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Werner JA, Ishida K, Wisler J, Karbowski C, Kalanzi J, Bussiere J, Monticello TM. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase δ Inhibitor-Induced Immunomodulation and Secondary Opportunistic Infection in the Cynomolgus Monkey (Macaca fascicularis). Toxicol Pathol 2020; 48:949-964. [DOI: 10.1177/0192623320966238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinases (PI3Ks) regulate intracellular signaling events for multiple cell surface receptors. Phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase δ, 1 of 4 class I PI3K isoforms, is primarily found in leukocytes and regulates immune cell functions. Here, we report changes in the immune and digestive systems that were associated with AMG2519493, a highly selective small-molecule PI3Kδ inhibitor. Following 1- or 3-month oral repeat dosing in the cynomolgus monkey, changes were observed in circulating B cells, lymphoid tissues (spleen, lymph nodes, gut-associated lymphoid tissue, tonsil), and the digestive tract. Decreased circulating B cells and lymphoid cellularity in B cell-rich zones in lymphoid tissues were attributed to the intended pharmacologic activity of AMG2519493. Dose- and duration-dependent digestive system toxicity was characterized by inflammation in the large intestine and secondary opportunistic infections restricted to the digestive tract. Digestive tract changes were associated with moribundity and mortality at high-dose levels, and the effect level decreased with increased duration of exposure. These observations demonstrate the role of PI3Kδ in regulation of the immune system and of host resistance to opportunistic infections of the digestive tract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Werner
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Katsu Ishida
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - John Wisler
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
- AnaptysBio, San Diego, CA, USA
| | - Christine Karbowski
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Jackson Kalanzi
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Jeanine Bussiere
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
| | - Thomas M. Monticello
- Amgen Research, Translational Safety and Bioanalytical Sciences, Thousand Oaks, CA, USA
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Van Rompay KKA, Jayashankar K. Animal models of HIV transmission through breastfeeding and pediatric HIV infection. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 743:89-108. [PMID: 22454344 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2251-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Koen K A Van Rompay
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616, USA.
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3
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Sasseville VG, Mansfield KG. Overview of known non-human primate pathogens with potential to affect colonies used for toxicity testing. J Immunotoxicol 2010; 7:79-92. [PMID: 19909217 DOI: 10.3109/15476910903213521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The increased demand for non-human primates (NHPs) in biomedical research has resulted in alternative sources of animals being used, which has allowed for importation of animals with varying background incidences of bacterial, viral, parasitic, and fungal pathogens. This can be of minimal consequence when animals from different sources are kept isolated. However, when NHPs from different sources with varying incidences of primary and opportunistic pathogens are mixed, there can be a rapid spread of these pathogens and an increase in the seroconversion of susceptible animals. If this process occurs during the conduct of a study, interpretation of that study can be confounded. Furthermore, NHPs imported from areas enzootic for pathogens such as Plasmodium or with high incidences of human diseases such as measles and tuberculosis can introduce diseases that can be a threat to colony health, have zoonotic risk, and can severely impact study outcome. Thus, knowledge of the common primary and opportunistic NHP infections, as well as reemerging pathogens, enables the toxicologist to use information on disease status for pre-study animal selection and intelligent study design. This is particularly important when immunomodulatory compounds are being investigated. Moreover, the toxicologic pathologist well versed in the common spontaneous infections, opportunistic pathogens, and background lesions in NHPs is able to assess possible drug-related effects in drug safety studies. This review identifies the common primary and opportunistic pathogens, as well as newly emerging infections of NHPs, that can directly or indirectly affect colony health and the interpretation of drug safety studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito G Sasseville
- Bristol-Myers Squibb Research and Development, Discovery Toxicology, Princeton, NJ 08543, USA.
