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Ma D, Jasinska A, Kristoff J, Grobler JP, Turner T, Jung Y, Schmitt C, Raehtz K, Feyertag F, Martinez Sosa N, Wijewardana V, Burke DS, Robertson DL, Tracy R, Pandrea I, Freimer N, Apetrei C. SIVagm infection in wild African green monkeys from South Africa: epidemiology, natural history, and evolutionary considerations. PLoS Pathog 2013; 9:e1003011. [PMID: 23349627 PMCID: PMC3547836 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenesis studies of SIV infection have not been performed to date in wild monkeys due to difficulty in collecting and storing samples on site and the lack of analytical reagents covering the extensive SIV diversity. We performed a large scale study of molecular epidemiology and natural history of SIVagm infection in 225 free-ranging AGMs from multiple locations in South Africa. SIV prevalence (established by sequencing pol, env, and gag) varied dramatically between infant/juvenile (7%) and adult animals (68%) (p<0.0001), and between adult females (78%) and males (57%). Phylogenetic analyses revealed an extensive genetic diversity, including frequent recombination events. Some AGMs harbored epidemiologically linked viruses. Viruses infecting AGMs in the Free State, which are separated from those on the coastal side by the Drakensberg Mountains, formed a separate cluster in the phylogenetic trees; this observation supports a long standing presence of SIV in AGMs, at least from the time of their speciation to their Plio-Pleistocene migration. Specific primers/probes were synthesized based on the pol sequence data and viral loads (VLs) were quantified. VLs were of 10(4)-10(6) RNA copies/ml, in the range of those observed in experimentally-infected monkeys, validating the experimental approaches in natural hosts. VLs were significantly higher (10(7)-10(8) RNA copies/ml) in 10 AGMs diagnosed as acutely infected based on SIV seronegativity (Fiebig II), which suggests a very active transmission of SIVagm in the wild. Neither cytokine levels (as biomarkers of immune activation) nor sCD14 levels (a biomarker of microbial translocation) were different between SIV-infected and SIV-uninfected monkeys. This complex algorithm combining sequencing and phylogeny, VL quantification, serology, and testing of surrogate markers of microbial translocation and immune activation permits a systematic investigation of the epidemiology, viral diversity and natural history of SIV infection in wild African natural hosts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dongzhu Ma
- Center for Vaccine Research, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, USA
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2
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Virology. THE AIDS PANDEMIC 2005. [PMCID: PMC7148614 DOI: 10.1016/b978-012465271-2/50004-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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3
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Accola MA, Bukovsky AA, Jones MS, Göttlinger HG. A conserved dileucine-containing motif in p6(gag) governs the particle association of Vpx and Vpr of simian immunodeficiency viruses SIV(mac) and SIV(agm). J Virol 1999; 73:9992-9. [PMID: 10559313 PMCID: PMC113050 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.73.12.9992-9999.1999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Vpr is a small accessory protein of human and simian immunodeficiency viruses (HIV and SIV) that is specifically incorporated into virions. Members of the HIV-2/SIV(sm)/SIV(mac) lineage of primate lentiviruses also incorporate a related protein designated Vpx. We previously identified a highly conserved L-X-X-L-F sequence near the C terminus of the p6 domain of the Gag precursor as the major virion association motif for HIV-1 Vpr. In the present study, we show that a different leucine-containing motif (D-X-A-X-X-L-L) in the N-terminal half of p6(gag) is required for the incorporation of SIV(mac) Vpx. Similarly, the uptake of SIV(mac) Vpr depended primarily on the D-X-A-X-X-L-L motif. SIV(mac) Vpr was unstable when expressed alone, but its intracellular steady-state levels increased significantly in the presence of wild-type Gag or of the proteasome inhibitor lactacystin. Collectively, our results indicate that the interaction with the Gag precursor via the D-X-A-X-X-L-L motif diverts SIV(mac) Vpr away from the proteasome-degradative pathway. While absent from HIV-1 p6(gag), the D-X-A-X-X-L-L motif is conserved in both the HIV-2/SIV(sm)/SIV(mac) and SIV(agm) lineages of primate lentiviruses. We found that the incorporation of SIV(agm) Vpr, like that of SIV(mac) Vpx, is absolutely dependent on the D-X-A-X-X-L-L motif, while the L-X-X-L-F motif used by HIV-1 Vpr is dispensable. The similar requirements for the incorporation of SIV(mac) Vpx and SIV(agm) Vpr provide support for their proposed common ancestry.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Accola
