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Sreenivasan S, Schöneich C, Rathore AS. Aggregation of therapeutic monoclonal antibodies due to thermal and air/liquid interfacial agitation stress: Occurrence, stability assessment strategies, aggregation mechanism, influencing factors, and ways to enhance stability. Int J Pharm 2024; 666:124735. [PMID: 39326478 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2024.124735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2024] [Revised: 08/30/2024] [Accepted: 09/19/2024] [Indexed: 09/28/2024]
Abstract
Therapeutic proteins, such as monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are known to undergo stability related issues during various stages of product life cycle resulting in the formation of aggregates and fragments. Aggregates of mAb might result in reduced therapeutic activity and could cause various adverse immunogenic responses. Sample containing mAb undergo aggregation due to various types of stress factors, and there is always a continuous interest among researchers and manufacturers to determine the effect of different factors on the stability of mAb. Thermal stress and air/liquid interfacial agitation stress are among two of the common stress factors to which samples containing mAb are exposed to during various stages. Initial part of this review articles aims to provide a generalized understanding of aggregation of mAb such as size ranges of aggregates, aggregate types, stress factors, analytical techniques, permissible aggregate limits, and stability assessment methods. This article further aims to explain different aspects associated with aggregation of mAb in liquid samples due to thermal and air/liquid interfacial agitation stress. Under each stress category, the occurrence of stress during product life cycle, type of aggregates formed, mechanism of aggregation, strategies used by various researchers to expose mAb containing samples to stress, different factors affecting aggregation, fate of aggregates in human body fluids, and strategies used to enhance mAb stability has been explained in detail. The authors hope that this article provides a detailed understanding about stability of mAb due to thermal and air/liquid interfacial stress with relevance to product life cycle from manufacturing to administration into patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shravan Sreenivasan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India
| | | | - Anurag S Rathore
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Indian Institute of Technology Delhi, India.
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2
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Eggel A, Pennington LF, Jardetzky TS. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies in allergy: Targeting IgE, cytokine, and alarmin pathways. Immunol Rev 2024. [PMID: 39158477 DOI: 10.1111/imr.13380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/20/2024]
Abstract
The etiology of allergy is closely linked to type 2 inflammatory responses ultimately leading to the production of allergen-specific immunoglobulin E (IgE), a key driver of many allergic conditions. At a high level, initial allergen exposure disrupts epithelial integrity, triggering local inflammation via alarmins including IL-25, IL-33, and TSLP, which activate type 2 innate lymphoid cells as well as other immune cells to secrete type 2 cytokines IL-4, IL-5 and IL-13, promoting Th2 cell development and eosinophil recruitment. Th2 cell dependent B cell activation promotes the production of allergen-specific IgE, which stably binds to basophils and mast cells. Rapid degranulation of these cells upon allergen re-exposure leads to allergic symptoms. Recent advances in our understanding of the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying allergic pathophysiology have significantly shaped the development of therapeutic intervention strategies. In this review, we highlight key therapeutic targets within the allergic cascade with a particular focus on past, current and future treatment approaches using monoclonal antibodies. Specific targeting of alarmins, type 2 cytokines and IgE has shown varying degrees of clinical benefit in different allergic indications including asthma, chronic spontaneous urticaria, atopic dermatitis, chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps, food allergies and eosinophilic esophagitis. While multiple therapeutic antibodies have been approved for clinical use, scientists are still working on ways to improve on current treatment approaches. Here, we provide context to understand therapeutic targeting strategies and their limitations, discussing both knowledge gaps and promising future directions to enhancing clinical efficacy in allergic disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Eggel
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
- Department of Rheumatology and Immunology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | | | - Theodore S Jardetzky
- Department of Structural Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
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3
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Sarker A, Dhama N, Gupta RD. Dengue virus neutralizing antibody: a review of targets, cross-reactivity, and antibody-dependent enhancement. Front Immunol 2023; 14:1200195. [PMID: 37334355 PMCID: PMC10272415 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2023.1200195] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2023] [Accepted: 05/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Dengue is the most common viral infection spread by mosquitoes, prevalent in tropical countries. The acute dengue virus (DENV) infection is a benign and primarily febrile illness. However, secondary infection with alternative serotypes can worsen the condition, leading to severe and potentially fatal dengue. The antibody raised by the vaccine or the primary infections are frequently cross-reactive; however, weakly neutralizing, and during subsequent infection, they may increase the odds of antibody-dependent enhancement (ADE). Despite that, many neutralizing antibodies have been identified against the DENV, which are thought to be useful in reducing dengue severity. Indeed, an antibody must be free from ADE for therapeutic application, as it is pretty common in dengue infection and escalates disease severity. Therefore, this review has described the critical characteristics of DENV and the potential immune targets in general. The primary emphasis is given to the envelope protein of DENV, where potential epitopes targeted for generating serotype-specific and cross-reactive antibodies have critically been described. In addition, a novel class of highly neutralizing antibodies targeted to the quaternary structure, similar to viral particles, has also been described. Lastly, we have discussed different aspects of the pathogenesis and ADE, which would provide significant insights into developing safe and effective antibody therapeutics and equivalent protein subunit vaccines.
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4
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Bousquet PA, Manna D, Sandvik JA, Arntzen MØ, Moreno E, Sandvig K, Krengel U. SILAC-based quantitative proteomics and microscopy analysis of cancer cells treated with the N-glycolyl GM3-specific anti-tumor antibody 14F7. Front Immunol 2022; 13:994790. [PMID: 36439103 PMCID: PMC9682173 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.994790] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 08/11/2024] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy represents a promising approach to specifically target and treat cancer. The most common mechanisms by which monoclonal antibodies kill cells include antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and apoptosis, but also other mechanisms have been described. 14F7 is an antibody raised against the tumor-associated antigen NeuGc GM3, which was previously reported to kill cancer cells without inducing apoptotic pathways. The antibody was reported to induce giant membrane lesions in tumor cells, with apparent changes in the cytoskeleton. Here, we investigated the effect of humanized 14F7 on HeLa cells using stable isotope labeling with amino acids in cell culture (SILAC) in combination with LC-MS and live cell imaging. 14F7 did not kill the HeLa cells, however, it caused altered protein expression (MS data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD024320). Several cytoskeletal and nucleic-acid binding proteins were found to be strongly down-regulated in response to antibody treatment, suggesting how 14F7 may induce membrane lesions in cells that contain higher amounts of NeuGc GM3. The altered expression profile identified in this study thus contributes to an improved understanding of the unusual killing mechanism of 14F7.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Dipankar Manna
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | | - Ernesto Moreno
- Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Medellín, Medellín, Colombia
| | - Kirsten Sandvig
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Institute for Cancer Research, The Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Cancer Cell Reprogramming, Faculty of Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Ute Krengel
- Department of Chemistry, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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5
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Potential Therapeutic Targets for Combination Antibody Therapy against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Infections. Antibiotics (Basel) 2021; 10:antibiotics10121530. [PMID: 34943742 PMCID: PMC8698887 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics10121530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2021] [Revised: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in antimicrobial therapy and even the advent of some effective vaccines, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) remains a significant cause of infectious disease, primarily due to antibiotic resistance. Although P. aeruginosa is commonly treatable with readily available therapeutics, these therapies are not always efficacious, particularly for certain classes of patients (e.g., cystic fibrosis (CF)) and for drug-resistant strains. Multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa infections are listed on both the CDC’s and WHO’s list of serious worldwide threats. This increasing emergence of drug resistance and prevalence of P. aeruginosa highlights the need to identify new therapeutic strategies. Combinations of monoclonal antibodies against different targets and epitopes have demonstrated synergistic efficacy with each other as well as in combination with antimicrobial agents typically used to treat these infections. Such a strategy has reduced the ability of infectious agents to develop resistance. This manuscript details the development of potential therapeutic targets for polyclonal antibody therapies to combat the emergence of multidrug-resistant P. aeruginosa infections. In particular, potential drug targets for combinational immunotherapy against P. aeruginosa are identified to combat current and future drug resistance.
