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Wang S, Jin J, Ma Y, Stubbings WA, Gbadamosi MR, Abou-Elwafa Abdallah M, Harrad S. Organophosphate triesters and their diester degradation products in the atmosphere-A critical review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2024; 346:123653. [PMID: 38402940 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2024.123653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2023] [Revised: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 02/23/2024] [Indexed: 02/27/2024]
Abstract
Organophosphate triesters (tri-OPEs) have found substantial use as plasticizers and flame retardants in commercial and industrial products. Despite upcoming potential restrictions on use of OPEs, widespread environmental contamination is likely for the foreseeable future. Organophosphate diesters (di-OPEs) are known biotic or abiotic degradation products of tri-OPEs. In addition, direct use of di-OPEs as commercial products also contributes to their presence in the atmosphere. We review the available data on contamination with tri-OPEs and di-OPEs in both indoor and outdoor air. Concentrations of tri-OPEs in indoor air exceed those in outdoor air. The widespread discovery of tri-OPE traces in polar regions and oceans is noteworthy and is evidence that they undergo long-range transport. There are only two studies on di-OPEs in outdoor air and no studies on di-OPEs in indoor air until now. Current research on di-OPEs in indoor and outdoor air is urgently needed, especially in countries with potentially high exposure to di-OPEs such as the UK and the US. Di-OPE concentrations are higher at e-waste dismantling areas than at surrounding area. We also summarise the methods employed for sampling and analysis of OPEs in the atmosphere and assess the relative contribution to atmospheric concentrations of di-OPEs made by environmental degradation of triesters, compared to the presence of diesters as by-products in commercial triester products. Finally, we identify shortcomings of current research and provide suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijie Wang
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Jingxi Jin
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Yulong Ma
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - William A Stubbings
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, West Midlands, B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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Shi S, Feng Q, Zhang J, Wang X, Zhao L, Fan Y, Hu P, Wei P, Bu Q, Cao Z. Global patterns of human exposure to flame retardants indoors. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2024; 912:169393. [PMID: 38104845 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.169393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2023] [Revised: 12/11/2023] [Accepted: 12/12/2023] [Indexed: 12/19/2023]
Abstract
To fill the knowledge gaps regarding the global patterns of human exposure to flame retardants (FRs) (i.e., brominated flame retardants (BFRs) and organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs)), data on the levels and distributions of FRs in external and internal exposure mediums, including indoor dust, indoor air, skin wipe, serum and urine, were summarized and analysed. Comparatively, FR levels were relatively higher in developed regions in all mediums, and significant positive correlations between FR contamination and economic development level were observed in indoor dust and air. Over time, the concentration of BFRs showed a slightly decreasing trend in all mediums worldwide, whereas OPFRs represented an upward tendency in some regions (e.g., the USA and China). The occurrence levels of FRs and their metabolites in all external and internal media were generally correlated, implying a mutual indicative role among them. Dermal absorption generally contributed >60% of the total exposure of most FR monomers, and dust ingestion was dominant for several low volatile compounds, while inhalation was found to be negligible. The high-risk FR monomers (BDE-47, BDE-99 and TCIPP) identified by external exposure assessment showed similarity to the major FRs or metabolites observed in internal exposure mediums, suggesting the feasibility of using these methods to characterize human exposure and the contribution of indoor exposure to the human burden of FRs. This review highlights the significant importance of exposure assessment based on multiple mediums for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiyu Shi
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qian Feng
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Jiayi Zhang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Leicheng Zhao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Yujuan Fan
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengtuan Hu
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Pengkun Wei
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China
| | - Qingwei Bu
- School of Chemical & Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology-Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Zhiguo Cao
- School of Environment, Key Laboratory for Yellow River and Huai River Water Environment and Pollution Control, Ministry of Education, Henan Normal University, Xinxiang 453007, China.
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Song J, Xiong X, Yin H, Xiong Y, Fang S. Distribution and pollution characteristics of organophosphate esters: reflected by tree rings of arbor species. ENVIRONMENTAL GEOCHEMISTRY AND HEALTH 2023; 45:3805-3816. [PMID: 36577857 DOI: 10.1007/s10653-022-01457-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are emerging pollutants. Currently, research on OPEs in tree rings is still limited. In this study, tree rings of five arbor species from Sichuan Province, China, were sampled to study the occurrence and distribution of six OPEs, which were quantitatively analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The total concentrations of OPEs in all samples ranged from 189.79 (Fir species) to 341.23 ng/g (Toona sinensis), with average concentration of 284.77 ± 46.66 ng/g. So, arbor could be used as good passive samplers for OPEs. The levels of OPEs among five arbor species showed no significant difference (p = 0.668 > 0.05), suggesting that the pollution status of OPEs in a region or country could be roughly assessed by any arbor tree species. In this study area, tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) was the dominant OPEs followed by tri(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Tris(2-ethylhexyl) phosphate (TEHP) and tri-n-butyl phosphate (TnBP) showed relatively stable concentrations in each arbor species, while the other four OPEs including TBEP, triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), tri(chloropropyl) phosphate (TCPP) and TCEP had significantly different concentrations. Interestingly, the absorption and accumulation of OPEs by tree rings of arbor species were quite different from that of inorganic elements reported by other studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiaojiao Song
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Xiaoyu Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Hongling Yin
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China.
| | - Yuanming Xiong
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
| | - Shuhong Fang
- College of Resources and Environment, Chengdu University of Information Technology, No. 24, Section 1, Xuefu Road, Chengdu, 610225, China
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Lu QO, Jung CC, Chao HR, Chen PS, Lee CW, Thi Phuong Tran Q, Ciou JY, Chang WH. Investigating the associations between organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) and fine particles in paired indoor and outdoor air: A probabilistic prediction model for deriving OPFRs in indoor environments. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2023; 174:107871. [PMID: 36931197 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2023.107871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2022] [Revised: 03/04/2023] [Accepted: 03/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Contaminants of emerging concern such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are associated with atmospheric fine particles (PM2.5), which pose the greatest health risk in the world. However, few surveys have explored the interaction between PM2.5 and OPFRs in residential paired indoor/outdoor environments. 11 priority OPFRs and PM2.5 were investigated across 178 paired indoor and outdoor air samples taken from 89 children's households in southern Taiwan, across cold and warm seasons. This involved exploring their associations with building characteristics, interior materials, and human activities. We developed a probabilistic predictive model for indoor OPFRs based on the indoor/outdoor (I/O) ratio of contaminants and an air quality index. The significant associations of paired indoor/outdoor OPFRs and PM2.5 were explored. The indoor level of OPFRs was greater than that of outdoor households, contrasting with PM2.5. The I/O OPFRs ratio was higher than 1 (except for TEHP, EHDPP, and TCP), which suggests that the sources of OPFRs were primarily emitted from indoors. Indoor TCEP was significantly positively associated with indoor and outdoor PM2.5. The OPFR level detected in apartments was higher than in houses due to the greater decoration, furniture and electronic devices. However, this was not the case for PM2.5. TCIPP was the dominant compound in paired indoor and outdoor air. The indoor OPFR predictive model obtained a high accuracy with an R2 value of 0.87. The material used in mattresses, the use of purifiers and heaters, and the total material area were the main influencing factors for indoor OPFRs in households. These findings could provide important evidence of the interaction between paired indoor/outdoor OPFRs and PM2.5 and interior equipment in different building types. In addition, it could prevent the potential risks posed by indoor/outdoor air pollutants and eliminate OPFR emissions through the selection of better construction and building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Oai Lu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - How-Ran Chao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, National Pingtung University of Science and Technology, Neipu, Pingtung County 912, Taiwan
| | - Pei-Shih Chen
- Department of Public Health, College of Health Science, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lee
- Department of Safety, Health, and Environmental Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 824, Taiwan
| | - Quynh Thi Phuong Tran
- Faculty of Environment and Labour Safety, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, Viet Nam
| | - Jyun-Yi Ciou
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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5
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Lu QO, Jung CC, Liu YH, Chang WH. Seasonal and source characteristics of organophosphorus flame retardants in air and house dust in Taiwan residential microenvironments: Implications for young children's exposure and risk assessment using a probabilistic approach. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2023; 318:120893. [PMID: 36529337 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.120893] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2022] [Revised: 12/14/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) are prevalent in multiple industries. They have gradually replaced brominated flame retardants in recent years. Eleven OPFRs were collected from indoor air and house dust in two primary activity spaces--bedrooms and living rooms. The aim of the present study was to explore the potential sources of, and health risks associated with, OPFR exposure in young children using integrated and probabilistic approaches. The level of 11 indoor air OPFRs (466 ng/m3) in the bedroom was greater than that measured in the living room (379 ng/m3), and these values contrasted with those detected in dust. The air OPFRs in the warmer season were higher than those measured in the cold season; the inverse was true for those detected in house dust. In both activity spaces, the composition profiles indicated that tris(1-chloro-2-propyl)phosphate in indoor air (39%) and tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate in house dust (67%) were the dominant congeners. The average daily exposure dose (ADD) of OPFRs via air inhalation and dust ingestion did not differ significantly between preschool and school-aged children or based on sex. The Monte-Carlo-simulated 95th percentile ADD of the OPFRs in dust ingested by preschool children was 1.4 times higher. The OPFR exposure from air inhalation and dust ingestion in Taiwanese children is currently an acceptable non-carcinogenic risk and a negligible carcinogenic risk to Taiwan residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Quang-Oai Lu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Chien-Cheng Jung
- Department of Public Health, China Medical University, Taichung 406, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Hsuan Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hsiang Chang
- Department of Food Safety/Hygiene and Risk Management, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan; Research Center of Environmental Trace Toxic Substances, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 704, Taiwan.
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6
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Gbadamosi MR, Abdallah MAE, Harrad S. Organophosphate esters in UK diet; exposure and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 849:158368. [PMID: 36116644 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.158368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2022] [Revised: 08/22/2022] [Accepted: 08/24/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Food ingestion has been established as an important human exposure route to many environmental contaminants (brominated flame retardants, dioxins, organochlorine pesticides etc). However, information regarding dietary exposure to organophosphate esters (OPEs) in the UK remains limited. This study provides the first comprehensive dataset on OPEs in the UK diet by measuring concentrations of eight OPEs in 393 food samples, divided into 15 food groups, collected from Birmingham, UK. All target OPEs were measured above the limit of quantification in at least one of the food groups analysed. Concentrations were highest (mean ∑8OPEs = 18.4 ng/g wet weight (ww)) in milk and milk products, followed by those in cereal and cereal products (mean ∑8OPEs = 15.9 ng/g ww), with concentrations lowest in chickens' eggs (mean ∑8OPEs = 1.61 ng/g ww). Interestingly, concentrations in animal-derived foods (mean ∑8OPEs = 44.2 ng/g ww) were statistically indistinguishable (p˃0.05) from plant-derived foods (mean ∑8OPEs = 36.8 ng/g ww). Estimated daily dietary intakes (EDIs) of ∑8OPEs under mean and high-end exposure scenarios for the four age groups considered were: toddlers (420 and 1547 ng/kg bw/day) ˃ children (155 and 836) ˃ elderly (74.3 and 377) ˃ adults (62.3 and 278) ng/kg bw/day, respectively. Baby food contributed 39 % of ∑8OPEs exposure for toddlers, with non-alcoholic beverages contributing 27 % of exposure for children, while cereal and cereal products (25 %) and fruits (22 %) were the main contributors for adults and the elderly. The concentrations of OPEs in UK foodstuffs were generally of the same order of magnitude as those reported for other countries and our estimates of dietary exposure were well below the corresponding health-based limit values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muideen Remilekun Gbadamosi
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK; Department of Chemical Sciences, Tai Solarin University of Education, Ijebu-Ode, Ogun State, Nigeria.
| | | | - Stuart Harrad
- School of Geography, Earth, and Environmental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Birmingham B15 2TT, UK
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Jannuzzi AT, Yilmaz Goler AM, Alpertunga B. Ubiquitin proteasomal system is a potential target of the toxic effects of organophosphorus flame retardant triphenyl phosphate. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY AND PHARMACOLOGY 2022; 96:104005. [PMID: 36367495 DOI: 10.1016/j.etap.2022.104005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2022] [Revised: 08/16/2022] [Accepted: 10/25/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The consumption of the widely used flame retardant Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is increasing. It is now frequently detected in the environment and also domestically. Although the possibility of dermal exposure to TPP is quite high, little is known about its potential molecular toxicity mechanisms. In this study, we found that TPP caused cytotoxicity on human skin keratinocytes (HaCaT) and significantly inhibited the proliferation and cell migration in a concentration-dependent manner. Additionally, HaCaT cells were sensitive to TPP-induced apoptosis. Reactive oxygen species production was induced with TPP, which increased the protein carbonylation and lipid peroxidation levels. Moreover, TPP inhibited proteasome activity and increased the accumulation of ubiquitinated proteins. Exposure to TPP significantly increased the HSP90, HSP70, GRP94 and GRP78 protein levels. Overall, our findings indicate that TPP may pose a risk to human health and contribute to the current understanding of the risks of TPP at the molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayse Tarbin Jannuzzi
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Ayse Mine Yilmaz Goler
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine/Genetic and Metabolic Diseases Research and Investigation Center, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Buket Alpertunga
- Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul University, Istanbul, Turkey; Department of Pharmaceutical Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Istanbul Health and Technology University, Istanbul, Turkey.