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4
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Wachtman LM, Mansfield KG. Opportunistic Infections in Immunologically Compromised Nonhuman Primates. ILAR J 2008; 49:191-208. [DOI: 10.1093/ilar.49.2.191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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5
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Lee CI, Cowan MJ, Kohn DB, Tarantal AF. Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Infection of Hematopoietic Stem Cells and Bone Marrow Stromal Cells. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 2004; 36:553-61. [PMID: 15097297 DOI: 10.1097/00126334-200405010-00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using a well-characterized fetal rhesus monkey model, simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infection of hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and stromal cells was investigated to characterize bone marrow abnormalities in SIV-infected animals in vivo. Fetuses (n = 4) were inoculated in utero with pathogenic SIVmac251 using established techniques at 65 days; gestation (early second trimester), then harvested for tissues 65 days after inoculation (late third trimester), and compared with findings from controls of a comparable age (n = 11). Sorted bone marrow CD34CD38, CD34CD38, and marrow stromal cells were analyzed for the SIV genome. Results indicate that CD34CD38 HSCs were not infected, whereas the SIV genome was detected in the CD34CD38 hematopoietic cell population by PCR analysis. The SIV proviral sequence was not detected in stromal cells from SIV-infected fetuses, although SIVmac251 was found to readily infect these cells when assessed in vitro. Flow cytometric analysis revealed that stromal cells express low levels (1 in 600 total cells) of CD4 and CCR5 viral receptors, whereas CXCR4 expression was not observed. These data suggest the following: (1) SIV infection of HSCs requires some degree of differentiation for viral entry similar to findings for humans infected with HIV type 1, and (2) SIV can infect bone marrow stromal cells that express CD4 and CCR5 in vitro, but infected stromal cells are not readily found in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang I Lee
- California National Primate Research Center, University of California, Davis, CA 95616-8542, USA
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6
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Baba TW, Liska V, Khimani AH, Ray NB, Dailey PJ, Penninck D, Bronson R, Greene MF, McClure HM, Martin LN, Ruprecht RM. Live attenuated, multiply deleted simian immunodeficiency virus causes AIDS in infant and adult macaques. Nat Med 1999; 5:194-203. [PMID: 9930868 DOI: 10.1038/5557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 222] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
A substantial risk in using live attenuated, multiply deleted viruses as vaccines against AIDS is their potential to induce AIDS. A mutant of the simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) with large deletions in nef and vpr and in the negative regulatory element induced AIDS in six of eight infant macaques vaccinated orally or intravenously. Early signs of immune dysfunction were seen in the remaining two offspring. Prolonged follow-up of sixteen vaccinated adult macaques also showed resurgence of chronic viremia in four animals: two of these developed early signs of disease and one died of AIDS. We conclude that this multiply deleted SIV is pathogenic and that human AIDS vaccines built on similar prototypes may cause AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
- T W Baba
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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7
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Georges-Courbot MC, Moisson P, Leroy E, Pingard AM, Nerrienet E, Dubreuil G, Wickings EJ, Debels F, Bedjabaga I, Poaty-Mavoungou V, Hahn NT, Georges AJ. Occurrence and frequency of transmission of naturally occurring simian retroviral infections (SIV, STLV, and SRV) at the CIRMF Primate Center, Gabon. J Med Primatol 1996; 25:313-26. [PMID: 9029395 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1996.tb00023.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Among the primates held at the CIRMF Primate Center, Gabon, no serological sign of SIV infection could be demonstrated in 68 cynomolgus monkeys, 60 chimpanzees, nine gorillas, and 12 sun-tailed monkeys, while seven of 102 mandrills and six of 24 vervets were infected with SIV. Six mandrills, seven vervets and ten cynomolgus monkeys exhibited a full HTLV type 1 Western blot profile. The sera of two gorillas and one chimpanzee presented with a positive but not typical HTLV Western blot profile. The sera of the gorillas lacked p24 antibodies, and the chimpanzee had a Western blot profile evocative of HTLV-II. All attempts to amplify viruses from these animals by PCR were unsuccessful. Two other chimpanzees and seven gorillas presented with indeterminate HTLV Western blot profiles. In the mandrill colony, only male animals were STLV seropositive and no sexual transmission to females was observed. SIV infection was also more frequent in male than female mandrills and sexual transmission appeared to be a rare event. No SRV infection was observed in macaques.
