+)CD44(+)c-kit(+)CD3(-)CD4(-)CD8(-) thymocytes, termed pro-T cells) from young adult mice that have yet to express TCRs can be subdivided based on interleukin 7 receptor (IL-7R) expression. These subsets exhibit differential potential to develop into gammadelta versus alphabeta lineage (CD4+CD8+ cells) in the thymus. Upon intrathymic injection, IL-7R(neg-lo) pro-T cells generated a 13-fold higher ratio of alphabeta lineage to gammadelta lineage cells than did IL-7R(+) pro-T cells. Much of this difference was due to a fivefold greater potential of IL-7R(+) pro-T cells to develop into TCR-gammadelta T cells. Evidence indicates that this biased developmental potential is not a result of enhanced TCR-gamma gene rearrangement/expression in IL-7R(+) pro-T cells. These results indicate that the pro-T cells are heterogeneous in developmental potential before TCR gene rearrangement and suggest that in some precursor cells the initial lineage commitment is independent of TCR-mediated signals.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta
- Receptors, Interleukin-7/biosynthesis
- Signal Transduction/physiology
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Joonsoo Kang
- University of Massachusetts Medical School, Department of Pathology, Worcester, Massachusetts 01655
| | - Ariane Volkmann
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
| | - David H. Raulet
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Cancer Research Laboratory, Division of Immunology, University of California at Berkeley, Berkeley, California 94720
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22
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MacDonald HR, Wilson A, Radtke F. Notch1 and T-cell development: insights from conditional knockout mice. Trends Immunol 2001; 22:155-60. [PMID: 11286731 DOI: 10.1016/s1471-4906(00)01828-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Notch proteins influence cell-fate decisions in many developmental systems. Gain-of-function studies have suggested a crucial role for Notch1 signaling at several stages during lymphocyte development, including the B/T, alphabeta/gammadelta and CD4/CD8 lineage choices. Here, we critically re-evaluate these conclusions in the light of recent studies that describe inducible and tissue-specific targeting of the Notch1 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- H R MacDonald
- The Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, 1066, Epalinges, Switzerland.
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23
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Wisnewski AV, Cain H, Magoski N, Wang H, Holm CT, Redlich CA. Human gamma/delta T-cell lines derived from airway biopsies. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2001; 24:332-8. [PMID: 11245633 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.24.3.4325] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
gamma/delta T cells have been postulated to play an important role in the immune response at epithelial boundaries, but have not been well described in human lung tissue. We have identified and characterized gamma/delta T-cell lines from human airway biopsies and compared them with T-cell lines from paired peripheral blood samples. Airway-derived T-cell lines stimulated with tetanus toxoid (TT) contained a greater proportion of gamma/delta T cells compared with T-cell lines stimulated with mitogens, other antigens, or without antigen. TT-stimulated airway T cells expressed different T-cell receptors (TCRs) than did blood- derived T cells, and used predominantly variable region (V)gamma I family genes rather than V gamma II family genes. Airway-derived gamma/delta T cells produced high levels of interferon-gamma and were associated with T helper 1--like cytokine profiles. This study describes the presence and antigen-dependent proliferation of gamma/delta T cells from human airway tissue, and demonstrates differences in lung-derived gamma/delta TCRs compared with gamma/delta T cells derived from peripheral blood. The data suggest that gamma/delta T cells may be functionally enriched in human airways relative to peripheral blood.
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Affiliation(s)
- A V Wisnewski
- Pulmonary and Critical Care Section, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA.