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Xi Z, Liu X, Lin R, Persons JD, Ilina TV, Li W, Dimitrov DS, Ishima R. The reduced form of the antibody CH2 domain. Protein Sci 2021; 30:1895-1903. [PMID: 34107549 DOI: 10.1002/pro.4142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Among the immunoglobulin domains, the CH2 domain has the lowest thermal stability, which also depends on amino acid sequence and buffer conditions. To further identify factors that influence CH2 folding and stability, we characterized the domain in the reduced form using differential scanning fluorimetry and nuclear magnetic resonance. We show that the CH2 domain can fold, similarly to the disulfide-bridged form, without forming a disulfide-bridge, even though the protein contains two Cys residues. Although the reduced form exhibits thermal stability more than 15°C lower than the disulfide-bridged form, it does not undergo immediate full oxidization. To explain this phenomenon, we compared CH2 oxidization at different conditions and demonstrate a need for significant fluctuation of the folded conformation to enhance CH2 disulfide-bridge formation. We conclude that, since CH2 can be purified as a folded, semi-stable, reduced protein that can coexist with the oxidized form, verification of the level of oxidization at each step is critical in CH2 engineering studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyong Xi
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xianglei Liu
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rui Lin
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA.,Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Tianjin Medical University, General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - John D Persons
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Tatiana V Ilina
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Wei Li
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Dimiter S Dimitrov
- Center for Antibody Therapeutics, Department of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Rieko Ishima
- Department of Structural Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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Stravinskiene D, Sliziene A, Baranauskiene L, Petrikaite V, Zvirbliene A. Inhibitory Monoclonal Antibodies and Their Recombinant Derivatives Targeting Surface-Exposed Carbonic Anhydrase XII on Cancer Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21249411. [PMID: 33321910 PMCID: PMC7763246 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21249411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2020] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal and recombinant antibodies are widely used for the diagnostics and therapy of cancer. They are generated to interact with cell surface proteins which are usually involved in the development and progression of cancer. Carbonic anhydrase XII (CA XII) contributes to the survival of tumors under hypoxic conditions thus is considered a candidate target for antibody-based therapy. In this study, we have generated a novel collection of monoclonal antibodies (MAbs) against the recombinant extracellular domain of CA XII produced in HEK-293 cells. Eighteen out of 24 MAbs were reactive with cellular CA XII on the surface of live kidney and lung cancer cells as determined by flow cytometry. One MAb 14D6 also inhibited the enzymatic activity of recombinant CA XII as measured by the stopped-flow assay. MAb 14D6 showed the migrastatic effect on human lung carcinoma A549 and renal carcinoma A498 cell lines in a ‘wound healing’ assay. It did not reduce the growth of multicellular lung and renal cancer spheroids but reduced the cell viability by the ATP Bioluminescence assay. Epitope mapping revealed the surface-exposed amino acid sequence (35-FGPDGENS-42) close to the catalytic center of CA XII recognized by the MAb 14D6. The variable regions of the heavy and light chains of MAb 14D6 were sequenced and their complementarity-determining regions were defined. The obtained variable sequences were used to generate recombinant antibodies in two formats: single-chain fragment variable (scFv) expressed in E. coli and scFv fused to human IgG1 Fc fragment (scFv-Fc) expressed in Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cells. Both recombinant antibodies maintained the same specificity for CA XII as the parental MAb 14D6. The novel antibodies may represent promising tools for CA XII-related cancer research and immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dovile Stravinskiene
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
- Correspondence:
| | - Aiste Sliziene
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
| | - Lina Baranauskiene
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.B.); (V.P.)
| | - Vilma Petrikaite
- Department of Biothermodynamics and Drug Design, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (L.B.); (V.P.)
- Laboratory of Drug Targets Histopathology, Institute of Cardiology, Lithuanian University of Health Sciences, Sukileliu pr. 13, LT-50162 Kaunas, Lithuania
| | - Aurelija Zvirbliene
- Department of Immunology and Cell Biology, Institute of Biotechnology, Life Sciences Center, Vilnius University, Sauletekio al. 7, LT-10257 Vilnius, Lithuania; (A.S.); (A.Z.)
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8
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The influence of proline isomerization on potency and stability of anti-HIV antibody 10E8. Sci Rep 2020; 10:14313. [PMID: 32868832 PMCID: PMC7458915 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-71184-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Monoclonal antibody (mAb) 10E8 recognizes a highly conserved epitope on HIV and is capable of neutralizing > 95% of circulating viral isolates making it one of the most promising Abs against HIV. Solution instability and biochemical heterogeneity of 10E8 has hampered its development for clinical use. We identify the source of 10E8 heterogeneity being linked to cis/trans isomerization at two prolines within the YPP motif in the CRD3 loop that exists as two predominant conformers that interconvert on a slow timescale. The YtransP conformation conformer can bind the HIV gp41 epitope, while the YcisP is not binding competent and shows a higher aggregation propensity. The high barrier of isomerization and propensity to adopt non-binding competent proline conformers provides novel insight into the slow binding kinetics, low potency, and poor solubility of 10E8. This study highlights how proline isomerization should be considered a critical quality attribute for biotherapeutics with paratopes containing potential cis proline amide bonds.
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Mishra RK, Ahmad A, Vyawahare A, Kumar A, Khan R. Understanding the Monoclonal Antibody Involvement in Targeting the Activation of Tumor Suppressor Genes. Curr Top Med Chem 2020; 20:1810-1823. [DOI: 10.2174/1568026620666200616133814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2020] [Revised: 04/28/2020] [Accepted: 05/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have always provided outstanding therapeutic arsenal in the
treatment of cancer, be it hematological malignancies or solid tumors. Monoclonal antibodies mediated
targeting of cancer genes in general and tumor-suppressor genes, in particular, have appreciably allowed
the possibilities of trafficking these antibodies to specific tumor mechanisms and aim for the pin-point
maneuvered tumor treatment strategies. The conventional cancer treatment options are associated with
enormous limitations like drug resistance, acute and pan-toxic side effects and collateral damage to other
unrelated cells and organs. Therefore, monoclonal antibody-mediated treatments have some special advantages
of specific targeting of cancer-related genes and minimizing the off-target side effects. A large
number of monoclonal antibody-mediated treatment regimen viz. use of immunoconjugates, clinically
targeting TGFβ with pan-TGFβ monoclonal antibodies, p53 by its monoclonal antibodies and EGFRtargeted
monoclonal antibodies, etc. have been observed in the recent past. In this review, the authors
have discussed some of the significant advances in the context of targeting tumor suppressor genes with
monoclonal antibodies. Approximately 250 articles were scanned from research databases like PubMed
central, Europe PubMed Central and google scholar up to the date of inception, and relevant reports on
monoclonal antibody-mediated targeting of cancer genes were selected. mAb mediated targeting of tumor
suppressor genes is a recent grey paradigm, which has not been explored up to its maximum potential.
Therefore, this review will be of appreciable significance that it will boost further in-depth understanding
of various aspects of mAb arbitrated cancer targeting and will warrant and promote further rigorous
research initiatives in this regard. The authors expect that this review will acquaint the readers
with the current status regarding the recent progress in the domain of mAbs and their employability and
targetability towards tumor suppressor genes in anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Kumar Mishra
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Anas Ahmad
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Akshay Vyawahare
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Ajay Kumar
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
| | - Rehan Khan
- Department of Nano-Therapeutics, Institute of Nano Science and Technology, Habitat Centre, Phase 10, Sector 64, Mohali, Punjab 160062, India
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Wen J, Lord H, Knutson N, Wikström M. Nano differential scanning fluorimetry for comparability studies of therapeutic proteins. Anal Biochem 2020; 593:113581. [PMID: 31935356 DOI: 10.1016/j.ab.2020.113581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2019] [Revised: 01/07/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) has been extensively used in the biopharmaceutical industry to characterize protein thermal stability and domain folding integrity. Recently, nano differential scanning fluorimetry (nanoDSF) has emerged as a powerful tool for thermal stability analysis and studies of protein domain unfolding. Due to increased interests in the qualification of characterization methods, we are in this study presenting the qualification results for the comparability studies of thermal stability analysis using nanoDSF. The results show that nanoDSF is able to detect thermal transition signals for mAbs, BiTE® molecules, and cytokines at a wide concentration range with high precision, clearly indicating that nanoDSF is suitable for characterization including comparability studies of therapeutic proteins. Compared to the current recognized industry standard DSC, the nanoDSF method enables thermal stability analysis over a much wider concentration range, consumes considerably less materials, and provides significantly higher throughput.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jie Wen
- Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, United States.
| | - Harrison Lord
- Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, United States
| | - Nicholas Knutson
- Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, United States
| | - Mats Wikström
- Higher Order Structure, Attribute Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, 91320, United States.
