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Collet JM, Nidelet S, Fellous S. Genetic independence between traits separated by metamorphosis is widespread but varies with biological function. Proc Biol Sci 2023; 290:20231784. [PMID: 37935368 PMCID: PMC10645066 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2023.1784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/06/2023] [Indexed: 11/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Why is metamorphosis so pervasive? Does it facilitate the independent (micro)evolution of quantitative traits in distinct life stages, similarly to how it enables some limbs and organs to develop at specific life stages? We tested this hypothesis by measuring the expression of 6400 genes in 41 Drosophila melanogaster inbred lines at larval and adult stages. Only 30% of the genes showed significant genetic correlations between larval and adult expression. By contrast, 46% of the traits showed some level of genetic independence between stages. Gene ontology terms enrichment revealed that across stages correlated traits were often involved in proteins synthesis, insecticide resistance and innate immunity, while a vast number of genes expression traits associated with energy metabolism were independent between life stages. We compared our results to a similar case: genetic constraints between males and females in gonochoric species (i.e. sexual antagonism). We expected selection for the separation between males and females to be higher than between juvenile and adult functions, as gonochorism is a more common strategy in the animal kingdom than metamorphosis. Surprisingly, we found that inter-stage constraints were lower than inter-sexual genetic constraints. Overall, our results show that metamorphosis enables a large part of the transcriptome to evolve independently at different life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie M. Collet
- CBGP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Sabine Nidelet
- CBGP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Fellous
- CBGP, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, INRAE, Institut Agro, IRD, Montpellier, France
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Guilhot R, Xuéreb A, Lagmairi A, Olazcuaga L, Fellous S. Microbiota acquisition and transmission in Drosophila flies. iScience 2023; 26:107656. [PMID: 37670792 PMCID: PMC10475513 DOI: 10.1016/j.isci.2023.107656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2023] [Revised: 06/19/2023] [Accepted: 08/15/2023] [Indexed: 09/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the ecological and evolutionary dynamics of host-microbiota associations notably involves exploring how members of the microbiota assemble and whether they are transmitted along host generations. Here, we investigate the larval acquisition of facultative bacterial and yeast symbionts of Drosophila melanogaster and Drosophila suzukii in ecologically realistic setups. Fly mothers and fruit were major sources of symbionts. Microorganisms associated with adult males also contributed to larval microbiota, mostly in D. melanogaster. Yeasts acquired at the larval stage maintained through metamorphosis, adult life, and were transmitted to offspring. All these observations varied widely among microbial strains, suggesting they have different transmission strategies among fruits and insects. Our approach shows microbiota members of insects can be acquired from a diversity of sources and highlights the compound nature of microbiotas. Such microbial transmission events along generations should favor the evolution of mutualistic interactions and enable microbiota-mediated local adaptation of the insect host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guilhot
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Xuéreb
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Auxane Lagmairi
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
| | - Laure Olazcuaga
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
- Department of Agricultural Biology, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Simon Fellous
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, University of Montpellier, 34000 Montpellier, France
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Rombaut A, Gallet R, Qitout K, Samy M, Guilhot R, Ghirardini P, Lazzaro BP, Becher PG, Xuéreb A, Gibert P, Fellous S. Microbiota-mediated competition between Drosophila species. Microbiome 2023; 11:201. [PMID: 37679800 PMCID: PMC10483763 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-023-01617-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2023] [Accepted: 07/10/2023] [Indexed: 09/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The influence of microbiota in ecological interactions, and in particular competition, is poorly known. We studied competition between two insect species, the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii and the model Drosophila melanogaster, whose larval ecological niches overlap in ripe, but not rotten, fruit. RESULTS We discovered D. suzukii females prevent costly interspecific larval competition by avoiding oviposition on substrates previously visited by D. melanogaster. More precisely, D. melanogaster association with gut bacteria of the genus Lactobacillus triggered D. suzukii avoidance. However, D. suzukii avoidance behavior is condition-dependent, and D. suzukii females that themselves carry D. melanogaster bacteria stop avoiding sites visited by D. melanogaster. The adaptive significance of avoiding cues from the competitor's microbiota was revealed by experimentally reproducing in-fruit larval competition: reduced survival of D. suzukii larvae only occurred if the competitor had its normal microbiota. CONCLUSIONS This study establishes microbiotas as potent mediators of interspecific competition and reveals a central role for context-dependent behaviors under bacterial influence. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Rombaut
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Romain Gallet
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kenza Qitout
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Mukherjy Samy
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Robin Guilhot
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Pauline Ghirardini
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Brian P Lazzaro
- Department of Entomology, Cornell Institute of Host-Microbe Interactions and Disease, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
| | - Paul G Becher
- Dept Plant Protection Biology - Chemical Ecology Horticulture, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Alnarp, Sweden
| | - Anne Xuéreb
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Patricia Gibert
- Laboratoire de Biométrie Et Biologie Evolutive, UMR 5558, CNRS, Université Lyon 1, Université de Lyon, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Simon Fellous
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
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Guilhot R, Rombaut A, Xuéreb A, Howell K, Fellous S. Influence of bacteria on the maintenance of a yeast during Drosophila melanogaster metamorphosis. Anim Microbiome 2021; 3:68. [PMID: 34602098 PMCID: PMC8489055 DOI: 10.1186/s42523-021-00133-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 09/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between microorganisms associated with metazoan hosts are emerging as key features of symbiotic systems. Little is known about the role of such interactions on the maintenance of host-microorganism association throughout the host’s life cycle. We studied the influence of extracellular bacteria on the maintenance of a wild isolate of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae through metamorphosis of the fly Drosophila melanogaster reared in fruit. Yeasts maintained through metamorphosis only when larvae were associated with extracellular bacteria isolated from D. melanogaster faeces. One of these isolates, an Enterobacteriaceae, favoured yeast maintenance during metamorphosis. Such bacterial influence on host-yeast association may have consequences for the ecology and evolution of insect-yeast-bacteria symbioses in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guilhot
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France.