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24
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Wilson A, Maréchal C, MacDonald HR. Biased V beta usage in immature thymocytes is independent of DJ beta proximity and pT alpha pairing. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 166:51-7. [PMID: 11123276 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.166.1.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
During thymus development, the TCR beta locus rearranges before the TCR alpha locus. Pairing of productively rearranged TCR beta-chains with an invariant pT alpha chain leads to the formation of a pre-TCR and subsequent expansion of immature pre-T cells. Essentially nothing is known about the TCR V beta repertoire in pre-T cells before or after the expression of a pre-TCR. Using intracellular staining, we show here that the TCR V beta repertoire is significantly biased at the earliest developmental stage in which VDJ beta rearrangement has occurred. Moreover (and in contrast to the V(H) repertoire in immature B cells), V beta repertoire biases in immature T cells do not reflect proximity of V beta gene segments to the DJ beta cluster, nor do they depend upon preferential V beta pairing with the pT alpha chain. We conclude that V gene repertoires in developing T and B cells are controlled by partially distinct mechanisms.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Division/genetics
- Cell Division/immunology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, alpha-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, beta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Intracellular Fluid/immunology
- Intracellular Fluid/metabolism
- Membrane Glycoproteins/biosynthesis
- Membrane Glycoproteins/genetics
- Membrane Glycoproteins/physiology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Multigene Family/genetics
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Protein Precursors/biosynthesis
- Protein Precursors/genetics
- Protein Precursors/physiology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Staining and Labeling
- T-Lymphocytes/chemistry
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/chemistry
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne, Epalinges, Switzerland
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25
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Terrence K, Pavlovich CP, Matechak EO, Fowlkes B. Premature expression of T cell receptor (TCR)alphabeta suppresses TCRgammadelta gene rearrangement but permits development of gammadelta lineage T cells. J Exp Med 2000; 192:537-48. [PMID: 10952723 PMCID: PMC2193230 DOI: 10.1084/jem.192.4.537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 107] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022] Open
Abstract
The T cell receptor (TCR)gammadelta and the pre-TCR promote survival and maturation of early thymocyte precursors. Whether these receptors also influence gammadelta versus alphabeta lineage determination is less clear. We show here that TCRgammadelta gene rearrangements are suppressed in TCRalphabeta transgenic mice when the TCRalphabeta is expressed early in T cell development. This situation offers the opportunity to examine the outcome of gammadelta versus alphabeta T lineage commitment when only the TCRalphabeta is expressed. We find that precursor thymocytes expressing TCRalphabeta not only mature in the alphabeta pathway as expected, but also as CD4(-)CD8(-) T cells with properties of gammadelta lineage cells. In TCRalphabeta transgenic mice, in which the transgenic receptor is expressed relatively late, TCRgammadelta rearrangements occur normally such that TCRalphabeta(+)CD4(-)CD8(-) cells co-express TCRgammadelta. The results support the notion that TCRalphabeta can substitute for TCRgammadelta to permit a gammadelta lineage choice and maturation in the gammadelta lineage. The findings could fit a model in which lineage commitment is determined before or independent of TCR gene rearrangement. However, these results could be compatible with a model in which distinct signals bias lineage choice and these signaling differences are not absolute or intrinsic to the specific TCR structure.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation
- Cell Lineage
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor alpha
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta
- Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology
- Immunomagnetic Separation
- Immunophenotyping
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Models, Immunological
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathleen Terrence
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0420
| | - Christian P. Pavlovich
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0420
| | - Errin O. Matechak
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0420
| | - B.J. Fowlkes
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Immunology, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland 20892-0420
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26
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Leduc I, Hempel WM, Mathieu N, Verthuy C, Bouvier G, Watrin F, Ferrier P. T cell development in TCR beta enhancer-deleted mice: implications for alpha beta T cell lineage commitment and differentiation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:1364-73. [PMID: 10903739 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.3.1364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
