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Higgins AD, Mihalyo MA, Adler AJ. Effector CD4 cells are tolerized upon exposure to parenchymal self-antigen. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2002; 169:3622-9. [PMID: 12244153 PMCID: PMC2855047 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.7.3622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
It has long been established that exposure of naive T cells to specific Ag in the absence of adjuvant leads to tolerization. Nonetheless, the potential of effector CD4 cells to be tolerized has been less well characterized. To address this issue, we have used an adoptive transfer system in which naive TCR transgenic hemagglutinin (HA)-specific CD4(+) T cells are initially primed to express effector function upon exposure to an immunogenic recombinant vaccinia virus expressing HA, and then exposed to forms of HA that are tolerogenic for naive CD4 cells. HA-specific effector CD4 cells residing in both the spleen as well as in two separate nonlymphoid tissues were tolerized upon exposure to high doses of exogenous soluble HA peptide. Additionally, tolerance could also be induced by bone marrow-derived APCs that cross-present parenchymally derived self-HA. Thus, effector CD4 cells are susceptible to similar tolerogenic stimuli as are naive CD4 cells.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Adam J. Adler
- Address correspondence and reprint requests to Dr. Adam J. Adler, Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030-1601.
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2
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Burt RK, Slavin S, Burns WH, Marmont AM. Induction of tolerance in autoimmune diseases by hematopoietic stem cell transplantation: getting closer to a cure? Int J Hematol 2002; 76 Suppl 1:226-47. [PMID: 12430858 DOI: 10.1007/bf03165251] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) are the earliest cells of the immune system, giving rise to B and T lymphocytes, monocytes, tissue macrophages, and dendritic cells. In animal models, adoptive transfer of HSCs, depending on circumstances, may cause, prevent, or cure autoimmune diseases. Clinical trials have reported early remission of otherwise refractory autoimmune disorders after either autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT). By percentage of transplantations performed, autoimmune diseases are the most rapidly expanding indication for stem cell transplantation. Although numerous editorials or commentaries have been previously published, no prior review has focused on the immunology of transplantation tolerance or development of phase 3 autoimmune HSCT trials. Results from current trials suggest that mobilization of HSCs, conditioning regimen, eligibility and exclusion criteria, toxicity, outcome, source of stem cells, and posttransplantation follow-up need to be disease specific. HSCT-induced remission of an autoimmune disease allows for a prospective analysis of events involved in immune tolerance not available in cross-sectional studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard K Burt
- Northwestern University Medical Center, Division of Immune Therapy and Autoimmune Disease, Chicago, IL, USA
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Kishimoto K, Sandner S, Imitola J, Sho M, Li Y, Langmuir PB, Rothstein DM, Strom TB, Turka LA, Sayegh MH. Th1 cytokines, programmed cell death, and alloreactive T cell clone size in transplant tolerance. J Clin Invest 2002. [PMID: 12045261 DOI: 10.1172/jci0214947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma, which inhibit T cell proliferation and promote activation induced cell death, may be required to diminish alloreactive T cell numbers and to foster tolerance across full allogeneic barriers. However, we hypothesized that these cytokines might be dispensable when the alloreactive T cell clone size is relatively small, as is seen in recipients of minor-mismatched grafts. We show that alloreactive T cell clone size of C57BL/6 mice against multiple minor-mismatched 129X1/sv mice was approximately 4-9-fold smaller than that against MHC-mismatched BALB/c mice. In the MHC-mismatched combination, CD28-B7 blockade by CTLA4Ig induced long-term graft survival in wild-type recipients, but this treatment was ineffective in IFNgamma(-/-) or IL-2(-/-) recipients. In contrast, in the minor-mismatched combination, CTLA4Ig induced long-term allograft survival in wild-type, IFNgamma(-/-), and IL-2(-/-) recipients. Bcl-x(L) transgenic animals, which are defective in "passive" T cell death, are likewise sensitive to the effects of CTLA4Ig only in the setting of the minor-mismatch grafts. Therefore, the alloreactive T cell clone size is an important determinant affecting the need for Th1 cytokines and T cell death in tolerance induction. These data have implications for the design of tolerance strategies in transplant recipients with varying degrees of MHC mismatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Kishimoto K, Sandner S, Imitola J, Sho M, Li Y, Langmuir PB, Rothstein DM, Strom TB, Turka