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Odinecs A, Pereira C, Nosbisch C, Unadkat JD. Prenatal and postpartum pharmacokinetics of stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine) and didanosine (dideoxyinosine) in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:2423-5. [PMID: 8891157 PMCID: PMC163547 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.10.2423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Stavudine (5 mg/kg of body weight; n = 7) or didanosine (3.2 mg/kg; n = 4) was administered as an intravenous bolus to pregnant pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina) near term and 4 to 5 weeks postpartum. No significant differences were found between the prenatal and postpartum total plasma drug clearance, steady-state volume of distribution, terminal plasma drug half-life, mean body residence time, or recovery of unchanged drug in urine. These data indicate that pregnancy does not affect the pharmacokinetics of stavudine or didanosine in M. nemestrina.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Odinecs
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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9
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Odinecs A, Nosbisch C, Unadkat JD. Zidovudine does not affect transplacental transfer or systemic clearance of stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine) in the pigtailed macaque (Macaca nemestrina). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1569-71. [PMID: 8726043 PMCID: PMC163373 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.6.1569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Stavudine (22 micrograms/min/kg of body weight) was infused alone (via the femoral vein) or simultaneously with zidovudine (66 micrograms/min/kg) to three near-term pregnant macaques. No significant differences were found between the mean steady-state plasma stavudine concentrations in the dam (Cssd) and fetus (Cssf), the stavudine concentration in the amniotic fluid (Cssa), and the ratios Cssf/Cssd and Cssa/Cssf when stavudine was infused alone or in combination with zidovudine. The data obtained indicate that zidovudine administration does not affect the transfer of stavudine across the placenta in Macaca nemestrina.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Odinecs
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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10
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Abstract
Retrospective data indicate that two separate outbreaks of simian AIDS and associated lymphoma were caused by Simian Immunodeficiency Virus (SIVmac and SIVstm, respectively) in group-housed macaques at the California Regional Primate Research Center (CRPRC) in the early and mid-1970s. Because these epizootics were not then recognized as infectious in nature, surviving healthy SIV carriers were sent to other primate centers where they transmitted the viruses to resident macaques. The source of SIV at the CRPRC was by contact with co-housed seropositive sooty mangabeys. Spread of SIV via saliva and blood while fighting most likely accounted for these epizootics. Separate outbreaks of a somewhat different version of simian AIDS, caused by the simian Type D retrovirus (SRV-1), and spread from healthy carriers via saliva and blood also occurred in the late 1970s and early 1980s in group-housed macaques at the CRPRC. Initially, these SRV-1 outbreaks were also not recognized as infectious.
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Affiliation(s)
- M B Gardner
- University of California, School of Medicine, Department of Medical Pathology, Davis 95616, USA
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11
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Tuntland T, Nosbisch C, Baughman WL, Massarella J, Unadkat JD. Mechanism and rate of placental transfer of zalcitabine (2',3'-dideoxycytidine) in Macaca nemestrina. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174:856-63. [PMID: 8633656 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9378(96)70313-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Our purpose was to determine whether the ant-human immunodeficiency virus drug zalcitabine (2',3'-dideoxycytidine) is actively transferred across the placenta in the near-term Macaca nemestrina. STUDY DESIGN Constant rate infusions of zalcitabine (1.31 microg/min/kg) and antipyrine (66.7 microg/min/kg) were administered to the dam through the femoral vein (n = 4) or to the fetus through the carotid artery (n = 3) in a randomized cross-over design. Zalcitabine was also administred at a 10-fold higher infusion rate to the dam (n = 3). The effect of zidovudine on the transplacental transfer of zalcitabine was studied by coinfusing the two drugs to the dam (n = 2). Samples from maternal plasma, fetal plasma, and amniotic fluid were collected at regular intervals during the 30-hour infusions. RESULTS The maternal-fetal transfer clearance of zalcitabine (0.41 +/- 0.16 ml/min/kg) was not significantly different from the fetal-maternal transfer clearance of the drug (0.66 +/ 0.30 ml/min/kg). Moreover, the steady-state fetal-maternal plasma concentration ratios of zalcitabine after the low 0.58 +/- 0.06) and high (0.66 +/- 0.10) infusion rates to the dam were similar. This ratio was not substantially changed (0.69) when zalcitabine was coadministered with zidovudine. The placental transfer rate of zalcitabine was 11% (+/-4%) that of antipyrine. CONCLUSION The placental transfer of zalcitabine is passive and unaffected by simultaneous administration of zidovudine. In Macaca nemestrina the average fetal exposure to zalcitabine is approximately 60% of the maternal exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tuntland
- Department of Pharamceutics, School of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7610, USA
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12
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Odinecs A, Nosbisch C, Keller RD, Baughman WL, Unadkat JD. In vivo maternal-fetal pharmacokinetics of stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine) in pigtailed macaques (Macaca nemestrina). Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:196-202. [PMID: 8787905 PMCID: PMC163082 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.1.196] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