| | - Antoine Rombaut
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Anne Xuéreb
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Kate Howell
- Faculty of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Simon Fellous
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Farih S, Rkain H, Fellous S, Ahid S, Abouqal R, Latifa T, Hmamouchi I, Achemlal L, El Bouchti I, EL Maghraoui A, Ghozlani I, Hassikou H, Harzy T, Linda I, Mkinsi O, Niamane R, Bahiri R, Allali F. POS1417 DO SOCIAL FACTORS IMPACT ON BIOLOGICS COSTS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS? RESULTS FROM THE MOROCCAN RBSMR REGISTRY. Ann Rheum Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.4225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:Objectives:The aim of this study was to estimate the annual direct cost of biologics in rheumatoid arthritis and to evaluate the impact of social factors on biological use and costs.Methods:Patients in the Moroccan register of biologicals (RBSMR) with available 1-year data were included. Variables related to socio-economic status, disease and biological were collected. Direct costs included prices of biologics, costs of infusions, and subcutaneous injections. Biological use and costs were compared based on social factors.Results:Our study included 197 patients (female sex of 86.8%, mean age of 52.3 ± 11 years). Patients were on one of the following therapies: Rituximab (n=132), Tocilizumab (n=37) or TNF-blockers (n=28). 44.2% of included patients have the RAMED medical assistance (health insurance scheme for the economically underprivileged). Illiteracy was noted in 45.7% of cases. Median one-year direct costs per patient were €1,665 [€1,472 - €9,879].There was no statistically significant difference in costs between men and women (p>0.05), between illiterate and literate (p>0.05). There was a statistically significant difference in costs between patients with the RAMED medical assistance scheme and other health insurances (p<0.01).Conclusion:This study showed that Moroccan RA patients had equal access to biologics regardless of their gender or level of education. Indeed, the insurance system influence the costs of biologics. Accessibility of those expensive treatments in a developing country seems be explained by efforts of the Moroccan ministry of health who has allocated a substantial budget for biologic DMARDs for patients with RAMED in the tertiary structures in our country.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Bahloul S, Rkain H, Fellous S, Ahid S, Abouqal R, Latifa T, Hmamouchi I, Achemlal L, El Bouchti I, EL Maghraoui A, Ghozlani I, Hassikou H, Harzy T, Linda I, Mkinsi O, Niamane R, Bahiri R, Allali F. AB0486 ONE-YEAR DIRECT COSTS OF BIOLOGICAL THERAPY IN ANKYLOSING SPONDYLITIS AND ITS PREDICTIVE FACTORS: DATA FROM THE MOROCCAN RBSMR REGISTRY. Ann Rheum Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.4117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:NAObjectives:To estimate the annual direct costs of biological therapies in Spondyloarthropathies (SpA) and to establish possible factors associated with those costs.Methods:The main data source was the Moroccan registry of biological therapies in rheumatic diseases (RBSMR). We included SpA patients with available 1-year data. Variables related to socioeconomic status, disease and biological therapy were collected. Differences in costs across groups were tested by Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Correlations analysis was performed in search of factors associated with high costs.Results:We included 89 SpA patients. The mean age was 40.6± 13.6 years, with male predominance 68.9 %. Patients received one of the following therapies: TNF-blockers (n =79), Biosimilar of TNF-blockers (n =8) and Il17-blockers (n =2). Median one-year biologic costs per patient were 9 569, 39 €. The total annual of biotherapies in AS patients was 851 675, 98 €.Figure 1Annual mean drug costs per treated patient (€: Euro)The costs are presented in Euro using an exchange rate of (1 Moroccan Dirham = 0.091Euro).TNF-blockers constituted 95 % of the total annual budget. Biosimilar of TNF-blockers and Il17-blockers represented 3 % and 2 % of this overall budget, respectively.Although the costs were not significantly different in terms of gender or level of study, the insurance type significantly affected the cost estimation.No correlation was found between the annual direct costs of biotherapies and body mass index nor with BASFI or BASDAI.Conclusion:In Morocco, a developing country, the annual direct costs of biological therapies are high in AS patients. Our results may contribute to the development of strategies for better governance of these costs.Disclosure of Interests:None declared.
