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Berwal M, Haldhar S, Ram C, Gora J, Singh D, Samadia DK. GC-MS/MS-based phytochemical screening of therapeutic potential of Calligonum polygonoides L. flower bud against chronic diseases. Pharmacogn Mag 2021. [DOI: 10.4103/pm.pm_390_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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2
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Wagner DH. Overlooked Mechanisms in Type 1 Diabetes Etiology: How Unique Costimulatory Molecules Contribute to Diabetogenesis. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2017; 8:208. [PMID: 28878738 PMCID: PMC5572340 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2017.00208] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Type 1 Diabetes (T1D) develops when immune cells invade the pancreatic islets resulting in loss of insulin production in beta cells. T cells have been proven to be central players in that process. What is surprising, however, is that classic mechanisms of tolerance cannot explain diabetogenesis; alternate mechanisms must now be considered. T cell receptor (TCR) revision is the process whereby T cells in the periphery alter TCR expression, outside the safety-net of thymic selection pressures. This process results in an expanded T cell repertoire, capable of responding to a universe of pathogens, but limitations are that increased risk for autoimmune disease development occurs. Classic T cell costimulators including the CD28 family have long been thought to be the major drivers for full T cell activation. In actuality, CD28 and its family member counterparts, ICOS and CTLA-4, all drive regulatory responses. Inflammation is driven by CD40, not CD28. CD40 as a costimulus has been largely overlooked. When naïve T cells interact with antigen presenting cell CD154, the major ligand for CD40, is induced. This creates a milieu for T cell (CD40)-T cell (CD154) interaction, leading to inflammation. Finally, defined pathogenic effector cells including TH40 (CD4+CD40+) cells can express FOXP3 but are not Tregs. The cells loose FOXP3 to become pathogenic effector cells. Each of these mechanisms creates novel options to better understand diabetogenesis and create new therapeutic targets for T1D.
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Affiliation(s)
- David H. Wagner
- The Program in Integrated Immunology, Department of Medicine, Webb-Waring Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
- *Correspondence: David H. Wagner Jr.,
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3
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Maillard-Lefebvre H, Boulanger E, Daroux M, Gaxatte C, Hudson BI, Lambert M. Soluble receptor for advanced glycation end products: a new biomarker in diagnosis and prognosis of chronic inflammatory diseases. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2009; 48:1190-6. [PMID: 19589888 DOI: 10.1093/rheumatology/kep199] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) is a result of the non-enzymatic reaction between sugars and free amino groups of proteins. AGEs, through interacting with their specific receptor for AGEs (RAGE), result in activation of pro-inflammatory states and are involved in numerous pathologic situations. The soluble form of RAGE (sRAGE) is able to act as a decoy to avoid interaction of RAGE with its pro-inflammatory ligands (AGEs, HMGB1, S100 proteins). sRAGE levels have been found to be decreased in chronic inflammatory diseases including atherosclerosis, diabetes, renal failure and the aging process. The use of measuring circulating sRAGEs may prove to be a valuable vascular biomarker and in this review, we describe the implications of sRAGE in inflammation and propose that this molecule may represent a future therapeutic target in chronic inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Maillard-Lefebvre
- Department of Vascular Aging Biology, Claude Huriez Hospital, University Hospital of Lille, 1 place de Verdun, 59037 Lille cedex, France.
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4
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Schellenberg AE, Buist R, Yong VW, Del Bigio MR, Peeling J. Magnetic resonance imaging of blood–spinal cord barrier disruption in mice with experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Magn Reson Med 2007; 58:298-305. [PMID: 17654586 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.21289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation, demyelination, and blood-spinal cord barrier (BSB) breakdown occur in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), an animal model of multiple sclerosis. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the utility of MRI for detecting lesions and BSB disruption in vivo during EAE in the mouse lumbar spinal cord, to determine how MR features of BSB disruption change during the course of disease, and to relate such changes to clinical signs and histological features of disease. Following induction of EAE in C57BL/6 mice, contrast-enhanced (CE) T(1)-weighted MR images were acquired to detect BSB disruption in the lumbar spinal cord at the early stage of disease, at peak disease, and at remission, and T(2)-weighted images were obtained to monitor spinal cord morphology. Following imaging the spinal cords were assessed in situ for general features of inflammation, BSB leakage, activated macrophages/microglia, and demyelination. No focal lesions were evident on T(2)-weighted MR images. BSB disruption was greatest at the onset of signs of disease, and decreased progressively thereafter. Inflammation and demyelination were pronounced at the initial stage of disease and at peak disease, and were decreased at remission. Nonuniform contrast enhancement indicated that breakdown of the BSB occurred predominantly within the white matter (WM) of the spinal cord.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela E Schellenberg
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada
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5