LA, Sayegh MH. Th1 cytokines, programmed cell death, and alloreactive T cell clone size in transplant tolerance. J Clin Invest 2002; 109:1471-9. [PMID: 12045261 PMCID: PMC150996 DOI: 10.1172/jci14947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The Th1 cytokines IL-2 and IFN-gamma, which inhibit T cell proliferation and promote activation induced cell death, may be required to diminish alloreactive T cell numbers and to foster tolerance across full allogeneic barriers. However, we hypothesized that these cytokines might be dispensable when the alloreactive T cell clone size is relatively small, as is seen in recipients of minor-mismatched grafts. We show that alloreactive T cell clone size of C57BL/6 mice against multiple minor-mismatched 129X1/sv mice was approximately 4-9-fold smaller than that against MHC-mismatched BALB/c mice. In the MHC-mismatched combination, CD28-B7 blockade by CTLA4Ig induced long-term graft survival in wild-type recipients, but this treatment was ineffective in IFNgamma(-/-) or IL-2(-/-) recipients. In contrast, in the minor-mismatched combination, CTLA4Ig induced long-term allograft survival in wild-type, IFNgamma(-/-), and IL-2(-/-) recipients. Bcl-x(L) transgenic animals, which are defective in "passive" T cell death, are likewise sensitive to the effects of CTLA4Ig only in the setting of the minor-mismatch grafts. Therefore, the alloreactive T cell clone size is an important determinant affecting the need for Th1 cytokines and T cell death in tolerance induction. These data have implications for the design of tolerance strategies in transplant recipients with varying degrees of MHC mismatching.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Kishimoto
- Laboratory of Immunogenetics and Transplantation, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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5
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Higgins AD, Mihalyo MA, McGary PW, Adler AJ. CD4 cell priming and tolerization are differentially programmed by APCs upon initial engagement. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 168:5573-81. [PMID: 12023353 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.168.11.5573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived APCs present both parenchymal-self and pathogen-derived Ags in a manner that elicits either T cell tolerization or immunity, respectively. To study the parameters that confer tolerogenic vs immunogenic APC function we used an adoptive transfer system in which naive TCR transgenic hemagglutinin (HA)-specific CD4(+) T cells are either tolerized upon encountering HA expressed constitutively as a parenchymal self-Ag (self-HA) or primed to express effector function upon encountering transiently expressed vaccinia-derived HA (viral-HA). When the duration of viral-HA presentation was extended for the period required to elicit tolerization toward self-HA, CD4 cell tolerization to viral-HA did not occur. Furthermore, CD4 cells exhibited both phenotypic as well as functional differences during early stages of tolerization and priming, suggesting that these divergent differentiation processes are programmed soon after the initial APC-CD4 cell interaction. When mice expressing self-HA were infected with an irrelevant vaccinia, CD4 cell tolerization still occurred, indicating that priming vs tolerization cannot be explained by pathogen-induced third parties (i.e., non-APCs) that act directly on CD4 cells. Taken together, these results suggest that CD4 cell tolerization to parenchymal self-Ags and priming to pathogen-derived Ags are initiated by functionally distinct APCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy D Higgins
- Center for Immunotherapy of Cancer and Infectious Diseases, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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7
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Vanasek TL, Khoruts A, Zell T, Mueller DL. Antagonistic roles for CTLA-4 and the mammalian target of rapamycin in the regulation of clonal anergy: enhanced cell cycle progression promotes recall antigen responsiveness. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:5636-44. [PMID: 11698435 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.10.5636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T cells that undergo multiple rounds of cell division during primary Ag challenge in vivo produce IL-2 on secondary Ag rechallenge, whereas cells that fail to progress through the cell cycle are anergic to restimulation. Anti-CTLA-4 mAb treatment during primary Ag exposure increases cell cycle progression and enhances recall Ag responsiveness; however, simultaneous treatment with rapamycin, an inhibitor of the mammalian target of rapamycin and potent antiproliferative agent, prevents both effects. The data suggest that cell cycle progression plays a primary role in the regulation of recall Ag responsiveness in CD4(+) T cells in vivo. CTLA-4 molecules promote clonal anergy development only indirectly by limiting cell cycle progression during the primary response.
