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Yan W, Li Y, Louis EJ, Kyriacou CP, Hu Y, Cordell RL, Xie X. Quantitative genetic analysis of attractiveness of yeast products to Drosophila. Genetics 2024; 227:iyae048. [PMID: 38560786 PMCID: PMC11151935 DOI: 10.1093/genetics/iyae048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2024] [Accepted: 02/20/2024] [Indexed: 04/04/2024] Open
Abstract
An attractive perfume is a complex mixture of compounds, some of which may be unpleasant on their own. This is also true for the volatile combinations from yeast fermentation products in vineyards and orchards when assessed by Drosophila. Here, we used crosses between a yeast strain with an attractive fermentation profile and another strain with a repulsive one and tested fly responses using a T-maze. QTL analysis reveals allelic variation in four yeast genes, namely PTC6, SAT4, YFL040W, and ARI1, that modulated expression levels of volatile compounds [assessed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS)] and in different combinations, generated various levels of attractiveness. The parent strain that is more attractive to Drosophila has repulsive alleles at two of the loci, while the least attractive parent has attractive alleles. Behavioral assays using artificial mixtures mimicking the composition of odors from fermentation validated the results of GC-MS and QTL mapping, thereby directly connecting genetic variation in yeast to attractiveness in flies. This study can be used as a basis for dissecting the combination of olfactory receptors that mediate the attractiveness/repulsion of flies to yeast volatiles and may also serve as a model for testing the attractiveness of pest species such as Drosophila suzukii to their host fruit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiru Yan
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Yishen Li
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Edward J Louis
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | | | - Yue Hu
- Department of Genetics & Genome Biology, University of Leicester, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Rebecca L Cordell
- School of Chemistry, University of Leicester, University Road, Leicester LE1 7RH, UK
| | - Xiaodong Xie
- Institute of Genetics, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou 730000, China
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2
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Guilhot R, Xuéreb A, Lagmairi A, Olazcuaga L, Fellous S. Microbiota acquisition and transmission in Drosophila flies. iScience 2023; 26:107656. [PMID: 37670792 PMCID: PMC10475513 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of host-microbiota associations notably involves exploring how members of the microbiota assemble and whether they are transmitted along host generations. Here, we investigate the larval acquisition of facultative bacterial and yeast symbionts of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila suzukii in ecologically realistic setups. Fly mothers and fruit were major sources of symbionts. Microorganisms associated with adult males also contributed to larval microbiota, mostly in D. melanogaster. Yeasts acquired at the larval stage maintained through metamorphosis, adult life, and were transmitted to offspring. All these observations varied widely among microbial strains, suggesting they have different transmission strategies among fruits and insects. Our approach shows microbiota members of insects can be acquired from a diversity of sources and highlights the compound nature of microbiotas. Such microbial transmission events along generations should favor the evolution of mutualistic interactions and enable microbiota-mediated local adaptation of the insect host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guilhot
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Xuéreb
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Auxane Lagmairi
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Olazcuaga
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Simon Fellous
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
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3
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Mutualism promotes insect fitness by fungal nutrient compensation and facilitates fungus propagation by mediating insect oviposition preference. THE ISME JOURNAL 2022; 16:1831-1842. [PMID: 35418221 DOI: 10.1038/s41396-022-01237-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Penicillium and Bactrocera dorsalis (oriental fruit fly, Hendel) are major pathogens and pests of citrus fruits, as both of them can cause detrimental losses in citrus production. However, their interaction in the cohabitation of citrus fruits remains elusive. In this study, we revealed a mutualistic relationship between Penicillium and B. dorsalis. We found that insect behaviors can facilitate the entry of fungal pathogens into fruits, and fungal pathogens promote the fitness of insects in return. More specifically, Penicillium could take advantage of the openings left by ovipositors of flies, and adult flies contaminated with Penicillium could spread the fungus to new sites. Moreover, the volatile emissions from fungi could attract gravid flies to the infected site for egg laying. The fungus and B. dorsalis were able to establish mutual interaction, as revealed by the presence of Penicillium DNA in intestinal tracts of flies throughout all larval stages. The fungal partner seemed to promote the emergence rate and shorten the emergence duration of the flies by providing pyridoxine, one of the B group vitamins. Different from previously reported scenarios of strong avoidance of Drosophila and attraction of Aedes aegypti toward Penicillium, our findings unveil a hitherto new paradigm of the mutualism between Penicillium and B. dorsalis, by which both insect and fungus earn benefits to facilitate their propagation.