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Farih S, Rkain H, Fellous S, Ahid S, Abouqal R, Latifa T, Hmamouchi I, Achemlal L, El Bouchti I, EL Maghraoui A, Ghozlani I, Hassikou H, Harzy T, Linda I, Mkinsi O, Niamane R, Bahiri R, Allali F. AB0811 DIRECT COST OF BIOLOGICS IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS IN A DEVELOPING COUNTRY: RESULTS FOR THE MOROCCAN RBSMR REGISTRY. Ann Rheum Dis 2021. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2021-eular.4071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Objectives:The aim of this study was to calculate direct costs amount in rheumatoid arthritis (R.A) patients in the Moroccan register of biologicals RBSMR registry.Methods:Patients in the Moroccan register of biologicals RBSMR registry with available 1-year data were included. Variables related to socio-economic status, disease and biological therapy were collected. Direct costs included prices of biologics, costs of infusions, and subcutaneous injections. Biologic use and costs were compared.Results:197 patients data (female sex (86,8%), mean age (52,3± 11 years), illiteraty (45,7%)) were analyzed. The median annual direct costs per patient were €1,665 [€1,472 - €9,879]. For all patients, the mean annual direct costs per treated patient for each biological agent is presented in Figure 1.The total annual direct costs of biological agents in the RBSMR registry were 978 494 €. Rituximab was given to 67% of patients and constituted 25.7% of the total annual budget. TNF-blockers and Tocilizumab were prescribed in 14.2% and 18.8% of cases and represented respectively 27.3% and 47% of this overall budget.Conclusion:This study presents a global overview of the direct costs of biological therapy associated with RA patients, taking as a source the Moroccan registry of biological therapies in rheumatic diseases. Those results show that overall cost of biological agents according to the Moroccan register is very high. There is a real need for development of strategies for better governance of those costs.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Dahirel M, Bertin A, Haond M, Blin A, Lombaert E, Calcagno V, Fellous S, Mailleret L, Malausa T, Vercken E. Shifts from pulled to pushed range expansions caused by reduction of landscape connectivity. OIKOS 2021. [DOI: 10.1111/oik.08278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Maxime Dahirel
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Aline Bertin
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Marjorie Haond
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Aurélie Blin
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Eric Lombaert
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Vincent Calcagno
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Simon Fellous
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier Montpellier France
| | - Ludovic Mailleret
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA Sophia Antipolis France
- Univ. Côte d'Azur, INRIA, INRAE, CNRS, Sorbonne Université, BIOCORE Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Thibaut Malausa
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA Sophia Antipolis France
| | - Elodie Vercken
- Université Côte d'Azur, INRAE, CNRS, ISA Sophia Antipolis France
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Guilhot R, Fellous S, Cohen JE. Yeast facilitates the multiplication of Drosophila bacterial symbionts but has no effect on the form or parameters of Taylor's law. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0242692. [PMID: 33227009 PMCID: PMC7682849 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0242692] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Accepted: 11/08/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Interactions between microbial symbionts influence their demography and that of their hosts. Taylor’s power law (TL)–a well-established relationship between population size mean and variance across space and time–may help to unveil the factors and processes that determine symbiont multiplications. Recent studies suggest pervasive interactions between symbionts in Drosophila melanogaster. We used this system to investigate theoretical predictions regarding the effects of interspecific interactions on TL parameters. We assayed twenty natural strains of bacteria in the presence and absence of a strain of yeast using an ecologically realistic set-up with D. melanogaster larvae reared in natural fruit. Yeast presence led to a small increase in bacterial cell numbers; bacterial strain identity largely affected yeast multiplication. The spatial version of TL held among bacterial and yeast populations with slopes of 2. However, contrary to theoretical prediction, the facilitation of bacterial symbionts by yeast had no detectable effect on TL’s parameters. These results shed new light on the nature of D. melanogaster’s symbiosis with yeast and bacteria. They further reveal the complexity of investigating TL with microorganisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robin Guilhot
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Simon Fellous
- CBGP, INRAE, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Joel E Cohen
- Laboratory of Populations, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Earth Institute and Department of Statistics, Columbia University, New York, New York, United States of America
- Department of Statistics, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, United States of America
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Afilal S, Rkain H, Berchane B, Moulay Berkchi J, Fellous S, Fatima Zahrae T, Ilham A, Alami N, Latifa T, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Allali F. THU0642-HPR EVOLUTION OF THE PERCEPTIONS OF RA PATIENTS AFTER EDUCATION PATIENT SESSION TEACHING METHOTREXATE SELF-INJECTION A PROSPECTIVE PILOT STUDY. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5505] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:Methotrexate is a gold standard for treatment of RA. In our context, RA patients prefer to be injected by paramedics rather than self-injecting. This can be explained by patients’ bad perceptions of self-injection or lack of information. Appropriate self-injection education can therefore be an important element in overcoming these obstacles and improving disease self-management.Objectives:Compare the RA patients’ perceptions on methotrexate self-injection before and after a patient education session.Methods:Prospective pilot study that included 27 consecutive patients (81.5% female, mean age 44.4 years, illiteracy rate 40.7%) with RA (median duration of progression of 4 years, mean delay in referral for specialist of 6 months, median duration of methotrexate use of 1 year). The patients benefited from an individual patient education session to learn how to self-inject with methotrexate subcutaneously. The patient education session was supervised by a nurse and a rheumatologist with a control a week later. Perceptions of the reluctance to self-inject and the difficulties encountered by patients were assessed before the patient education session, after the 1st and 2nd self-injection of methotrexate using a 10 mm visual analog scale. Patients also reported their level of satisfaction (10 mm VAS) after the 1st and 2nd self-injection.Results:The mean duration of patient education session is 13 min.Table I compares the evolution of the degrees of reluctance to self-injection, the difficulties encountered, and the satisfaction experienced by the patients.Table 1.Evolution of RA patients’ perceptions on the methotrexate self-injection. (N = 27)BeforeAfter the 1stself-injectionAfter the 2end self-injectionpVAS reluctance (0-10mm)6,5 ± 3,62,2 ± 2,91,0 ± 2,3<0,0001VAS difficulty (0-10mm)7,5 ± 2,62,5 ± 2,71,0 ± 1,9<0,0001VAS satisfaction (0-10mm)-8,9 ± 1,89,5 ± 1,50,002Conclusion:This study suggests the effectiveness of a methotrexate self-injection patient education session in RA patients. It also highlights the value of patient education in rheumatologic care. A large-scale study is necessary to better interpret and complete these preliminary results from this pilot study.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Afilal S, Fellous S, Ilham A, Abouqal R, Hmamouchi I, Alami N, Latifa T, Rkain H, Allali F. OP0089 EFFICACY OF CLOMIPRAMINE FOR CHRONIC LUMBAR RADICULAR PAIN A RANDOMIZED CLINICAL TRIAL. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:Lumbar radicular pain is the most common chronic neuropathic pain syndrome. Antidepressants are highly recommended for neuropathic pain, but there is no evidence for their efficacy.Objectives:The aim of this double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial is to determine whether Clomipramine (an antidepressant) is more effective than placebo in reducing pain in individuals with resistant chronic lumbar radicular pain.Methods:A double-blind, randomized, clinical trial. Sixty-two patients with resistant chronic lumbar radicular pain were included. (The sample size was calculated on the assumption that clomipramine would reduce the incidence of lumbar radicular pain of 35%, compared with placebo, with a two-sided test, an alpha level of 0.05, and a power of 85%). Patients were randomly allocated to receive either Clomipramine by slow intravenous infusion for 10 days in a hospital setting with progressively increasing doses, 25 mg on the first day, 50 mg on the second day and 75 mg on the third day until the tenth day, or placebo (500 ml of physiological serum a day). For both groups, paracetamol is added intravenously at a dose of 3g per day for ten days, Parecoxib for 3 days and ten sessions of lumbar spine rehabilitation including analgesic massage, muscle strengthening and joint maintenance. At the exit, clomipramine was relayed with 25 mg per day orally until the 90th day for clomipramine group, and paracetamol was authorized in both groups, in case of severe pain. The primary outcome was pain intensity, measured at baseline, 5th day, 10th day and 90th day using VAS pain (10 mm). Secondary outcome included DN4-questionnaire, lumbar radicular discomfort (VAS 10 mm), pain-free perimeter of walking (min), disability assessed using the Roland Morris Disability questionnaire and severity of mood symptoms assessed using the Hospital Anxiety and Depression scale (HAD), measured on days 0, 5, 10 and 90.Results:31 patients were assigned to the clomipramine group and 31 to the placebo group. There were no differences between the groups in demographic characteristics. Treatment by Clomipramine had a significantly greater reduction in pain, discomfort and DN4 from the 5thday (p = 0.000, p = 0.001 and p = 0.004 respectively) than the placebo, with an improvement maintained until 90th day. There was a statistically significant improvement in pain-free walking distance and disability for the clomipramine group from the 10thday (p = 0.02 and 0.001 respectively) and that maintained until 90thday. However, there was no significant improvement in HAD between the 2 groups. (p ≥ 0.1).Conclusion:This double-blind, randomized, clinical trial shows that clomipramine is quickly effective and maintained over time in the management of resistant chronic lumbar radicular pain. It can therefore be part of the therapeutic arsenal in this sense.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Fellous S, Rkain H, Ilham A, Benzakour L, Latifa T, Alami N, Guieu R, Jammes Y, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Allali F. FRI0620-HPR THE EFFECT OF THERMOFORMABLE FOOT ORTHOSES ON WALKING IN RHEUMATOID ARTHRITIS PATIENTS: PRELIMINARY RESULTS FROM AN OPEN CLINICAL TRIAL. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:Foot pain is common in rheumatoid arthritis and appears to persist despite modern day medical management.Objectives:To evaluate the impact of thermoformable foot orthoses on walking in rheumatoid arthritis (RA) patients.Methods:This is a open clinical trial, that included 14 consecutive patients (85,7% female, mean age 54,8 ± 10 years) with RA (median duration of progression of 9 [5-12] years), the average DAS28 was 2,7+/-1,2 and the functional impact objectified by the Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) was on average 0.9 ± 0.7.The foot problem was bilateral in 100% and inaugural in 85.7% of the cases.The 14 rheumatoid subjects were examined and appropriate foot orthoses were prescribed according to each patient’s needs. All the patients were evaluated at baseline and 8 weeks after use of orthoses. Gait pain, difficulty walking and the 10 Meter Walk test were noted at each appointment.We used dynamic baropodometric analysis to assess postural evaluation. We calculated the lateral-medial index of each foot before and after the use of orthoses.Table 1.Assessment of walking before and after the use of orthosesBefore orthosesAfter orthosespPain when walking*(EVA 0-10)5 [3-5,2]0 [0-2]0,002Difficulty walking* (0-10)- In house4 [3-5,2]2 [0-2]0,002- Outside6 [4,7-7]2 [1,5-2,5]0,0210 Meter Walk test**(Normal comfortable speed)- Nomber of steps18,64 ± 3,716,9 ± 50,2- Duration (sec)11,9 ± 4,611,8 ± 5,20,9- Walking speed (m/min)56,4 ±17,758,6 ± 20,30,6latero-medial (L/M) index**- L/M index of the right foot1,18 ± 0,171,23 ± 0,230,1- L/M index of the left foot1,25 ± 0,171,26 ± 0,190,9*median and quartile**average and standard deviationp significant if< 0,05Results:A significant decrease in walking pain (p = 0.002) and difficulty walking (p = 0.02) was found with the use of orthoses. The variations in 10 meter walk test and dynamic baropodometric parameters were not significant (p>0,05).There were no significant correlations between pain and difficulty walking, the progression of RA, the duration of foot damage and the functional impact measured by the HAQ.Conclusion:Thermoformable foot orthoses significantly reduced pain and difficulty walking. The absence of factors associated with pain and difficulty walking could possibly be related to the small sample size.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Afilal S, Rkain H, Berchane B, Moulay Berkchi J, Fellous S, Fatima Zahrae T, Ilham A, Alami N, Latifa T, Hajjaj-Hassouni N, Allali F. THU0641-HPR ILLITERACY IS NOT AN OBSTACLE FOR ASSIMILATION OF A PATIENT EDUCATION SESSION ON METHOTREXATE SELF-INJECTION IN RA PATIENTS A PROSPECTIVE PILOT STUDY. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.5560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022]