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Czopik AK, Bynoe MS, Palm N, Raine CS, Medzhitov R. Semaphorin 7A is a negative regulator of T cell responses. Immunity 2006; 24:591-600. [PMID: 16713976 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2006.03.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2005] [Revised: 02/21/2006] [Accepted: 03/06/2006] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Semaphorins play an essential role in axonal guidance, and emerging evidence points to diverse functions of several Semaphorin family members in the immune system. Semaphorin 7A (Sema7A) promotes axonal growth in the central nervous system. Here, we show that Sema7A also plays a critical role in negative regulation of T cell activation and function. T cells deficient in Sema7A exhibit enhanced homeostatic and antigen-induced proliferative response. Moreover, autoreactive Sema7A-deficient T cells mediate aggressive autoimmune disease. The deficiency in Sema7A leads to defective TCR downmodulation and T cell hyperresponsiveness. These results demonstrate an important role of Sema7A in limiting autoimmune responses and add to growing evidence of shared signaling pathways used by the immune and nervous systems.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigens, CD/immunology
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Autoimmunity
- Blotting, Western
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/pathology
- Cell Proliferation
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Flow Cytometry
- GPI-Linked Proteins
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/immunology
- Hypersensitivity, Delayed/pathology
- Immunohistochemistry
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/immunology
- Semaphorins/immunology
- Semaphorins/metabolism
- Signal Transduction/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Agnieszka K Czopik
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut 06520, USA
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6
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Ponomarev ED, Shriver LP, Dittel BN. CD40 expression by microglial cells is required for their completion of a two-step activation process during central nervous system autoimmune inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2006; 176:1402-10. [PMID: 16424167 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.176.3.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are monocytic lineage cells that reside in the CNS and have the capacity to become activated during various pathological conditions. Although it was demonstrated that activation of microglial cells could be achieved in vitro by the engagement of CD40-CD40L interactions in combination with proinflammatory cytokines, the exact factors that mediate activation of microglial cells in vivo during CNS autoimmunity are ill-defined. To investigate the role of CD40 in microglial cell activation during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), we used bone marrow chimera mice that allowed us to distinguish microglial cells from peripheral macrophages and render microglial cells deficient in CD40. We found that the first step of microglial cell activation was CD40-independent and occurred during EAE onset. The first step of activation consisted of microglial cell proliferation and up-regulation of the activation markers MHC class II, CD40, and CD86. At the peak of disease, microglial cells underwent a second step of activation, which was characterized by a further enhancement in activation marker expression along with a reduction in proliferation. The second step of microglial cell activation was CD40-dependent and the failure of CD40-deficient microglial cells to achieve a full level of activation during EAE was correlated with reduced expansion of encephalitogenic T cells and leukocyte infiltration in the CNS, and amelioration of clinical symptoms. Thus, our findings demonstrate that CD40 expression on microglial cells is necessary to complete their activation process during EAE, which is important for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Ponomarev
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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7
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Ponomarev ED, Shriver LP, Maresz K, Dittel BN. Microglial cell activation and proliferation precedes the onset of CNS autoimmunity. J Neurosci Res 2005; 81:374-89. [PMID: 15959904 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 315] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Microglial cells are central nervous system (CNS) resident cells that are thought to become activated and contribute to the inflammation that occurs in the human autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis (MS). This has never been proven, however, because microglial cells cannot be phenotypically distinguished from peripheral macrophages that accumulate in MS inflammatory lesions. To study the kinetics and nature of microglial cell activation in the CNS, we used the animal model of MS, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), and induced EAE in bone marrow (BM) chimera mice generated using major histocompatibility complex (MHC)-mismatched donor BM, allowing the separation of microglial cells and peripheral monocytes/macrophages. We found that microglial cell activation was evident before onset of disease symptoms and infiltration of peripheral myeloid cells into the CNS. Activated microglial cells underwent proliferation and upregulated the expression of CD45, MHC class II, CD40, CD86, and the dendritic cell marker CD11c. At the peak of EAE disease, activated microglial cells comprised 37% of the total macrophage and dendritic cell populations and colocalized with infiltrating leukocytes in inflammatory lesions. Our findings thus definitively demonstrate that during EAE, microglial cells become activated early in EAE disease and then differentiate into both macrophages and dendritic-like cells, suggesting they play an active role in the pathogenesis of EAE and MS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/immunology
- Antigen-Presenting Cells/metabolism
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Autoimmunity/physiology
- Bone Marrow/immunology
- Bromodeoxyuridine/metabolism
- Cell Count/methods
- Cell Differentiation/physiology
- Cell Proliferation
- Central Nervous System/cytology
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Female
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique/methods
- Green Fluorescent Proteins/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/biosynthesis
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/immunology
- Macrophages/physiology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Microglia/cytology
- Microglia/physiology
- Myelin Basic Protein/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Time Factors