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4
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Yu B, Yu B, Yu L. Commentary: Reconciling Hygiene and Cleanliness: A New Perspective from Human Microbiome. Indian J Microbiol 2020; 60:259-261. [PMID: 32255860 PMCID: PMC7105528 DOI: 10.1007/s12088-020-00863-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human beings have co-evolved with the microorganisms in our environment for millions of years, and have developed into a symbiosis in a mutually beneficial/defensive way. Human beings have significant multifaceted relationships with the diverse microbial community. Apart from the important protective role of microbial community exposure in development of early immunity, millions of inimitable bacterial genes of the diverse microbial community are the indispensable source of essential nutrients like essential amino acids and essential fatty acids for human body. The essential nutrition from microbiome is harvested through xenophagy. As an immune effector, xenophagy will capture any microorganisms that touch the epithelial cells of our gastrointestinal tract, degrade them and turn them into nutrients for the use of our body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Boxuan Yu
- Hwa Chong Institution, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Bowei Yu
- grid.4280.e0000 0001 2180 6431School of Computing, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ligen Yu
- grid.59025.3b0000 0001 2224 0361Talent Recruitment and Career Support (TRACS) Office, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
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5
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Koerte S, Keesey IW, Easson MLAE, Gershenzon J, Hansson BS, Knaden M. Variable dependency on associated yeast communities influences host range inDrosophilaspecies. OIKOS 2020. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.07180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Koerte
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
| | - Ian W. Keesey
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
| | | | | | - Bill S. Hansson
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
| | - Markus Knaden
- Max Planck Inst. for Chemical Ecology, Dept of Evolutionary Neuroethology Hans‐Knöll‐Straße 8 DE‐07745 Jena Germany
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6
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Belmonte RL, Corbally MK, Duneau DF, Regan JC. Sexual Dimorphisms in Innate Immunity and Responses to Infection in Drosophila melanogaster. Front Immunol 2020; 10:3075. [PMID: 32076419 PMCID: PMC7006818 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.03075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The sexes show profound differences in responses to infection and the development of autoimmunity. Dimorphisms in immune responses are ubiquitous across taxa, from arthropods to vertebrates. Drosophila melanogaster shows strong sex dimorphisms in immune system responses at baseline, upon pathogenic challenge, and over aging. We have performed an exhaustive survey of peer-reviewed literature on Drosophila immunity, and present a database of publications indicating the sex(es) analyzed in each study. While we found a growing interest in the community in adult immunity and in reporting both sexes, the main body of work in this field uses only one sex, or does not stratify by sex. We synthesize evidence for sexually dimorphic responses to bacterial, viral, and fungal infections. Dimorphisms may be mediated by distinct immune compartments, and we review work on sex differences in behavioral, epithelial, cellular, and systemic (fat body-mediated) immunity. Emerging work on sexually dimorphic aging of immune tissues, immune senescence, and inflammation are examined. We consider evolutionary drivers for sex differences in immune investment, highlight the features of Drosophila biology that make it particularly amenable to studies of immune dimorphisms, and discuss areas for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca L. Belmonte
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Mary-Kate Corbally
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David F. Duneau
- Laboratoire Evolution & Diversite Biologique, UMR5174 EDB, CNRS, Université Toulouse 3 Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Jennifer C. Regan
- Institute of Immunology & Infection Research, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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7
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Abstract
The evolution of a mutualism requires reciprocal interactions whereby one species provides a service that the other species cannot perform or performs less efficiently. Services exchanged in insect-fungus mutualisms include nutrition, protection, and dispersal. In ectosymbioses, which are the focus of this review, fungi can be consumed by insects or can degrade plant polymers or defensive compounds, thereby making a substrate available to insects. They can also protect against environmental factors and produce compounds antagonistic to microbial competitors. Insects disperse fungi and can also provide fungal growth substrates and protection. Insect-fungus mutualisms can transition from facultative to obligate, whereby each partner is no longer viable on its own. Obligate dependency has (a) resulted in the evolution of morphological adaptations in insects and fungi, (b) driven the evolution of social behaviors in some groups of insects, and (c) led to the loss of sexuality in some fungal mutualists.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter H W Biedermann
- Research Group Insect-Fungus Symbiosis, Department of Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany;
| | - Fernando E Vega
- Sustainable Perennial Crops Laboratory, United States Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, Beltsville, Maryland 20705, USA;
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8
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Solomon GM, Dodangoda H, McCarthy-Walker T, Ntim-Gyakari R, Newell PD. The microbiota of Drosophila suzukii influences the larval development of Drosophila melanogaster. PeerJ 2019; 7:e8097. [PMID: 31763075 PMCID: PMC6873876 DOI: 10.7717/peerj.8097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms play a central role in the biology of vinegar flies such as Drosophila suzukii and Drosophila melanogaster: serving as a food source to both adults and larvae, and influencing a range of traits including nutrition, behavior, and development. The niches utilized by the fly species partially overlap, as do the microbiota that sustain them, and interactions among these players may drive the development of crop diseases. To learn more about how the microbiota of one species may affect the other, we isolated and identified microbes from field-caught D. suzukii, and then characterized their effects on D. melanogaster larval development time in the laboratory. We found that the D. suzukii microbiota consistently included both yeasts and bacteria. It was dominated by yeasts of the genus Hanseniaspora, and bacteria from the families Acetobacteraceae and Enterobacteriaceae. Raising D. melanogaster under gnotobiotic conditions with each microbial isolate individually, we found that some bacteria promoted larval development relative to axenic conditions, but most did not have a significant effect. In contrast, nearly all the yeasts tested significantly accelerated larval development. The one exception was Starmerella bacillaris, which had the opposite effect: significantly slowing larval developmental rate. We investigated the basis for this effect by examining whether S. bacillaris cells could sustain larval growth, and measuring the survival of S. bacillaris and other yeasts in the larval gut. Our results suggest S. bacillaris is not digested by D. melanogaster and therefore cannot serve as a source of nutrition. These findings have interesting implications for possible interactions between the two Drosophilia species and their microbiota in nature. Overall, we found that microbes isolated from D. suzukii promote D. melanogaster larval development, which is consistent with the model that infestation of fruit by D. suzukii can open up habitat for D. melanogaster. We propose that the microbiome is an important dimension of the ecological interactions between Drosophila species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabrielle M. Solomon