Abstract
Background:Patient education for RA patients has been shown to improve adherence and self-management of this chronic disease.Objectives:To assess the impact of illiteracy on assimilation of a patient education session on methotrexate self-injection in RA patients.Methods:Prospective pilot study that included 27 consecutive patients (81.5% female, mean age 44.4 years, illiteracy rate 40.7%) with RA (median duration of progression of 4 years, mean delay in referral for specialist of 6 months, median duration of methotrexate use of 1 year). The patients benefited from an individual patient education session to learn how to self-inject with methotrexate subcutaneously. The patient education session was supervised by a nurse and a rheumatologist. A 10-question dichotomous questionnaire was then administered to patients to assess the level of uptake of messages passed during the patient education session. The prevalence of correct answers was compared between illiterate and non-illiterate patients.Results:The mean duration of patient education session is 13 min.Table I illustrates the results of the correct responses prevalence and the comparison of correct response rates between illiterate and non-illiterate patients.Table 1.Prevalence of correct responses and comparison of correct response rates between illiterate and non-illiterate patients.QuestionsN=27IlliteratePYes (N=11)No (N=16)1.Do I always have to self-inject on the same day of the week? (%)96,390,9100NS2.Should Methotrexate be protected from light and away from children? (%)96,310093,7NS3.Can I self-inject anywhere on my thigh and belly 5 cm from the navel? (%)85,210075NS4.Is it important to change the injection sites? (%)70,472,768,75NS5.Do I need to pinch the skin before self-injection? (%)92,610087,5NS6.Can I always use the same needle for each injection? (%)81,590,975NS7.Do I have to wear gloves to inject Methotrexate? (%)81,590,975NS8.Do I have to apply an antiseptic product (alcohol, Betadine) to the injection site before self-injecting? (%)88,990,987,5NS9.Can I use the rest of the MTX ampoule for the next injection? (%)74,181,868,7NS10.Do I tell my doctor if I have side effects? (%)100100100NSConclusion:This study suggests that illiteracy does not affect the assimilation of information given during a patient education session. These preliminary results should encourage the development of patient education programs in our context where illiteracy rate is high.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Fellous S, Rkain H, Afilal S, Moulay Berkchi J, Fatima Zahrae T, Ilham A, Latifa T, Aboudrar S, Dakka T, Errguig L, Jniene A, Bakkali M, Allali F. AB1285-HPR ACCELEROMETRIC ASSESSMENT OF PHYSICAL PERFORMANCE DURING THE SIT-TO-STAND TEST IN PATIENTS WITH KNEE OSTEOARTHRITIS. Ann Rheum Dis 2020. [DOI: 10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.3352] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Background:Knee osteoarthritis is a major public health issue that causes chronic pain and functional limitation.Objectives:This study aims to evaluate physical performance in knee osteoarthritis by clinical tests and accelerometer measurements, and investigate the relationship between physical perfomance alteration and clinical parameters.Methods:This is a cross-sectional study, included 40 patients with knee osteoarthritis (100% female, average age 57.6 ± 5.2 years, median evolution time was 36 [24, 69] months, overweight in 82.5% of patients). Clinical evaluation performed with the visual analog scale (VAS), Western Ontario and McMaster Osteoarthritis Index (WOMAC), Lequesne score, Get up and Go (GUG) and Timed up and Go (TUG) tests. The percentage of fat mass was measured using impedencemetry.All subjects were instructed to perform sit-to-stand transfers during 30 secondes. We measured the speed, strength and muscular power of the lower limbs during this test using the Myotest PRO® accelerometer.A correlation analysis was performed in search of factors associated with physical performance alteration.Results:The median speed during the sit-to-stand test was 4.3 [3.1-6.2] cm / sec. The median muscular strength and power during this test were 15.2 [13.6-17.7] Nm / kg and 14.5 [9.9-21.7] W / kg respectively.Body mass index (BMI) correlated negatively with the 3 parameters of physivcal performance mesured by the Myotest PRO® accelerometer (speed, strength and muscle power) during the sit-to-stand test (p<0,05). There was no correlation between those measured parameters of physical performance, pain and functional indices of knee osteoarthritis.Conclusion:Our pilot study assessed the physical performance of the lower limbs in knee osteoarthritis patients, by measuring the speed, strength and muscle power during the the sit-to-stand test. It suggests an association between obesity and physical performance alteration in knee osteoarthritis patients.Disclosure of Interests:None declared
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Abstract
Despite the ubiquity of complex life cycles, we know little of the evolutionary constraints exerted by metamorphosis. Here, we present pitfalls and methods to answer whether animals with a complex life cycle can independently adapt to the environments encountered at each life stage, with a specific focus on the microevolution of quantitative characters. We first discuss challenges associated with study traits and populations. We further emphasize the benefits of using a combination of approaches. We then develop how multivariate methods can limit several issues by revealing genetic patterns that are invisible when only considering trait-by-trait genetic correlations. Finally, we detail how Lande's work on sexual dimorphism can be applied in measuring G matrices across life stages. The methods and tools described here will contribute towards building a predictive framework for trait evolution across life stages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Collet