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Tong XM, Feng L, Suthe SR, Weng TH, Hu CY, Liu YZ, Wu ZG, Wang MH, Yao HP. Therapeutic efficacy of a novel humanized antibody-drug conjugate recognizing plexin-semaphorin-integrin domain in the RON receptor for targeted cancer therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:250. [PMID: 31519211 PMCID: PMC6743155 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0732-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 09/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) targeting the RON receptor, a tumorigenic factor contributing to cancer malignancy, has been considered as a novel strategy for cancer therapy. Here we describe a humanized antibody recognizing the RON plexin-semaphorin-integrin (PSI) domain with increased drug delivery capability for potential clinical application. Method Monoclonal antibody PCM5B14 specific to the human and monkey RON PSI domain was generated and characterized by various immunological methods. Humanized antibody H5B14 was created by grafting PCM5B14 complementarity-determining regions into human IgG1/κ acceptor frameworks and conjugated with monomethyl auristatin E and duocarmycin to form two H5B14-based ADCs. Stability of H5B14-based ADCs in human plasma was measured using hydrophobic interaction chromatography. Various biochemical and biological assays were used to determine ADC- regulated RON internalization, cell viability, spheroid formation, and death of cancer stem-like cells. Efficacies of H5B14-based ADCs in vivo were validated using tumor xenograft models. Maximal tolerated doses of H5B14-based ADCs were established in mice. Results H5B14 was highly specific to the human RON PSI domain and superior over other anti-RON ADCs in induction of RON internalization in various cancer cell lines tested. H5B14-based ADCS had a drug to antibody ratio of ~ 3.70:1 and were stable in human plasma with a minimal dissociation within a 10-day period. Functionally, H5B14-mediated drug delivery decreased cell viability at early stages with an average IC50 at ~ 20 nM in multiple cancer cell lines examined. H5B14-based ADCs also inhibited spheroid formation and caused death of cancer stem-like cells with RON+/CD44+/ESA+ phenotypes. In vivo, H5B14-based ADCs in a single injection inhibited tumor xenograft growth mediated by multiple cancer cell lines. Tumoristatic concentrations calculated from xenograft tumor models were in the range of 0.63 to 2.0 mg/kg bodyweight. Significantly, H5B14-based ADCs were capable of eradicating tumors at variable levels across multiple xenograft models regardless their malignant statuses. Toxicologically, H5B14-based ADCs were well tolerated in mice up to 60 mg/kg. Conclusion H5B14-based ADCs targeting the RON PSI domain are superior in inducing RON internalization, leading to robust drug delivery and overall inhibition and eradication of tumors in multiple xenograft models. These findings warrant H5B14-based ADCs for clinical trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Min Tong
- Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Feng
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Sreedhar Reddy Suthe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Tian-Hao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi-Zhi Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhi-Gang Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- Department of Hematology, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China. .,Cancer Biology Research Center, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA. .,State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
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12
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Yao HP, Feng L, Suthe SR, Chen LH, Weng TH, Hu CY, Jun ES, Wu ZG, Wang WL, Kim SC, Tong XM, Wang MH. Therapeutic efficacy, pharmacokinetic profiles, and toxicological activities of humanized antibody-drug conjugate Zt/g4-MMAE targeting RON receptor tyrosine kinase for cancer therapy. J Immunother Cancer 2019; 7:75. [PMID: 30871619 PMCID: PMC6419354 DOI: 10.1186/s40425-019-0525-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aberrant expression of the RON receptor tyrosine kinase is a pathogenic feature and a validated drug target in various types of cancers. Currently, therapeutic antibodies targeting RON for cancer therapy are under intensive evaluation. Here we report the development and validation of a novel humanized anti-RON antibody-drug conjugate for cancer therapy. METHODS Antibody humanization was achieved by grafting sequences of complementarity-determining regions from mouse monoclonal antibody Zt/g4 into human IgG1/κ acceptor frameworks. The selected humanized Zt/g4 subclone H1L3 was conjugated with monomethyl auristatin E using a dipeptide linker to form H-Zt/g4-MMAE. Pharmacokinetic analysis of H-Zt/g4-MMAE was determined using hydrophobic interaction chromatography and a MMAE ADC ELISA kit. Biochemical and biological assays were used for measuring RON expression, internalization, cell viability and death. Therapeutic efficacies of H-Zt/g4-MMAE were validated in vivo using three pancreatic cancer xenograft models. Toxicological activities of H-Zt/g4-MMAE were determined in mouse and cynomolgus monkey. RESULTS H-Zt/g4-MMAE had a drug to antibody ratio of 3.77:1 and was highly stable in human plasma with a dissociation rate less than 5% within a 20 day period. H-Zt/g4-MMAE displayed a favorable pharmacokinetic profile in both mouse and cynomolgus monkey. In vitro, H-Zt/g4-MMAE induced RON internalization, which results in killing of pancreatic cancer cells with IC50 values at 10-20 nM. In vivo, H-Zt/g4-MMAE inhibited pancreatic cancer xenograft growth with tumoristatic concentrations at 1~3 mg/kg bodyweight. Significantly, H-Zt/g4-MMAE eradicated tumors across multiple xenograft models regardless their chemoresistant and metastatic statuses. Moreover, H-Zt/g4-MMAE inhibited and eradicated xenografts mediated by pancreatic cancer stem-like cells and by primary cells from patient-derived tumors. Toxicologically, H-Zt/g4-MMAE is well tolerated in mice up to 60 mg/kg. In cynomolgus monkey, H-Zt/g4-MMAE up to 30 mg/kg had a manageable and reversible toxicity profile. CONCLUSIONS H-Zt/g4-MMAE is superior in eradication of pancreatic cancer xenografts with favorable pharmacokinetic profiles and manageable toxicological activities. These findings warrant the transition of H-Zt/g4-MMAE into clinical trials in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hang-Ping Yao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Liang Feng
- Cancer Biology Research Center, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Sreedhar Reddy Suthe
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA
| | - Ling-Hui Chen
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis & Treatment of Hepatic & Pancreatic Oncology, Zhejiang Province, China.,Division of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Tian-Hao Weng
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Chen-Yu Hu
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Eun Sung Jun
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Kowloon Tong, Hong Kong
| | - Zhi-Gang Wu
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis & Treatment of Hepatic & Pancreatic Oncology, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Wei-Lin Wang
- Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis & Treatment of Hepatic & Pancreatic Oncology, Zhejiang Province, China. .,Division of Hepatobiliary & Pancreatic Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Song Cheol Kim
- Biliary and Pancreatic Cancer Center at Department of Surgery, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
| | - Xiang-Min Tong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhejiang Provincial People's Hospital, Hangzhou Medical College, Hangzhou, China.
| | - Ming-Hai Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis & Treatment of Infectious Diseases, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. .,Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center School of Pharmacy, Amarillo, TX, USA. .,Zhejiang Provincial Key Laboratory for Precision Diagnosis & Treatment of Hepatic & Pancreatic Oncology, Zhejiang Province, China.
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13
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Lichnog C, Klabunde S, Becker E, Fuh F, Tripal P, Atreya R, Klenske E, Erickson R, Chiu H, Reed C, Chung S, Neufert C, Atreya I, McBride J, Neurath MF, Zundler S. Cellular Mechanisms of Etrolizumab Treatment in Inflammatory Bowel Disease. Front Pharmacol 2019; 10:39. [PMID: 30774593 PMCID: PMC6367223 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2019.00039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 01/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Anti-integrin therapy is a new frontline strategy in the treatment of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The anti-β7 integrin antibody etrolizumab is currently being investigated for safety and efficacy in Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC) in several phase III trials. Mechanistically, etrolizumab is known to block β7 integrin ligand binding and reduces intestinal trafficking of β7-expressing cells. Etrolizumab blocks β7 integrin ligand binding and reduces β7-positive lymphocyte migration and retention in the inflamed gut mucosa, but the exact mechanisms by which this inhibition occurs are not fully understood. Methods: Cellular effects of etrolizumab or etrolizumab surrogate antibody (etrolizumab-s) were investigated in cell culture models and analyzed by flow cytometry, fluorescence microscopy, ImageStream®, stimulated emission depletion (STED) microscopy and functional dynamic in vitro adhesion assays. Moreover, effects on α4β7 integrin were compared with the pharmacodynamically similar antibody vedolizumab. Results: As demonstrated by several different approaches, etrolizumab and etrolizumab-s treatment led to internalization of β7 integrin. This resulted in impaired dynamic adhesion to MAdCAM-1. Internalized β7 integrin localized in endosomes and re-expression of β7 was dependent on de novo protein synthesis. In vitro etrolizumab treatment did not lead to cellular activation or cytokine secretion and did not induce cytotoxicity. Internalization of α4β7 integrin was increased with etrolizumab compared with vedolizumab. Discussion: Our data suggest that etrolizumab does not elicit secondary effector functions on the single cell level. Integrin internalization may be an important mechanism of action of etrolizumab, which might explain some but not all immunological effects observed with etrolizumab.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charlotte Lichnog
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sha Klabunde
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Emily Becker
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Franklin Fuh
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Philipp Tripal
- Optical Imaging Centre, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Raja Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Entcho Klenske
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Rich Erickson
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Henry Chiu
- Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Chae Reed
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Shan Chung
- BioAnalytical Sciences, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Clemens Neufert
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Imke Atreya
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jacqueline McBride
- OMNI Biomarker Development, Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
| | - Markus F Neurath
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Sebastian Zundler
- Department of Medicine 1, Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Kussmaul Campus for Medical Research and Translational Research Center, Erlangen, Germany
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14
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Ku CR, Brue T, Schilbach K, Ignatenko S, Magony S, Chung YS, Kim BJ, Hur KY, Kang HC, Kim JH, Kim MS, Kowalska A, Bolanowski M, Ruchala M, Damjanovic S, Payer J, Choi YJ, Heo SJ, Kim TK, Heo M, Lee J, Lee EJ. Long-acting FC-fusion rhGH (GX-H9) shows potential for up to twice-monthly administration in GH-deficient adults. Eur J Endocrinol 2018; 179:169-179. [PMID: 29973375 DOI: 10.1530/eje-18-0185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Accepted: 07/03/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Hybrid Fc-fused rhGH (GX-H9) is a long-acting recombinant human growth hormone (GH) under clinical development for both adults and children with GH deficiency (GHD). We compared the safety, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of weekly and every other week (EOW) dosages of GX-H9 with those of daily GH administration in adult GHD (AGHD) patients. DESIGN This was a randomized, open-label, active-controlled and dose-escalation study conducted in 16 endocrinology centers in Europe and Korea. METHODS Forty-five AGHD patients with or without prior GH treatment were enrolled. Patients with prior GH treatments were required to have received the last GH administration at least 1 month prior to randomization. Subjects were sequentially assigned to treatment groups. Fifteen subjects were enrolled to each treatment group and randomly assigned to receive either GX-H9 or Genotropin (4:1 ratio). GX-H9 dosage regimens for Groups 1, 2 and 3 were 0.1 mg/kg weekly, 0.3 mg/kg EOW and 0.2 mg/kg EOW, respectively. All Genotropin-assigned subjects received 6 µg/kg Genotropin, regardless of treatment group. Main outcome analyses included measurements of serum insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-I), safety, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and immunogenicity. RESULTS Mean GX-H9 peak and total exposure increased with an increase in dose after a single-dose administration. The mean IGF-I response was sustained above baseline over the intended dose interval of 168 h for the weekly and 336 h for the EOW GX-H9 groups. Safety profiles and immunogenicity were not different across the treatment groups and with Genotropin. CONCLUSIONS GX-H9 has the potential for up to twice-monthly administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheol Ryong Ku