- Up-Regulation
- Whole-Body Irradiation/adverse effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Ponomarev
- Blood Research Institute, BloodCenter of Wisconsin, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53201-2178, USA
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8
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Ponomarev ED, Dittel BN. Gamma delta T cells regulate the extent and duration of inflammation in the central nervous system by a Fas ligand-dependent mechanism. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2005; 174:4678-87. [PMID: 15814692 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.174.8.4678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Gamma delta T cells have been shown to regulate immune responses associated with inflammation, but the mechanism of this regulation is largely unknown. Using the experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) model of the human CNS autoimmune disease multiple sclerosis, we demonstrate that gamma delta T cells are important regulators of CNS inflammation. This was shown using gamma delta T cell-deficient mice that were unable to recover from EAE. The chronic disease was accompanied by a prolonged presence of both macrophages and lymphocytes in the CNS. This extended inflammatory response was due to alterations in both cell proliferation and death. In mice lacking gamma delta T cells, proliferation of encephalitogenic T cells was 3-fold higher, and caspase activity, indicating apoptosis, was 2-fold lower compared with those in control mice recovering from EAE. gamma delta T cell-deficient mice reconstituted with wild-type gamma delta T cells recovered from EAE and resolved inflammation in the CNS, whereas mice reconstituted with Fas ligand-dysfunctional gamma delta T cells did not. Thus, gamma delta T cells regulate both inflammation in the CNS and disease recovery via Fas/Fas ligand-induced apoptosis of encephalitogenic T cells, and a quick resolution of inflammation in the CNS is essential to prevent permanent damage to the CNS resulting in chronic disease.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmunity
- Bone Marrow Transplantation
- Cell Proliferation
- Cell Survival
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Chimera/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/etiology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Fas Ligand Protein
- Humans
- Inflammation/etiology
- Inflammation/immunology
- Inflammation/pathology
- Ligands
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/etiology
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/deficiency
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Ponomarev
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of S.E. Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201-2178, USA
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Roep BO, Atkinson M, von Herrath M. Satisfaction (not) guaranteed: re-evaluating the use of animal models of type 1 diabetes. Nat Rev Immunol 2005; 4:989-97. [PMID: 15573133 DOI: 10.1038/nri1502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 163] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Without a doubt, rodent models have been instrumental in describing pathways that lead to pancreatic beta-cell destruction, evaluating potential causes of type 1 diabetes and providing proof-of-principle for the potential of immune-based interventions. However, despite more than two decades of productive research, we are still yet to define an initiating autoantigen for the human disease, to determine the precise mechanisms of beta-cell destruction in humans and to design interventions that prevent or cure type 1 diabetes. In this Perspective article, we propose that a major philosophical change would benefit this field, a proposition that is based on evaluation of situations in which rodent models have provided useful guidance and in which they have led to disappointments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bart O Roep
- Bart O. Roep is at the Leiden University Medical Center, Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden NL-2300 RC, The Netherlands.
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10
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Arnold PY, Burton AR, Vignali DAA. Diabetes incidence is unaltered in glutamate decarboxylase 65-specific TCR retrogenic nonobese diabetic mice: generation by retroviral-mediated stem cell gene transfer. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:3103-11. [PMID: 15322170 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.5.3103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
TCR transgenic mice are valuable tools for dissecting the role of autoantigen-specific T cells in the pathogenesis of type 1 diabetes but are time-consuming to generate and backcross onto congenic strains. To circumvent these limitations, we developed a new approach to rapidly generate mice expressing TCR using retroviral-mediated stem cell gene transfer and a novel picornavirus-like 2A peptide to link the TCR alpha- and beta-chains in a single retroviral vector. We refer to these as retrogenic (Rg) mice to avoid confusion with conventional transgenic mice. Our approach was validated by demonstrating that Rg nonobese diabetic (NOD)-scid mice expressing the diabetogenic TCRs, BDC2.5 and 4.1, generate clonotype-positive T cells and develop diabetes. We then expressed three TCR specific for either glutamate decarboxylase (GAD) 206-220 or GAD 524-538 or for hen egg lysozyme 11-25 as a control in NOD, NOD-scid, and B6.H2(g7) mice. Although T cells from these TCR Rg mice responded to their respective Ag in vitro, the GAD-specific T cells exhibited a naive, resting phenotype in vivo. However, T cells from Rg mice challenged with Ag in vivo became activated and developed into memory cells. Neither of the GAD-reactive TCR accelerated or protected mice from diabetes, nor did activated T cells transfer or protect against diabetes in NOD-scid recipients, suggesting that GAD may not be a primary target for diabetogenic T cells. Generation of autoantigen-specific TCR Rg mice represents a powerful approach for the analysis of a wide variety of autoantigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paula Y Arnold
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN 38105, USA
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11