- 1 CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier , Montpellier , France.,2 CEFE, CNRS, Univ. Montpellier, Univ. Paul Valéry Montpellier 3, EPHE, IRD , Montpellier , France
| | - Simon Fellous
- 1 CBGP, INRA, CIRAD, IRD, Montpellier SupAgro, Univ. Montpellier , Montpellier , France
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16
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Azandémè Hounmalon GY, Maniania NK, Niassy S, Fellous S, Kreiter S, Delétré E, Fiaboe KK, Martin T. Performance of Metarhizium anisopliae-treated foam in combination with Phytoseiulus longipes Evans against Tetranychus evansi Baker & Pritchard (Acari: Tetranychidae). Pest Manag Sci 2018; 74:2835-2841. [PMID: 29756384 DOI: 10.1002/ps.5073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 05/07/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tetranychus evansi (Te) is an exotic pest of solanaceous crops in Africa. The predatory mite Phytoseiulus longipes (Pl) and the fungus Metarhizium anisopliae (Ma) are potential biocontrol agents of Te. The present study investigated the efficacy of fungus-treated foam placed above or below the third Te-infested tomato leaf. The persistence of fungus-treated foam and the performance of Pl with and without fungus-treated foam were evaluated. RESULTS The fungus-treated foam was effective when Te infestation was below the third tomato leaf as no damage was recorded on any of the upper tomato leaves up to 30 days post-treatment. However, in the control treatments, the infestation increased considerably from 9 ± 0.3% to 100 ± 0% (mean ± standard error) at 15 days post-treatment. The reuse of the fungus-treated foam at 15, 30 and 45 days post-treatment resulted in 19 ± 1.4%, 25 ± 1.2% and 54 ± 2.1%, respectively, infestation by Te. The fungus-treated foam and Pl alone were efficient, but there was no benefit to combining them for use against Te. CONCLUSION The fungus-treated foam is an effective method to optimise the use of Ma in screenhouse conditions. These two control agents could be integrated in an integrated pest management strategy for crop protection. However, these results need to be confirmed in large field trials. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ginette Y Azandémè Hounmalon
- Cirad, UPR Hortsys, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Plant Health Department, ICIPE, Nairobi, Kenya
| | | | | | | | - Serge Kreiter
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR CBGP, Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | | | | | - Thibaud Martin
- Cirad, UPR Hortsys, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
- Plant Health Department, ICIPE, Nairobi, Kenya
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Abstract
Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is one of the most damaging and costly pests to invade temperate horticultural regions in recent history. Conventional control of this pest is challenging, and an environmentally benign microbial biopesticide is highly desirable. A thorough exploration of the pathogens infecting this pest is not only the first step on the road to the development of an effective biopesticide, but also provides a valuable comparative dataset for the study of viruses in the model family Drosophilidae. Here we use a metatransciptomic approach to identify viruses infecting this fly in both its native (Japanese) and invasive (British and French) ranges. We describe eighteen new RNA viruses, including members of the Picornavirales, Mononegavirales, Bunyavirales, Chuviruses, Nodaviridae, Tombusviridae, Reoviridae, and Nidovirales, and discuss their phylogenetic relationships with previously known viruses. We also detect 18 previously described viruses of other Drosophila species that appear to be associated with D. suzukii in the wild.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nathan C Medd
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Simon Fellous
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, INRA, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Fergal M Waldron
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
| | - Anne Xuéreb
- Centre de Biologie pour la Gestion des Populations, INRA, 755 avenue du Campus Agropolis, 34988, Montferrier-sur-Lez cedex, France
| | - Madoka Nakai
- Tokyo University of Agriculture and Technology, Saiwaicho, Fuchu, Tokyo 183-8509, Japan
| | - Jerry V Cross
- NIAB EMR, New Road, East Malling, Kent, ME19 6BJ, UK
| | - Darren J Obbard
- Institute of Evolutionary Biology, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
- Centre for Immunity, Infection and Evolution, University of Edinburgh, Ashworth Laboratories, Charlotte Auerbach Road, Edinburgh EH9 3FL, UK
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Razinger J, Žerjav M, Zemljič-Urbančič M, Modic Š, Lutz M, Schroers HJ, Grunder J, Fellous S, Urek G. Comparison of cauliflower-insect-fungus interactions and pesticides for cabbage root fly control. Insect Sci 2017; 24:1057-1064. [PMID: 28856839 DOI: 10.1111/1744-7917.12534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Revised: 08/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Cabbage root fly (Delia radicum L.) control represents a major challenge in brassica production, therefore different management strategies for its control were tested in conventionally managed open field cauliflower production. Strategies included treatments with low-risk methods such as nitrogen lime, the insecticide spinosad and the Beauveria bassiana ATCC 74040-based biopesticide Naturalis. Their effects were compared with treatments based on nonformulated fungal species Metarhizium brunneum, B. bassiana, Clonostachys solani, Trichoderma atroviride, T. koningiopsis, and T. gamsii and commercial insecticides λ-cyhalothrin and thiamethoxam. Spinosad and thiamethoxam were pipetted to individual plants before transplanting; λ-cyhalothrin was sprayed after transplanting; nitrogen lime was applied at first hoeing. Nonformulated fungi were delivered onto cauliflower plantlets' roots as a single pretransplantation inoculation. The cabbage root fly population dynamics exhibited a strong spatiotemporal variation. The lowest number of cabbage root fly pupae recovered from cauliflower roots in the field experiments was recorded in plants treated with spinosad (significant reduction), followed by Naturalis and one of the tested M. brunneum strains (nonsignificant reduction). Significantly more pupae were counted in the nitrogen lime treatment. The field experiments showed that a single drench of cauliflower plantlets with spinosad offered consistent and enduring cabbage root fly control. Naturalis and nonformulated fungal isolates did not decrease cabbage root fly pressure significantly, apparently due to lack of statistical power. The implications of the substantial intra- and inter-annual pest pressure variation and the benefits of using single plant treatments are discussed, and recommendations for improvement of rhizosphere-competence utilizing biological control strategies provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaka Razinger