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Zhou M, Wang J, Yang H, Ji X, Qian M, Li Z. Organophosphate ester concentrations in infant food and dietary risk assessment for the infant population in China. Food Control 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2022.109107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Apoptosis-Inducing Potential of Selected Bromophenolic Flame Retardants 2,4,6-Tribromophenol and Pentabromophenol in Human Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells. Molecules 2022; 27:molecules27165056. [PMID: 36014294 PMCID: PMC9413844 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27165056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2022] [Revised: 08/01/2022] [Accepted: 08/07/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: 2,4,6-Tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) and pentabromophenol (PBP) are utilized as brominated flame retardants (BFRs) in order to reduce the combustion of materials used in various utility products. The presence of 2,4,6-TBP and PBP has been reported in environmental samples as well as in inhaled air, dust, food, drinking water, and the human body. To date, there are limited data concerning the toxic action of 2,4,6-TBP and particularly PBP, and no study has been conducted to assess the apoptotic mechanism of action of these substances in human leukocytes. (2) Methods: PBMCs were isolated from leukocyte–platelet buffy coat and treated with tested substances in concentrations ranging from 0.01 to 50 µg/mL for 24 h. The apoptotic mechanism of action of the tested BFRs was assessed by the determination of phosphatidylserine exposure on the PBMCs surface, the evaluation of mitochondrial potential and cytosolic calcium ion levels, and the determination of caspase-8, -9, and -3 activation. Moreover, poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase-1 (PARP-1) cleavage, DNA fragmentation, and chromatin condensation were analyzed. (3) Results: 2,4,6-TBP and, more strongly, PBP induced apoptosis in PBMCs, changing all tested parameters. It was also found that the mitochondrial pathway was mainly involved in the apoptosis of PBMCs exposed to the studied compounds. (4) Conclusions: 2,4,6-TBP and PBP triggered apoptosis in human PBMCs, and some observed changes occurred at 2,4,6-TBP concentrations that were detected in humans occupationally exposed to this substance.
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Michałowicz J, Włuka A, Bukowska B. A review on environmental occurrence, toxic effects and transformation of man-made bromophenols. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 811:152289. [PMID: 34902422 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Brominated phenols (BPs) of anthropogenic origin are aromatic substances widely used in the industry as flame retardants (FRs) and pesticides as well as the components of FRs and polymers. In this review, we have focused on describing 2,4-dibromophenol (2,4-DBP), 2,4,6-tribromophenol (2,4,6-TBP) and pentabromophenol (PBP), which are the most commonly used in the industry and are the most often detected in the air, aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems and the human body. This review describes human-related sources of these BPs that influence their occurrence in the environment (atmosphere, surface water, sediment, soil, biota), indoor air and dust, food, drinking water and the human organism. Data from in vitro and in vivo studies showing 2,4-DBP, 2,4,6-TBP and PBP toxicity, including their estrogenic activity, effects on development and reproduction, perturbations of cellular redox balance and cytotoxic action have been described. Moreover, the processes of BPs transformation that occur in human and other mammals, plants and bacteria have been discussed. Finally, the effect of abiotic factors (e.g. UV irradiation and temperature) on BPs conversion to highly toxic brominated dioxins and brominated furans as well as polybrominated biphenyls and polybrominated diphenyl ethers has been presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Michałowicz
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Anna Włuka
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
| | - Bożena Bukowska
- University of Lodz, Faculty of Biology and Environmental Protection, Department of Biophysics of Environmental Pollution, Pomorska Str. 141/143, 90-236 Lodz, Poland
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11
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Zhang Q, Wang Y, Zhang C, Yao Y, Wang L, Sun H. A review of organophosphate esters in soil: Implications for the potential source, transfer, and transformation mechanism. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2022; 204:112122. [PMID: 34563524 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2021.112122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 09/16/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are widely used around the world as flame retardants and plasticizers with a growing production in the last 15 years due to the phase-out of polybrominated diphenyl ethers. Multiple papers reported the occurrences of OPEs in various environmental matrices and elevated concentrations of OPEs (0.1-10,000 ng/g dry weight) were documented in different types of soils which were regarded as both the "sink" and "source" of OPEs. In this study, the source, transfer, and transformation mechanisms of OPEs are systematically reviewed from the perspective of the soil environment. The wet/dry deposition, air-soil exchange, sewage irrigation, sludge application, and indirect oxidization of organophosphate antioxidants are the possible sources of OPEs in soil. Meanwhile, the OPEs in the soil environment may also migrate into other environmental media via plant uptake, air-soil exchange, desorption, and infiltration to cause relevant ecological risk, which depends much on the chemical properties of these compounds. The trimethylphenyl phosphate (TMPP) (mixture of isomers) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), which have strong hydrophobicity, pose a higher ecological risk for the soil environment than other OPEs. Further, the hydrolysis, indirect photolysis, and biodegradation of OPEs in the soil environment may be affected by the soil pH, organic acid, dissolved metals and metal oxides, active oxygen species, and microorganisms significantly. Besides that, the human exposure risks of OPEs from the soil are limited compared to those via indoor dust and food ingestion pathways. Finally, this study identifies the knowledge gaps and generated the future perspectives of the OPEs in soil.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yu Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China.
| | - Chong Zhang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yiming Yao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Lei Wang
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Hongwen Sun
- MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin, 300350, China
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Zhu M, Yuan Y, Yin H, Guo Z, Wei X, Qi X, Liu H, Dang Z. Environmental contamination and human exposure of polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in China: A review. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2022; 805:150270. [PMID: 34536863 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.150270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2021] [Revised: 09/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/07/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), together with 11 other organic compounds, were initially listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention because of their potential threat to ecosystems and humans. In China, many monitoring studies have been undertaken to reveal the level of PCBs in environment since 2005 due to the introduced stricter environmental regulations. However, there are still significant gaps in understanding the overall spatial and temporal distributions of PCBs in China. This review systematically discusses the occurrence and distribution of PCBs in environmental matrices, organisms, and humans in China. Results showed that PCB contamination in northern and southern China was not significantly different, but the PCB levels in East China were commonly higher than those in West China, which might have been due to the widespread consumption of PCBs and intensive human activities in East China. Serious PCB contamination was found in e-waste disassembling areas (e.g., Taizhou of Zhejiang Province and Qingyuan and Guiyu of Guangdong Province). Higher PCB concentrations were also chronicled in megalopolises and industrial clusters. The unintentionally produced PCBs (UP-PCBs) formed during industrial thermal processes may play an increasingly significant role in PCB pollution in China. Low PCB levels were recorded in rural and underdeveloped districts, particularly in remote and high-altitude localities such as the Tibetan Plateau and the South China Sea. However, these data are limited. Human exposure to PCBs is closely related to the characteristics of environmental pollution. This review also discusses existing issues and future research prospects on PCBs in China. For instance, the accumulation characteristics and migration regularities of PCBs in food webs should be further studied. More investigations should be undertaken to assess the quantitative relationship between external and internal exposure to PCBs. For example, bioaccessibility and bioavailability studies should be supplemented to evaluate human health risks more accurately.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minghan Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Yibo Yuan
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hua Yin
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China.
| | - Zhanyu Guo
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xipeng Wei
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Qi
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Hang Liu
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhi Dang
- Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education on Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Solid Wastes Pollution Control and Recycling, School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, Guangdong, China
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13
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Chen Y, Chen Q, Zhang Q, Zuo C, Shi H. An Overview of Chemical Additives on (Micro)Plastic Fibers: Occurrence, Release, and Health Risks. REVIEWS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2022; 260:22. [PMCID: PMC9748405 DOI: 10.1007/s44169-022-00023-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 12/02/2022] [Indexed: 07/21/2023]
Abstract
Plastic fibers are ubiquitous in daily life with additives incorporated to improve their performance. Only a few restrictions exist for a paucity of common additives, while most of the additives used in textile industry have not been clearly regulated with threshold limits. The production of synthetic fibers, which can shed fibrous microplastics easily (< 5 mm) through mechanical abrasion and weathering, is increasing annually. These fibrous microplastics have become the main composition of microplastics in the environment. This review focuses on additives on synthetic fibers; we summarized the detection methods of additives, compared concentrations of different additive types (plasticizers, flame retardants, antioxidants, and surfactants) on (micro)plastic fibers, and analyzed their release and exposure pathways to environment and human beings. Our prediction shows that the amounts of predominant additives (phthalates, organophosphate esters, bisphenols, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances, and nonylphenol ethoxylates) released from clothing microplastic fibers (MFs) are estimated to reach 35, 10, 553, 0.4, and 568 ton/year to water worldwide, respectively; and 119, 35, 1911, 1.4, and 1965 ton/year to air, respectively. Human exposure to MF additives via inhalation is estimated to be up to 4.5–6440 µg/person annually for the above five additives, and via ingestion 0.1–204 µg/person. Notably, the release of additives from face masks is nonnegligible that annual human exposure to phthalates, organophosphate esters, per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances from masks via inhalation is approximately 491–1820 µg/person. This review helps understand the environmental fate and potential risks of released additives from (micro)plastic fibers, with a view to providing a basis for future research and policy designation of textile additives.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuye Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Qiqing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
- Yangtze Delta Estuarine Wetland Ecosystem Observation and Research Station, Ministry of Education & Shanghai Science and Technology Committee, Shanghai, China
| | - Qun Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Chencheng Zuo
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
| | - Huahong Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Estuarine and Coastal Research, East China Normal University, Shanghai, 200241 China
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He H, Li Y, Shen R, Shim H, Zeng Y, Zhao S, Lu Q, Mai B, Wang S. Environmental occurrence and remediation of emerging organohalides: A review. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2021; 290:118060. [PMID: 34479159 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2021] [Revised: 08/02/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
As replacements for "old" organohalides, such as polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), "new" organohalides have been developed, including decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE), short-chain chlorinated paraffins (SCCPs), and perfluorobutyrate (PFBA). In the past decade, these emerging organohalides (EOHs) have been extensively produced as industrial and consumer products, resulting in their widespread environmental distribution. This review comprehensively summarizes the environmental occurrence and remediation methods for typical EOHs. Based on the data collected from 2015 to 2021, these EOHs are widespread in both abiotic (e.g., dust, air, soil, sediment, and water) and biotic (e.g., bird, fish, and human serum) matrices. A significant positive correlation was found between the estimated annual production amounts of EOHs and their environmental contamination levels, suggesting the prohibition of both production and usage of EOHs as a critical pollution-source control strategy. The strengths and weaknesses, as well as the future prospects of up-to-date remediation techniques, such as photodegradation, chemical oxidation, and biodegradation, are critically discussed. Of these remediation techniques, microbial reductive dehalogenation represents a promising in situ remediation method for removal of EOHs, such as perfluoroalkyl and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) and halogenated flame retardants (HFRs).