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Ponomarev ED, Novikova M, Yassai M, Szczepanik M, Gorski J, Dittel BN. γδ T Cell Regulation of IFN-γ Production by Central Nervous System-Infiltrating Encephalitogenic T Cells: Correlation with Recovery from Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 173:1587-95. [PMID: 15265886 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.173.3.1587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Interferon-gamma has been shown to be important for the resolution of inflammation associated with CNS autoimmunity. Because one of the roles of gamma delta T cells is the regulation of inflammation, we asked whether gamma delta T cells were able to regulate CNS inflammation using the autoimmune disease mouse model experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). We show that the presence of gamma delta T cells was needed to promote the production of IFN-gamma by both CD4 and CD8 T cells in the CNS before the onset of EAE. This regulation was shown to be independent of the ability of gamma delta T cells to produce IFN-gamma, and was specific to T cells in the CNS, as no alterations in IFN-gamma production were detectable in gamma delta T cell-deficient mice in the spleen and lymph nodes of mice with EAE or following immunization. Analysis of TCR gamma delta gene usage in the CNS showed that the only TCR delta V gene families present in the CNS before EAE onset are from the DV7s6 and DV105s1 gene families. We also show that the primary IFN-gamma-producing cells in the CNS are the encephalitogenic T cells, and that gamma delta T cell-deficient mice are unable to resolve EAE disease symptoms like control mice, thus exhibiting a long-term chronic disease course similar to that observed in IFN-gamma-deficient mice. These data suggest that CNS resident gamma delta T cells promote the production of IFN-gamma by encephalitogenic T cells in the CNS, which is ultimately required for the recovery from EAE.
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MESH Headings
- Adoptive Transfer
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Convalescence
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Gene Expression Regulation/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Lymph Nodes/pathology
- Mice
- Mice, Knockout
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Radiation Chimera
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/analysis
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, gamma-delta/genetics
- Spleen/pathology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Eugene D Ponomarev
- Blood Research Institute, Blood Center of Southeastern Wisconsin, Milwaukee, WI 53201, USA
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12
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Delaleu N, Bickel M. Interleukin-1 beta and interleukin-18: regulation and activity in local inflammation. Periodontol 2000 2004; 35:42-52. [PMID: 15107057 DOI: 10.1111/j.0906-6713.2004.003569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Delaleu
- Department of Geriatric and Special Care Dentistry, University of Zurich, Switzerland
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13
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Faideau B, Briand JP, Lotton C, Tardivel I, Halbout P, Jami J, Elliott JF, Krief P, Muller S, Boitard C, Carel JC. Expression of preproinsulin-2 gene shapes the immune response to preproinsulin in normal mice. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2004; 172:25-33. [PMID: 14688305 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.172.1.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Deciphering mechanisms involved in failure of self tolerance to preproinsulin-2 is a key issue in type 1 diabetes. We used nonautoimmune 129SV/Pas mice lacking preproinsulin-2 to study the immune response to preproinsulin-2. In these mice, a T cell response was detected after immunization with several preproinsulin-2 peptides and confirmed by generating hybridomas. Activation of some of these hybridomas by wild-type (wt) islet cells or recombinant murine proinsulin-2 demonstrated that two epitopes can be generated from the naturally expressed protein. Although T cells from wt mice responded to preproinsulin-2 peptides, we could not detect a response to the naturally processed epitopes in these mice. Moreover, after immunization with recombinant whole proinsulin-2, a T cell response was detected in preproinsulin-2-deficient but not in wt mice. This suggests that islet preproinsulin-2-autoreactive T cells are functionally eliminated in wt mice. We used a transplantation model to evaluate the relevance of reactivity to preproinsulin-2 in vivo. Wild-type preproinsulin-2-expressing islets transplanted in preproinsulin-2-deficient mice elicited a mononuclear cell infiltration and insulin Abs. Graft infiltration was further increased by immunization with preproinsulin-2 peptides. Preproinsulin-2 expression thus shapes the immune response and prevents self reactivity to the islet. Moreover, islet preproinsulin-2 primes an immune response to preproinsulin-2 in deficient mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Béatrice Faideau
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, Unité 561, Groupe Hospitalier Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul, 82 avenue Denfert Rochereau, 75014 Paris, France
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Abstract
Type 1 diabetes is an immune-mediated disease critically dependent upon the interaction between antigen-presenting cells and T cells. Clearly, both CD4+ and CD8+ T cells are required, but activated CD4+ T cells are both necessary and sufficient in causing disease. The mechanism of the Th1/Th2 immunoregulatory imbalance is unclear and needs to be further investigated. CD8+ T cells are not commonly sufficient in causing disease, but CD8 T cells are necessary in initiation (<14 weeks in the NOD mouse), but not in the later (>14 weeks) effector phase of the disease. It is still unclear whether the CD8+ T cell exerts its function as a classical effector cell or mainly as an immunomodulatory cell acting in synergy with the CD4+ T cell. The relative role of T cell effector mechanisms such as Fas/FasL, perforin/granzyme, and the TRAIL systems is unclear. Proinflammatory cytokines, reactive oxygen species, and other immune mediators seem to be involved in beta cell destruction, but much is to be learned about signaling, molecular mechanisms, and in vivo importance.