- Department of Cancer Immunology and AIDS, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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Goldstein S, Hague B, Montefiori D, Hirsch VM. A macaque adherent cell line that expresses human CD4 is susceptible to SIV: utility for assessing neutralizing antibody. J Virol Methods 1995; 53:139-48. [PMID: 7635923 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(95)00010-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A macaque CD4 + adherent cell line was generated by stable expression of the human CD4 gene in a rhesus macaque mammary tumor cell line, CMMT. The resulting cell line CMMT/CD4 expressed surface CD4 and was sensitive to infection by a wide range of isolates of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) of different subgroups, but was not susceptible to infection with HIV-1. The CMMT/CD4 cell line was used to develop a microassay for measurement of neutralizing antibody in plasma of SIV-infected or immunized animals. Single infected cells could be detected in a monolayer of CMMT/CD4 by immunoperoxidase and a 90% reduction in the number of positive cells was used as a measure of neutralizing activity of two-fold plasma dilutions. This assay had comparable sensitivity to methods based upon detecting a reduction in reverse transcriptase activity of SIV, reduction of viral antigen, or inhibition of cytopathic effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Goldstein
- Immunodeficiency Viruses Section, LID, NIAID, NIH Twinbrook Facility, Rockville, MD 20852, USA
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Hirsch VM, Dapolito G, Johnson PR, Elkins WR, London WT, Montali RJ, Goldstein S, Brown C. Induction of AIDS by simian immunodeficiency virus from an African green monkey: species-specific variation in pathogenicity correlates with the extent of in vivo replication. J Virol 1995; 69:955-67. [PMID: 7815563 PMCID: PMC188664 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.2.955-967.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 167] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Previous studies suggested that simian immunodeficiency viruses isolated from African green monkeys (SIVagm) are relatively nonpathogenic. The report describes the isolation and biologic and molecular characterization of a pathogenic SIVagm strain derived from a naturally infected African green monkey. This virus induced an AIDS-like syndrome characterized by early viremia, frequent thrombocytopenia, severe lymphoid depletion, opportunistic infections, meningoencephalitis, and death of five of eight macaques within 1 year after infection. An infectious clone derived from this isolate reproduced the immunodeficiency disease in pig-tailed (PT) macaques, providing definitive proof of the etiology of this syndrome. Although the virus was highly pathogenic in PT macaques, no disease was observed in experimentally infected rhesus macaques and African green monkeys despite reproducible infection of the last two species. Whereas infection of PT macaques was associated with a high viral load in plasma, peripheral blood mononuclear cells, and tissues, low-level viremia and infrequent expression in lymph nodes of rhesus macaques and African green monkeys suggest that differences in pathogenicity are associated with the extent of in vivo replication. The availability of a pathogenic molecular clone will provide a useful model for the study of viral and host factors that influence pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Hirsch
- Immunodeficiency Viruses Section, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852
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Abstract
The SIV family is a diverse group of viruses that vary considerably in pathogenesis and virulence in their natural host species or macaques. Although the disease induced by the SIVsm subtype in particular is remarkably similar to human AIDS, it must be remembered that this is an experimental animal model. Therefore, although the pathogenesis of SIVsm (and other viruses) in macaques offers an relevant animal model for pathogenesis and vaccine trials, the interactions of these viruses in their natural host, and virus-, or host-specific effects have been poorly characterized. This animal model offers a unique opportunity to study the details of the pathogenesis of immunodeficiency and to define host and viral factors responsible for disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Hirsch
- Immunodeficiency Viruses Section, NIAID, NIH, Rockville, MD 20852
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7
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Allan JS, Short M, Taylor ME, Su S, Hirsch VM, Johnson PR, Shaw GM, Hahn BH. Species-specific diversity among simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys. J Virol 1991; 65:2816-28. [PMID: 2033656 PMCID: PMC240900 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.65.6.2816-2828.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence, natural history, and genetic characteristics of simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infections in most feral African monkey species are presently unknown, yet this information is essential to elucidate their origin and relationship to other simian and human immunodeficiency viruses. In this study, a combination of classical and molecular approaches were used to identify and characterize SIV isolates from West African green monkeys (Cercopithecus sabaeus) (SIVagm isolates). Four SIVagm viruses from wild-caught West African green monkeys were isolated and analyzed biologically and molecularly. Amplification, cloning, and sequencing of a 279-bp polymerase fragment directly from uncultured peripheral blood mononuclear cells was facilitated by the use of nested polymerase chain reaction. The results indicated that West African green monkeys are naturally infected with SIVs which are closely related to East African SIVagm isolates. However, structural, antigenic, and genetic differences were observed which strongly suggest that the West African green monkey viruses comprise a phylogenetically distinct subgroup of SIVagm. These findings support our previous hypothesis that SIVagm viruses may have evolved and diverged coincident with the evolution and divergence of their African green monkey host. In addition, this study describes a polymerase chain reaction-based approach that allows the identification and molecular analysis of divergent SIV strains directly from primary monkey tissue. This approach, which does not depend on virus isolation methods, should facilitate future studies aimed at elucidating the origins and natural history of SIVs in feral African green monkey populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Allan