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Affiliation(s)
- Haozheng He
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Yiyang Li
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Rui Shen
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
| | - Hojae Shim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Macau, Macau SAR, 999078, China
| | - Yanhong Zeng
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Siyan Zhao
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nanjing Tech University, Nanjing, 211816, China
| | - Qihong Lu
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China; State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Bixian Mai
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry and Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Protection and Resources Utilization, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Shanquan Wang
- Environmental Microbiomics Research Center, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (Zhuhai), Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510006, China
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15
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Wang Y, Hong J, Shi M, Guo L, Liu L, Tang H, Liu X. Triphenyl phosphate disturbs the lipidome and induces endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis in JEG-3 cells. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 275:129978. [PMID: 33662732 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Revised: 01/31/2021] [Accepted: 02/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Triphenyl phosphate (TPP) is a frequently used aryl organophosphate flame retardant. Epidemiological studies have shown that TPP and its metabolite diphenyl phosphate (DPP) can accumulate in the placenta, and positively correlated with abnormal birth outcomes. TPP can disturb placental hormone secretion through the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) pathway. However, the extent and mechanism of placental toxicity mediation by TPP remains unknown. In this study, we used JEG-3 cells to investigate the role of PPARγ-regulated lipid metabolism in TPP-mediated placental toxicity. The results of lipidomic analysis showed that TPP increased the production of triglycerides (TG), fatty acids (FAs), and phosphatidic acid (PA), but decreased the levels of phosphatidylethanol (PE), phosphatidylserine (PS), and sphingomyelin (SM). TG accumulation was accompanied by increased levels of sterol regulatory element binding transcription factor 1 (SREBP1), acetyl-coA carboxylase (ACC), and fatty acid transport protein (CD36). Although PPARγ and its target CCAAT/enhancer binding proteins (C/EBPα) was decreased, the TG content and gene expression of SREBP1, ACC, and CD36 decreased when TPP was co-exposed to the PPARγ antagonist GW9662. TPP also induced inflammatory responses, endoplasmic reticulum stress (ERS), and cell apoptosis. Expression of genes related to ERS and apoptosis were attenuated by GW9662. Together, these results show that TPP can disturb lipid metabolism and cause lipid accumulation through PPARγ, induce ERS, and cell apoptosis. Our findings reveal that the developmental toxicity of TPP through placental toxicity should not be ignored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Wang
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 523-808, China
| | - Jiabin Hong
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 523-808, China
| | - Ming Shi
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 523-808, China
| | - Lianxian Guo
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 523-808, China
| | - Linhua Liu
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 523-808, China
| | - Huanwen Tang
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 523-808, China.
| | - Xiaoshan Liu
- School of Public Health, Dongguan Key Laboratory of Environmental Medicine, Guangdong Medical University, Guangdong, 523-808, China.
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16
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Ohoro CR, Adeniji AO, Okoh AI, Okoh OO. Polybrominated diphenyl ethers in the environmental systems: a review. JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE & ENGINEERING 2021; 19:1229-1247. [PMID: 34150307 PMCID: PMC8172818 DOI: 10.1007/s40201-021-00656-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
PBDEs are human-influenced chemicals utilized massively as flame retardants. They are environmentally persistent, not easily degraded, bioaccumulate in the biological tissue of organisms, and bio-magnify across the food web. They can travel over a long distance, with air and water being their possible transport media. They can be transferred to non-target organisms by inhalation, oral ingestion, breastfeeding, or dermal contact. These pollutants adsorb easily to solid matrices due to their lipophilicity and hydrophobicity; thus, sediments from rivers, lakes, estuaries, and ocean are becoming their major reservoirs aquatic environments. They have low acute toxicity, but the effects of interfering with the thyroid hormone metabolism in the endocrine system are long term. Many congeners of PBDEs are considered to pose a danger to humans and the aquatic environment. They have shown the possibility of causing many undesirable effects, together with neurologic, immunological, and reproductive disruptions and possible carcinogenicity in humans. PBDEs have been detected in small amounts in biological samples, including hair, human semen, blood, urine, and breastmilk, and environmental samples such as sediment, soil, sewage sludge, air, biota, fish, mussels, surface water, and wastewater. The congeners prevailing in environmental samples, with soil being the essential matrix, are BDE 47, 99, and 100. BDE 28, 47, 99, 100, 153, 154, and 183 are more frequently detected in human tissues, whereas in sediment and soil, BDE 100 and 183 predominate. Generally, BDE 153 and 154 appear very often across different matrices. However, BDE 209 seems not frequently determined, owing to its tendency to quickly breakdown into smaller congeners. This paper carried out an overview of PBDEs in the environmental, human, and biota niches with their characteristics, physicochemical properties, and fate in the environment, human exposure, and health effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chinemerem Ruth Ohoro
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Abiodun Olagoke Adeniji
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
| | - Anthony Ifeanyi Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Applied and Environmental Microbiology Research Group, Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, College of Health Sciences, University of Sharjah, Sharjah, United Arab Emirates
| | - Omobola Oluranti Okoh
- SAMRC Microbial Water Quality Monitoring Centre, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
- Department of Pure and Applied Chemistry, University of Fort Hare, Alice, 5700 South Africa
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17
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Pasecnaja E, Perkons I, Bartkevics V, Zacs D. Legacy and alternative brominated, chlorinated, and organophosphorus flame retardants in indoor dust-levels, composition profiles, and human exposure in Latvia. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2021; 28:25493-25502. [PMID: 33462688 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-021-12374-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2020] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Flame retardants (FRs) are additives used in consumer products to reduce flammability, even though they can easily contaminate the indoor environment. Since it is common for people in modern cities to spend up to 85% of time indoors, the quality of the indoor environment is critical for human health. In this study, polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), emerging brominated flame retardants (EBFRs), and dechlorane-related compounds (DRCs) were measured in household dust samples (n = 34) from Latvia, followed by human exposure assessment. Among all studied compounds, OPFRs showed the highest concentrations (1380-133,000 ng g-1). Despite the phase-out of PBDEs, they were the second most significant flame retardants in the studied dust samples (468-25,500 ng g-1) and the predominant compound was BDE-209. The concentrations of EBFRs were in the range of 120-7295 ng g-1, with the most abundant contaminant being DBDPE, which is widely used as a substitute for the deca-BDE formulation. DRCs were the least common flame retardants in the Latvian indoor environments, with concentrations ranging 22.4-192 ng g-1. Although the concentrations of specific FRs are known to vary between different countries, the levels and patterns observed in dust samples from Latvia were similar to those reported from Central Europe. Human exposure was evaluated as the estimated daily intake (EDI). The calculated exposure to most of the FRs was several orders of magnitude lower than the available reference dose (RfD) values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elina Pasecnaja
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia.
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia.
| | - Ingus Perkons
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Vadims Bartkevics
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
- University of Latvia, Jelgavas street 1, Riga, LV-1004, Latvia
| | - Dzintars Zacs
- Institute of Food Safety, Animal Health and Environment "BIOR", Lejupes street 3, Riga, LV-1076, Latvia
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18
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Hou M, Shi Y, Na G, Cai Y. A review of organophosphate esters in indoor dust, air, hand wipes and silicone wristbands: Implications for human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2021; 146:106261. [PMID: 33395927 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2020.106261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
The ubiquity of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in various environmental matrices inevitably pose human exposure risks. Numerous studies have investigated human exposure pathways to OPEs, including air inhalation, dust ingestion, dermal contact, and dietary and drinking water intake, and have indicated that indoor dust and indoor air routes are frequently the two main human exposure pathways. This article reviews the literature on OPE contamination in indoor air and dust from various microenvironments and on OPE particle size distributions and bioavailability in dust conducted over the past 10 years. Ways in which sampling strategies are related to the uncertainty of exposure assessment results and comparability among different studies in terms of sampling tools, sampling sites, and sample types are addressed. Also, the associations of OPEs in indoor dust/air with human biological samples were summarized. Studies on two emerging matrices, hand wipes and silicone wristbands, are demonstrated to be more comprehensive and accurate in reflecting personal human exposure to OPEs in microenvironments and are summarized. Given the direct application of some diester OPEs (di-OPEs) in numerous products, research on their existence in indoor dust and food and on their effects on human urine are also discussed. Finally, related research trends and avenues for future research are prospected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Minmin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yali Shi
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guangshui Na
- National Marine Environmental Monitoring Center, Dalian 116023, China
| | - Yaqi Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Science, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100083, China; School of Environment, Hangzhou Institute for Advanced Study, UCAS, Hangzhou 310024, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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19
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Chen Y, Liu Q, Ma J, Yang S, Wu Y, An Y. A review on organophosphate flame retardants in indoor dust from China: Implications for human exposure. CHEMOSPHERE 2020; 260:127633. [PMID: 32683015 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.127633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the status of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in indoor dust in China, published scientific studies were systematically collected and analyzed. The analysis revealed large variations among microenvironments, including offices (median: 14.59 μg/g) and e-waste workshops (median: 13.36 μg/g), with high levels of OPFRs contamination. Chlorinated organophosphate ester flame retardants (Cl-OPFRs) were the dominant OPFRs (52-75%) in most indoor dust samples; however, in e-waste workshops, aryl- and alkyl-OPFRs were the most abundant. As an alternative flame retardant to polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), OPFRs concentrations have increased in recent years in indoor environments in China. Urban sources are of greatest concern: Shanghai (mean: 13.54 μg/g), Guangzhou (mean: 10.76 μg/g), and Beijing (mean: 9.37 μg/g) have high ΣOPFRs contamination levels in indoor dust. Compared to other countries, the OPFRs concentrations in indoor dust in all studied microenvironments from China (median: 8.81 μg/g) were low. The estimated daily intakes of ΣOPFRs by dust ingestion for adults and children were 2.12 and 11.06 ng/kg/body weight/day (average), respectively. Human exposure to OPFRs through the accidental intake of indoor dust does not pose a direct health risk to the Chinese population. However, indoor dust ingestion is an important route for human exposure to OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yixiang Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
| | - Qiyuan Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China; School of Earth Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China
| | - Jin Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China.
| | - Shuhui Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yihang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Criteria and Risk Assessment, Chinese Research Academy of Environmental Sciences, Beijing 100012, China
| | - Yanfei An
- School of Resources and Environmental Engineering, Anhui University, Hefei 230000, China
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20
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Sun Y, Guo JQ, Liu LY, Sverko E, Zhang Z, Tian CG, Huo CY, Li HL, Ma WL, Zhang ZF, Song WW, Li YF, Wang L. Seasonal variation and influence factors of organophosphate esters in air particulate matter of a northeastern Chinese test home. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 740:140048. [PMID: 32559539 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.140048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2020] [Revised: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
To investigate the seasonal variation of organophosphate esters (OPEs) in air particulate matter (PM) and the corresponding influence factors in indoor environment, 104 indoor PM samples were collected in a test home, Harbin, China, from March 2017 to March 2018. The Σ12OPEs concentrations ranged from 0.41 ng/m3 to 940 ng/m3. Tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP) was the most abundant OPE and accounted for 83.2% of the total OPEs. The Σ12OPEs concentrations in spring and summer were higher than those in autumn and winter. Outdoor total suspended particles (TSP) were the main factor that affected the concentration variation of OPEs in PM samples in the test home. Comparisons of the gas/particle (G/P) partitioning equilibrium models indicated that the Dachs-Eisenreich (D-E) model estimates were more reliable than the other models in this study. The particle fractions of OPEs with log KOA > 10.51 that predicted by all four models generally well matched the measured OPE particle fractions in the literatures. To OPEs with lower molecular weight, inhalation was the main exposure route and ingestion contributed mostly to OPEs with higher molecular weight. In addition, the estimated daily intakes (EDIs) and carcinogenic risks (CRs) posed by OPEs were all below the recommended values, indicating that the current OPE levels in the test home were within the safe thresholds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Sun
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Jia-Qi Guo
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Li-Yan Liu
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China.