T cell differentiation in the mouse thymus is an intricate, highly coordinated process that requires the assembly of TCR complexes from individual components, including those produced by the precisely timed V(D)J recombination of TCR genes. Mice carrying a homozygous deletion of the TCR beta transcriptional enhancer (E beta) demonstrate an inhibition of V(D)J recombination at the targeted TCR beta locus and a block in alpha beta T cell differentiation. In this study, we have characterized the T cell developmental defects resulting from the E beta-/- mutation, in light of previously reported results of the analyses of TCR beta-deficient (TCR beta-/-) mice. Similar to the latter mice, production of TCR beta-chains is abolished in the E beta-/- animals, and under these conditions differentiation into cell-surface TCR-, CD4+CD8+ double positive (DP) thymocytes depends essentially on the cell-autonomous expression of TCR delta-chains and, most likely, TCR gamma-chains. However, contrary to previous reports using TCR beta-/- mice, a minor population of TCR gamma delta+ DP thymocytes was found within the E beta-/- thymi, which differ in terms of T cell-specific gene expression and V(D)J recombinase activity, from the majority of TCR-, alpha beta lineage-committed DP thymocytes. We discuss these data with respect to the functional role of E beta in driving alpha beta T cell differentiation and the mechanism of alpha beta T lineage commitment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Differentiation/genetics
- Cell Differentiation/immunology
- Cell Lineage/genetics
- Cell Lineage/immunology
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/genetics
- Enhancer Elements, Genetic/immunology
- Flow Cytometry
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Expression Regulation/genetics
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Gene Rearrangement, delta-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Gene Rearrangement, gamma-Chain T-Cell Antigen Receptor/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor beta/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor delta/genetics
- Genes, T-Cell Receptor gamma/genetics
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/biosynthesis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/cytology
- Thymus Gland/immunology
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- I Leduc
- Centre d'Immunologie de Marseille-Luminy, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, Marseille, France
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27
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Bellavia D, Campese AF, Alesse E, Vacca A, Felli MP, Balestri A, Stoppacciaro A, Tiveron C, Tatangelo L, Giovarelli M, Gaetano C, Ruco L, Hoffman ES, Hayday AC, Lendahl U, Frati L, Gulino A, Screpanti I. Constitutive activation of NF-kappaB and T-cell leukemia/lymphoma in Notch3 transgenic mice. EMBO J 2000; 19:3337-48. [PMID: 10880446 PMCID: PMC313949 DOI: 10.1093/emboj/19.13.3337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 301] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The multiplicity of Notch receptors raises the question of the contribution of specific isoforms to T-cell development. Notch3 is expressed in CD4(-)8(-) thymocytes and is down-regulated across the CD4(-)8(-) to CD4(+)8(+) transition, controlled by pre-T-cell receptor signaling. To determine the effects of Notch3 on thymocyte development, transgenic mice were generated, expressing lck promoter-driven intracellular Notch3. Thymuses of young transgenics showed an increased number of thymocytes, particularly late CD4(-)8(-) cells, a failure to down-regulate CD25 in post-CD4(-)8(-) subsets and sustained activity of NF-kappaB. Subsequently, aggressive multicentric T-cell lymphomas developed with high penetrance. Tumors sustained characteristics of immature thymocytes, including expression of CD25, pTalpha and activated NF-kappaB via IKKalpha-dependent degradation of IkappaBalpha and enhancement of NF-kappaB-dependent anti-apoptotic and proliferative pathways. Together, these data identify activated Notch3 as a link between signals leading to NF-kappaB activation and T-cell tumorigenesis. The phenotypes of pre-malignant thymocytes and of lymphomas indicate a novel and particular role for Notch3 in co-ordinating growth and differentiation of thymocytes, across the pre-T/T cell transition, consistent with the normal expression pattern of Notch3.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/physiology
- Base Sequence
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- Cell Survival
- DNA Primers
- DNA-Binding Proteins/physiology
- I-kappa B Proteins
- Leukemia, T-Cell/metabolism
- Leukemia, T-Cell/pathology
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/metabolism
- Lymphoma, T-Cell/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- NF-KappaB Inhibitor alpha
- NF-kappa B/antagonists & inhibitors
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/genetics
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/physiology
- Receptor, Notch3
- Receptor, Notch4
- Receptors, Cell Surface/genetics
- Receptors, Cell Surface/physiology
- Receptors, Notch
- Thymus Gland/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- D Bellavia
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Pathology, University La Sapienza, Roma, Italy
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28
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Laetsch B, Häffner AC, Döbbeling U, Seifert B, Ludwig E, Burg G, Dummer R. CD4 + /CD7- T cell frequency and polymerase chain reaction-based clonality assay correlate with stage in cutaneous T cell lymphomas. J Invest Dermatol 2000; 114:107-11. [PMID: 10620124 DOI: 10.1046/j.1523-1747.2000.00818.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