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15
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Moriyama H, Abiru N, Paronen J, Sikora K, Liu E, Miao D, Devendra D, Beilke J, Gianani R, Gill RG, Eisenbarth GS. Evidence for a primary islet autoantigen (preproinsulin 1) for insulitis and diabetes in the nonobese diabetic mouse. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2003; 100:10376-81. [PMID: 12925730 PMCID: PMC193569 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1834450100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2003] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been reported that an insulin 2 gene knockout, when bred onto nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, accelerates diabetes. We produced insulin 1 gene knockout congenic NOD mice. In contrast to insulin 2, diabetes and insulitis were markedly reduced in insulin 1 knockout mice, with decreased and delayed diabetes in heterozygous females and no insulitis and diabetes in most homozygous female mice. Lack of insulitis was found for insulin 1 female homozygous knockout mice at 8, 12, and 37 weeks of age. Despite a lack of insulitis, insulin 1 homozygous knockout mice spontaneously expressed insulin autoantibodies. Administration of insulin peptide B:9-23 of both insulin 1 and 2 to NOD mice induced insulin autoantibodies. Insulin 1 is not the only lymphocytic target of NOD mice. Insulin 1 homozygous knockout islets, when transplanted into recently diabetic wild-type NOD mice, became infiltrated with lymphocytes and only transiently reversed diabetes. These observations indicate that loss of either insulin gene can influence progression to diabetes of NOD mice and suggest that the preproinsulin 1 gene is crucial for the spontaneous development of NOD insulitis and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroaki Moriyama
- Barbara Davis Center for Childhood Diabetes, University of Colorado Health Sciences Center, Denver, CO 80262, USA
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16
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Meagher C, Sharif S, Hussain S, Cameron MJ, Arreaza GA, Delovitch TL. Cytokines and chemokines in the pathogenesis of murine type 1 diabetes. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2003; 520:133-58. [PMID: 12613577 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-0171-8_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- C Meagher
- The Robarts Research Institute and University of Western Ontario, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, and Medicine, London, Ontario, Canada
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17
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Yan SS, Wu ZY, Zhang HP, Furtado G, Chen X, Yan SF, Schmidt AM, Brown C, Stern A, LaFaille J, Chess L, Stern DM, Jiang H. Suppression of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by selective blockade of encephalitogenic T-cell infiltration of the central nervous system. Nat Med 2003; 9:287-93. [PMID: 12598893 DOI: 10.1038/nm831] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2002] [Accepted: 01/22/2003] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a devastating neuroinflammatory disorder of the central nervous system (CNS) in which T cells that are reactive with major components of myelin sheaths have a central role. The receptor for advanced glycation end products (RAGE) is present on T cells, mononuclear phagocytes and endothelium. Its pro-inflammatory ligands, S100-calgranulins, are upregulated in MS and in the related rodent model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). Blockade of RAGE suppressed EAE when disease was induced by myelin basic protein (MBP) peptide or encephalitogenic T cells, or when EAE occurred spontaneously in T-cell receptor (TCR)-transgenic mice devoid of endogenous TCR-alpha and TCR-beta chains. Inhibition of RAGE markedly decreased infiltration of the CNS by immune and inflammatory cells. Transgenic mice with targeted overexpression of dominant-negative RAGE in CD4+ T cells were resistant to MBP-induced EAE. These data reinforce the importance of RAGE-ligand interactions in modulating properties of CD4+ T cells that infiltrate the CNS.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cell Line
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/physiology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Female
- Humans
- Leukocyte L1 Antigen Complex/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Multiple Sclerosis/immunology
- Multiple Sclerosis/metabolism
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism
- Myelin Sheath/immunology
- Myelin Sheath/metabolism
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products
- Receptors, Immunologic/genetics
- Receptors, Immunologic/immunology
- Receptors, Immunologic/metabolism
- S100 Proteins/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/cytology
- Spinal Cord/metabolism
- Spinal Cord/pathology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirley ShiDu Yan
- Department of Pathology, College of Physicians and Surgeons of Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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18
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Holcombe H, Mellman I, Janeway CA, Bottomly K, Dittel BN. The immunosuppressive agent 15-deoxyspergualin functions by inhibiting cell cycle progression and cytokine production following naive T cell activation. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2002; 169:4982-9. [PMID: 12391212 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.169.9.4982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunosuppressive agents are commonly used in the prevention of graft rejection following transplantation and in the treatment of autoimmunity. In this study, we examined the immunosuppressive mechanism of the drug 15-deoxyspergualin (DSG), which has shown efficacy in the enhancement of graft survival and in the treatment of autoimmunity. Using a murine model of chronic relapsing and remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, we were able to demonstrate that DSG both delayed and reduced the severity of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Subsequent in vitro studies to examine the mechanism of immune suppression showed that DSG was not able to inhibit early activation of naive CD4 T cells, but DSG did effectively inhibit the growth of naive CD4 T cells after activation. An analysis of cell proliferation and cell cycle showed that DSG treatment led to a block in cell cycle progression 2-3 days following Ag stimulation. In addition, DSG treatment inhibited the production of IFN-gamma by Th1 effector T cells. These studies suggest that CD4 T cells are a predominant target for DSG and the immunosuppressive effects of the drug may result from reduced CD4 T cell expansion and decreased polarization into IFN-gamma-secreting Th1 effector T cells in the induction of certain autoimmune disorders.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Cell Cycle/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Cytokines/antagonists & inhibitors