| | - Ed Sverko
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Zhi Zhang
- College of Agricultural Resource and Environment, Heilongjiang University, Harbin 150080, China
| | - Chong-Guo Tian
- Key Laboratory of Coastal Environmental Processes and Ecological Remediation, Yantai Institute of Coastal Zone Research, CAS, Yantai 264003, China
| | - Chun-Yan Huo
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Hai-Ling Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wan-Li Ma
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Zi-Feng Zhang
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Wei-Wei Song
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China
| | - Yi-Fan Li
- International Joint Research Center for Persistent Toxic Substances (IJRC-PTS)/International Joint Research Center for Arctic Environment and Ecosystem (IJRC-AEE), State Key Laboratory of Urban Water Resource and Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China; University Corporation for Polar Research, Beijing 100875, China; IJRC-PTS-NA, Toronto M2N 6X9, Canada
| | - Li Wang
- School of Environment, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin 150090, China
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21
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Maddela NR, Venkateswarlu K, Megharaj M. Tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, a pervasive flame retardant: critical perspective on its emissions into the environment and human toxicity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE. PROCESSES & IMPACTS 2020; 22:1809-1827. [PMID: 32760963 DOI: 10.1039/d0em00222d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Regulations and the voluntary activities of manufacturers have led to a market shift in the use of flame retardants (FRs). Accordingly, organophosphate ester flame retardants (OPFRs) have emerged as a replacement for polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs). One of the widely used OPFRs is tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), the considerable usage of which has reached 1.0 Mt globally. High concentrations of TCEP in indoor dust (∼2.0 × 105 ng g-1), its detection in nearly all foodstuffs (max. concentration of ∼30-300 ng g-1 or ng L-1), human body burden, and toxicological properties as revealed by meta-analysis make TCEP hard to distinguish from traditional FRs, and this situation requires researchers to rethink whether or not TCEP is an appropriate choice as a new FR. However, there are many unresolved issues, which may impede global health agencies in framing stringent regulations and manufacturers considering the meticulous use of TCEP. Therefore, the aim of the present review is to highlight the factors that influence TCEP emissions from its sources, its bioaccessibility, threat of trophic transfer, and toxicogenomics in order to provide better insight into its emergence as an FR. Finally, remediation strategies for dealing with TCEP emissions, and future research directions are addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naga Raju Maddela
- Instituto de Investigación, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador and Facultad la Ciencias la Salud, Universidad Técnica de Manabí, Portoviejo, 130105, Ecuador
| | - Kadiyala Venkateswarlu
- Formerly Department of Microbiology, Sri Krishnadevaraya University, Anantapuramu 515003, India
| | - Mallavarapu Megharaj
- Global Centre for Environmental Remediation (GCER), Cooperative Research Centre for Contamination Assessment and Remediation of the Environment (CRC CARE), Faculty of Science, The University of Newcastle, ATC Building, University Drive, Callaghan, NSW 2308, Australia.
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22
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Wang X, Zhu Q, Yan X, Wang Y, Liao C, Jiang G. A review of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in the environment: Analysis, occurrence and risk assessment. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 731:139071. [PMID: 32438088 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.139071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2020] [Accepted: 04/26/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used as additives in flame retardants and plasticizers. Due to phase out of several congeners of polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), the application of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) is continuously increasing over the years. As a consequence, large amounts of OPEs enter the environment. Sewage and solid waste (especially e-waste) treatment plants are the important sources of OPEs released to the environment. Other sources include emissions of OPE-containing materials and vehicle fuel into the atmosphere. OPEs are widely detected in air, dust, water, soil, sediment and sludge. To know the pollution situation of OPEs, a variety of methods on their pretreatment and determination have been developed. We discussed and compared the analytical methods of OPEs, including extraction, purification as well as GC- and LC-based determination techniques. Much attention has been paid to OPEs because some of them are recognized highly toxic to biota, and the toxicological investigations of the most concerned OPEs were summarized. Risk assessments showed that the aquatic and benthic environments in some regions are under considerable ecological risks of OPEs. Finally, we pointed out problems in the current studies on OPEs and provided some suggestions for future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qingqing Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Xueting Yan
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Yawei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
| | - Chunyang Liao
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; College of Resources and Environment, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Environment and Health, Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430056, China
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23
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Nakayama A, Hattori T, Isobe A, Kobayashi S, Suzuki G, Takigami H, Kawaguchi M. The effects of 28-day early-life exposure to triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) on odor preference and sexual behavior in female rats. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1614-1621. [PMID: 32567707 PMCID: PMC7687172 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2019] [Revised: 05/04/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Many chemical substances are detectable in house dust, and they are consequently taken into our bodies via the mouth and nose. Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP), a flame retardant that has an estrogen‐like effect in vitro, is present in house dust at high concentrations. Estrogen exposure during development has significant influences on reproductive behavior in rodents, and its effects persist until maturity. In the present study, we investigated the effect of early life exposure to TPhP on the reproductive behavior of female rats. Oral treatment with TPhP (25 or 250 mg/kg), ethinyl estradiol (EE; 15 μg/kg) as a positive control, or sesame oil as a negative control, were given to female rats (from birth to 28 days of age). The 8‐week‐old rats were bilaterally ovariectomized. At 12–15 weeks of age, the rats were subjected to odor preference and sexual behavior tests. In the odor preference test, the oil group showed significantly higher preference for male odor than female odor, but the low‐dose TPhP treatment group lost the preference for male odor, indicating a possible outcome of early life TPhP exposure on sexual recognition. In the sexual behavior test, both the EE and TPhP treatment groups displayed significantly less proceptive behavior. These results suggest that early life exposure to TPhP disturbs the normal sexual behavior of female rats. Triphenyl phosphate (TPhP) is a flame retardant detected in house dust at high concentrations. TPhP exhibits estrogenic effect in vitro; however, its effect remains unclear in vivo. We examined the effects of early life exposure to low (25 mg/kg) and high (250 mg/kg) doses of TPhP in female rats on reproductive behavior. In the case of sexual behavior, TPhP significantly reduced proceptive behavior. This study showed that early life exposure to TPhP disturbs the normal sexual behavior of female rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Airi Nakayama
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Tatsuya Hattori
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.,Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Anna Isobe
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Shohei Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.,Organization for the Strategic Coordination of Research and Intellectual Property, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
| | - Go Suzuki
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Hidetaka Takigami
- Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Ibaraki, Japan
| | - Maiko Kawaguchi
- Laboratory of Animal Behavior and Environmental Science, Graduate School of Agriculture, Meiji University, Kawasaki, Kanagawa, Japan
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24
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Yanagisawa R, Koike E, Win-Shwe TT, Kawaguchi M, Takano H. The impact of oral exposure to low-dose tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate in allergic asthmatic mice. J Appl Toxicol 2020; 40:1498-1510. [PMID: 32497324 DOI: 10.1002/jat.4001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Revised: 04/29/2020] [Accepted: 04/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBEP) is a major organophosphorus flame retardant and has been widely increasing as a substitute for brominated flame retardants. TBEP may have adverse effects on human health; however, its impact on immune and allergic responses remains largely uncharacterized. In this study, the effects of low-dose TBEP comparable with the level of actual human exposure to that of human tolerable daily intake on allergic asthmatic mice were explored. Five-week-old C3H/HeJSlc male mice consumed a diet containing approximately 0.02, 0.2 or 2 μg/kg/day TBEP and were intratracheally administrated ovalbumin (OVA) (1 μg/mouse every 2 weeks from 5 to 11 weeks of age). Exposure to 2 μg/kg/day TBEP with OVA tended to enhance allergic pulmonary inflammation and significantly elevated mRNA levels of interleukin-5, eotaxin-1 and estrogen receptor alpha (ERα) compared with OVA alone. In mediastinal lymph nodes (MLNs), TBEP (0.2 or 2 μg/kg/day) with OVA significantly increased in total cell number and promoted conventional dendritic cell activation than OVA alone; MLN cell proliferation by OVA restimulation was also enhanced in these groups. In the bone marrow (BM), TBEP (0.02 or 0.2 μg/kg/day) with OVA resulted in a net decrease in total cell number and fraction of CCR2+ Gr-1+ cells; the fraction of Gr-1+ cells increased. In conclusion, oral exposure to low-dose TBEP levels equivalent to tolerable daily intake may exacerbate allergic pulmonary inflammation by promoting a skewed T-helper 2 cell response, upregulation of ERα and dysregulation of both MLN and BM microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rie Yanagisawa
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Eiko Koike
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Tin-Tin Win-Shwe
- Center for Health and Environmental Risk Research, National Institute for Environmental Studies, Tsukuba, Japan
| | | | - Hirohisa Takano
- Graduate School of Global Environmental Studies, Kyoto, Japan
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25
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Wang L, Huang X, Laserna AKC, Li SFY. Metabolomics reveals that tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) causes disruption of membrane lipids in microalga Scenedesmus obliquus. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2020; 708:134498. [PMID: 31796289 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.134498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 09/15/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl)phosphate (TDCPP) is one of the most widely used organophosphate ester flame retardants. The presence of TDCPP in surface waters and aquatic organisms have been reported worldwide, yet the ecological risk of TDCPP on microalgae is rarely studied. We investigated the biotransformation of TDCPP and its toxicity on the microalga Scenedesmus obliquus using an untargeted metabolomics approach. Exposure to TDCPP resulted in a dose-response decrease of micoalgal biomass. In the presence of microalgae, TDCPP concentration in the media decreased by 25.3-40.6% after 5 days. TDCPP metabolites were identified in the media including hydrolysis and hydroxyl-substituted dechlorination products. A dose-response separation of metabolic profiles of microalgae was observed, with effect seen at the lowest concentration of 10 µg/L tested, which is slightly higher than environmentally relevant concentrations. Differentiated metabolites identified include 52 lipids and 6 polar metabolites. Analysis of altered lipid pathways suggests that microalgal cells reinforce thylakoid membranes (function to protect photosynthesis) by compromising the integrity of plasma membrane (function to protect cellular substances) and extraplastidial cellular membranes. Changes in the polar metabolites might indicate osmotic stress and improved NO signaling after TDCPP exposure. Consistent with perturbation of membrane lipids, further experiment confirmed that exposure to 10 mg/L TDCPP resulted in significant (p < 0.01) plasma membrane damage. This study indicates biotransformation and the membrane damage toxicity mechanism of TDCPP on S. obliquus, demonstrating the usefulness of metabolomics for the toxicity mechanism elucidation of emerging pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore; MOE Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100871, China
| | - Xulei Huang
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore
| | | | - Sam Fong Yau Li
- Department of Chemistry, National University of Singapore, 3 Science Drive 3, Singapore; NUS Environmental Research Institute (NERI), #02-01, T-Lab Building (TL), 5A Engineering Drive 1, Singapore 117411, Singapore.
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26
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Watanabe M, Noguchi M, Hashimoto T, Yoshida S. [Adsorption of Airbone Organophosphorus Flame Retardants on Polished Rice Stored in a House]. Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 2020; 60:159-167. [PMID: 31969535 DOI: 10.3358/shokueishi.60.159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In order to clarify the actual situation of indoor pollution to polished rice with organophosphorus flame retardants (PFRs) which are ubiquitous in the indoor environment, the pollution of PFRs to polished rice stored in a house for a week was investigated. The survey covered 64 ordinary families in the Osaka region. We analyzed six typical PFRs in 37 rice samples in 2015, and ten typical PFRs in 27 rice samples in 2016. Polished rice was homogenized with acetone-hexane and defatted by hexane-acetonitrile partition. Quantitative analysis for PFRs was performed by GC-FPD. The detection frequency of PFRs in the rice samples was 35/37 in 2015 and 27/27 in 2016. The highest values were 160 ng/g for TCEP, 500 ng/g for TCIPP and 430 ng/g for TBEP. The concentration ratio of each detected PFR in the polished rice samples was different in each house. In the analysis of 16 polished rice samples which were stored in the home, PFRs were detected in ten samples regardless of the storage methods. PFRs were detected from 12 out of 16 commercial brown rice samples. This result suggested that they were polluted during distribution and storage process of them.