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
| | - Hiruni Dodangoda
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
| | - Tylea McCarthy-Walker
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
| | - Rita Ntim-Gyakari
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
| | - Peter D. Newell
- Department of Biological Sciences, State University of New York at Oswego, Oswego, NY, United States of America
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9
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Differential Impacts of Yeasts on Feeding Behavior and Development in Larval Drosophila suzukii (Diptera:Drosophilidae). Sci Rep 2019; 9:13370. [PMID: 31527678 PMCID: PMC6746873 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-48863-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 08/14/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Larval Drosophila encounter and feed on a diverse microbial community within fruit. In particular, free-living yeast microbes provide a source of dietary protein critical for development. However, successional changes to the fruit microbial community may alter host quality through impacts on relative protein content or yeast community composition. For many species of Drosophila, fitness benefits from yeast feeding vary between individual yeast species, indicating differences in yeast nutritional quality. To better understand these associations, we evaluated how five species of yeast impacted feeding preference and development in larval Drosophila suzukii. Larvae exhibited a strong attraction to the yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum in pairwise yeast feeding assays. However, larvae also performed most poorly on diets containing H. uvarum, a mismatch in preference and performance that suggests differences in yeast nutritional quality are not the primary factor driving larval feeding behavior. Together, these results demonstrate that yeast plays a critical role in D. suzukii’s ecology and that larvae may have developed specific yeast associations. Further inquiry, including systematic comparisons of Drosophila larval yeast associations more broadly, will be necessary to understand patterns of microbial resource use in larvae of D. suzukii and other frugivorous species.
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10
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Kruitwagen A, Beukeboom LW, Wertheim B. Optimization of native biocontrol agents, with parasitoids of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii as an example. Evol Appl 2018; 11:1473-1497. [PMID: 30344621 PMCID: PMC6183459 DOI: 10.1111/eva.12648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The development of biological control methods for exotic invasive pest species has become more challenging during the last decade. Compared to indigenous natural enemies, species from the pest area of origin are often more efficient due to their long coevolutionary history with the pest. The import of these well-adapted exotic species, however, has become restricted under the Nagoya Protocol on Access and Benefit Sharing, reducing the number of available biocontrol candidates. Finding new agents and ways to improve important traits for control agents ("biocontrol traits") is therefore of crucial importance. Here, we demonstrate the potential of a surprisingly under-rated method for improvement of biocontrol: the exploitation of intraspecific variation in biocontrol traits, for example, by selective breeding. We propose a four-step approach to investigate the potential of this method: investigation of the amount of (a) inter- and (b) intraspecific variation for biocontrol traits, (c) determination of the environmental and genetic factors shaping this variation, and (d) exploitation of this variation in breeding programs. We illustrate this approach with a case study on parasitoids of Drosophila suzukii, a highly invasive pest species in Europe and North America. We review all known parasitoids of D. suzukii and find large variation among and within species in their ability to kill this fly. We then consider which genetic and environmental factors shape the interaction between D. suzukii and its parasitoids to explain this variation. Insight into the causes of variation informs us on how and to what extent candidate agents can be improved. Moreover, it aids in predicting the effectiveness of the agent upon release and provides insight into the selective forces that are limiting the adaptation of indigenous species to the new pest. We use this knowledge to give future research directions for the development of selective breeding methods for biocontrol agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Astrid Kruitwagen
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Leo W. Beukeboom
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life SciencesUniversity of GroningenGroningenThe Netherlands
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11
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Rapkin J, Jensen K, Archer CR, House CM, Sakaluk SK, Castillo ED, Hunt J. The Geometry of Nutrient Space-Based Life-History Trade-Offs: Sex-Specific Effects of Macronutrient Intake on the Trade-Off between Encapsulation Ability and Reproductive Effort in Decorated Crickets. Am Nat 2018; 191:452-474. [PMID: 29570407 DOI: 10.1086/696147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Life-history theory assumes that traits compete for limited resources, resulting in trade-offs. The most commonly manipulated resource in empirical studies is the quantity or quality of diet. Recent studies using the geometric framework for nutrition, however, suggest that trade-offs are often regulated by the intake of specific nutrients, but a formal approach to identify and quantify the strength of such trade-offs is lacking. We posit that trade-offs occur whenever life-history traits are maximized in different regions of nutrient space, as evidenced by nonoverlapping 95% confidence regions of the global maximum for each trait and large angles (θ) between linear nutritional vectors and Euclidean distances (d) between global maxima. We then examined the effects of protein and carbohydrate intake on the trade-off between reproduction and aspects of immune function in male and female Gryllodes sigillatus. Female encapsulation ability and egg production increased with the intake of both nutrients, whereas male encapsulation ability increased with protein intake but calling effort increased with carbohydrate intake. The trade-offs between traits was therefore larger in males than in females, as demonstrated by significant negative correlations between the traits in males, nonoverlapping 95% confidence regions, and larger estimates of θ and d. Under dietary choice, the sexes had similar regulated intakes, but neither optimally regulated nutrient intake for maximal trait expression. We highlight the fact that greater consideration of specific nutrient intake is needed when examining nutrient space-based trade-offs.