- Cytokines/biosynthesis
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/immunology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/prevention & control
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Growth Inhibitors/therapeutic use
- Guanidines/pharmacology
- Guanidines/therapeutic use
- Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology
- Immunosuppressive Agents/therapeutic use
- Interferon-gamma/antagonists & inhibitors
- Interferon-gamma/biosynthesis
- Interphase/drug effects
- Interphase/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Myelin Basic Protein/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Severity of Illness Index
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/cytology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/drug effects
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/immunology
- T-Lymphocyte Subsets/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilda Holcombe
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
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19
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Abstract
Genetically engineered animals have opened new frontiers in the study of physiology and disease processes. Mutant animals offer more accurate disease models and increased precision for pathogenesis and treatment studies. Their use offers hope for improved therapy to patients with conditions that currently have poor or ineffective treatments. These advantages have fostered an increase in studies using mice in recent years, a development viewed with alarm by those who oppose the use of animals in research. Scientists point out that the mice are replacing more sentient species, such as nonhuman primates, and are increasing the quality of research being conducted. They assert that study of genetically engineered animals will eventually permit decreases in numbers of animals used in research. Nevertheless, the increase in use of genetically altered animals presents many challenges in reviewing protocols and providing care. Identification and resolution of any welfare problems is a responsibility that is shared by institutional animal care and use committee, veterinary, animal care, and research staffs. To identify potential welfare concerns, a database such as TBASE (<http://tbase.jax.org>) can be searched to learn what has been reported for established mutant lines. In addition, newly created lines should be monitored by a surveillance system and have phenotype assessment to identify the effects of altering the genome. Methods of ensuring welfare can include treatment of conditions produced, restriction of gene expression to tissues of interest or to certain time periods, and establishment of endpoints for removing animals from a study before problems appear.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvin B Dennis
- Department of Comparative Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
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20
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Abstract
Both the recognition of MHC/antigen complex by the T-cell receptor and engagement of costimulatory molecules are necessary for efficient T-cell activation. CD28 has been widely recognized as the major costimulation pathway for naive T-cell activation, and the CD28/B7 pathway plays a central role in immune responses against pathogens, autoimmune diseases, and graft rejection. In this review, we will summarize evidence that CD28 is also prominent in the regulation of immune responses and the maintenance of peripheral tolerance. Indeed, CD28 engagement increases the expression of the down-modulatory molecule CTLA-4, induces the differentiation of Th2 cells that have a protective function in autoimmunity, and has an obligatory role in the homeostasis of regulatory T cells. Therefore, CD28/B7 interactions induce a balance of costimulatory and regulatory signals that have opposite outcomes on immune responses. This new perspective on CD28 function suggests that caution should be taken in the development of immunotherapies targeting costimulatory pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hélène Bour-Jordan
- UCSF Diabetes Center, University of California, San Francisco 94143, USA
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21
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von Herrath MG, Wolfe T, Möhrle U, Coon B, Hughes A. Protection from type 1 diabetes in the face of high levels of activated autoaggressive lymphocytes in a viral transgenic mouse model crossed to the SV129 strain. Diabetes 2001; 50:2700-8. [PMID: 11723052 DOI: 10.2337/diabetes.50.12.2700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In comparing the incidence of virally induced type 1 diabetes in F(1) crosses of RIP-LCMV mice to three different mouse strains identical at the major histocompatibility complex H-2D(b) locus, we surprisingly found that disease development was reduced by 80% in F(1) crosses to the SV129 genetic background and by 60% after eight backcrosses to the original C57BL/6 RIP-LCMV mice. In this model, diabetes is strongly dependent on a virally induced H-2D(b)-restricted cytotoxic T-cell (CTL) response. Importantly, numbers and effector functions of autoaggressive CD4 and CD8 lymphocytes were not decreased in the protected mice, and CTLs were still able to kill syngeneic islet cells in vitro with equal efficacy compared with CTLs from the original RIP-LCMV strain. Furthermore, CTLs were able to extravasate into islets in vivo, and no evidence for induction of regulatory cells was observed. However, regeneration of beta-cells in islets under "attack" occurred only in the protected SV129-crossed animals, whereas it was not evident at any time in any mice that developed diabetes. Thus, genetic factors can "override" the diabetogenic potential of high numbers of autoaggressive lymphocytes through, for example, increased islet regeneration. This finding has important implications for interpreting numbers and pathogenicity of autoreactive lymphocytes in prediabetic patients of genetically diverse backgrounds.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Autoimmune Diseases/immunology
- CD4-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- Crosses, Genetic
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/immunology
- Diabetes Mellitus, Type 1/virology
- H-2 Antigens/genetics
- H-2 Antigens/immunology
- Histocompatibility Antigen H-2D
- Immunity, Innate
- Insulin/genetics
- Islets of Langerhans/immunology
- Lymphocyte Count
- Lymphocytes/immunology
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/genetics
- Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Inbred NOD
- Mice, Transgenic
- Promoter Regions, Genetic
- Rats
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- M G von Herrath
- Immunology and Neuropharmacology, the Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92121, USA.