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Thierry Brue
- Aix-Marseille Université, INSERM U1251, Marseille Medical Genetics, and AP-HM, Hôpital Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Katharina Schilbach
- Medizinische Klinik und Poliklinik IV, Klinikum der Universität München, Munich, Germany
| | | | - Sandor Magony
- First Department of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Yoon-Sok Chung
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea
| | - Byung-Joon Kim
- Gachon University Gil Medical Center, Incheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyu Yeon Hur
- Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Cheol Kang
- Chonnam National University Hwasun Hospital, Hwasun-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jung Hee Kim
- Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | | | - Aldona Kowalska
- Endocrinology Clinic Holycross Cancer Centre, Swietokrzyskie, Poland
| | - Marek Bolanowski
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Isotope Therapy, Wroclaw Medical University, Wroclaw, Poland
| | - Marek Ruchala
- Poznan University of Medical Sciences Chair and Department of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Internal Medicine, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Juraj Payer
- 5th Department of Internal Medicine, Comenius University Faculty of Medicine, University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | - MinKyu Heo
- Genexine Inc., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Joan Lee
- Genexine Inc., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Jig Lee
- Endocrinology, Department of Internal Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
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15
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Kim TK, Park CS, Jang J, Kim MR, Na HJ, Lee K, Kim HJ, Heo K, Yoo BC, Kim YM, Lee JW, Kim SJ, Kim ES, Kim DY, Cha K, Lee TG, Lee S. Inhibition of VEGF-dependent angiogenesis and tumor angiogenesis by an optimized antibody targeting CLEC14a. Mol Oncol 2018; 12:356-372. [PMID: 29316206 PMCID: PMC5830631 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/01/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The C‐type lectin‐like domain of CLEC14a (CLEC14a‐C‐type lectin‐like domain [CTLD]) is a key domain that mediates endothelial cell–cell contacts in angiogenesis. However, the role of CLEC14a‐CTLD in pathological angiogenesis has not yet been clearly elucidated. In this study, through complementarity‐determining region grafting, consecutive deglycosylation, and functional isolation, we generated a novel anti‐angiogenic human monoclonal antibody that specifically targets CLEC14a‐CTLD and that shows improved stability and homogeneity relative to the parental antibody. We found that this antibody directly inhibits CLEC14a‐CTLD‐mediated endothelial cell–cell contact and simultaneously downregulates expression of CLEC14a on the surface of endothelial cells. Using various in vitro and in vivo functional assays, we demonstrated that this antibody effectively suppresses vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)‐dependent angiogenesis and tumor angiogenesis of SNU182 human hepatocellular carcinoma, CFPAC‐1 human pancreatic cancer, and U87 human glioma cells. Furthermore, we also found that this antibody significantly inhibits tumor angiogenesis of HCT116 and bevacizumab‐adapted HCT116 human colorectal cancer cells. These findings suggest that antibody targeting of CLEC14a‐CTLD has the potential to suppress VEGF‐dependent angiogenesis and tumor angiogenesis and that CLEC14a‐CTLD may be a novel anti‐angiogenic target for VEGF‐dependent angiogenesis and tumor angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taek-Keun Kim
- Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Chang Sik Park
- Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jihye Jang
- Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Mi Ra Kim
- Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hee-Jun Na
- Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Kangseung Lee
- Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Jung Kim
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Kyun Heo
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Byong Chul Yoo
- Research Institute, National Cancer Center, Goyang, South Korea
| | - Young-Myeong Kim
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Je-Wook Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, South Korea
| | - Su Jin Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, South Korea
| | - Eun Sung Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, South Korea
| | - Dae Young Kim
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, South Korea
| | - Kiweon Cha
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, South Korea
| | - Tae Gyu Lee
- New Drug Development Center, Osong Medical Innovation Foundation, South Korea
| | - Sukmook Lee
- Scripps Korea Antibody Institute, Chuncheon, South Korea
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16
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Kim NA, An IB, Lim HS, Yang SI, Jeong SH. Biophysical evaluation of hybrid Fc fusion protein of hGH to achieve basal buffer system. Int J Pharm 2016; 513:421-430. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.09.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2016] [Revised: 09/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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17
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Klaus T, Bzowska M, Kulesza M, Kabat AM, Jemioła-Rzemińska M, Czaplicki D, Makuch K, Jucha J, Karabasz A, Bereta J. Agglutinating mouse IgG3 compares favourably with IgMs in typing of the blood group B antigen: Functionality and stability studies. Sci Rep 2016; 6:30938. [PMID: 27484487 PMCID: PMC4971511 DOI: 10.1038/srep30938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Mouse immunoglobulins M (IgMs) that recognize human blood group antigens induce haemagglutination and are used worldwide for diagnostic blood typing. Contrary to the current belief that IgGs are too small to simultaneously bind antigens on two different erythrocytes, we obtained agglutinating mouse IgG3 that recognized antigen B of the human ABO blood group system. Mouse IgG3 is an intriguing isotype that has the ability to form Fc-dependent oligomers. However, F(ab′)2 fragments of the IgG3 were sufficient to agglutinate type B red blood cells; therefore, IgG3-triggered agglutination did not require oligomerization. Molecular modelling indicated that mouse IgG3 has a larger range of Fab arms than other mouse IgG subclasses and that the unique properties of mouse IgG3 are likely due to the structure of its hinge region. With a focus on applications in diagnostics, we compared the stability of IgG3 and two IgMs in formulated blood typing reagents using an accelerated storage approach and differential scanning calorimetry. IgG3 was much more stable than IgMs. Interestingly, the rapid decrease in IgM activity was caused by aggregation of the molecules and a previously unknown posttranslational proteolytic processing of the μ heavy chain. Our data point to mouse IgG3 as a potent diagnostic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Klaus
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Monika Bzowska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kulesza
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Agnieszka Martyna Kabat
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Jemioła-Rzemińska
- Malopolska Centre of Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7A, 30-387 Kraków, Poland.,Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Dominik Czaplicki
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Makuch
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Jarosław Jucha
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Alicja Karabasz
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
| | - Joanna Bereta
- Faculty of Biochemistry, Biophysics and Biotechnology, Jagiellonian University in Kraków, Gronostajowa 7, 30-387 Kraków, Poland
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18
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Lim JY, Kim NA, Lim DG, Eun CY, Choi D, Jeong SH. Biophysical stability of hyFc fusion protein with regards to buffers and various excipients. Int J Biol Macromol 2016; 86:622-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2016.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2015] [Revised: 01/31/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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19
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Roopenian DC, Christianson GJ, Proetzel G, Sproule TJ. Human FcRn Transgenic Mice for Pharmacokinetic Evaluation of Therapeutic Antibodies. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1438:103-14. [PMID: 27150086 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3661-8_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies are widely recognized to be a most promising means to treat an increasing number of human diseases, including cancers and autoimmunity. To a large extent, the efficacy of monoclonal antibody treatment is because IgG antibodies have greatly extended persistence in vivo. However, conventional rodent models do not mirror human antibody pharmacokinetics. The key molecule responsible for the extended persistence antibodies is the major histocompatibility complex class I family Fc receptor, FcRn. We describe human FcRn transgenic mouse models and how they can be exploited productively for the preclinical pharmacokinetic evaluation of therapeutic antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Derry C Roopenian
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA.
| | | | | | - Thomas J Sproule
- The Jackson Laboratory, 600 Main Street, Bar Harbor, ME, 04609, USA
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20
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The Development of Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: Overview of the Nonclinical Safety Assessment. Curr Pain Headache Rep 2015; 19:2. [DOI: 10.1007/s11916-014-0472-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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21
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Wyant T, Yang L, Fedyk E. In vitro assessment of the effects of vedolizumab binding on peripheral blood lymphocytes. MAbs 2015; 5:842-50. [PMID: 24492340 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.26392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Vedolizumab (VDZ) is a humanized monoclonal antibody in development for the treatment of inflammatory bowel disease. VDZ binds to the α4β7 integrin complex and inhibits its binding to mucosal addressin cell adhesion molecule-1 (MAdCAM-1), thus preventing lymphocyte extravasation to gut mucosal tissues. To understand whether VDZ has additional effects that may affect its overall safety as a therapeutic molecule, we examined other potential actions of VDZ. In vitro assays with human peripheral blood lymphocytes demonstrated that VDZ fails to elicit cytotoxicity, lymphocyte activation, and cytokine production from memory T lymphocytes and does not interfere with the suppressive ability of regulatory T cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that VDZ induces internalization of α4β7 and that the integrin is rapidly re-expressed and fully functional after VDZ withdrawal. These studies provide insight into the mechanisms underlying the observed safety profile of VDZ in clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lili Yang
- Takeda Cambridge US; Cambridge, MA USA
| | - Eric Fedyk
- Takeda Pharmaceuticals Inc., International; Deerfield, IL USA
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22
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Ratelade J, Asavapanumas N, Ritchie AM, Wemlinger S, Bennett JL, Verkman AS. Involvement of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity in inflammatory demyelination in a mouse model of neuromyelitis optica. Acta Neuropathol 2013; 126:699-709. [PMID: 23995423 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-013-1172-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Neuromyelitis optica (NMO) is an inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system that can cause paralysis and blindness. The pathogenesis of NMO involves binding of immunoglobulin G autoantibodies to aquaporin-4 (AQP4) on astrocytes, which is thought to cause complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC) and a secondary inflammatory response leading to oligodendrocyte and neuronal damage. Here, we investigate in vivo the role of antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) triggered by AQP4 autoantibodies (AQP4-IgG) in the development of NMO pathology. A high-affinity, human recombinant monoclonal AQP4-IgG was mutated in its Fc region to produce 'NMO superantibodies' with enhanced CDC and/or ADCC effector functions, without altered AQP4 binding. Pathological effects of these antibodies were studied in a mouse model of NMO produced by intracerebral injection of AQP4-IgG and human complement. The original (non-mutated) antibody produced large NMO lesions in this model, with loss of AQP4 and GFAP immunoreactivity, inflammation and demyelination, as did a mutated antibody with enhanced CDC and ADCC effector functions. As anticipated, a mutated AQP4-IgG lacking CDC, but having tenfold enhanced ADCC, produced little pathology. However, unexpectedly, a mutated antibody with ninefold enhanced CDC, but lacking ADCC, produced much less pathology than the original AQP4-IgG. Also, pathology was greatly reduced following administration of AQP4-IgG and complement to mice lacking the FcγIII receptor involved in effector cell activation during ADCC, and to normal mice injected with an Fcγ receptor blocking antibody. Our results provide evidence for the central involvement of ADCC in NMO pathology and suggest ADCC as a new therapeutic target in NMO.