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12
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Bellutti N, Gallmetzer A, Innerebner G, Schmidt S, Zelger R, Koschier EH. Dietary yeast affects preference and performance in Drosophila suzukii. JOURNAL OF PEST SCIENCE 2018; 91:651-660. [PMID: 29568250 PMCID: PMC5847167 DOI: 10.1007/s10340-017-0932-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 10/11/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 05/10/2023]
Abstract
Yeasts play an important role in nutrition physiology and host attraction of many Drosophila species, and associations with various yeast species are documented for several drosophilid flies. The pest Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) has a predominant association with the yeast Hanseniaspora uvarum. However, research has not been conducted on the nutritional physiology of the yeasts associated with D. suzukii (spotted wing drosophila). Therefore, in this study, we determined whether dietary yeast was nutritionally relevant and whether yeast species closely associated with D. suzukii positively affected life-history traits. Our results confirm a crucial role of dietary yeast in the larval development and survival of D. suzukii. Furthermore, we found specific effects of the closely associated yeast species H. uvarum and Candida sp. on larval survival. Observations of the egg-laying behaviour of D. suzukii on cherry fruits artificially colonised with different yeast species revealed that the number of eggs laid increased on fruits colonised with Candida sp. and Saccharomyces cerevisiae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathalie Bellutti
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Laimburg, Pfatten, South Tyrol Italy
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Gallmetzer
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Laimburg, Pfatten, South Tyrol Italy
| | - Gerd Innerebner
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Laimburg, Pfatten, South Tyrol Italy
| | - Silvia Schmidt
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Laimburg, Pfatten, South Tyrol Italy
| | - Roland Zelger
- Research Centre for Agriculture and Forestry Laimburg, Pfatten, South Tyrol Italy
| | - Elisabeth Helene Koschier
- Division of Plant Protection, Department of Crop Sciences, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Vienna, Austria
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13
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Trienens M, Kraaijeveld K, Wertheim B. Defensive repertoire of Drosophila larvae in response to toxic fungi. Mol Ecol 2017; 26:5043-5057. [PMID: 28746736 DOI: 10.1111/mec.14254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 06/30/2017] [Accepted: 07/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical warfare including insecticidal secondary metabolites is a well-known strategy for environmental microbes to monopolize a food source. Insects in turn have evolved behavioural and physiological defences to eradicate or neutralize the harmful microorganisms. We studied the defensive repertoire of insects in this interference competition by combining behavioural and developmental assays with whole-transcriptome time-series analysis. Confrontation with the toxic filamentous fungus Aspergillus nidulans severely reduced the survival of Drosophila melanogaster larvae. Nonetheless, the larvae did not behaviourally avoid the fungus, but aggregated at it. Confrontation with fungi strongly affected larval gene expression, including many genes involved in detoxification (e.g., CYP, GST and UGT genes) and the formation of the insect cuticle (e.g., Tweedle genes). The most strongly upregulated genes were several members of the insect-specific gene family Osiris, and CHK-kinase-like domains were over-represented. Immune responses were not activated, reflecting the competitive rather than pathogenic nature of the antagonistic interaction. While internal microbes are widely acknowledged as important, our study emphasizes the underappreciated role of environmental microbes as fierce competitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Trienens
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands.,Institute for Evolution and Biodiversity, University of Muenster, Muenster, Germany
| | - Ken Kraaijeveld
- Leiden Genome Technology Center, Department of Human Genetics, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Institute of Ecological Science, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Bregje Wertheim
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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14
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Biedermann PH, Rohlfs M. Evolutionary feedbacks between insect sociality and microbial management. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2017; 22:92-100. [PMID: 28805645 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Fitness-determining interactions with microbes-in particular fungi-have often been considered a by-product of social evolution in insects. Here, we take the view that both beneficial and harmful microbial consortia are major drivers of social behaviours in many insect systems-ranging from aggregation to eusociality. We propose evolutionary feedbacks between the insect sociality and microbial communities that strengthen mutualistic interactions with beneficial (dietary or defensive) microbes and simultaneously increase the capacity to defend against pathogens (i.e. social immunity). We identified variation in habitat stability-as determined by breeding site predictability and ephemerality-as a main ecological factor that constrains these feedbacks. To test this hypothesis we suggest following the evolution of insect social traits upon experimental manipulation of habitat stability and microbial consortia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Hw Biedermann
- Department of Biochemistry, Max-Planck-Institute for Chemical Ecology, Jena, Germany; Institute for Animal Ecology and Tropical Biology, Julius-Maximilians-University of Würzburg, Germany.