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Affiliation(s)
- Misaki Watanabe
- Food Science and Nutrition Major, Graduate School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Mikako Noguchi
- Food Science and Nutrition Major, Graduate School of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Tamiko Hashimoto
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
| | - Seisaku Yoshida
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Environmental Sciences, Mukogawa Women's University
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27
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Li W, Wang Y, Asimakopoulos AG, Covaci A, Gevao B, Johnson-Restrepo B, Kumosani TA, Malarvannan G, Moon HB, Nakata H, Sinha RK, Tran TM, Kannan K. Organophosphate esters in indoor dust from 12 countries: Concentrations, composition profiles, and human exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 133:105178. [PMID: 31648162 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 09/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
A total of 20 organophosphate triesters (OPEs), including seven alkyl-OPEs, three chlorinated (Cl)-OPEs, seven aryl-OPEs, and three oligomeric-OPEs were measured in 341 house dust samples collected from 12 countries during the period 2010-2014. OPEs were ubiquitous in indoor dust, and the total concentrations of OPEs (∑OPEs; sum of 20 OPEs) ranged from 49.4 to 249,000 ng/g dry weight (dw). Generally, Cl-OPEs were the predominant compounds (51% of total) in indoor dust samples, with a median concentration of 800 ng/g, followed by alkyl-OPEs (31%), aryl-OPEs (17%), and oligomeric-OPEs (1%), with median concentrations of 480, 270, and 21.9 ng/g, respectively. ∑OPE concentrations in indoor dust from more industrialized countries (South Korea: median, 31,300; Japan: 29,800; and the United States: 26,500 ng/g dw) were one or two orders of magnitude higher than those from less industrialized countries (Greece: 7140, Saudi Arabia: 5310, Kuwait: 4420, Romania: 4110, Vietnam: 1190, China: 1120, Colombia: 374, India: 276, and Pakistan: 138 ng/g dw). Statistically significant positive correlations (0.114 < r < 0.748, p < 0.05) were found among the concentrations of 16 OPEs in dust samples, indicating similar sources of these compounds. The median estimated daily intakes of ΣOPEs via dust ingestion for children and adults were in the ranges of 0.29-64.8 and 0.07-14.9 ng/kg bw/day, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; MOE Key Laboratory of Pollution Processes and Environmental Criteria, College of Environmental Science and Engineering, Nankai University, Tianjin 300350, China
| | - Alexandros G Asimakopoulos
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Department of Chemistry, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Bondi Gevao
- Environmental Management Program, Environment and Life Sciences Center, Kuwait Institute for Scientific Research, P.O. Box 24885, Safat 13109, Kuwait
| | - Boris Johnson-Restrepo
- Environmental and Chemistry Group, Sede San Pablo, University of Cartagena, Cartagena, Bolívar 130015, Colombia
| | - Taha A Kumosani
- Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Govindan Malarvannan
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Hyo-Bang Moon
- Department of Marine Sciences and Convergent Technology, College of Science and Technology, Hanyang University, Ansan, South Korea
| | - Haruhiko Nakata
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kumamoto University, 2-39-1 Kurokami, Kumamoto 860-8555, Japan
| | | | - Tri Manh Tran
- Faculty of Chemistry, Hanoi University of Science, Vietnam National University, Hanoi, Le Thanh Tong, Hoan Kiem, Hanoi, Viet Nam
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Biochemistry Department, Faculty of Science, Experimental Biochemistry Unit, King Fahd Medical Research Center and Bioactive Natural Products Research Group, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia.
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28
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Hu W, Jia Y, Kang Q, Peng H, Ma H, Zhang S, Hiromori Y, Kimura T, Nakanishi T, Zheng L, Qiu Y, Zhang Z, Wan Y, Hu J. Screening of House Dust from Chinese Homes for Chemicals with Liver X Receptors Binding Activities and Characterization of Atherosclerotic Activity Using an in Vitro Macrophage Cell Line and ApoE-/- Mice. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2019; 127:117003. [PMID: 31724879 PMCID: PMC6927504 DOI: 10.1289/ehp5039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Accepted: 10/23/2019] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease has become the leading cause of death worldwide, and environmental pollutants are increasingly recognized as risk factors for atherosclerosis. Liver X receptors (LXRs) play a central role in atherosclerosis; however, LXR activity of organic pollutants and associated potential risk of atherosclerosis have not yet been characterized. OBJECTIVES This study aimed to explore whether LXR-antagonistic chemicals are present in indoor house dust and, if so, to characterize this activity in relation to changes in macrophages in vitro and cardiovascular disease indicators in vivo in an atherosclerosis ApoE-/- mouse model. METHODS We used a His-LXRα-pull-down assay and a nontarget high-resolution mass spectrometry method to screen house dust collected from Chinese homes for LXRα- and LXRβ-antagonist activity. A chemical identified in this manner was assessed for its ability to induce cholesterol efflux and foam cell formation in RAW264.7 macrophages, to down-regulate the expression of two LXR-dependent genes, ABCA1 and ABCG1, and finally to induce atherosclerotic lesions in vivo using an ApoE-/- mouse model. RESULTS We identified the flame retardants triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) and 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) in house dust samples and demonstrated their ability to antagonize LXRs. The potency of TPHP was similar to that of the LXR-antagonist SR9238. TPHP could also inhibit cholesterol efflux and promote foam cell formation in RAW264.7 macrophages and mouse peritoneal macrophages and significantly promoted atherosclerotic lesion formation in the ApoE-/- mouse model. CONCLUSIONS We found LXR-antagonist chemicals in environmental samples of indoor dust from Chinese homes. One of the chemicals, TPHP, was able to promote the development of atherosclerotic lesions in the ApoE-/- mouse model. These results highlight the need to assess the LXR-antagonist activities of pollutants in future environmental management programs. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP5039.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenxin Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yingting Jia
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Qiyue Kang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Peng
- Department of Chemistry, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Haojia Ma
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Shiyi Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Youhei Hiromori
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Suzuka University of Medical Science, Suzuka, Mie, Japan
| | - Tomoki Kimura
- Department of Life Science, Faculty of Science and Engineering, Setsunan University, Ikedanakamachi, Neyagawa, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Nakanishi
- Laboratory of Hygienic Chemistry and Molecular Toxicology, Gifu Pharmaceutical University, Gifu, Gifu, Japan
| | - Lemin Zheng
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yifu Qiu
- Institute of Molecular Medicine, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Zhaobin Zhang
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Yi Wan
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
| | - Jianying Hu
- Laboratory for Earth Surface Processes, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Peking University, Beijing, China
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29
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Guan Q, Tan H, Yang L, Liu X, Fiedler H, Li X, Chen D. Isopropylated and tert-butylated triarylphosphate isomers in house dust from South China and Midwestern United States. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 686:1113-1119. [PMID: 31412507 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2019] [Revised: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
In the present study we determined the concentrations and compositions of a suite of isopropylated and tert-butylated triarylphosphate ester (ITP and TBPP) isomers in house dust from the city of Guangzhou located in South China and the city of Carbondale in Midwestern United States. These two groups of organophosphate esters (OPE) are structurally analogous to triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), but have rarely been investigated for environmental occurrences and human exposure risks. The majority of target ITP and TBPP isomers were 100% detected in house dust from the two locations. Median concentrations of ΣITPs (including all ITP isomers) and ΣTBPPs (including all TBPP isomers) were 63.4 ng/g (range: 16.0-500 ng/g) and 35.4 ng/g (8.1-198 ng/g) in South China house dust, respectively, compared with 476 ng/g (140-1610 ng/g) for ΣITPs and 81.3 ng/g (35.2-800 ng/g) for ΣTBPPs in Midwestern U.S. dust. The profiles of ITP or TBPP isomers were similar between the two locations and were dominated by 2-isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (2IPPDPP) and 4-tert-butylphenyl diphenyl phosphate (4tBPDPP), respectively. Although the levels of ΣITPs and ΣTBPPs were generally one order of magnitude lower than those of TPHP in the same dust samples, the broad occurrences of most of these isomers in house dust from the two locations likely suggest their wide applications in household consumer products. Estimated intakes of ΣITPs and ΣTBPPs via dust ingestion were generally three orders of magnitude lower than the reference dose proposed for TPHP. However, these emerging OPE chemicals merit continuous environmental surveillance, given their possible applications as specific commercial mixtures or as components/impurities in other flame retardant/plasticizer mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxia Guan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Hongli Tan
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Liu Yang
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Xiaotu Liu
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Heidelore Fiedler
- MTM Research Centre, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Xue Li
- Institute of Mass Spectrometer and Atmospheric Environment, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China
| | - Da Chen
- School of Environment, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Health, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.
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Li W, Wang Y, Kannan K. Occurrence, distribution and human exposure to 20 organophosphate esters in air, soil, pine needles, river water, and dust samples collected around an airport in New York state, United States. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:105054. [PMID: 31365894 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.105054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPEs) are used in aircraft lubricating oil and hydraulic fluids, and, thus, airplane emissions are thought to be an important source of these chemicals in the environment. In this study, concentrations of 20 OPEs, comprising seven alkyl-OPEs, three chlorinated (Cl)-OPEs, seven aryl-OPEs, and three oligomeric-OPEs, were determined in outdoor air, soil, pine needles, river water, and outdoor dust samples collected around an airport in Albany, New York, in 2018. Elevated ∑OPE concentrations were found in outdoor air, soil, pine needles, outdoor dust, and river water in the ranges of 1320-20,700 pg/m3 (median: 3880), 1.16-73.1 (14.3) ng/g dry weight (dw), 23.2-534 (102) ng/g (dw), 153-2140 (824) ng/g (dw), and 174-24,600 (1250) ng/L, respectively. The total OPE concentrations in air, soil, water, and outdoor dust samples in the study area were dominated by Cl-OPEs, whereas those in pine needles were dominated by aryl-OPEs. The spatial distribution of OPEs in air, soil, and pine needles showed a gradual decreasing trend with increasing distance from the airport. A significant correlation was observed between ∑OPE concentrations in air and soil, and the fugacity ratio showed the flux of OPEs from air to soil. The spatial distribution of OPEs between air and pine needles was similar and highly correlated, suggesting that pine needles are suitable indicators of atmospheric OPE concentrations. In addition to urban activities, aircraft hydraulic/lubricant oils are a major source of OPEs in the vicinity of the airport. The average daily intake of OPEs via air inhalation and outdoor dust ingestion in the vicinity of the airport was up to 1.53 ng/kg bw/day for children and 0.73 ng/kg bw/day for adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhui Li
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; School of Chemistry and Biological Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yu Wang
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Empire State Plaza, P.O. Box 509, Albany, NY 12201-0509, United States; Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, United States.
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31
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Deng ZH, Li N, Jiang HL, Lin JM, Zhao RS. Pretreatment techniques and analytical methods for phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals in food and environmental samples. Trends Analyt Chem 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.trac.2019.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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32
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Du J, Li H, Xu S, Zhou Q, Jin M, Tang J. A review of organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs): occurrence, bioaccumulation, toxicity, and organism exposure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:22126-22136. [PMID: 31243659 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-019-05669-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) are increasingly being applied as flame retardants due to their unique properties. OPFRs are commonly detected in various environmental matrices, and organisms are extensively exposed to them. Considering the adverse effects of OPFRs, many researchers have devoted their attention to environmental risk assessments. This review outlines the current knowledge regarding the toxicity of OPFRs based on both in vitro and in vivo experiments in various environmentally relevant test species. The production, absorption, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification of OPFRs in animals and humans are also described. The joint effects of OPFRs and their coexisting characteristics are also discussed based on the limited available data and results. Finally, knowledge gaps and perspectives for future exposure studies of OPFRs in animals and humans are identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia Du
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
| | - Huanxuan Li
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Shaodan Xu
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Qingwei Zhou
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Meiqing Jin
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China
| | - Junhong Tang
- Institute of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Materials and Environmental Engineering, Hangzhou Dianzi University, 1158, Baiyang Rd., Hangzhou, 310018, People's Republic of China.