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23
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Mattoo AR, Pastan I, FitzGerald D. Combination treatments with the PKC inhibitor, enzastaurin, enhance the cytotoxicity of the anti-mesothelin immunotoxin, SS1P. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75576. [PMID: 24130723 PMCID: PMC3794001 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated protein kinase C (PKC) contributes to tumor survival and proliferation, provoking the development of inhibitory agents as potential cancer therapeutics. Immunotoxins are antibody-based recombinant proteins that employ antibody fragments for cancer targeting and bacterial toxins as the cytotoxic agent. Pseudomonas exotoxin-based immunotoxins act via the ADP-ribosylation of EF2 leading to the enzymatic inhibition of protein synthesis. Combining PKC inhibitors with the immunotoxin SS1P, targeted to surface mesothelin, was undertaken to explore possible therapeutic strategies. Enzastaurin but not two other PKC inhibitors combined with SS1P to produce synergistic cell death via apoptosis. Mechanistic insights of the synergistic killing centered on the complete loss of the prosurvival Bcl2 protein, Mcl-1, the loss of AKT and the activation of caspase 3/7. Synergy was most evident when cells exhibited resistance to the immunotoxin alone. Further, because PKC inhibition by itself was not sufficient to enhance SS1P action, enzastaurin must target other kinases that are involved in the immunotoxin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abid R. Mattoo
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Ira Pastan
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - David FitzGerald
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Center for Cancer Research, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chan KR, Ong EZ, Ooi EE. Therapeutic antibodies as a treatment option for dengue fever. Expert Rev Anti Infect Ther 2013; 11:1147-57. [PMID: 24093625 DOI: 10.1586/14787210.2013.839941] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Dengue fever is the most prevalent mosquito-borne viral disease globally with about 100 million cases of acute dengue annually. Severe dengue infection can result in a life-threatening illness. In the absence of either a licensed vaccine or antiviral drug against dengue, therapeutic antibodies that neutralize dengue virus (DENV) may serve as an effective medical countermeasure against severe dengue. However, therapeutic antibodies would need to effectively neutralize all four DENV serotypes. It must not induce antibody-dependent enhancement of DENV infection in monocytes/macrophages through Fc gamma receptor (FcγR)-mediated phagocytosis, which is hypothesized to increase the risk of severe dengue. Here, we review the strategies and technologies that can be adopted to develop antibodies for therapeutic applications. We also discuss the mechanism of antibody neutralization in the cells targeted by DENV that express Fc gamma receptor. These studies have provided significant insight toward the use of therapeutic antibodies as a potentially promising bulwark against dengue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuan Rong Chan
- Program in Emerging Infectious Diseases, Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, 8 College Road, Singapore 169857
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25
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Ryazantsev S, Tischenko V, Nguyen C, Abramov V, Zav'yalov V. Three-dimensional structure of the human myeloma IgG2. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64076. [PMID: 23762236 PMCID: PMC3676413 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2012] [Accepted: 04/08/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunoglobulin G, subclass 2 (hIgG2), plays an important role in immunity to bacterial pathogens and in numerous pathological conditions. However, there is a lack of information regarding the three-dimensional (3D) structure of the hIgG2 molecule. We used electron microscopy (EM), differential scanning microcalorimetry (DSC) and fluorescence for structural analysis of the hIgG2. DSC and fluorescence indicated two types of interaction between CH1 domain of Fab (antigen-binding fragment/subunit) and CH2 domain of Fc (complement fixation fragment/subunit) simultaneously present in the sample: close interaction, which increases the thermostability of both, CH1 and CH2 domains, and weak (or no) interaction, which is typical for most IgGs but not hIgG2. Thermodynamics could not determine if both types of interactions are present within a single molecule. To address this question, EM was used. We employed a single-particle reconstruction and negative staining approach to reveal the three-dimensional structure of the hIgG2. A three-dimensional model of hIgG2 was created at 1.78 nm resolution. The hIgG2 is asymmetrical: one Fab subunit is in close proximity to the upper portion of the Fc subunit (CH2 domain) and the other Fab is distant from Fc. The plane of Fab subunits is nearly perpendicular to Fc. EM structure of the hIgG2 is in good agreement with thermodynamic data: a Fab distant from Fc should exhibit a lower melting temperature while a Fab interacting with Fc should exhibit a higher melting temperature. Both types of Fab subunits exist within one molecule resembling an A/B hIgG2 isoform introduced earlier on physicochemical level by Dillon et al. (2008). In such an arrangement, the access to the upper portion of Fc subunit is partially blocked by a Fab subunit. That might explain for instance why hIgG2 mildly activates complement and binds poorly to Fc receptors. Understanding of the three-dimensional structure of the hIgG2 should lead to better design of antibody-based therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Ryazantsev
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine at University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, United States of America.
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Pranchevicius MCS, Vieira TR. Production of recombinant immunotherapeutics for anticancer treatment: the role of bioengineering. Bioengineered 2013; 4:305-12. [PMID: 23644447 DOI: 10.4161/bioe.24666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is one of the most important health problems because many cases are difficult to prevent. Cancer still has unknown mechanisms of pathogenesis, and its capacity to produce temporary or permanent damage, besides death, is very high. Although many anticancer therapies are available, finding a cure for cancer continues to be a difficult task. Thus, many efforts have been made to develop more effective treatments, such as immunotherapy based on a new class of tumor-specific products that are produced using recombinant DNA technology. These recombinant products are used with the main objectives of killing the tumor and stimulating immune cells to respond to the cancer cells. The principal recombinant products in anticancer therapy are immunostimulants, vaccines, antibodies, immunotoxins and fusion proteins. This review focuses on the general aspects of these genetically engineered products, their clinical performance, current advances and future prospects for this type of anticancer therapy.
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Broussas M, Broyer L, Goetsch L. Evaluation of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity using lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) measurement. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 988:305-317. [PMID: 23475728 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-327-5_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
In order to improve therapeutic antibodies efficacy in cancer patients, several strategies were developed. One of these strategies consists in the enhancement of effector functions. Antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) was shown to mediate the activity of several therapeutic antibodies through interaction of the constant fragment (Fc) with immune cells. The interactions of Fc fragment can be modulated by engineering through modifications of the carbohydrate moieties or through modifications of some critical amino acids for its binding. Such modifications have to be studied in an in vitro assay to evaluate their impact on the regulation of effector functions. Here, we described a method to evaluate ADCC using a nonradioactive assay based on the measurement of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) release. NK cells were purified by negative immunomagnetic selection and used as effector cells to trigger ADCC against specific target tumor cells. The LDH release measurement from lysed cells is performed after 4 h incubation. This method can replace the (51)Cr release assay since it is less restrictive and highly sensitive.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthieu Broussas
- Experimental Oncology Department, Centre d'Immunologie Pierre-Fabre, Saint Julien-en-Genevois, France
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Abstract
TNF-α-blocking agents such as infliximab, adalimumab and etanercept are widely used for the treatment of severe inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and psoriasis. The currently used TNF-α blockers have Fc regions of the human IgG1 subtype, which is advantageous in terms of in vivo half-life but also raise the potential for unwanted effector-mediated effects, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). To address this issue, we constructed a novel hybrid protein by fusing the TNF receptor (TNFR) with a hybrid Fc (hyFc) consisting of the CH2 and CH3 regions of IgG4 and the highly flexible hinge regions of IgD which would not have ADCC and CDC activity. The resulting fusion protein, TNFR-hyFc, was over-expressed in CHO and pharmacological characteristics were evaluated in comparison with the structurally similar etanercept. TNFR-hyFc effectively neutralized TNF-α in L929 bioassay and showed a 1.5-fold higher neutralizing activity compared to etanercept. In a pharmacokinetic study in cynomolgus monkeys, TNFR-hyFc showed plasma half-life and AUC comparable to etanercept. In a mouse collagen induced arthritis model, TNFR-hyFc showed significant amelioration of arthritis compared to etanercept or vehicle control. In an LPS-induced septic shock model, TNFR-hyFc showed a similar level of protection against mortality as etanercept. These results confirm the feasibility of the TNFR-hyFc as an effective TNF-α blocker for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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29