- Department of Virology and Immunology, Southwest Foundation for Biomedical Research, San Antonio, Texas 78228-0147
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Hirsch VM, Zack PM, Johnson PR. Molecular Characterization of SIV in Tissues from Experimentally Infected Macaques. J Med Primatol 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1990.tb00435.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vanessa M. Hirsch
- Retroviral Pathogenesis SectionDivision of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyDepartment of MicrobiologyGeorgetown University School of MedicineRockvilleMD
| | | | - Philip R. Johnson
- Retroviral Pathogenesis SectionDivision of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyDepartment of MicrobiologyGeorgetown University School of MedicineRockvilleMD
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9
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Fomsgaard A, Allan J, Gravell M, London WT, Hirsch VM, Johnson PR. Molecular Characterization of Simian Lentiviruses From East African Green Monkeys. J Med Primatol 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1990.tb00436.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anders Fomsgaard
- Retroviral Pathogenesis SectionDivision of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyDepartment of MicrobiologyGeorgetown UniversityRockvilleMD
| | - Jonathan Allan
- Southwest Foundation for Biomedical ResearchSan AntonioTX
| | - Maneth Gravell
- National Institute for Neurological and Communicative Disorders, National Institutes of HealthBethesdaMDUSA
| | - William T. London
- Retroviral Pathogenesis SectionDivision of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyDepartment of MicrobiologyGeorgetown UniversityRockvilleMD
| | - Vanessa M. Hirsch
- Retroviral Pathogenesis SectionDivision of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyDepartment of MicrobiologyGeorgetown UniversityRockvilleMD
| | - Philip R. Johnson
- Retroviral Pathogenesis SectionDivision of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyDepartment of MicrobiologyGeorgetown UniversityRockvilleMD
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Johnson PR, Goldstein S, London WT, Fomsgaard A, Hirsch VM. Molecular Clones of SIV
sm
and SIV
agm
: Experimental Infection of Macaques and African Green Monkeys. J Med Primatol 1990. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1990.tb00434.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Philip R. Johnson
- Retroviral Pathogenesis SectionDivision of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyDepartment of MicrobiologyGeorgetown UniversityRockvilleMDUSA
| | | | - William T. London
- Retroviral Pathogenesis SectionDivision of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyDepartment of MicrobiologyGeorgetown UniversityRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Anders Fomsgaard
- Retroviral Pathogenesis SectionDivision of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyDepartment of MicrobiologyGeorgetown UniversityRockvilleMDUSA
| | - Vanessa M. Hirsch
- Retroviral Pathogenesis SectionDivision of Molecular Virology and ImmunologyDepartment of MicrobiologyGeorgetown UniversityRockvilleMDUSA
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Johnson PR, Fomsgaard A, Allan J, Gravell M, London WT, Olmsted RA, Hirsch VM. Simian immunodeficiency viruses from African green monkeys display unusual genetic diversity. J Virol 1990; 64:1086-92. [PMID: 2304139 PMCID: PMC249221 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.64.3.1086-1092.1990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
African green monkeys are asymptomatic carriers of simian immunodeficiency viruses (SIV), commonly called SIVagm. As many as 50% of African green monkeys in the wild may be SIV seropositive. This high seroprevalence rate and the potential for genetic variation of lentiviruses suggested to us that African green monkeys may harbor widely differing genotypes of SIVagm. To investigate this hypothesis, we determined the entire nucleotide sequence of an infectious proviral molecular clone of SIVagm (155-4) and partial sequences (long terminal repeat and Gag) of three other distinct SIVagm isolates (90, gri-1, and ver-1). Comparisons among the SIVagm isolates revealed extreme diversity at the nucleotide and amino acid levels. Long terminal repeat nucleotide sequences varied up to 35% and Gag protein sequences varied up to 30%. The variability among SIVagm isolates exceeded the variability among any other group of primate lentiviruses. Our data suggest that SIVagm has been in the African green monkey population for a long time and may be the oldest primate lentivirus group in existence.
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Affiliation(s)
- P R Johnson
- Department of Microbiology, Georgetown University, Rockville, Maryland 20852
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