To determine whether stavudine (2',3'-didehydro-3'-deoxythymidine) is actively transported in vivo across the placenta and to determine the extent of its transfer, stavudine was administered as an intravenous bolus to four near-term macaques (Macaca nemestrina) (5 mg/kg of body weight via the femoral vein) or to their fetuses (10 mg/kg via the carorid artery) at gestational age 134 +/- 5 days, with the administrations about 1 week apart. Antipyrine (a passive diffusion marker) was always coadministered (20 mg/kg) with stavudine. Samples of maternal and fetal plasma and amniotic fluid were collected at frequent intervals up to 240 min after the dose. In a separate experiment, three animals received stavudine for 30 h at a low rate of infusion (22 micrograms/min/kg via the femoral vein) to the dam or at a 10-fold-higher rate of infusion (220 micrograms/min/kg), separated by at least one week, in order to determine if the transplacental transfer of stavudine is saturable. Antipyrine (41.7 micrograms/min/kg) was coinfused with stavudine. Samples of maternal and fetal plasma and amniotic fluid were collected at regular intervals for up to 30 h. The concentrations of stavudine and antipyrine were determined by high-performance liquid chromatography. The transplacental maternal-fetal drug clearances were compared by the paired Student t test. The clearance associated with maternal-fetal transfer of the drug (CLdf) (0.54 +/- 0.08 ml/min/kg) was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from the clearance associated with fetal-maternal transfer of the drug, CLfd (0.66 +/- 0.11 ml/min/kg). Also, CLdf was not significantly different (P > 0.05) from CLfd when normalized with respect to the corresponding transplacental clearance of antipyrine (0.23 +/- 0.04 versus 0.36 +/- 0.25). The ratios of the steady-state plasma stavudine concentration in the fetus to that in the dam were 0.77 +/- 0.06 at the low stavudine infusion rate and 0.81 +/- 0.09 at the high stavudine infusion rate. The obtained data indicate that transfer of stavudine across the placenta is passive and constant over the dose range studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Odinecs
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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13
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Amedee AM, Lacour N, Gierman JL, Martin LN, Clements JE, Bohm R, Harrison RM, Murphey-Corb M. Genotypic selection of simian immunodeficiency virus in macaque infants infected transplacentally. J Virol 1995; 69:7982-90. [PMID: 7494311 PMCID: PMC189743 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.69.12.7982-7990.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
To understand viral and host factors that contribute to transplacental transmission of human immunodeficiency virus, we developed an animal model using pregnant female macaques infected with simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV). Pregnant females were inoculated intravenously during midgestation with either a well-characterized primary isolate of SIV (SIV/DeltaB670) or a combination of SIV/DeltaB670 and the macrophage-tropic molecular clone SIV/17E-Fr. The viral genetic diversity in five infected female macaques and their in utero-infected infants was analyzed. All of the mothers harbored a genetically diverse virus population at parturition, whereas a single genotype from the maternal quasispecies was identified in the infants at birth. Only one of two variants was found in the infants: SIV/17E-Fr (two cases) or a genotype contained within the SIV/DeltaB670 quasispecies (three cases). The macrophage-tropic properties of both transmitted genotypes were suggested by productive replication in primary rhesus macrophage cultures in vitro and the clonal presence in central nervous system tissue of infected monkeys with encephalitis. These observations provide compelling evidence for both genotypic and phenotypic selection in transplacental transmission of SIV and suggest a critical role for macrophages in fetal infection in utero.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Amedee
- Tulane Regional Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana 70433, USA
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Bui T, Watanabe R, Kennedy B, Unadkat JD, Morton WR, Ho RJ. Simian immunodeficiency virus infection of macaque primary placental cells. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1995; 11:955-61. [PMID: 7492442 DOI: 10.1089/aid.1995.11.955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
We have characterized the ability of a simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVmne strain E11S, to infect macaque placental trophoblast and Hofbauer cells. These primary placental cells were permissive to SIVmne infection, regardless of gestational age. Virus production by the infected cells was determined as time-dependent viral core antigen p27 production, followed by verification of the proviral gag/LTR DNA sequences in the infected cells using a polymerase chain reaction assay. Of more than six placentas tested, SIVmne infection of placental cells at an early gestational age (i.e., days 55 or 78) produced more than 10-fold the amount of virus core antigen p27 than did placental cells infected at a late gestational age (i.e., days 135 or 165). In addition, SIVmne infection of trophoblast cells was inhibited by SIVmac neutralizing macaque serum but not by normal serum, indicating the specificity of virus infection. Furthermore, the amount of SIV core antigen p27 produced by the virus-infected trophoblast and Hofbauer cells was shown to be dependent on the multiplicity of virus infection. Collectively, our results indicate that macaque trophoblast and Hofbauer cells can be infected by SIV and that both gestational age and viral dose may play a role in the extent of viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Bui
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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15