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Affiliation(s)
- T L Vanasek
- Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA
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8
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de Visser KE, Cordaro TA, Kessels HW, Tirion FH, Schumacher TN, Kruisbeek AM. Low-avidity self-specific T cells display a pronounced expansion defect that can be overcome by altered peptide ligands. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:3818-28. [PMID: 11564799 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.7.3818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Thymic expression of self-Ags results in the deletion of high-avidity self-specific T cells, but, at least for certain Ags, a residual population of self-specific T cells with low-affinity TCRs remains after negative selection. Such self-specific T cells are thought to play a role in the induction of T cell-mediated autoimmunity, but may also be used for the induction of antitumor immunity against self-Ags. In this study, we examine the functional competence of a polyclonal population of self-specific CD8+ T cells. We show that low-affinity interactions between TCR and peptide are associated with selective loss of critical T cell functions. Triggering of low levels of IFN-gamma production and cytolytic activity through low-affinity TCRs readily occurs provided high Ag doses are used, but IL-2 production and clonal expansion are severely reduced at all Ag doses. Remarkably, a single peptide variant can form an improved ligand for the highly diverse population of low-avidity self-specific T cells and can improve their proliferative capacity. These data provide insight into the inherent limitations of self-specific T cell responses through low-avidity TCR signals and the effect of modified peptide ligands on self-specific T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K E de Visser
- Division of Immunology, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Plesmanlaan 121, 1066 CX Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Avice MN, Rubio M, Sergerie M, Delespesse G, Sarfati M. Role of CD47 in the induction of human naive T cell anergy. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2001; 167:2459-68. [PMID: 11509584 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.167.5.2459] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We recently reported that CD47 ligation inhibited IL-2 release by umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells activated in the presence of IL-12, but not IL-4, preventing the induction of IL-12Rbeta(2) expression and the acquisition of Th1, but not the Th2 phenotype. Here we show that in the absence of exogenous cytokine at priming, CD47 ligation of umbilical cord blood mononuclear cells promotes the development of hyporesponsive T cells. Naive cells were treated with CD47 mAb for 3 days, expanded in IL-2 for 9-12 days, and restimulated by CD3 and CD28 coengagement. Effector T cells generated under these conditions were considered to be anergic because they produced a reduced amount of IL-2 at the single-cell level and displayed an impaired capacity 1) to proliferate, 2) to secrete Th1/Th2 cytokines, and 3) to respond to IL-2, IL-4, or IL-12. Moreover, CD47 mAb strongly suppressed IL-2 production and IL-2Ralpha expression in primary cultures and IL-2 response of activated naive T cells. Induction of anergy by CD47 mAb was IL-10 independent, whereas inclusion of IL-2 and IL-4, but not IL-7, at priming fully restored T cell activation. Furthermore, CD28 costimulation prevented induction of anergy. Thus, CD47 may represent a potential target to induce anergy and prevent undesired Th0/Th1 responses such as graft vs host diseases, allograft rejection, or autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- M N Avice
- Allergy Research Laboratory, Research Center of Centre Hospitalier Université de Montréal, Notre Dame Hospital, Quebec, Canada
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Affiliation(s)
- X C Li
- Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
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12
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Abstract
Immune responses are by necessity highly regulated to achieve the appropriate balance of aggression and restraint. Among the many factors involved in maintaining this balance are the interactions between accessory molecule receptors expressed on T cells and their ligands on antigen-presenting cells. Our studies during the past several years have focused on defining how particular accessory molecule interactions influence the activation of naïve CD4+ T cells and the subsequent development of effector function. In this article, we discuss our findings on the effects of distinct accessory molecules with particular attention to the unique roles of LFA-1 and CD28 during different phases of the naïve CD4+ cell response.