| | - Marko Rohlfs
- University of Bremen, Institute of Ecology, Population- and Evolutionary Ecology Group, Germany; University of Goettingen, J.F. Blumenbach Institute of Zoology, Animal Ecology Group, Germany.
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15
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Maternally-transmitted microbiota affects odor emission and preference in Drosophila larva. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6062. [PMID: 28729609 PMCID: PMC5519639 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-04922-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2017] [Accepted: 05/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental studies show that early sensory experience often affects subsequent sensory preference, suggesting that the heterogeneity of sensory cues in nature could induce significant inter-individual behavioral variation, potentially contributing to maintain intraspecific diversity. To test this hypothesis, we explored the behavioral effect induced by variation in the levels of a self-produced chemical, acetoin, and its link with intraspecific diversity. Acetoin is a pheromone-like substance produced by gut-associated microorganisms in Drosophila. Using wild-type Drosophila melanogaster populations producing variable acetoin levels, we (i) characterized factors involved in this variation and (ii) manipulated some of these factors to affect acetoin responses in larvae. We found that increased and decreased variations in acetoin levels were caused by microorganisms associated with the outside and inside of the egg, respectively. Wild-type larvae preferred acetoin-rich food only when they both produced and were exposed to substantial amounts of acetoin. The removal of the outside of the egg or the genetic alteration of olfaction abolished this preference. In contrast, larvae exposed to high doses of synthetic acetoin were repulsed by acetoin. The similar effects obtained with freshly caught wild-type lines suggest that this acetoin "production-preference" link underlies the diversity of acetoin-producing microorganisms among natural D. melanogaster populations.
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16
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Lynch ZR, Schlenke TA, Morran LT, de Roode JC. Ethanol confers differential protection against generalist and specialist parasitoids of Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0180182. [PMID: 28700600 PMCID: PMC5507509 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0180182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As parasites coevolve with their hosts, they can evolve counter-defenses that render host immune responses ineffective. These counter-defenses are more likely to evolve in specialist parasites than generalist parasites; the latter face variable selection pressures between the different hosts they infect. Natural populations of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster are commonly threatened by endoparasitoid wasps in the genus Leptopilina, including the specialist L. boulardi and the generalist L. heterotoma, and both wasp species can incapacitate the cellular immune response of D. melanogaster larvae. Given that ethanol tolerance is high in D. melanogaster and stronger in the specialist wasp than the generalist, we tested whether fly larvae could use ethanol as an anti-parasite defense and whether its effectiveness would differ against the two wasp species. We found that fly larvae benefited from eating ethanol-containing food during exposure to L. heterotoma; we observed a two-fold decrease in parasitization intensity and a 24-fold increase in fly survival to adulthood. Although host ethanol consumption did not affect L. boulardi parasitization rates or intensities, it led to a modest increase in fly survival. Thus, ethanol conferred stronger protection against the generalist wasp than the specialist. We tested whether fly larvae can self-medicate by seeking ethanol-containing food after being attacked by wasps, but found no support for this hypothesis. We also allowed female flies to choose between control and ethanol-containing oviposition sites in the presence vs. absence of wasps and generally found significant preferences for ethanol regardless of wasp presence. Overall, our results suggest that D. melanogaster larvae obtain protection from certain parasitoid wasp species through their mothers’ innate oviposition preferences for ethanol-containing food sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary R. Lynch
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Todd A. Schlenke
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Levi T. Morran
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
| | - Jacobus C. de Roode
- Department of Biology, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia, United States of America
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17
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Almeida de Carvalho MJ, Mirth CK. Food intake and food choice are altered by the developmental transition at critical weight in Drosophila melanogaster. Anim Behav 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.anbehav.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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18
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Wu G, Xu L, Yi Y. Galleria mellonella larvae are capable of sensing the extent of priming agent and mounting proportionatal cellular and humoral immune responses. Immunol Lett 2016; 174:45-52. [PMID: 27107784 DOI: 10.1016/j.imlet.2016.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2016] [Revised: 04/16/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Larvae of Galleria mellonella are useful models for studying the innate immunity of invertebrates or for evaluating the virulence of microbial pathogens. In this work, we demonstrated that prior exposure of G. mellonella larvae to high doses (1×10(4), 1×10(5) or 1×10(6) cells/larva) of heat-killed Photorhabdus luminescens TT01 increases the resistance of larvae to a lethal dose (50 cells/larva) of viable P. luminescens TT01 infection administered 48h later. We also found that the changes in immune protection level were highly correlated to the changes in levels of cellular and humoral immune parameters when priming the larvae with different doses of heat-killed P. luminescens TT01. Priming the larvae with high doses of heat-killed P. luminescens TT01 resulted in significant increases in the hemocytes activities of phagocytosis and encapsulation. High doses of heat-killed P. luminescens TT01 also induced an increase in total hemocyte count and a reduction in bacterial density within the larval hemocoel. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that genes coding for cecropin and gallerimycin and galiomycin increased in expression after priming G. mellonella with heat-killed P. luminescens TT01. All the immune parameters changed in a dose-dependent manner. These results indicate that the insect immune system is capable of sensing the extent of priming agent and mounting a proportionate immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gongqing Wu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China; Guangdong Cosmetics Engineering & Technology Research Center, China
| | - Li Xu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China
| | - Yunhong Yi
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangdong Pharmaceutical University, Zhongshan 528458, China.