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Metka Žerjav
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Meta Zemljič-Urbančič
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Špela Modic
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Matthias Lutz
- Agroscope, Institut für Pflanzenbauwissenschaften, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | - Hans-Josef Schroers
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Jürg Grunder
- Zurich University of Applied Sciences, School of Life Sciences and Facility Management, Campus Grueental, Waedenswil, Switzerland
| | - Simon Fellous
- INRA, Center for the Biology and Management of Populations (CBGP), UMR, Montpellier, France
| | - Gregor Urek
- Agricultural Institute of Slovenia, Plant Protection Department, Ljubljana, Slovenia
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Fraimout A, Debat V, Fellous S, Hufbauer RA, Foucaud J, Pudlo P, Marin JM, Price DK, Cattel J, Chen X, Deprá M, François Duyck P, Guedot C, Kenis M, Kimura MT, Loeb G, Loiseau A, Martinez-Sañudo I, Pascual M, Polihronakis Richmond M, Shearer P, Singh N, Tamura K, Xuéreb A, Zhang J, Estoup A. Deciphering the Routes of invasion of Drosophila suzukii by Means of ABC Random Forest. Mol Biol Evol 2017; 34:980-996. [PMID: 28122970 PMCID: PMC5400373 DOI: 10.1093/molbev/msx050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Deciphering invasion routes from molecular data is crucial to understanding biological invasions, including identifying bottlenecks in population size and admixture among distinct populations. Here, we unravel the invasion routes of the invasive pest Drosophila suzukii using a multi-locus microsatellite dataset (25 loci on 23 worldwide sampling locations). To do this, we use approximate Bayesian computation (ABC), which has improved the reconstruction of invasion routes, but can be computationally expensive. We use our study to illustrate the use of a new, more efficient, ABC method, ABC random forest (ABC-RF) and compare it to a standard ABC method (ABC-LDA). We find that Japan emerges as the most probable source of the earliest recorded invasion into Hawaii. Southeast China and Hawaii together are the most probable sources of populations in western North America, which then in turn served as sources for those in eastern North America. European populations are genetically more homogeneous than North American populations, and their most probable source is northeast China, with evidence of limited gene flow from the eastern US as well. All introduced populations passed through bottlenecks, and analyses reveal five distinct admixture events. These findings can inform hypotheses concerning how this species evolved between different and independent source and invasive populations. Methodological comparisons indicate that ABC-RF and ABC-LDA show concordant results if ABC-LDA is based on a large number of simulated datasets but that ABC-RF out-performs ABC-LDA when using a comparable and more manageable number of simulated datasets, especially when analyzing complex introduction scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antoine Fraimout
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Vincent Debat
- Institut de Systématique, Évolution, Biodiversité, ISYEB - UMR 7205 - CNRS, MNHN, UPMC, EPHE, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France
| | - Simon Fellous
- INRA, Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations (UMR INRA IRD Cirad Montpellier SupAgro), Montferrier-Sur-Lez, France
| | - Ruth A Hufbauer
- INRA, Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations (UMR INRA IRD Cirad Montpellier SupAgro), Montferrier-Sur-Lez, France.,Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
| | - Julien Foucaud
- INRA, Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations (UMR INRA IRD Cirad Montpellier SupAgro), Montferrier-Sur-Lez, France
| | - Pierre Pudlo
- Centre de Mathématiques et Informatique, Aix-Marseille Université, Marseille, France
| | - Jean-Michel Marin
- Institut Montpelliérain Alexander Grothendieck, Université de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Donald K Price
- Tropical Conservation Biology & Environmental Science, University of Hawaii at Hilo, HI
| | - Julien Cattel
- Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, UMR CNRS 5558, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Xiao Chen
- College of Plant Protection, Yunnan Agricultural University, Kunming, Yunnan Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Marindia Deprá
- Programa de Pós Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Programa de Pós Graduação em Biologia Animal, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Masahito T Kimura
- Graduate School of Environmental Earth Science, Hokkaido Daigaku University, Sapporo, Hokkaido Prefecture, Japan
| | - Gregory Loeb
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY
| | - Anne Loiseau
- INRA, Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations (UMR INRA IRD Cirad Montpellier SupAgro), Montferrier-Sur-Lez, France
| | - Isabel Martinez-Sañudo
- Dipartimento di Agronomia Animali Alimenti Risorse Naturali e Ambiente, Universita degli Studi di Padova, Padova, Italy
| | - Marta Pascual
- Departament de Genètica, Universitat de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Peter Shearer
- Mid-Columbia Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Oregon State University, Hood River, OR
| | - Nadia Singh
- Department of Genetics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC
| | - Koichiro Tamura
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Anne Xuéreb
- INRA, Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations (UMR INRA IRD Cirad Montpellier SupAgro), Montferrier-Sur-Lez, France
| | - Jinping Zhang
- MoA-CABI Joint Laboratory for Bio-safety, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, BeiXiaGuan, Haidian Qu, China
| | - Arnaud Estoup
- INRA, Centre de Biologie et de Gestion des Populations (UMR INRA IRD Cirad Montpellier SupAgro), Montferrier-Sur-Lez, France