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Kuller L, Benveniste RE, Tsai CC, Clark EA, Polacino P, Watanabe R, Overbaugh J, Katze MG, Morton WR. Intrarectal inoculation of macaques by the simian immunodeficiency virus, SIVmne E11S: CD4+ depletion and AIDS. J Med Primatol 1994; 23:397-409. [PMID: 7731030 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1994.tb00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Macaca nemestrina and Macaca fascicularis were inoculated with various doses of a single-cell clone of SIVmne-infected HuT 78 cells (E11S) by both the intravenous and intrarectal routes. Animals inoculated intravenously at each dose seroconverted and virus was isolated from peripheral blood mononuclear cells, but only the high-dose intrarectally exposed macaques became viremic and seroconverted. However, some seronegative, virus isolation negative intrarectally inoculated macaques showed evidence of infection and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Kuller
- Regional Primate Research Center, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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16
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Golos TG, Krugner-Higby LA, Williams CS, Fisher JM, Johnson KJ, Durning M, Schultz KT. Primary cultures of rhesus placental syncytiotrophoblasts are permissive for SIV infection. J Med Primatol 1994; 23:66-74. [PMID: 7966236 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1994.tb00104.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Primary cultures of rhesus syncytiotrophoblasts incubated with SIVdeltaB670, SIVmac251, or SIVmac239 produced readily detectable virus in the supernatant for up to three weeks after infection. At four weeks, cells generally failed to release virus but placental cell lysates and placental cells cocultured for 24 hours with uninfected CEM x 174 cells were able to transmit infection. The presence of virus was confirmed by electron microscopy and PCR amplification of viral sequences from trophoblast genomic DNA. SIV p27 antigen was localized by immunostaining primarily in syncytiotrophoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- T G Golos
- Wisconsin Regional Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison 53715-1299
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17
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Benveniste RE, Roodman ST, Hill RW, Knott WB, Ribas JL, Lewis MG, Eddy GA. Infectivity of titered doses of simian immunodeficiency virus clone E11S inoculated intravenously into rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). J Med Primatol 1994; 23:83-8. [PMID: 7966238 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1994.tb00106.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The macaque infectious dose (MID) of a single-cell clone of simian immunodeficiency virus isolated from a pig-tailed macaque (SIV/Mne clone E11S) was determined in rhesus macaques (Macaca mulatta). Twenty-one macaques were inoculated with 10-fold dilutions of the virus stock (three or four animals per dose). The virologic and clinical status of these animals was monitored for 26 weeks. The 25% MID (MID25) occurred at a 10(5)-fold dilution of the viral stock.
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Affiliation(s)
- R E Benveniste
- Laboratory of Viral Carcinogenesis, National Cancer Institute, Frederick, MD 21702-1201
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Phillips-Conroy JE, Jolly CJ, Petros B, Allan JS, Desrosiers RC. Sexual transmission of SIVagm in wild grivet monkeys. J Med Primatol 1994; 23:1-7. [PMID: 7932633 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1994.tb00088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
This study reports the prevalence of simian immunodeficiency virus and the relationship of serostatus to age and sex among a wild population of Ethiopian grivet monkeys (Cercopithecus aethiops aethiops). Seropositivity paralleled patterns of sexual activity, being nearly universal in females of reproductive age, and absent in all males except those that were fully adult. One female seroconverted between two capture seasons at an age consistent with first breeding. Our findings support a predominantly sexual mode of transmission among SIVagm infected grivets.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Phillips-Conroy
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
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19
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Maternal-fetal transfer and fetal toxicity of anti-HIV drugs. Placenta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80336-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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20
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Characterization of Macaque placental trophoblast and Hofbauer cell response to Zidovudine. Placenta 1994. [DOI: 10.1016/s0143-4004(05)80337-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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21
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Ruprecht RM, Fratazzi C, Sharma PL, Greene MF, Penninck D, Wyand M. Animal models for perinatal transmission of pathogenic viruses. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1993; 693:213-28. [PMID: 8267266 DOI: 10.1111/j.1749-6632.1993.tb26270.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In earlier work, mouse models have been used to demonstrate the efficacy and lack of toxicity of transplacental and perinatal AZT therapy. These practical small animal models can be useful for evaluating antiviral drugs aimed at common retroviral functions only, since Type C MuLVs are used. A primate model for fetal infection with an immunosuppressive lentivirus, SIV, has been established using ultrasound-guided inoculation of the amniotic fluid. The infection rate was 86% overall and 100% if the fetal SIV exposure occurred at least 19 days before delivery. The suspected major route of vertical HIV-1 transmission, that is, virus entry through fetal mucous membranes or skin, is replicated by our approach. The high fetal infection rate will allow studies of SIV pathogenesis during various stages of fetal development. This model should be well suited to development and evaluation of therapeutic strategies for preventing fetal infection.