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22
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Liu J, Anderson BE, Robert ME, McNiff JM, Emerson SG, Shlomchik WD, Shlomchik MJ. Selective T-cell subset ablation demonstrates a role for T1 and T2 cells in ongoing acute graft-versus-host disease: a model system for the reversal of disease. Blood 2001; 98:3367-75. [PMID: 11719376 DOI: 10.1182/blood.v98.12.3367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Graft-versus-host disease (GVHD) is a major cause of morbidity and mortality of allogeneic stem cell transplantation. Strategies to control GVHD while maintaining graft versus leukemia (GVL) include herpes simplex virus thymidine kinase (HSV-tk) gene transduction of donor T cells followed by treatment with ganciclovir (GCV). Alternatively, GVHD and GVL may be mediated by distinct processes. In this regard, whether cytokine polarization occurs and to what degrees various subsets of cytokine-producing T cells mediate GVHD or GVL has been an active area of research using cytokine or cytokine antibody infusion or genetically deficient mice. This study takes a different approach that allows simultaneous investigation into both the mechanisms underlying GVHD reactions and the efficacy of HSV-tk suicide gene-based T-cell deletion. A source of donor T cells, splenocytes from mice transgenic for HSV-tk controlled by elements of either the interleukin-2 (IL-2) or IL-4 promoters (IL-2-tk and IL-4-tk, respectively) was used, thus allowing investigation into the roles of T1 and T2 cells in ongoing GVHD reactions. To assess treatment rather than prevention of GVHD, GCV was started at peak disease. Remarkably, treatment at this late time point rescued mice from the clinical effects of GVHD caused by T cells expressing either transgene. Thus, both T1 and T2 cells play an important role in clinical GVHD in a minor histocompatibility antigen-mismatched setting. In addition, because clinical disease was reversible even at its maximum, these observations provide controlled evidence that this strategy of treating ongoing GVHD could be effective clinically.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8035, USA
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23
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Katz ML, Shibuya H, Johnson GS. Animal models for the ceroid lipofuscinoses. ADVANCES IN GENETICS 2001; 45:183-203. [PMID: 11332773 DOI: 10.1016/s0065-2660(01)45011-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M L Katz
- University of Missouri School of Medicine, Mason Eye Institute, Columbia 65212, USA.
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24
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Abstract
Although interleukin-18 is structurally homologous to IL-1 and its receptor belongs to the IL-1R/Toll-like receptor (TLR) superfamily, its function is quite different from that of IL-1. IL-18 is produced not only by types of immune cells but also by non-immune cells. In collaboration with IL-12, IL-18 stimulates Th1-mediated immune responses, which play a critical role in the host defense against infection with intracellular microbes through the induction of IFN-gamma. However, the overproduction of IL-12 and IL-18 induces severe inflammatory disorders, suggesting that IL-18 is a potent proinflammatory cytokine that has pathophysiological roles in several inflammatory conditions. IL-18 mRNA is expressed in a wide range of cells including Kupffer cells, macrophages, T cells, B cells, dendritic cells, osteoblasts, keratinocytes, astrocytes, and microglia. Thus, the pathophysiological role of IL-18 has been extensively tested in the organs that contain these cells. Somewhat surprisingly, IL-18 alone can stimulate Th2 cytokine production as well as allergic inflammation. Therefore, the functions of IL-18 in vivo are very heterogeneous and complicated. In principle, IL-18 enhances the IL-12-driven Th1 immune responses, but it can also stimulate Th2 immune responses in the absence of IL-12.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Nakanishi
- Department of Immunology and Medical Zoology, Institute for Advanced Medical Sciences, Hyogo College of Medicine, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8501, Japan.