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19
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Stötefeld L, Holighaus G, Schütz S, Rohlfs M. Volatile-mediated location of mutualist host and toxic non-host microfungi by Drosophila larvae. CHEMOECOLOGY 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s00049-015-0197-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
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20
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The fungal aroma gene ATF1 promotes dispersal of yeast cells through insect vectors. Cell Rep 2014; 9:425-32. [PMID: 25310977 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2014.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2014] [Revised: 07/23/2014] [Accepted: 09/03/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Yeast cells produce various volatile metabolites that are key contributors to the pleasing fruity and flowery aroma of fermented beverages. Several of these fruity metabolites, including isoamyl acetate and ethyl acetate, are produced by a dedicated enzyme, the alcohol acetyl transferase Atf1. However, despite much research, the physiological role of acetate ester formation in yeast remains unknown. Using a combination of molecular biology, neurobiology, and behavioral tests, we demonstrate that deletion of ATF1 alters the olfactory response in the antennal lobe of fruit flies that feed on yeast cells. The flies are much less attracted to the mutant yeast cells, and this in turn results in reduced dispersal of the mutant yeast cells by the flies. Together, our results uncover the molecular details of an intriguing aroma-based communication and mutualism between microbes and their insect vectors. Similar mechanisms may exist in other microbes, including microbes on flowering plants and pathogens.
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21
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Graham RI, Deacutis JM, Pulpitel T, Ponton F, Simpson SJ, Wilson K. Locusts increase carbohydrate consumption to protect against a fungal biopesticide. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2014; 69:27-34. [PMID: 24862155 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2014.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2013] [Revised: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
There is growing evidence to suggest that hosts can alter their dietary intake to recoup the specific resources involved in mounting effective resistance against parasites and pathogens. We examined macronutrient ingestion and disease-resistance in the Australian plague locust (Chortoicetes terminifera), challenged with a fungal pathogen (Metarhizium acridum) under dietary regimes varying in their relative amounts of protein and digestible carbohydrate. Dietary protein influenced constitutive immune function to a greater extent than did carbohydrate, indicating higher protein costs of mounting an immune defence than carbohydrate or overall energy costs. However, it appears that increased immune function, as a result of greater protein ingestion, was not sufficient to protect locusts from fungal disease. We found that locusts restricted to diets high in protein (P) and low in carbohydrate (C) were more likely to die of a fungal infection than those restricted to diets with a low P:C ratio. We hypothesise that the fungus is more efficient at exploiting protein in the insect's haemolymph than the host is at producing immune effectors, tipping the balance in favour of the pathogen on high-protein diets. When allowed free-choice, survivors of a fungus-challenge chose a less-protein-rich diet than those succumbing to infection and those not challenged with fungus locusts. These results are contrary to previous studies on caterpillars in the genus Spodoptera challenged with bacterial and baculoviral pathogens, indicating that nutrient ingestion and pathogen resistance may be a complex interaction specific to different host species and disease agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert I Graham
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK.