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Lunderberg DM, Kristensen K, Liu Y, Misztal PK, Tian Y, Arata C, Wernis R, Kreisberg N, Nazaroff WW, Goldstein AH. Characterizing Airborne Phthalate Concentrations and Dynamics in a Normally Occupied Residence. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:7337-7346. [PMID: 31180211 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.9b02123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Phthalate esters, commonly used as plasticizers, can be found indoors in the gas phase, in airborne particulate matter, in dust, and on surfaces. The dynamic behavior of phthalates indoors is not fully understood. In this study, time-resolved measurements of airborne phthalate concentrations and associated gas-particle partitioning data were acquired in a normally occupied residence. The vapor pressure and associated gas-particle partitioning of measured phthalates influenced their airborne dynamic behavior. Concentrations of higher vapor pressure phthalates correlated well with indoor temperature, with little discernible influence from direct occupant activity. Conversely, occupant-related behaviors substantially influenced the concentrations and dynamic behavior of a lower vapor pressure compound, diethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), mainly through production of particulate matter during cooking events. The proportion of airborne DEHP in the particle phase was experimentally observed to increase under higher particle mass concentrations and lower indoor temperatures in correspondence with theory. Experimental observations indicate that indoor surfaces of the residence are large reservoirs of phthalates. The results also indicate that two key factors influenced by human behavior-temperature and particle mass concentration-cause short-term changes in airborne phthalate concentrations.
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Affiliation(s)
- David M Lunderberg
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Kasper Kristensen
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Yingjun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Pawel K Misztal
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Yilin Tian
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Caleb Arata
- Department of Chemistry , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Rebecca Wernis
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Nathan Kreisberg
- Aerosol Dynamics Inc. , Berkeley , California 94710 , United States
| | - William W Nazaroff
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
| | - Allen H Goldstein
- Department of Environmental Science, Policy, and Management , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering , University of California , Berkeley , California , United States
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Lai NLS, Kwok KY, Wang XH, Yamashita N, Liu G, Leung KMY, Lam PKS, Lam JCW. Assessment of organophosphorus flame retardants and plasticizers in aquatic environments of China (Pearl River Delta, South China Sea, Yellow River Estuary) and Japan (Tokyo Bay). JOURNAL OF HAZARDOUS MATERIALS 2019; 371:288-294. [PMID: 30856439 DOI: 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.03.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2018] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The concentrations and spatial distribution of 14 organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and plasticizers were studied in aquatic environments of China, namely, the Pearl River Delta (PRD), South China Sea (SCS) and Yellow River Estuary (YRE), as well as Tokyo Bay (TB) in Japan. These locations were characterized by different levels of socioeconomic development and human activities. The spatial pattern of OPFRs revealed their ubiquity along the coasts of China and Japan; the concentrations ranged from 15 to 1790, 1 to 147, 253 to 1720, and 107 to 284 ng L-1 in the PRD, SCS, YRE and TB, respectively. The most frequently detected OPFR was triethyl phosphate (TEP), followed by triphenylphosphine oxide (TPPO) and tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). A positive relationship (R2 = 0.668, p = 0.004) was observed between OPFR contamination and socioeconomic activity, measured by gross domestic product (GDP) per capita, for the studied cities in China and Japan. The results suggest that an increase in manufacturing and construction activities in the studied areas may aggravate coastal contamination with OPFRs. The potential threat to aquatic organisms from exposure to TCEP, a suspected carcinogen, was revealed by the hazard quotient (HQ) and probabilistic assessments. Further investigation of OPFR exposure in the aquatic environment of China is urgently required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson L S Lai
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Karen Y Kwok
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xin-Hong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Environmental Science, Xiamen University, China
| | - Nobuyoshi Yamashita
- National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Japan
| | - Guijian Liu
- School of Earth and Space Sciences, University of Science and Technology of China, China
| | - Kenneth M Y Leung
- The Swire Institute of Marine Science and School of Biological Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Paul K S Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
| | - James C W Lam
- Department of Science and Environmental Studies, The Education University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China; State Key Laboratory of Marine Pollution (SKLMP), Department of Chemistry, Research Centre for the Oceans and Human Health, Shenzhen Key Laboratory for Sustainable Use of Marine Biodiversity, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China.
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35
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Wang D, Wang P, Wang Y, Zhang W, Zhu C, Sun H, Matsiko J, Zhu Y, Li Y, Meng W, Zhang Q, Jiang G. Temporal variations of PM 2.5-bound organophosphate flame retardants in different microenvironments in Beijing, China, and implications for human exposure. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2019; 666:226-234. [PMID: 30798233 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 01/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/05/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, the temporal distribution of PM2.5-bound organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) was comprehensively investigated in various indoor environments as well as outdoor air in Beijing, China over a one-year period. The mean concentrations of Σ9OPFRs were 22.7 ng m-3 and 1.40 ng m-3 in paired indoor and outdoor PM2.5, respectively. The concentrations of tri-n-butyl phosphate (TNBP), tris (2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) and tris (2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) in indoor PM2.5 were significantly correlated with those in outdoor PM2.5. For different indoor microenvironments, mean concentrations of Σ9OPFRs were in the order of office (29.0 ± 11.7 ng m-3) > home (24.0 ± 9.4 ng m-3) > dormitory (19.4 ± 4.9 ng m-3) > activity room (14.4 ± 3.1 ng m-3). TCIPP was the most abundant compound in the indoor PM2.5, followed by TCEP. Significantly higher concentrations of OPFRs were observed in indoor environments with more furnishing, electronics or other materials (p < 0.05). Moreover, lower levels of OPFRs in indoor air were observed at well-ventilated (with higher air exchange rate) indoor sampling sites. Concentrations of Σ9OPFRs in the activity room, dormitory, homes and outdoor sites generally increased in summer and heating seasons (November 2016 to February 2017). Significant correlations (p < 0.05) were observed between temperatures and mass concentrations of OPFRs with higher vapor pressures, i.e. TNBP, TCEP and TCIPP in all indoor and outdoor samples. Seasonal differences in human exposure were observed and the highest daily exposure dose occurred in summer. Toddlers may suffer the highest exposure risk of PM2.5-bound OPFRs via inhalation among all age groups. This is one of the very few studies that have revealed the seasonal variation and human exposure of PM2.5-bound OPFRs in different microenvironments, which shed light on emission sources and fate of OPFRs and potential human exposure pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dou Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Pu Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yiwen Wang
- China Test (Jiangsu) Testing Technology Company, Suzhou 215300, China
| | - Weiwei Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Chaofei Zhu
- State Environmental Protection Key Laboratory of Dioxin Pollution Control, National Research Center for Environmental Analysis and Measurement, Beijing 100029, China
| | - Huizhong Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Julius Matsiko
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Ying Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Yingming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China
| | - Wenying Meng
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, China
| | - Qinghua Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.
| | - Guibin Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmental Chemistry and Ecotoxicology, Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
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36
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Bastiaensen M, Ait Bamai Y, Araki A, Van den Eede N, Kawai T, Tsuboi T, Kishi R, Covaci A. Biomonitoring of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in children: Associations with house dust and housing characteristics in Japan. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2019; 172:543-551. [PMID: 30852457 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2019.02.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/28/2019] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Indoor environments contain a wide range of new chemicals such as phosphate flame retardants and plasticizers (PFRs). Despite recent epidemiological evidence suggesting that children might be affected by widespread exposure to PFRs, questions remain about the various exposure pathways to these chemicals. Therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate exposure to PFRs by measuring the concentrations a set of urinary metabolites for schoolchildren from Japan (n = 128) and associating them with house dust concentrations and housing characteristics. Detectable concentrations of both diaryl and dialkyl phosphates (DAPs) and hydroxylated metabolites (HO-PFRs) were found in urine samples of almost all children. 2-Hydroxyethyl bis(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (BBOEHEP) was the most frequently detected metabolite (98%) followed by 1-hydroxy-2-propyl bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPHIPP, 95%) and tris(chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP). Next to BBOEHEP, two other metabolites of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) were also frequently detected. Significant correlations of moderate strength were found between parent compounds detected in high concentrations in house dust (TBOEP, tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP)) and their corresponding metabolites, suggesting that dust is a primary exposure source for these PFRs. Several personal and housing characteristics, such as gender, income, and the use of PVC and ventilation were associated with metabolite concentrations in multivariate linear regression. Overall, this study showed that Japanese schoolchildren are exposed to a wide range of PFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michiel Bastiaensen
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
| | - Yu Ait Bamai
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Atsuko Araki
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Nele Van den Eede
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Toshio Kawai
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan
| | - Tazuru Tsuboi
- Osaka Occupational Health Service Center, Japan Industrial Safety and Health Association, 2-3-8, Tosabori, Nishi-ku, Osaka 550-0001, Japan
| | - Reiko Kishi
- Center for Environmental and Health Sciences, Hokkaido University, Kita 12, Nishi 7, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-0812, Japan
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Center, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, 2610 Wilrijk, Belgium.
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Wang D, Yan S, Yan J, Teng M, Meng Z, Li R, Zhou Z, Zhu W. Effects of triphenyl phosphate exposure during fetal development on obesity and metabolic dysfunctions in adult mice: Impaired lipid metabolism and intestinal dysbiosis. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 246:630-638. [PMID: 30605818 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2018] [Revised: 12/14/2018] [Accepted: 12/17/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous in vitro studies have implied that triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) may act as an obesogen. However, its specific contributions to the progression of obesity and related metabolic diseases are still unclear in vivo in mice. In this study, we evaluated the effects of in utero and lactational exposure to three doses of TPHP (10, 100, and 1000 μg/kg BW) on obesity and metabolic dysfunctions in adult male mice fed a low-fat diet (LFD) or high-fat diet (HFD), by examining body weight, liver weight, histopathology, blood biochemistry, gene expression, and gut microbiota compositions and metabolic functions. Results showed that TPHP exposure led to increased body weight, liver weight, fat mass, hepatic steatosis, impaired glucose homeostasis, and insulin resistance, and mRNA levels of genes involved in lipid metabolism, especially lipogenesis and lipid accumulation, were significantly altered by TPHP treatment. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis further supported the changes in fatty acid composition. Intestinal flora measurements by 16S rRNA gene sequencing and 1H NMR based fecal metabolomics indicated that TPHP treatment modulated gut microbiome composition and influenced host-gut co-metabolism, especially for bile acids and short chain fatty acids (SCFAs). These results suggest that fetal exposure to TPHP can promote the development of obesity and metabolic dysfunctions in adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dezhen Wang
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Sen Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Jin Yan
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Miaomiao Teng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Zhiyuan Meng
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Ruisheng Li
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Zhiqiang Zhou
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China
| | - Wentao Zhu
- Beijing Advanced Innovation Center for Food Nutrition and Human Health, Department of Applied Chemistry, China Agricultural University, PR China.