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22
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Ochs H, Morton W, Kuller L, Zhu Q, Tsai C, Agy M, Benveniste R. Intra‐amniotic inoculation of pigtailed macaque (
Macaca nemestrina
) fetuses with SIV and HIV‐1. J Med Primatol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1993.tb00655.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- H.D. Ochs
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
| | - W.R. Morton
- Regional Primate Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
| | - L.D. Kuller
- Regional Primate Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
| | - Q. Zhu
- Department of PediatricsUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
| | - C.‐C. Tsai
- Regional Primate Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
| | - M.B. Agy
- Regional Primate Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWA
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23
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Klumpp S, Novembre F, Anderson D, Simon M, Ringler D, McClure H. Clinical and pathologic findings in infant rhesus macaques infected with SIV
smm
by maternal transmission. J Med Primatol 1993. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1993.tb00656.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S.A. Klumpp
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
| | - F.J. Novembre
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
- Department of PathologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
| | - D.C. Anderson
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
| | - M.A. Simon
- New England Regional Primate Research CenterHarvard Medical SchoolSouthboroughMAU.S.A
| | - D.J. Ringler
- New England Regional Primate Research CenterHarvard Medical SchoolSouthboroughMAU.S.A
| | - H.M. McClure
- Yerkes Regional Primate Research CenterEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
- Department of PathologyEmory UniversityAtlantaGA
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24
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BABA TIMOTHYW, SAMPSON JONEE, FRATAZZI CANDIDA, GREENE MICHAELF, RUPRECHT RUTHM. Maternal Transmission of the Human Immunodeficiency Virus: Can It Be Prevented? J Womens Health (Larchmt) 1993. [DOI: 10.1089/jwh.1993.2.231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
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25
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Kuller L, Benveniste RE, Watanabe R, Tsai C, Morton WR. Transmission of SIV
Mne
from female to male
Macaca nemestrina. J Med Primatol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1992.tb00594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- LaRene Kuller
- Regional Primate Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAU.S.A
| | | | - Robin Watanabe
- Regional Primate Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAU.S.A
| | - Che‐Chung Tsai
- Regional Primate Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAU.S.A
| | - William R. Morton
- Regional Primate Research CenterUniversity of WashingtonSeattleWAU.S.A
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26
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Titti F, Borsetti A, Geraci A, Sernicola L, Giuseppini L, Turillazzi G, Pace M, Baroncelli S, Amadori A, Giovannetti A, Dianzani F, Chieco‐Bianchi L, Rossi G, Verani P. Vaccination of pregnant cynomolgus monkeys with whole formalin‐inactivated SIV
mac251. J Med Primatol 1992. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0684.1992.tb00573.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F. Titti
- Laboratory of VirologyIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome
| | - A. Borsetti
- Laboratory of VirologyIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome
| | - A. Geraci
- Laboratory of VirologyIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome
| | - L. Sernicola
- Laboratory of VirologyIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome
| | - L. Giuseppini
- Laboratory of VirologyIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome
| | - G.P. Turillazzi
- Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology and EcotoxicologyIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome
| | - M. Pace
- Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology and EcotoxicologyIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome
| | - S. Baroncelli
- Laboratory of Comparative Toxicology and EcotoxicologyIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome
| | - A. Amadori
- Department of OncologyUniversity of PaduaItaly
| | | | - F. Dianzani
- Institute of VirologyLa Sapienza UniversityRomeItaly
| | | | - G.B. Rossi
- Laboratory of VirologyIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome
| | - P. Verani
- Laboratory of VirologyIstituto Superiore di SanitàRome
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