| | - Juliane M Deacutis
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
| | - Tamara Pulpitel
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Fleur Ponton
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Stephen J Simpson
- School of Biological Sciences, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia; Charles Perkins Centre, University of Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Kenneth Wilson
- Lancaster Environment Centre, Lancaster University, Lancaster LA1 4YQ, UK
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22
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Abed-Vieillard D, Cortot J, Everaerts C, Ferveur JF. Choice alters Drosophila oviposition site preference on menthol. Biol Open 2014; 3:22-8. [PMID: 24326184 PMCID: PMC3892157 DOI: 10.1242/bio.20136973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 11/13/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Food choice and preference relies on multiple sensory systems that are under the control of genes and sensory experience. Exposure to specific nutrients and nutrient-related molecules can change food preference in vertebrates and invertebrates. For example, larval exposure of several holometabolous insects to menthol can change their adult response to this molecule. However, studies involving Drosophila melanogaster exposure to menthol produced controversial results due maybe to methodological differences. Here, we compared the oviposition-site preference of wild-type D. melanogaster lines freely or forcibly exposed to menthol-rich food. After 12 generations, oviposition-site preference diverged between the two lines. Counterintuitively, menthol 'forced' lines showed a persistent aversion to menthol whereas 'free choice' lines exhibited a decreased aversion to menthol-rich food. This effect was specific to menthol since the 'free choice' lines showed unaltered responses to caffeine and sucrose. This suggests that the genetic factors underlying Drosophila oviposition site preference are more rapidly influenced when flies have a choice between alternative sources compared to flies permanently exposed to the same aversive substance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dehbia Abed-Vieillard
- Centre des Sciences du Goût et de l'Alimentation, UMR 6265 CNRS, UMR 1324 INRA, Université de Bourgogne, Dijon, 6, Bd Gabriel, F-21000 Dijon, France
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23
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Debban CL, Dyer KA. No evidence for behavioural adaptations to nematode parasitism by the fly Drosophila putrida. J Evol Biol 2013; 26:1646-54. [PMID: 23663194 DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Behavioural adaptations of hosts to their parasites form an important component of the evolutionary dynamics of host-parasite interactions. As mushroom-feeding Drosophila can tolerate deadly mycotoxins, but their Howardula nematode parasites cannot, we asked how consuming the potent mycotoxin α-amanitin has affected this host-parasite interaction. We used the fly D. putrida and its parasite H. aoronymphium, which is both highly virulent and at high prevalence in some populations, and investigated whether adult flies utilize food with toxin to prevent infection in the next generation or consume the toxin to reduce the virulence of an already established infection. First, we found that uninfected females did not prefer to eat or lay their eggs on toxic food, indicating that selection has not acted on the flies to alter their behaviour towards α-amanitin to prevent their offspring from becoming infected by Howardula. However, we cannot rule out that flies use an alternate cue that is associated with toxin presence in the wild. Second, we found that infected females did not prefer to eat food with α-amanitin and that consuming α-amanitin did not cure or reduce the virulence of the parasite in adults that were already infected. In sum, our results indicate there are no direct effects of eating α-amanitin on this host-parasite interaction, and we suggest that toxin tolerance is more likely maintained by selection due to competition for resources than as a mechanism to avoid parasite infection or to reduce the virulence of infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- C L Debban
- Department of Genetics, University of Georgia, Athens, GA 30602, USA
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24
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de Roode JC, Lefèvre T. Behavioral Immunity in Insects. INSECTS 2012; 3:789-820. [PMID: 26466629 PMCID: PMC4553590 DOI: 10.3390/insects3030789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2012] [Revised: 07/03/2012] [Accepted: 07/10/2012] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Parasites can dramatically reduce the fitness of their hosts, and natural selection should favor defense mechanisms that can protect hosts against disease. Much work has focused on understanding genetic and physiological immunity against parasites, but hosts can also use behaviors to avoid infection, reduce parasite growth or alleviate disease symptoms. It is increasingly recognized that such behaviors are common in insects, providing strong protection against parasites and parasitoids. We review the current evidence for behavioral immunity in insects, present a framework for investigating such behavior, and emphasize that behavioral immunity may act through indirect rather than direct fitness benefits. We also discuss the implications for host-parasite co-evolution, local adaptation, and the evolution of non-behavioral physiological immune systems. Finally, we argue that the study of behavioral immunity in insects has much to offer for investigations in vertebrates, in which this topic has traditionally been studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacobus C de Roode
- Department of Biology, Emory University, 1510 Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA.
| | - Thierry Lefèvre
- MIVEGEC (UM1-UM2-CNRS 5290-IRD 224), Centre IRD, 911 Av. Agropolis-BP 64501, Montpellier 34394, France.