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Development of an ELISA based bridging assay as a surrogate measure of ADCC. J Immunol Methods 2012; 385:45-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2012] [Revised: 08/03/2012] [Accepted: 08/06/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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Khalili H, Godwin A, Choi JW, Lever R, Brocchini S. Comparative binding of disulfide-bridged PEG-Fabs. Bioconjug Chem 2012; 23:2262-77. [PMID: 22994419 DOI: 10.1021/bc300372r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Protein PEGylation is the most clinically validated method to improve the efficacy of protein-based medicines. Antibody fragments such as Fabs display rapid clearance from blood circulation and therefore are good candidates for PEGylation. We have developed PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1 that can selectively alkylate both sulfurs derived from a native disulfide. Using PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1, conjugation of PEG specifically targets the disulfide distal to the binding region of the Fab (Scheme 2 ). PEG-bis-sulfone reagents 1 (10-40 kDa) were used to generate the corresponding PEG-mono-sulfones 2 that underwent essentially quantitative conjugation to give the PEG-Fab product 4. Four Fabs were PEGylated: Fab(beva), Fab'(beva), Fab(rani), and Fab(trast). Proteolytic digestion of bevacizumab with papain gave Fab(beva), while digestion of bevacizumab with IdeS gave F(ab')(2-beva), which after reaction with DTT and PEG-mono-sulfone 2 gave PEG(2)-Fab'(beva). Ranibizumab, which is a clinically used Fab, was directly PEGylated to give PEG-Fab(rani). Trastuzumab was proteolytically digested with papain, and its corresponding Fab was PEGylated to give PEG-Fab(trast). Purification of the PEGylated Fabs was accomplished by a single ion exchange chromatography step to give pure PEG-Fab products as determined by silver-stained SDS-PAGE. No loss of PEG was detected post conjugation. A comparative binding study by SPR using Biacore with low ligand immobilization density was conducted using (i) VEGF(165) for the bevacizumab and ranibizumab derived products or (ii) HER2 for the trastuzumab derived products. VEGF(165) is a dimeric ligand with two binding sites for bevacizumab. HER2 has one domain for the binding of trastuzumab. Binding studies with PEG-Fab(beva) indicated that the apparent affinity was 2-fold less compared to the unPEGylated Fab(beva). Binding properties of the PEG-Fab(beva) products appeared to be independent of PEG molecular weight. Site-specific conjugation of two PEG molecules gave PEG(2×20)-Fab'(beva), whose apparent binding affinity was similar to that observed for PEG-Fab(beva) derivatives. The k(d) values were similar to those of the unPEGylated Fab(beva); hence, once bound, PEG-Fab(beva) remained bound to the same degree as Fab(beva). Biacore analysis indicated that both Fab(rani) and PEG(20)-Fab(rani) did not dissociate from the immobilized VEGF at 25 °C, but ELISA using immobilized VEGF showed 2-fold less apparent binding affinity for PEG(20)-Fab(rani) compared to the unPEGylated Fab(rani). Additionally, the apparent binding affinities for trastuzumab and Fab(trast) were comparable by both Biacore and ELISA. Biacore results suggested that trastuzumab had a slower association rate compared to Fab(trast); however, both molecules displayed the same apparent binding affinity. This could have been due to enhanced rebinding effects of trastuzumab, as it is a bivalent molecule. Analogous to PEG-Fab(beva) products, PEG(20)-Fab(trast) displayed 2-fold lower binding compared to Fab(trast) when evaluated by ELISA. The variations in the apparent affinity for the PEGylated Fab variants were all related to the differences in the association rates (k(a)) rather than the dissociation rates (k(d)). We have shown that (i) Fabs are well-matched for site-specific PEGylation with our bis-alkylation PEG reagents, (ii) PEGylated Fabs display only a 2-fold reduction in apparent affinity without any change in the dissociation rate, and (iii) the apparent binding rates and affinities remain constant as the PEG molecular weight is varied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanieh Khalili
- UCL School of Pharmacy, University College London, 29-39 Brunswick Square, London WC1N 1AX, UK
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Lee JH, Yeo J, Park HS, Sung G, Lee SH, Yang SH, Sung YC, Kang JH, Park CS. Biochemical characterization of a new recombinant TNF receptor-hyFc fusion protein expressed in CHO cells. Protein Expr Purif 2012; 87:17-26. [PMID: 23009882 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2012.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 09/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The currently used Tumor Nectosis Factor (TNF)-α blockers such as infliximab, adalimumab and etanercept have Fc regions of the human IgG1 subtype have advantages in terms of in vivo half-life, however these could raise potential concerns for unwanted effector-mediated effects, such as antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC) or complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC). To address this issue, we constructed a novel hybrid protein with decreased ADCC and CDC potentials by fusing the TNF receptor to a hybrid Fc (hyFc) containing CH2 and CH3 regions of IgG4 and highly flexible hinge regions of IgD which neither has ADCC and CDC activities. The resulting fusion protein, TNFR-hyFc, was over-expressed in CHO cells. For use as a pre-clinical material in pharmacology, PK and toxicological evaluations were carried out for biochemical characterization which was then compared with etanercept that has similarity in structure. Amino acid composition analysis and peptide mapping showed that the expressed TNFR-hyFc matched the theoretical composition derived from the DNA sequence. Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) showed that TNFR-hyFc is 2.9 kDa larger than etanercept. MALDI-TOF after removal of N-glycans by PNGase treatment showed that TNFR-hyFc is 3.9 kDa larger than etanercept. Isoelectric focusing and monosaccharide analysis showed that TNFR-hyFc is slightly more acidic than etanercept. N-terminal amino acid sequencing showed that N-terminal heterogeneity is present in both TNFR-hyFc and etanercept, although the ratios are somewhat different. Glycan analysis showed that the main glycan form is bi-antennary, similar to etanercept.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Hwan Lee
- Biopharmaceutical Research Labs, Research Center, Dong-A Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Sanggal-dong, Giheung-gu, Yongin-si, Kyungki-do 446-905, Republic of Korea.
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32
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Ducancel F, Muller BH. Molecular engineering of antibodies for therapeutic and diagnostic purposes. MAbs 2012; 4:445-57. [PMID: 22684311 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.20776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
During the past ten years, monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) have taken center stage in the field of targeted therapy and diagnosis. This increased interest in mAbs is due to their binding accuracy (affinity and specificity) together with the original molecular and structural rules that govern interactions with their cognate antigen. In addition, the effector properties of antibodies constitute a second major advantage associated with their clinical use. The development of molecular and structural engineering and more recently of in vitro evolution of antibodies has opened up new perspectives in the de novo design of antibodies more adapted to clinical and diagnostic use. Thus, efforts are regularly made by researchers to improve or modulate antibody recognition properties, to adapt their pharmacokinetics, engineer their stability, and control their immunogenicity. This review presents the latest molecular engineering results on mAbs with therapeutic and diagnostic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frédéric Ducancel
- CEA, iBiTec-S, Department of Pharmacology and Immunoanalysis, Laboratory of Antibody Engineering for Health, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
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A cytotoxic humanized anti-ganglioside antibody produced in a murine cell line defective of N-glycolylated-glycoconjugates. Immunobiology 2011; 216:1239-47. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2011.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2010] [Accepted: 07/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Baas JM, Krens LL, Guchelaar HJ, Ouwerkerk J, de Jong FA, Lavrijsen APM, Gelderblom H. Recommendations on management of EGFR inhibitor-induced skin toxicity: a systematic review. Cancer Treat Rev 2011; 38:505-14. [PMID: 22100458 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2011.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2011] [Revised: 09/21/2011] [Accepted: 09/30/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) inhibitors, such as the monoclonal antibodies cetuximab and panitumumab, have proven efficacy in various types of cancer. However, these agents frequently result in skin toxicity, due to the expression of the EGFR in the skin. A correlation between the occurrence of skin toxicity and anti-tumor activity has been suggested in several phase III studies. However, since skin toxicity may impair the quality of life, and severe skin toxicity requires dose reduction or interruption, adequate and timely management of skin toxicity is important to maximize the anti-tumor efficacy of the EGFR inhibitor, as well as maintaining the patient's quality of life. Due to the small number of randomized controlled trials conducted in the field of EGFR inhibitor-induced skin toxicity so far, it is not possible yet to generate evidence based guidelines on its management. Here, we review and discuss available trials and case studies reporting on the management of EGFR inhibitor-induced skin toxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Baas
- Department of Clinical Oncology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, 2300 RC, Leiden, The Netherlands.
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35
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Fernández-Marrero Y, López-Requena A. Lonely killers: effector cell- and complement-independent non-proapoptotic cytotoxic antibodies inducing membrane lesions. MAbs 2011; 3:528-34. [PMID: 22123064 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.3.6.17770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The majority of the most effective monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) currently in the clinics bind to cancer or immune cells. Classic mechanisms of cell killing by therapeutic mAbs include antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity, complement-dependent cytotoxicity and induction of apoptosis by engagement of specific cell ligands. A few reports have described mAbs whose cytotoxic activity is Fc-independent and that do not induce the morphological and biochemical changes associated with the apoptosis-type of cell death. Even fewer works describe mAbs able to directly induce membrane lesions. Here, we discuss the available data on those molecules and their cell killing activity, with particular attention to the case of a mAb specific for the tumor-associated N-glycolyl (Neu5Gc)-GM3 ganglioside (GM3(Neu5Gc)). Some similarities are found in the cell death pathways triggered by these mAbs, but data are not abundant. We conclude that the usefulness of mAbs with a direct cytotoxic activity for immunotherapeutic strategies deserves deeper research.
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Abstract
Cytogenetic, molecular and phenotyping features of malignant hematologic diseases succeeded in improving their management by a more accurate stratification of patients according to several groups of risk and by providing a rational for targeted therapy. Three major types of treatment (excluding cellular therapy) are currently available in onco-hematology: conventional chemotherapy, small molecules for targeted therapy and monoclonal antibodies. Conventional chemotherapy with optimization of doses and multidrug-based regimens allowed to substantially improve survival of patients and keeps a place of choice in treatment of these diseases. Targeted treatments came from the cytogenetic and molecular characterization of hemopathies. Thus, the kinase Bcr-Abl, as a result of the translocation t(9;22)(q34;q11), has been successfully targeted by tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI) in chronic myeloid leukemia and Ph+ acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Molecular abnormalities like internal-tandem duplication/point activating mutations in FLT3 in some acute myeloblastic leukemia or epigenetic dysregulations in some blood malignancies can also be targeted by small molecules. Hematopoietic malignant cells are phenotypically characterized by expression of cluster of differentiation (CD) on their surface. These CD are detected by flow cytometry using specific antibodies. Monoclonal antibodies targeting different CD have been developed for treatment. Rituximab, an anti-CD20 antibody, was the first monoclonal antibody successfully developed for treatment of malignant hematologic diseases. Since rituximab, many other monoclonal antibodies are being developed. Trends in malignant hematologic diseases presented here will include treatments, which have at least entered phase I/II clinical trials in adult or childhood leukemia. They include some novel drugs of conventional chemotherapy like second-generation nucleoside analogues. We will give an overview of the small molecules targeting the different cellular pathways and we will highlight those appearing as the most promising like novel TKIs. The large field of monoclonal antibodies will be also approached focusing on antibodies developed in leukemias.