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Affiliation(s)
- M E Ozaki
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
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13
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Abstract
The identification and characterization of a newly extended family of molecules related to the T-cell costimulatory proteins CD28 and B7 suggests that a distinct form of costimulatory signals could be important for effector T-cell responses outside of lymphoid tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Mueller
- Department of Medicine and Center for Immunology, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis 55455, USA.
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Gao JX, Madrenas J, Zeng W, Cameron MJ, Zhang Z, Wang JJ, Zhong R, Grant D. CD40-deficient dendritic cells producing interleukin-10, but not interleukin-12, induce T-cell hyporesponsiveness in vitro and prevent acute allograft rejection. Immunology 1999; 98:159-70. [PMID: 10540214 PMCID: PMC2326930 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1999.00863.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The induction of an immune response or tolerance is mediated by corresponding subsets of dendritic cells (DC). However, the property of tolerogenic DC is not clear. Recently, we have characterized a population of CD11c+ splenic DC derived from long-term mixed leucocyte culture (LT-MLC), which are able to proliferate upon stimulation and have a strong primary mixed leucocyte reaction (MLR)-stimulating activity in conventional MLR. In this study, we show that, in contrast to the irradiated ones, non-irradiated LT-MLC-derived DC induce polyclonal antigen-specific T-cell hyporesponsiveness when cocultured with allogeneic splenocytes for 3-11 days. The degree of the hyporesponsiveness increased with the length of coculture. Although these DC expressed major histocompatibility complex class II and B7 costimulatory molecules, which are down-regulated during coculture, they expressed very low or undetectable CD40 before and after coculture, respectively. The CD40-deficient DC spontaneously produce interleukin-10 (IL-10), but not IL-12. The skewed balance between IL-10 and IL-12 is associated with their capability to induce T-cell hyporesponsiveness, because a neutralizing antibody to IL-10, exogenous recombinant IL-12 or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) significantly blocked the hyporesponsiveness. Accordingly, infusion of a small number of non-irradiated LT-MLC-derived DC (5x105) significantly prolonged the survival of a vascularized heterotopic murine heart transplant, whereas irradiated DC accelerated graft rejection. These data suggest that CD40-deficient DC producing IL-10, but not IL-12 can induce T-cell hyporesponsiveness in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- J X Gao
- Transplantation and Immunobiology Group, The John P. Robarts Research Institute, London, Ont., Canada
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Deeths MJ, Kedl RM, Mescher MF. CD8+ T Cells Become Nonresponsive (Anergic) Following Activation in the Presence of Costimulation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 1999. [DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.163.1.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Abstract
CD8+ T cells stimulated in vitro with anti-TCR mAb and B7-1 or ICAM-1 produce IL-2 and clonally expand. Effector function is acquired within 3 days, but proliferation ceases and the cells begin to die by apoptosis. Stimulation in vivo with B7-1-expressing allogeneic tumor results in the same sequence of events with a comparable time course. In both cases, the cells become anergic within 3 or 4 days of responding; they can no longer respond by producing IL-2 and proliferating, but can still be stimulated to proliferate in response to exogenous IL-2. This activation-induced nonresponsiveness (AINR) is not simply a consequence of ongoing cell death; cytokines that promote survival (IL-7 or IFN-α) or proliferation (human IL-2) do not restore the ability to produce IL-2 in response to costimulation. Although similar to the anergy described for CD4+ T cell clones, AINR differs in that it results from an initial stimulation with both signal 1 and signal 2. AINR appears to be an aspect of the normal differentiation of fully stimulated CD8+ T cells. It is probably important in regulating CTL responses; it limits the initial T helper-independent response and converts it to a response that requires T cell help to be sustained and further expanded. When the initial helper-independent response is not sufficient to clear Ag, and if help is not available, AINR likely results in tolerance to the Ag.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J. Deeths
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Ross M. Kedl
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
| | - Matthew F. Mescher
- Center for Immunology and Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455
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