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25
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Hamby KA, Hernández A, Boundy-Mills K, Zalom FG. Associations of yeasts with spotted-wing Drosophila (Drosophila suzukii; Diptera: Drosophilidae) in cherries and raspberries. Appl Environ Microbiol 2012; 78:4869-73. [PMID: 22582060 PMCID: PMC3416361 DOI: 10.1128/aem.00841-12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
A rich history of investigation documents various Drosophila-yeast mutualisms, suggesting that Drosophila suzukii similarly has an association with a specific yeast species or community. To discover candidate yeast species, yeasts were isolated from larval frass, adult midguts, and fruit hosts of D. suzukii. Terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (TRFLP) technology and decimal dilution plating were used to identify and determine the relative abundance of yeast species present in fruit juice samples that were either infested with D. suzukii or not infested. Yeasts were less abundant in uninfested than infested samples. A total of 126 independent yeast isolates were cultivated from frass, midguts, and fruit hosts of D. suzukii, representing 28 species of yeasts, with Hanseniaspora uvarum predominating. This suggests an association between D. suzukii and H. uvarum that could be utilized for pest management of the highly pestiferous D. suzukii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelly A. Hamby
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Alejandro Hernández
- Nutrición y Bromatología, Escuela de Ingenierías Agrarias, Universidad de Extremadura, Badajoz, Spain
| | - Kyria Boundy-Mills
- Department of Food Science and Technology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
| | - Frank G. Zalom
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of California, Davis, Davis, California, USA
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26
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Abstract
There is growing interest in using Drosophila melanogaster to elucidate mechanisms that underlie the complex relationships between a host and its microbiota. In addition to the many genetic resources and tools Drosophila provides, its associated microbiota is relatively simple (1-30 taxa), in contrast to the complex diversity associated with vertebrates (> 500 taxa). These attributes highlight the potential of this system to dissect the complex cellular and molecular interactions that occur between a host and its microbiota. In this review, we summarize what is known regarding the composition of gut-associated microbes of Drosophila and their impact on host physiology. We also discuss these interactions in the context of their natural history and ecology and describe some recent insights into mechanisms by which Drosophila and its gut microbiota interact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nichole Broderick
- Global Health Institute; School of Life Science; EPFL; Station 19; Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Lemaitre
- Global Health Institute; School of Life Science; EPFL; Station 19; Lausanne, Switzerland
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27
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Influences of Plant Traits on Immune Responses of Specialist and Generalist Herbivores. INSECTS 2012; 3:573-92. [PMID: 26466545 PMCID: PMC4553612 DOI: 10.3390/insects3020573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2012] [Revised: 05/25/2012] [Accepted: 06/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Specialist and generalist insect herbivore species often differ in how they respond to host plant traits, particularly defensive traits, and these responses can include weakened or strengthened immune responses to pathogens and parasites. Accurate methods to measure immune response in the presence and absence of pathogens and parasites are necessary to determine whether susceptibility to these natural enemies is reduced or increased by host plant traits. Plant chemical traits are particularly important in that host plant metabolites may function as antioxidants beneficial to the immune response, or interfere with the immune response of both specialist and generalist herbivores. Specialist herbivores that are adapted to process and sometimes accumulate specific plant compounds may experience high metabolic demands that may decrease immune response, whereas the metabolic demands of generalist species differ due to more broad-substrate enzyme systems. However, the direct deleterious effects of plant compounds on generalist herbivores may weaken their immune responses. Further research in this area is important given that the ecological relevance of plant traits to herbivore immune responses is equally important in natural systems and agroecosystems, due to potential incompatibility of some host plant species and cultivars with biological control agents of herbivorous pests.
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28
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Becher PG, Flick G, Rozpędowska E, Schmidt A, Hagman A, Lebreton S, Larsson MC, Hansson BS, Piškur J, Witzgall P, Bengtsson M. Yeast, not fruit volatiles mediate Drosophila melanogaster attraction, oviposition and development. Funct Ecol 2012. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.02006.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 270] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Gerhard Flick
- University of Applied Sciences; 17033; Neubrandenburg; Germany
| | | | | | - Arne Hagman
- Department of Biology; Lund University; 22362; Lund; Sweden
| | - Sébastien Lebreton
- Chemical Ecology Group; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 23053; Alnarp; Sweden
| | - Mattias C. Larsson
- Chemical Ecology Group; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 23053; Alnarp; Sweden
| | - Bill S. Hansson
- Department of Evolutionary Neuroethology; Max Planck Institute for Chemical Ecology; Hans-Knoell Strasse 8; 07745; Jena; Germany
| | - Jure Piškur
- Department of Biology; Lund University; 22362; Lund; Sweden
| | - Peter Witzgall
- Chemical Ecology Group; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 23053; Alnarp; Sweden
| | - Marie Bengtsson
- Chemical Ecology Group; Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences; 23053; Alnarp; Sweden
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29
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Lebreton S, Becher PG, Hansson BS, Witzgall P. Attraction of Drosophila melanogaster males to food-related and fly odours. JOURNAL OF INSECT PHYSIOLOGY 2012; 58:125-129. [PMID: 22067291 DOI: 10.1016/j.jinsphys.2011.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2011] [Revised: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster has become a model for olfaction and odour-mediated behaviour. In the wild, Drosophila flies aggregate on decaying fruit where they mate and oviposit and a strategy to find mates would be to locate fruit which has already been colonized by other flies. We therefore developed a bioassay to investigate attraction of males to food and fly odours. We showed that upwind flights are initiated by food odours. At shorter distances, males are attracted by volatiles produced by conspecifics. However, only odours produced by copulating flies attract males. This suggests either a synergistic effect of both male and female odours or changes in pheromone release during mating, that indicate the presence of sexually receptive females. Our findings demonstrate the essential role of food odours and pheromones for mate location in D. melanogaster.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sébastien Lebreton
- Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Department of Plant Protection Biology, Chemical Ecology Group, Alnarp, Sweden.
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