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Goetze AM, Liu YD, Arroll T, Chu L, Flynn GC. Rates and impact of human antibody glycation in vivo. Glycobiology 2011; 22:221-34. [PMID: 21930650 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwr141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Glycation of immunoglobulin G (IgG) can result from incubation with a reducing sugar in vitro or during circulation in vivo. Upon injection of a recombinantly produced human therapeutic IgG into humans, changes in the glycation levels could be observed as a function of circulation time. Mass changes on the individual IgG polypeptide chains as the results of glycation were determined using reversed-phase liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry. Changes to the light and heavy chains were low but easily detectable at 0.00092 and 0.0021 glucose (Glc) additions per chain per day, respectively. Levels of glycation found on the Fc portion of IgG isolated from healthy subjects, using a similar analytical approach, were on average 0.045 Glc molecules per fragment. In vivo glycation rates could be approximated in vitro by modeling the physiological glycation reaction with a simplified incubation containing physiological Glc concentrations, pH and temperature but with a high concentration of a single purified IgG. To test the impact of glycation on IgG function, highly glycated IgG1 and IgG2 were prepared containing on average 42-49 Glc molecules per IgG. Binding to FcγIIIa receptors, neonatal Fc receptor or protein A was similar or identical to the non-glycated IgG controls. Although the modifications were well distributed throughout the protein sequence, and at high enough levels to affect the elution position by size-exclusion chromatography, no changes in the tested Fc functions were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew M Goetze
- Department of Process and Product Development, Amgen Inc., One Amgen Center Drive, Thousand Oaks, CA 91320, USA
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Im SJ, Yang SI, Yang SH, Choi DH, Choi SY, Kim HS, Jang DS, Jin KS, Chung YK, Kim SH, Paik SH, Park YC, Chung MK, Kim YB, Han KH, Choi KY, Sung YC. Natural form of noncytolytic flexible human Fc as a long-acting carrier of agonistic ligand, erythropoietin. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24574. [PMID: 21957455 PMCID: PMC3174958 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/14/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Human IgG1 Fc has been widely used as a bioconjugate, but exhibits shortcomings, such as antibody- and complement-mediated cytotoxicity as well as decreased bioactivity, when applied to agonistic proteins. Here, we constructed a nonimmunogenic, noncytolytic and flexible hybrid Fc (hyFc) consisting of IgD and IgG4, and tested its function using erythropoietin (EPO) conjugate, EPO-hyFc. Despite low amino acid homology (20.5%) between IgD Fc and IgG4 Fc, EPO-hyFc retained “Y-shaped” structure and repeated intravenous administrations of EPO-hyFc into monkeys did not generate EPO-hyFc-specific antibody responses. Furthermore, EPO-hyFc could not bind to FcγR I and C1q in contrast to EPO-IgG1 Fc. In addition, EPO-hyFc exhibited better in vitro bioactivity and in vivo bioactivity in rats than EPO-IgG1 Fc, presumably due to the high flexibility of IgD. Moreover, the mean serum half-life of EPO-hyFc(H), a high sialic acid content form of EPO-hyFc, was approximately 2-fold longer than that of the heavily glycosylated EPO, darbepoetin alfa, in rats. More importantly, subcutaneous injection of EPO-hyFc(H) not only induced a significantly greater elevation of serum hemoglobin levels than darbepoetin alfa in both normal rats and cisplatin-induced anemic rats, but also displayed a delayed time to maximal serum level and twice final area-under-the-curve (AUClast). Taken together, hyFc might be a more attractive Fc conjugate for agonistic proteins/peptides than IgG1 Fc due to its capability to elongate their half-lives without inducing host effector functions and hindering bioactivity of fused molecules. Additionally, a head-to-head comparison demonstrated that hyFc-fusion strategy more effectively improved the in vivo bioactivity of EPO than the hyperglycosylation approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Se Jin Im
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang In Yang
- Research Institute, Genexine Co., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Se Hwan Yang
- Research Institute, Genexine Co., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong Hoon Choi
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - So Young Choi
- Research Institute, Genexine Co., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea Sook Kim
- Research Institute, Genexine Co., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Soo Jang
- Research Institute, Genexine Co., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyeong Sik Jin
- Pohang Accelerator Laboratory, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Yo-Kyung Chung
- Central Research Institute, Green Cross Co., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Hee Kim
- Central Research Institute, Green Cross Co., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Sang Hoon Paik
- Central Research Institute, Green Cross Co., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoo Chang Park
- Central Research Institute, Green Cross Co., Yongin, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Koo Chung
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong Bum Kim
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kang-Hyun Han
- Korea Institute of Toxicology, Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology, Daejon, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwan Yong Choi
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
| | - Young Chul Sung
- Division of Molecular and Life Sciences, POSTECH, Pohang, Republic of Korea
- Research Institute, Genexine Co., Seongnam, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail:
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Pincus SH, Smallshaw JE, Song K, Berry J, Vitetta ES. Passive and active vaccination strategies to prevent ricin poisoning. Toxins (Basel) 2011; 3:1163-84. [PMID: 22069761 PMCID: PMC3202875 DOI: 10.3390/toxins3091163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Revised: 08/17/2011] [Accepted: 09/05/2011] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ricin toxin (RT) is derived from castor beans, produced by the plant Ricinus communis. RT and its toxic A chain (RTA) have been used therapeutically to arm ligands that target disease-causing cells. In most cases these ligands are cell-binding monoclonal antibodies (MAbs). These ligand-toxin conjugates or immunotoxins (ITs) have shown success in clinical trials [1]. Ricin is also of concern in biodefense and has been classified by the CDC as a Class B biothreat. Virtually all reports of RT poisoning have been due to ingestion of castor beans, since they grow abundantly throughout the world and are readily available. RT is easily purified and stable, and is not difficult to weaponize. RT must be considered during any "white powder" incident and there have been documented cases of its use in espionage [2,3]. The clinical syndrome resulting from ricin intoxication is dependent upon the route of exposure. Countermeasures to prevent ricin poisoning are being developed and their use will depend upon whether military or civilian populations are at risk of exposure. In this review we will discuss ricin toxin, its cellular mode of action, the clinical syndromes that occur following exposure and the development of pre- and post-exposure approaches to prevent of intoxication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seth H. Pincus
- Children’s Hospital and LSU Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;
| | - Joan E. Smallshaw
- Cancer Immunobiology Center and Department of Microbiology, University of Texas, Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75235, USA;
| | - Kejing Song
- Children’s Hospital, New Orleans, LA 70118, USA;
| | - Jody Berry
- Cangene Corporation, Winnipeg, MB R3T 5Y3, Canada;
| | - Ellen S. Vitetta
- Cancer Immunobiology Center, Departments Of Immunology and Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75230, USA
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Weyergang A, Selbo PK, Berstad MEB, Bostad M, Berg K. Photochemical internalization of tumor-targeted protein toxins. Lasers Surg Med 2011; 43:721-33. [DOI: 10.1002/lsm.21084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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41
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Pastor F, Kolonias D, McNamara JO, Gilboa E. Targeting 4-1BB costimulation to disseminated tumor lesions with bi-specific oligonucleotide aptamers. Mol Ther 2011; 19:1878-86. [PMID: 21829171 DOI: 10.1038/mt.2011.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The paucity of costimulation at the tumor site compromises the ability of tumor-specific T cells to eliminate the tumor. Here, we show that bi-specific oligonucleotide aptamer conjugates can deliver costimulatory ligands to tumor cells in situ and enhance antitumor immunity. In poorly immunogenic subcutaneously implanted tumor and lung metastasis models, systemic delivery of an agonistic 4-1BB aptamer ligand conjugated to a prostate specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-binding tumor-targeting aptamer led to inhibition of tumor growth, was more effective than, and synergized with, vaccination, and exhibited a superior therapeutic index compared to costimulation with 4-1BB antibodies. Tumor inhibition was dependent on homing to PSMA-expressing tumor cells and 4-1BB costimulation. Aptamer targeted costimulation is a broadly applicable and clinically feasible approach to enhance the costimulatory environment of disseminated tumor lesions. This study suggests that potentiating naturally occurring antitumor immunity via tumor-targeted costimulation could be an effective approach to elicit protective immunity to control tumor progression in cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Pastor
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dodson Interdisciplinary Immunotherapy Institute and Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, USA
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Takai H, Kato A, Nakamura T, Tachibana T, Sakurai T, Nanami M, Suzuki M. The importance of characterization of FITC-labeled antibodies used in tissue cross-reactivity studies. Acta Histochem 2011; 113:472-6. [PMID: 20546862 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2010.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2010] [Revised: 04/14/2010] [Accepted: 04/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-labeled antibodies are widely used as primary antibodies in the tissue cross-reactivity (TCR) studies for the development of therapeutic antibodies. However, the effects of FITC-labeling on the characteristics of an antibody are poorly understood. The present study was performed to examine the effect of FITC-labeling on the binding affinity and immunohistochemical staining profile of an antibody, using several antibodies with different FITC-labeling indices. The results showed that the FITC-labeling index in antibody was negatively correlated with the binding affinity for its target antigen. Immunohistochemically, an antibody with a higher labeling index had a tendency to be more sensitive, but was also more likely to yield non-specific staining. Based on these findings, we recommend that a FITC-labeled antibody used as a primary antibody in a TCR study should be carefully selected from several differently labeled antibodies to minimize the decrease in the binding affinity and achieve the appropriate sensitivity and interpretation of the immunohistochemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirotake Takai
- Safety Assessment Department, Chugai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., 1-135 Komakado, Gotemba, Shizuoka 412-8513, Japan.