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Tao F, Sellström U, de Wit CA. Organohalogenated Flame Retardants and Organophosphate Esters in Office Air and Dust from Sweden. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2019; 53:2124-2133. [PMID: 30681843 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.8b05269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
A wide range of organohalogenated flame retardants (HFRs) and organophosphate esters (OPEs) were measured in air and floor dust from 10 offices in Stockholm, Sweden. Concentrations of ∑18 emerging HFRs, ∑21 legacy HFRs and ∑11 OPEs from the offices were found to be 420, 510, and 1600000 ng/g, respectively, in floor dust and 400, 15, and 160 000 pg/m3 respectively in active air samples. All targeted compounds were detected in dust except 2,3,5,6-tetrabromo- p-xylene (pTBX) indicating widespread application of a broad range of FRs in the Swedish offices while only 54% of targeted compounds were detected in indoor air. Estimated ∑OPE exposure in Swedish offices is 3-4 orders of magnitude higher than for ∑emerging HFRs and ∑legacy HFRs via all three different exposure routes in our study. Adult's estimated intakes of emerging and legacy HFRs and OPEs from office air and dust during working hours (30% of a day) are some orders of magnitude lower than the corresponding reference doses (RfD). However, in worst case exposure scenarios (maximum concentrations and high dust intake), the intake of tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP) was one-third of its RfD, which may be of potential concern if exposure is as high in other microenvironments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fang Tao
- College of Quality and Safety Engineering , China Jiliang University , Hangzhou 310018 , People's Republic of China
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Ulla Sellström
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Cynthia A de Wit
- Department of Environmental Science and Analytical Chemistry (ACES) , Stockholm University , SE-106 91 Stockholm , Sweden
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39
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Zhou L, Püttmann W. Distributions of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in three dust size fractions from homes and building material markets. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2019; 245:343-352. [PMID: 30448504 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2018] [Revised: 11/07/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
The distributions of organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) in various size fractions of indoor dust samples from homes (H; n = 18) and building material markets (B; n = 7) in the Rhine/Main region of Germany were investigated. Three particle size fractions (F1: 150-200 μm, F2: 63-150 μm, and F3: <63 μm) and bulk dust (BD) subsamples (<200 μm) of each sample were analyzed for 10 OPFRs. On average, the total OPFR concentrations (∑10OPFR) in bulk dust and all three size fractions from building material markets were 133, 153, 196, and 88.0 μg/g in subsamples B-BD, B-F1, B-F2, and B-F3. These concentrations were at least five times higher than those in bulk dust and all three size fractions from homes, with values of 19.3, 17.2, 19.5, and 18.7 μg/g for subsamples H-BD, H-F1, H-F2, and H-F3, respectively. Tris(2-chloroisopropyl)phosphate (TCIPP) was the dominant congener in dust from building material markets, contributing over 91% to the ∑10OPFR of B-BD and all particle size fractions. Meanwhile, both tris(2-butoxyethyl)phosphate (TBOEP) and TCIPP were abundant in dust from homes, respectively contributing 28%-41% and 31%-43% to the ∑10OPFR of H-BD and all particle size fractions. Most of the OPFR concentrations showed no consistent trend with particle size. However, TCIPP was more likely to be enriched in F2. Microscopic examination indicated that TCIPP in indoor dust mainly originated from abraded fragments of commercial products. In contrast, TBOEP accumulated in F3, related to direct transfer of floor-care products to fine dust particles. The concentrations of OPFRs were not significantly correlated with total organic carbon contents in any particle size fraction. However, evaluation of their mass contributions showed that more than 85% of OPFRs accumulated in particles smaller than 150 μm, indicating that this particle size fraction is most suitable for monitoring of OPFRs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingli Zhou
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Wilhelm Püttmann
- Department of Environmental Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Atmospheric and Environmental Sciences, Goethe-University Frankfurt/Main, Altenhöferallee 1, 60438, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.
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Nam S, Easson MW, Condon BD, Hillyer MB, Sun L, Xia Z, Nagarajan R. A reinforced thermal barrier coat of a Na–tannic acid complex from the view of thermal kinetics. RSC Adv 2019; 9:10914-10926. [PMID: 35515292 PMCID: PMC9062495 DOI: 10.1039/c9ra00763f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Accepted: 03/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The poor burning resistance of cotton necessitates the control of its pyrolytic reactions, but many approaches have relied on the use of synthetically engineered chemicals. Herein, we show how a natural polyphenol from plants—tannic acid—acts with sodium ions to create a robust thermal barrier coat on cotton, with a focus on thermal kinetics. The kinetic information, combined with thermal and spectral analyses, revealed that the outer layer of galloyl units in tannic acid decomposes via a two-step reaction, producing a multicellular char of crosslinked aromatic rings, followed by the blowing of carbonaceous cells into a further expanded structure. This intumescent function of tannic acid was found to be enhanced upon its complexation with sodium ions, which greatly increased the activation energy for the first step of the reaction of tannic acid, to promote the formation of a stable char. The resulting blown char coated the cotton fiber below the thermal decomposition temperature of cellulose and was sustained throughout the decomposition. The enhanced thermal barrier performance of the Na–tannic acid complex was demonstrated by the reduced heat release capacity of cotton, the value of which was only about one-third that of tannic acid itself, and the inhibition of flame generation on cotton. A reinforced thermal barrier coat of a Na–tannic acid complex controls the high flammability of cotton.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunghyun Nam
- United States Department of Agriculture
- Agricultural Research Service
- Southern Regional Research Center
- New Orleans
- USA
| | - Michael W. Easson
- United States Department of Agriculture
- Agricultural Research Service
- Southern Regional Research Center
- New Orleans
- USA
| | - Brian D. Condon
- United States Department of Agriculture
- Agricultural Research Service
- Southern Regional Research Center
- New Orleans
- USA
| | - Matthew B. Hillyer
- United States Department of Agriculture
- Agricultural Research Service
- Southern Regional Research Center
- New Orleans
- USA
| | - Luyi Sun
- Polymer Program
- Institute of Materials Science and Department of Chemical & Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Connecticut
- USA
| | - Zhiyu Xia
- Department of Plastics Engineering
- University of Massachusetts
- Lowell
- USA
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41
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Yang C, Harris SA, Jantunen LM, Siddique S, Kubwabo C, Tsirlin D, Latifovic L, Fraser B, St-Jean M, De La Campa R, You H, Kulka R, Diamond ML. Are cell phones an indicator of personal exposure to organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 122:104-116. [PMID: 30522823 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2018] [Revised: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to organophosphate ester (OPE) flame retardants and plasticizers is widespread and is of concern due to their toxicity. OBJECTIVES To investigate relationships between and within OPE concentrations in air, dust, hands, electronic product wipes and urinary metabolites with the goal of identifying product sources and exposure pathways. METHODS Women in Toronto and Ottawa, Canada, provided a urine sample, two sets of hand wipes, access to their homes for air and dust sampling, and completed a questionnaire. OPE concentrations were obtained for air and floor dust in the bedroom (n = 51) and most used room (n = 26), hand wipes (n = 204), and surface wipes of handheld (n = 74) and non-handheld electronic devices (n = 125). All air, dust and wipe samples were analyzed for 23 OPE compounds; urine samples (n = 44) were analyzed for 8 OPE metabolites. RESULTS Five-8 OPEs were detected in >80% of samples depending on the sample type. OPE median concentrations in hand wipes taken 3 weeks apart were not significantly different. Palms had higher concentrations than the back of hands; both were significantly correlated. Concentrations of 9 OPEs were significantly higher in surface wipes of handheld than non-handheld electronic devices. Six OPEs in hand wipes were significantly correlated with cell phone wipes, with two to four OPEs significantly correlated with tablet, laptop and television wipes. Multiple regression models using hand wipes, cell phone wipes and dust explained 8-33% of the variation in creatinine-adjusted urinary metabolites; air concentrations did not have explanatory power. OPEs in cell phone wipes explained the greatest variation in urinary metabolites. CONCLUSIONS Handheld electronic devices, notably cell phones, may either be sources or indicators of OPE exposure through hand-to-mouth and/or dermal uptake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Congqiao Yang
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shelley A Harris
- Population Health and Prevention, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Occupational Cancer Research Centre, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Liisa M Jantunen
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Air Quality Processes Research Section, Environment and Climate Change Canada, Egbert, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shabana Siddique
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Cariton Kubwabo
- Exposure and Biomonitoring Division, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dina Tsirlin
- Population Health and Prevention, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Lidija Latifovic
- Population Health and Prevention, Prevention and Cancer Control, Cancer Care Ontario, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Bruce Fraser
- Exposure Assessment Section, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Melissa St-Jean
- Exposure Assessment Section, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Regina De La Campa
- Exposure Assessment Section, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hongyu You
- Exposure Assessment Section, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Ryan Kulka
- Exposure Assessment Section, Water and Air Quality Bureau, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Miriam L Diamond
- Department of Earth Sciences, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
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Sugeng EJ, de Cock M, Leonards PEG, van de Bor M. Electronics, interior decoration and cleaning patterns affect flame retardant levels in the dust from Dutch residences. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 645:1144-1152. [PMID: 30248839 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.07.127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/10/2018] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Consumer products such as furniture foam and electronic device casings are treated with flame retardant chemicals (FRs) to prevent the spread of fire. Many FRs are able to leach out of a product and end up in house dust. FRs in house dust can be taken up by humans through inhalation, ingestion or dermal adsorption. This study aims to identify factors in the home environment that are associated with FR levels in house dust. House dust and a wide range of data on characteristics of electronics, including age and use, interior decoration, domestic house and cleaning patterns, were collected from 50 households in the Netherlands. Decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE209) and several organophosphate flame retardants were measured in dust at detection percentages ranging from 58 to 94%, with median concentrations ranging from 32 ng/g (resorcinol-bis(diphenyl)phosphate (PBDPP)) to 825 ng/g (tris(chloropropyl)phosphate (TCIPP)). For the first time, age, hours of operation and use of the standby function of electronic devices were found to affect FR levels in dust. We found that if the total number of electronic devices purchased before 2008 increased by 1 device, BDE209 levels in house dust significantly increased by 66%. In addition, house dust from homes with carpeted floors was significantly associated with a 70-80% lower concentration of several FRs compared to homes with smooth floors (e.g., laminate). Less frequent vacuum cleaning and dusting were significantly associated with 41 to 88% higher concentrations of several FRs in dust. These associations suggest that actions such as frequent vacuum cleaning and dusting as well as different FR regulations for electronic devices affect indoor exposure levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva J Sugeng
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, O|2 Building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Marijke de Cock
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, O|2 Building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, O|2 Building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Margot van de Bor
- Department of Environment and Health, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, O|2 Building, De Boelelaan 1108, 1081 HZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Zhang T, Bai XY, Lu SY, Zhang B, Xie L, Zheng HC, Jiang YC, Zhou MZ, Zhou ZQ, Song SM, He Y, Gui MW, Ouyang JP, Huang HB, Kannan K. Urinary metabolites of organophosphate flame retardants in China: Health risk from tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP) exposure. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:1363-1371. [PMID: 30420131 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/02/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Organophosphate esters (OPs) are substitutes for polybrominated diphenyl ether (PBDE) flame retardants. China is the largest producer of OPs globally, with the production rate increasing at 15% annually. Since some OPs are neurodevelopmental and/or carcinogenic toxicants, human exposure is a concern. In this study, concentrations of eight OP metabolites (mOPs) were measured in human urine samples collected from 13 cities located in Northern, Eastern, Southern, and Southwestern China. All target mOPs were frequently detected with detection rates of 50% to 100%, indicating widespread human exposure to OPs. Bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP; median: 0.68 ng/mL), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP; 0.30 ng/mL), diphenyl phosphate (DPHP; 0.30 ng/mL), and dibutyl phosphate (DBP; 0.29 ng/mL) were the dominant mOPs across all participants. Regional differences in concentrations (ΣmOPs varied from 0.86 to 3.7 ng/mL) and composition profiles (contribution of chlorinated mOPs to ΣmOPs varied from 35% to 95%) of mOPs were observed within China. In comparison to the concentrations reported worldwide, urinary DPHP and bis(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP) levels in China were lower, whereas BCEP and DBP levels were comparable or higher. The total daily intake (TDI) of tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (TCEP), tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were estimated from daily urine excretion rate and the fraction of OP metabolized in human liver microsomes (TDIHLM) or S9 fraction (TDIS9). The intake estimates showed that Chinese residents were exposed to TCEP from 96.9 to 46,700 (or 52.2 to 25,200) ng/kg bw/day. Depending on the reference dose, we found that approximately 5% of the individuals exceeded the limit (i.e., 2200 ng/kg bw/day) for TCEP intake. To our knowledge, this is the first nationwide baseline survey to determine urinary levels of mOPs in Chinese residents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Xue-Yuan Bai
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shao-You Lu
- Shenzhen Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Shenzhen 518055, PR China
| | - Bo Zhang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Lei Xie
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hang-Cong Zheng
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yong-Chen Jiang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Mei-Zhou Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Zi-Qing Zhou
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Shi-Ming Song
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Yuan He
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ming-Wei Gui
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Ji-Ping Ouyang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China
| | - Hai-Bao Huang
- School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China; Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution Control and Remediation Technology, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510275, China.