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25
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Evidence that Fas and Fasl Contribute to the Pathogenesis of Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis. Autoimmunity 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/978-94-010-0981-2_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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26
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Dittel BN, Janeway CA. Differential sensitivity to mutations in a single peptide by two TCRs having identical beta-chains and closely related alpha-chains. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:6334-40. [PMID: 11086070 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.11.6334] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The TCR on CD4 T cells binds to and recognizes MHC class II:antigenic peptide complexes through molecular contacts with the peptide amino acid residues that face up and out of the peptide-binding groove. This interaction primarily involves the complementarity-determining regions (CDR) of the TCR alpha- and ss-chains contacting up to five residues of the peptide. We have used two TCRs that recognize the same antigenic peptide and have identical Vss8.2 chains, but differ in all three CDR of their related Valpha2 chains, to examine the fine specificity of the TCR:peptide contacts that lead to activation. By generating a peptide library containing all 20 aa residues in the five potential TCR contact sites, we were able to demonstrate that the two similar TCRs responded differentially when agonist, nonagonist, and antagonist peptide functions were examined. Dual substituted peptides containing an agonist residue at the N terminus, which interacts with CDR2alpha, and an antagonist residue at the C terminus, which interacts with the CDR3ss, were used to show that the nature of the overall signal through the TCR is determined by a combination of the type of signal received through both the TCR alpha- and ss-chains.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Amino Acid Substitution/genetics
- Amino Acid Substitution/immunology
- Animals
- Arginine/genetics
- Arginine/immunology
- Cells, Cultured
- Conalbumin/analogs & derivatives
- Conalbumin/genetics
- Conalbumin/immunology
- Conalbumin/metabolism
- Glutamic Acid/genetics
- Glutamic Acid/immunology
- Glycine/genetics
- Glycine/immunology
- Growth Inhibitors/immunology
- Interleukin-4/metabolism
- Isoleucine/genetics
- Isoleucine/immunology
- Lymphocyte Activation/genetics
- Lymphocyte Activation/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Mutation
- Peptide Fragments/genetics
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/chemistry
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell, alpha-beta/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes/cytology
- T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Tryptophan/genetics
- Tryptophan/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Dittel
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New Haven, CT 06510, USA.
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27
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Brok HP, Uccelli A, Kerlero De Rosbo N, Bontrop RE, Roccatagliata L, de Groot NG, Capello E, Laman JD, Nicolay K, Mancardi GL, Ben-Nun A, Hart BA. Myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein-induced autoimmune encephalomyelitis in common marmosets: the encephalitogenic T cell epitope pMOG24-36 is presented by a monomorphic MHC class II molecule. JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY (BALTIMORE, MD. : 1950) 2000; 165:1093-101. [PMID: 10878388 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.165.2.1093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Immunization of common marmosets (Callithrix jacchus) with a single dose of human myelin in CFA, without administration of Bordetella pertussis, induces a form of autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) resembling in its clinical and pathological expression multiple sclerosis in humans. The EAE incidence in our outbred marmoset colony is 100%. This study was undertaken to assess the genetic and immunological basis of the high EAE susceptibility. To this end, we determined the separate contributions of immune reactions to myelin/oligodendrocyte glycoprotein (MOG) and myelin basic protein to the EAE induction. Essentially all pathological features of myelin-induced EAE were also found in animals immunized with MOG in CFA, whereas in animals immunized with myelin basic protein in CFA clinical and pathological signs of EAE were lacking. The epitope recognition by anti-MOG Abs and T cells were assessed. Evidence is provided that the initiation of EAE is based on T and B cell activation by the encephalitogenic phMOG14-36 peptide in the context of monomorphic Caja-DRB*W1201 molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- H P Brok
- Department of Immunobiology, Biomedical Primate Research Centre, Rijswijk, The Netherlands
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28
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Dittel BN, Urbania TH, Janeway CA. Relapsing and remitting experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in B cell deficient mice. J Autoimmun 2000; 14:311-8. [PMID: 10882057 DOI: 10.1006/jaut.2000.0371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model for the human autoimmune central nervous system (CNS) disease multiple sclerosis (MS). To examine the role of B cells in EAE with a relapsing and remitting disease course (R-EAE) we generated (B10.PL x SJL/J)F1 mice deficient in B cells by disrupting their mu heavy chain transmembrane region (B10.PL x SJL/J)F1 muMT-/-. By immunizing (B10.PL x SJL/J)F1 and (B10.PL x SJL/J)F1 muMT-/- mice with the encephalitogenic N-terminal peptide Acl-11 of myelin basic protein (MBP), we observed that B-cell deficient mice exhibited a relapsing and remitting disease course. Since a similar day of onset and day of first relapse were observed these data suggest that B cells do not play a vital role in the activation of T cells leading to the initiation of EAE, nor in the reactivation of T cells resulting in R-EAE.
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Affiliation(s)
- B N Dittel
- Section of Immunobiology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520-8011, USA.
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