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43
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Jeong KJ, Jang SH, Velmurugan N. Recombinant antibodies: engineering and production in yeast and bacterial hosts. Biotechnol J 2011; 6:16-27. [PMID: 21170983 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201000381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
After the appearance of the first FDA-approved antibody 25 years ago, antibodies have become major therapeutic agents in the treatment of many human diseases, including cancer and infectious diseases, and the use of antibodies as therapeutic/diagnostic agents is expected to increase in the future. So far, a variety of strategies have been devised for engineering of these fascinating molecules to develop superior properties and functions. Recent progress in systems biology has provided more information about the structures and cellular networks of antibodies, and, in addition, recent development of biotechnology tools, particularly in regard to high-throughput screening, has made it possible to perform more intensive engineering on these substances. Based on a sound understanding and new technologies, antibodies are now being developed as more powerful drugs. In this review, we highlight the recent, significant progress that has been made in antibody engineering, with a particular focus on Fc engineering and glycoengineering for improved functions, and cellular engineering for enhanced production of antibodies in yeast and bacterial hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ki Jun Jeong
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon, Korea.
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44
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Advances in the assessment and control of the effector functions of therapeutic antibodies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2011; 10:101-11. [PMID: 21283105 DOI: 10.1038/nrd3365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 231] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The Fc (crystallizable fragment) region of therapeutic antibodies can have an important role in their safety and efficacy. Although much is known about the structure-activity relationship of antibodies and the factors that influence Fc effector functions, a process has not yet been defined to clearly delineate how Fc functionality should be assessed and controlled during antibody development and manufacturing. In this article, we summarize the current knowledge of antibody Fc functionality, provide a strategy for assessing the effector functions of different classes of therapeutic antibodies (including Fc fusion proteins) and propose a path for routine testing and controls for manufacturers of antibody products.
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45
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Fransen MF, Sluijter M, Morreau H, Arens R, Melief CJM. Local activation of CD8 T cells and systemic tumor eradication without toxicity via slow release and local delivery of agonistic CD40 antibody. Clin Cancer Res 2011; 17:2270-80. [PMID: 21389097 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-10-2888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Immunotherapy against tumors with anti-CD40 agonistic antibodies has been extensively studied in preclinical animal models and recently also in clinical trials. Although promising results have been obtained, antibody (Ab)-related toxicity has been a limiting factor. We reasoned that strict local activation of tumor-specific CD8 T cells through stimulation of CD40 on the dendritic cells (DC) in the tumor area while excluding systemic stimulation might be sufficient for effective tumor eradication and can limit systemic toxicity. EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN Preclinical in vivo models for immunogenic tumors were used to investigate the potential of delivering a nontoxic dose of agonistic anti-CD40 Ab to the tumor region, including draining lymph node, in a slow-release formulation (montanide). RESULTS The delivery of anti-CD40 monoclonal Ab, formulated in slow-release Montanide ISA-51, reprograms CTLs by inducing local but not systemic DC activation, resulting in effective tumor-specific CTL responses that eradicate local and distant tumors. Adverse side effects, assayed by organ histology and liver enzymes in the blood, were much lower after local anti-CD40 Ab delivery than systemic administration. The local delivery of anti-CD40 Ab activates only CTLs against antigens presented in the tumor-draining area, because unrelated distant tumors expressing different tumor antigens were not eradicated. CONCLUSIONS These results establish a novel therapeutic principle that local delivery and slow release of agonistic anti-CD40 Ab to the tumor-draining area effectively activates local tumor-specific CD8 T cells to become systemic effectors without causing systemic toxicity or nonspecific CTL activation. These findings have important implications for the use of anti-CD40 therapies in patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marieke F Fransen
- Department of Immunohematology and Blood Transfusion, Leiden University Medical Center; ISA Pharmaceuticals, Leiden, the Netherlands
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46
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Humanization of a mouse monoclonal antibody directed against a cell surface-exposed epitope of membrane-associated heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70). Mol Biotechnol 2011; 46:265-78. [PMID: 20556545 DOI: 10.1007/s12033-010-9298-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The translocation of heat shock protein 70 (mHsp70) into the plasma membrane has been found to be associated with various cancers including breast cancer, head-and-neck cancer, and acute myeloid leukemia. Parts of the C-terminal substrate-binding domain (SBD) of mHsp70 are accessible to binding by monoclonal antibodies (mAb). One of these mAbs, cmHsp70.1, has been extensively studied and showed promising results as diagnostic and therapeutic antibody. Here, we describe cloning and humanization of cmHsp70.1 by complementarity determining region grafting resulting in an antibody (humex) possessing a similar affinity (3 nM) as the parental antibody and an improved production and thermal stability. Epitope mapping confirmed that the parental, chimeric, and humanized antibodies recognize the same region including amino acids 473-504 of the SBD. Hence, this humanized antibody provides a basis for further development of an anti-mHsp70 antibody therapy.
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47
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Wang Q, Lacher NA, Muralidhara BK, Schlittler MR, Aykent S, Demarest CW. Rapid and refined separation of human IgG2 disulfide isomers using superficially porous particles. J Sep Sci 2011; 33:2671-80. [PMID: 20730829 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201000230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
A rapid reversed-phase HPLC separation of recombinant human immunoglobulin gamma 2 (IgG2) disulfide isomers using columns packed with superficially porous particles is reported. Under optimal conditions, a separation of monoclonal IgG2 disulfide isomers was achieved in 10 min using a Poroshell™ 300SB-C8 column via a combination of high column temperature (85°C), mobile phases with high eluotropic strength (e.g. isopropanol) and high flow rate (1.5 mL/min). Thermodynamic stability analyses of chromatographically enriched IgG2 disulfide isomers revealed differences in their individual denaturation temperatures, which correlate with the observed temperature-dependent refinement of peak profiles by reversed-phase HPLC. This reversed-phase HPLC method in conjunction with other orthogonal analytical techniques (e.g. capillary gel electrophoresis, peptide mapping, ion exchange chromatography, etc.) is being used to characterize disulfide isomers in the development of therapeutic IgG2 antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Wang
- Analytical R&D, Global Biologics, Pfizer Inc., Chesterfield, MO 63017, USA.
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48
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Cizeau J, Torres MGP, Cowling SG, Stibbard S, Premsukh A, Entwistle J, MacDonald GC. Fusogenics: a recombinant immunotoxin-based screening platform to select internalizing tumor-specific antibody fragments. JOURNAL OF BIOMOLECULAR SCREENING 2011; 16:90-100. [PMID: 21131595 DOI: 10.1177/1087057110387425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics play a vital role in the treatment of certain cancers; however, despite commercial success, various strategies are being pursued to increase their potency and hence improve patient outcomes. The use of antibodies to deliver a cytotoxic payload offers a promising alternative for more efficacious therapies. Immunotoxins are composed of an internalizing antibody fragment linked to a bacterial or plant toxin. Once internalized, the payload, such as Pseudomonas exotoxin A (PE), blocks protein synthesis and induces apoptosis. Typically, immunotoxins are developed by first isolating a tumor-specific antibody, which is then either chemically linked to a toxin or reengineered as a fusion protein. Here, the authors describe the development of Fusogenics, an immunotoxin-based screening method that selects internalizing tumor-specific antibodies using a functional assay. Selected immune library clones were characterized and shown to be selective against normal tissues and specific to tumor tissues. In summary, the Fusogenics immunotoxin platform represents a unique, single-step selection approach combining specificity and functionality to isolate novel internalizing tumor-specific antibody fragments with potential for direct clinical application in the treatment of cancer.
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49
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Ball ED, Elizabeth Broome H. Monoclonal antibodies in the treatment of hematologic malignancy. Best Pract Res Clin Haematol 2010; 23:403-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.beha.2010.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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50
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Shiokawa M, Takahashi T, Murakami A, Kita S, Ito M, Sugamura K, Ishii N. In vivo assay of human NK-dependent ADCC using NOD/SCID/gammac(null) (NOG) mice. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2010; 399:733-7. [PMID: 20696130 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2010.07.145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2010] [Accepted: 07/27/2010] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Monoclonal antibodies are essential to the success of molecularly targeted therapies. Recently, numerous therapeutic antibodies have been developed for various diseases, including cancer and autoimmune diseases. Experimental systems to effectively evaluate these candidate antibodies are urgently needed. One of the mechanisms used by antibodies to kill tumor cells is antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), in which natural killer cells (NK) are the main mediator. The capacity to induce ADCC has conventionally been assessed in the human-mouse xeno-graft model, in which human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC), containing NK cells along with antibodies, are administered to tumor-bearing immunodeficient mice. However, contamination from other cellular populations often affects tumor growth, making it difficult to evaluate the antibody's effect. In this study, we established a new NK-dependent ADCC assay model using a supra-immunodeficient strain of mice, NOD/SCID/gammac(null) (NOG). Our model system simply consisted of three elements: isolated human NK cells, a Burkitt's lymphoma cell line (Daudi), and an anti-CD20 antibody (Rituximab). In this experimental setting, human NK cells from healthy donors retained their killing activity and suppressed the growth of Daudi cells in NOG mice when they were administered along with Rituximab. This system, therefore, is useful for evaluating the in vivo function of human NK cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miho Shiokawa
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, 2-1 Seiryo-cho, Aoba-ku, Sendai 980 8575, Japan
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