| | - Kurunthachalam Kannan
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, and Department of Environmental Health Sciences, School of Public Health, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, NY 12201, USA
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Bi C, Maestre JP, Li H, Zhang G, Givehchi R, Mahdavi A, Kinney KA, Siegel J, Horner SD, Xu Y. Phthalates and organophosphates in settled dust and HVAC filter dust of U.S. low-income homes: Association with season, building characteristics, and childhood asthma. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 121:916-930. [PMID: 30347374 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2018] [Revised: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Phthalates and organophosphates are ubiquitous indoor semi-volatile organic contaminants (SVOCs) that have been widely used as plasticizers and flame retardants in consumer products. Although many studies have assessed their levels in house dust, only a few used dust samples captured by filters of building heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems. HVAC filters collect particles from large volumes of air over a long period of time (potentially known) and thus provide a spatially and temporally integrated concentration. This study measured concentrations of phthalates and organophosphates in HVAC filter dust and settled floor dust collected from low-income homes in Texas, United States, in both the summer and winter seasons. The most frequently detected compounds were benzyl butyl phthalate (BBzP), di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DnOP), tris (1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCIPP), triphenyl phosphate (TPHP), and tris (1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP). The median level of TCIPP in settled dust was 3- to 180-times higher than levels reported in other studies of residential homes. Significantly higher concentrations were observed in HVAC filter dust as compared to settled dust for most of the frequently detected compounds in both seasons, except for several phthalates in the winter. SVOC concentrations in settled dust in winter were generally higher than in summer, while different seasonality patterns were found for HVAC filter dust. Settled dust samples from homes with vinyl flooring contained significantly higher levels of BBzP and DEHP as compared to homes with other types of floor material. The concentration of DEHP and TDCIPP in settled dust also significantly associated with the presence of carpet in homes. Cleaning activities to remove dust from furniture actually increased the levels of certain compounds in HVAC filter dust, while frequent vacuuming of carpet helped to decrease the concentrations of some compounds in settled dust. Additionally, the size and age of a given house also correlated with the levels of some pollutants in dust. A statistically significant association between DEHP concentration in HVAC filter dust in summer and the severity of asthma in children was observed. These results suggest that HVAC filter dust represents a useful sampling medium to monitor indoor SVOC concentrations with high sensitivity; in contrast, when using settled dust, in addition to consideration of seasonal influences, it is critical to know the sampling location because the type and level of SVOCs may be related to local materials used there.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenyang Bi
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Juan P Maestre
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Hongwan Li
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ge Zhang
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Building Environment and Energy Application Engineering, University of Science and Technology Beijing, Beijing, China
| | - Raheleh Givehchi
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Alireza Mahdavi
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Kerry A Kinney
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Jeffrey Siegel
- Department of Civil and Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada; Dalla Lana School of Public Health, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Sharon D Horner
- School of Nursing, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA
| | - Ying Xu
- Department of Civil, Architectural and Environmental Engineering, The University of Texas at Austin, TX, USA; Department of Building Science, Tsinghua University, Beijing, China.
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Luo Q, Shan Y, Muhammad A, Wang S, Sun L, Wang H. Levels, distribution, and sources of organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in urban soils of Shenyang, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:31752-31761. [PMID: 30215208 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3156-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Seventy-four soil samples from the road greenbelts, residential areas, drylands, waste grasslands, education lands, industrial areas, city parks, and rural homesteads of Shenyang city, China, were collected and analyzed for 13 organophosphate esters (OPEs). OPEs were detected in all analyzed soil samples, which indicate that OPEs are ubiquitously environmental contaminants. The ∑13OPEs concentrations ranged from 0.039 to 0.95 mg/kg dry weight (dw), with the mean and median concentrations of 0.23 and 0.16 mg/kg dw, respectively. The pollution levels of OPEs in different land use types were different; the concentrations of OPEs in dryland soils were maximum and in city park soils were minimum. Of 13 OPEs, tri-iso-butyl phosphate (TiBP), tris-(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (TCPP), tri-butoxyethyl phosphate (TBEP), and tris[2-chloro-1-(chloromethyl) ethyl] phosphate (TDCP) were the most abundant OPEs, contributing 42.0 ± 12.8, 12.4 ± 2.32, 6.31 ± 1.88, and 5.76 ± 1.86% of ∑13OPEs, respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) and absolute principal component score-multiple linear regression (APCS-MLR) suggested that OPE pollution in soils may be derived from atmospheric deposition, road runoff and vehicular traffic emission, and wastewater/reclaimed water irrigation and sludge application, their contributions were accounting for 62.4, 17.6, and 20.0%, respectively. As compared to the results from other studies, the pollution of OPEs in the urban soils of Shenyang is relatively serious.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Luo
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China.
| | - Yue Shan
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Adeel Muhammad
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Farmland Soil Pollution Prevention and Remediation, College of Resources and Environmental Sciences|, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100193, China
| | - Shiyu Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Lina Sun
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
| | - Hui Wang
- Key Laboratory of Regional Environment and Eco-Remediation of Ministry of Education, College of Environment, Shenyang University, Shenyang, 110044, China
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Sha B, Dahlberg AK, Wiberg K, Ahrens L. Fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and cyclic volatile methylsiloxanes (cVMSs) in indoor air from occupational and home environments. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 241:319-330. [PMID: 29843014 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2018.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2017] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Indoor air samples were collected from private homes and various occupational indoor environments using passive air sampler and analysed for fluorotelomer alcohols (FTOHs), brominated flame retardants (BFRs), organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs) and cyclic volatile methyl siloxanes (cVMSs). The aim was to investigate their occurrence in indoor air, factors that may affect their presence and human daily exposure dose (DED) via inhalation. In general, levels of cVMSs were 3-4 orders of magnitude greater than the other compound classes. OPFRs concentration was found significantly higher than BFRs in indoor air. The most abundant compounds in each chemical class were 8:2 FTOH, 2,4,6-TBP, TNBP and TCEP and decamethylcyclopentasiloxane (D5). Home samples contained higher level of FTOHs, BFRs and cVMSs than occupational environments, whereas concentration of OPFRs in office samples were higher. BFRs concentrations were significantly correlated with building age and with the number of electronic/electrical devices at the sampling sites. Moreover, significantly lower levels of FTOHs and cVMSs were observed in rooms with forced-ventilation system. Estimated DED via inhalation was significantly higher at home than in office and the total DED was on average 3-5 orders of magnitude lower than the reference value.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo Sha
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Anna-Karin Dahlberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Karin Wiberg
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Lutz Ahrens
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences (SLU), Department of Aquatic Sciences and Assessment, SE-75007 Uppsala, Sweden.
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Matrix solid-phase dispersion coupled with gas chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry for simultaneous determination of 13 organophosphate esters in vegetables. Anal Bioanal Chem 2018; 410:7077-7084. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-018-1308-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/18/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Persson J, Wang T, Hagberg J. Organophosphate flame retardants and plasticizers in indoor dust, air and window wipes in newly built low-energy preschools. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2018; 628-629:159-168. [PMID: 29432927 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.02.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The construction of extremely airtight and energy efficient low-energy buildings is achieved by using functional building materials, such as age-resistant plastics, insulation, adhesives, and sealants. Additives such as organophosphate flame retardants (OPFRs) can be added to some of these building materials as flame retardants and plasticizers. Some OPFRs are considered persistent, bioaccumulative and toxic. Therefore, in this pilot study, the occurrence and distribution of nine OPFRs were determined for dust, air, and window wipe samples collected in newly built low-energy preschools with and without environmental certifications. Tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) were detected in all indoor dust samples at concentrations ranging from 0.014 to 10μg/g and 0.0069 to 79μg/g, respectively. Only six OPFRs (predominantly chlorinated OPFRs) were detected in the indoor air. All nine OPFRs were found on the window surfaces and the highest concentrations, which occurred in the reference preschool, were measured for 2-ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPP) (maximum concentration: 1500ng/m2). Interestingly, the OPFR levels in the environmental certified low-energy preschools were lower than those in the reference preschool and the non-certified low-energy preschool, probably attributed to the usage of environmental friendly and low-emitting building materials, interior decorations, and consumer products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josefin Persson
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden
| | - Thanh Wang
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden.
| | - Jessika Hagberg
- Man-Technology-Environment (MTM) Research Center, School of Science and Technology, Örebro University, SE-701 82 Örebro, Sweden; Department of Occupational and Environmental Medicine, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Örebro University, SE-701 85 Örebro, Sweden
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49
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Cristale J, Aragão Belé TG, Lacorte S, Rodrigues de Marchi MR. Occurrence and human exposure to brominated and organophosphorus flame retardants via indoor dust in a Brazilian city. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2018; 237:695-703. [PMID: 29129432 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2017.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Indoor dust is considered an important human exposure route to flame retardants (FRs), which has arised concern due the toxic properties of some of these substances. In this study, ten organophosphorus flame retardants (OPFRs), eight polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) and four new brominated flame retardants (NBFRs) were determined in indoor dust from different places in Araraquara-SP (Brazil). The sampled places included houses, apartments, offices, primary schools and cars. The analysis of the sample extracts was performed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry and two ionization techniques were used (electron ionization - EI; electron capture negative ionization - ECNI). OPFRs were the most abundant compounds and tris(2-butoxyethyl) phosphate (TBOEP), tris(phenyl) phosphate (TPHP), tris(1,3-dichloroisopropyl) phosphate (TDCIPP) and tris(2-chloroisopropyl) phosphate (TCIPP) were present at the highest concentrations. Among the brominated FRs, the most ubiquitous compounds were BDE-209, bis(2-ethylhexyl) tetrabromophthalate (BEH-TEBP) and decabromodiphenyl ethane (DBDPE). Statistical analysis revealed that there were differences among dust typologies for TBOEP, TDCIPP, ethylhexyl diphenyl phosphate (EHDPHP), BDE-209, 2-ethylhexyl 2,3,4,5-tetrabromobenzoate (EH-TBB), BEH-TEBP and DBDPE, which were attributed to different construction materials in each particular environment and to the age of the buildings. The highest levels of brominated FRs were observed in offices, TBOEP was at high concentration in primary schools, and TDCIPP was at high concentration in cars. A preliminary risk assessment revealed that toddlers were exposed to TBOEP levels higher than the reference dose when considering the worst case scenario. The results obtained in this study showed for the first time that although Brazil does not regulate the use of FRs, these substances are present in indoor dust at levels similar to the observed in countries that have strict fire safety standards, and that humans are exposed to complex mixtures of these contaminants via indoor dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joyce Cristale
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil.
| | - Tiago Gomes Aragão Belé
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
| | - Silvia Lacorte
- Department of Environmental Chemistry, IDAEA-CSIC, Jordi Girona 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Mary Rosa Rodrigues de Marchi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, Institute of Chemistry, UNESP - Univ Estadual Paulista, Professor Francisco Degni 55, 14800-060 Araraquara, SP, Brazil
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50
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Lucattini L, Poma G, Covaci A, de Boer J, Lamoree MH, Leonards PEG. A review of semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in the indoor environment: occurrence in consumer products, indoor air and dust. CHEMOSPHERE 2018; 201:466-482. [PMID: 29529574 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 188] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2017] [Revised: 02/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 05/19/2023]
Abstract
As many people spend a large part of their life indoors, the quality of the indoor environment is important. Data on contaminants such as flame retardants, pesticides and plasticizers are available for indoor air and dust but are scarce for consumer products such as computers, televisions, furniture, carpets, etc. This review presents information on semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOCs) in consumer products in an attempt to link the information available for chemicals in indoor air and dust with their indoor sources. A number of 256 papers were selected and divided among SVOCs found in consumer products (n = 57), indoor dust (n = 104) and air (n = 95). Concentrations of SVOCs in consumer products, indoor dust and air are reported (e.g. PFASs max: 13.9 μg/g in textiles, 5.8 μg/kg in building materials, 121 ng/g in house dust and 6.4 ng/m3 in indoor air). Most of the studies show common aims, such as human exposure and risk assessment. The main micro-environments investigated (houses, offices and schools) reflect the relevance of indoor air quality. Most of the studies show a lack of data on concentrations of chemicals in consumer goods and often only the presence of chemicals is reported. At the moment this is the largest obstacle linking chemicals in products to chemicals detected in indoor air and dust.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Lucattini
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Giulia Poma
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Adrian Covaci
- Toxicological Centre, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Antwerp, Universiteitsplein 1, B-2610, Wilrijk, Belgium
| | - Jacob de Boer
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Marja H Lamoree
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Pim E G Leonards
- Department of Environment and Health, VU University Amsterdam, De Boelelaan 1108, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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