In cutaneous T cell lymphomas, tumor cells can be found in skin and in other compartments. A precise definition of extracutaneous spread including blood involvement is necessary for staging and treatment design. We investigated peripheral blood in 51 patients with various types of cutaneous T cell lymphomas by the analysis of blood smears for Sézary cells, the CD4 + /CD7- T helper cell frequency in the peripheral blood by fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis and by polymerase chain reaction for the T cell receptor gamma-chain followed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis. Eleven polymerase chain reaction products were sequenced. Thirty-five per cent of patients with stage Ia-IIb cutaneous T cell lymphomas presented a peripheral blood T cell clone. In patients with stage III-IVb cutaneous T cell lymphomas 75% were positive for clonality in the peripheral blood by polymerase chain reaction. Interestingly, three of 13 Sézary patients showed a TCR-gamma joining region pseudogene (JgammaP1/JgammaP2) usage. CD4 + /CD7- cell counts were significantly higher in patients with advanced cutaneous T cell lymphomas than in patients with early cutaneous T cell lymphomas. There was a correlation between increased percentage of circulating CD4 + /CD7- cells and detection of clonality by polymerase chain reaction (p = 0.001). There was no significant correlation between the polymerase chain reaction data and the percentage of Sézary cells on blood smears. A significant correlation between CD4 + /CD7- cells and Sézary cells was found, however. Stepwise logistic regression analysis showed that the CD4 + /CD7- cell count and clonal T cell detection in peripheral blood are independently correlated with stage. The combination of both parameters gives more information than each one separately. In conclusion, our data indicate that fluorescence activated cell sorter analysis of peripheral blood and polymerase chain reaction-based clonality assays can improve the accuracy of staging investigations in cutaneous T cell lymphomas patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Laetsch
- Department of Dermatology, University Hospital, Zurich, Switzerland
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29
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Wilson A, Capone M, MacDonald HR. Unexpectedly late expression of intracellular CD3epsilon and TCR gammadelta proteins during adult thymus development. Int Immunol 1999; 11:1641-50. [PMID: 10508182 DOI: 10.1093/intimm/11.10.1641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During adult thymus development immature CD4(-)CD8(-) [double-negative (DN)] precursor cells pass through four phenotypically distinct stages defined by expression of CD44 and CD25: CD44(hi)CD25(-) (DN1), CD44(hi)CD25(+) (DN2), CD44(lo)CD25(+) (DN3) and CD44(lo)CD25(-) (DN4). Although it is well established that the TCR beta, gamma and delta genes are rearranged and expressed in association with the CD3 components in DN thymocytes, the precise timing of expression of the TCR and CD3 proteins has not been determined. In this report we have utilized a sensitive intracellular (ic) staining technique to analyze the expression of ic CD3epsilon, TCR beta and TCR gammadelta proteins in immature DN subsets. As expected from previous studies of TCR beta rearrangement and mRNA expression, icTCR beta(+) cells were first detected in the DN3 subset and their proportion increased thereafter. Surprisingly, however, both icCD3epsilon(+) and icTCR gammadelta(+) cells were detected at later stages of development than was predicted by molecular studies. In particular icCD3epsilon protein expression coincided with the transition from the DN2 to DN3 stage of development, whereas icTCR gammadelta protein expression was only detected in a minor subset of DN4 cells. The implications of these findings for alphabeta lineage divergence will be discussed.
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MESH Headings
- Age Factors
- Animals
- Biomarkers
- CD3 Complex
- Cell Differentiation
- Female
- Flow Cytometry
- Hyaluronan Receptors/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- Receptors, Interleukin-2/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Thymus Gland/growth & development
- Thymus Gland/metabolism
- Time Factors
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wilson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Lausanne Branch, University of Lausanne,Ch. Des Boveresses 155, 1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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30
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Hernández-Munain C, Sleckman BP, Krangel MS. A developmental switch from TCR delta enhancer to TCR alpha enhancer function during thymocyte maturation. Immunity 1999; 10:723-33. [PMID: 10403647 DOI: 10.1016/s1074-7613(00)80071-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
V(D)J recombination and transcription within the TCR alpha/delta locus are regulated by three characterized cis-acting elements: the TCR delta enhancer (Edelta), TCR alpha enhancer (Ealpha), and T early alpha (TEA) promoter. Analysis of enhancer and promoter occupancy and function in developing thymocytes in vivo indicates Edelta and Ealpha to be developmental-stage-specific enhancers, with Edelta "on" and Ealpha "off" in double-negative III thymocytes and Edelta "off" and Ealpha "on" in double-positive thymocytes. Edelta downregulation reflects a loss of occupancy. Surprisingly, Ealpha and TEA are extensively occupied even prior to activation. TCR delta downregulation in double-positive thymocytes depends on two events, Edelta inactivation and removal of TCR delta from the influence of Ealpha by chromosomal excision.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Hernández-Munain
- Department of Immunology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina 27710, USA
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