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Ciabrelli F, Comoglio F, Fellous S, Bonev B, Ninova M, Szabo Q, Xuéreb A, Klopp C, Aravin A, Paro R, Bantignies F, Cavalli G. Stable Polycomb-dependent transgenerational inheritance of chromatin states in Drosophila. Nat Genet 2017; 49:876-886. [PMID: 28436983 PMCID: PMC5484582 DOI: 10.1038/ng.3848] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2016] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Transgenerational Epigenetic Inheritance (TEI) studies the transmission of alternative functional states through multiple generations in the presence of the same genomic DNA sequence. Very little is known on the principles and the molecular mechanisms governing this type of inheritance. Here, by transiently enhancing 3D chromatin interactions, we established stable and isogenic Drosophila epilines that carry alternative epialleles, defined by differential levels of the Polycomb-dependent H3K27me3 mark. Once established, epialleles can be dominantly transmitted to naïve flies and induce paramutation. Importantly, epilines can be reset to a naïve state by disrupting chromatin interactions. Finally, we show that environmental changes can modulate the expressivity of the epialleles and we extend our paradigm to naturally occurring phenotypes. Our work sheds light on how nuclear organization and Polycomb group proteins contribute to epigenetically inheritable phenotypic variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Ciabrelli
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Federico Comoglio
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Boyan Bonev
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Maria Ninova
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Quentin Szabo
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | | | - Christophe Klopp
- Unité de Mathématiques et Informatique Appliquées de Toulouse, INRA, Castanet Tolosan, France
| | - Alexei Aravin
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, USA
| | - Renato Paro
- Department of Biosystems Science and Engineering, ETH Zurich, Basel, Switzerland.,Faculty of Science, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Bantignies
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Giacomo Cavalli
- Institute of Human Genetics, UMR 9002, CNRS and University of Montpellier, Montpellier, France
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Plantamp C, Estragnat V, Fellous S, Desouhant E, Gibert P. Where and what to feed? Differential effects on fecundity and longevity in the invasive Drosophila suzukii. Basic Appl Ecol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.baae.2016.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Rombaut A, Guilhot R, Xuéreb A, Benoit L, Chapuis M, Gibert P, Fellous S. Invasive Drosophila suzukii facilitates Drosophila melanogaster infestation and sour rot outbreaks in the vineyards. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:170117. [PMID: 28405407 PMCID: PMC5383864 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
How do invasive pests affect interactions between members of pre-existing agrosystems? The invasive pest Drosophila suzukii is suspected to be involved in the aetiology of sour rot, a grapevine disease that otherwise develops following Drosophila melanogaster infestation of wounded berries. We combined field observations with laboratory assays to disentangle the relative roles of both Drosophila in disease development. We observed the emergence of numerous D. suzukii, but no D. melanogaster flies, from bunches that started showing mild sour rot symptoms days after field collection. However, bunches that already showed severe rot symptoms in the field mostly contained D. melanogaster. In the laboratory, oviposition by D. suzukii triggered sour rot development. An independent assay showed the disease increased grape attractiveness to ovipositing D. melanogaster females. Our results suggest that in invaded vineyards, D. suzukii facilitates D. melanogaster infestation and, consequently, favours sour rot outbreaks. Rather than competing with close species, the invader subsequently permits their reproduction in otherwise non-accessible resources and may cause more frequent, or more extensive, disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Rombaut
- INRA, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - R. Guilhot
- INRA, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - A. Xuéreb
- INRA, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - L. Benoit
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - M. P. Chapuis
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
| | - P. Gibert
- Université de Lyon, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69100 Villeurbanne, France
| | - S. Fellous
- INRA, F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez, France
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Rombaut A, Guilhot R, Xuéreb A, Benoit L, Chapuis MP, Gibert P, Fellous S. Invasive Drosophila suzukii facilitates Drosophila melanogaster infestation and sour rot outbreaks in the vineyards. R Soc Open Sci 2017; 4:170117. [PMID: 28405407 DOI: 10.5061/dryad.2jf75] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
How do invasive pests affect interactions between members of pre-existing agrosystems? The invasive pest Drosophila suzukii is suspected to be involved in the aetiology of sour rot, a grapevine disease that otherwise develops following Drosophila melanogaster infestation of wounded berries. We combined field observations with laboratory assays to disentangle the relative roles of both Drosophila in disease development. We observed the emergence of numerous D. suzukii, but no D. melanogaster flies, from bunches that started showing mild sour rot symptoms days after field collection. However, bunches that already showed severe rot symptoms in the field mostly contained D. melanogaster. In the laboratory, oviposition by D. suzukii triggered sour rot development. An independent assay showed the disease increased grape attractiveness to ovipositing D. melanogaster females. Our results suggest that in invaded vineyards, D. suzukii facilitates D. melanogaster infestation and, consequently, favours sour rot outbreaks. Rather than competing with close species, the invader subsequently permits their reproduction in otherwise non-accessible resources and may cause more frequent, or more extensive, disease outbreaks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Rombaut
- INRA , F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez , France
| | - R Guilhot
- INRA , F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez , France
| | - A Xuéreb
- INRA , F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez , France
| | - L Benoit
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP , F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez , France
| | - M P Chapuis
- CIRAD, UMR CBGP , F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez , France
| | - P Gibert
- Université de Lyon , Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1, CNRS, Laboratoire de Biométrie et Biologie Evolutive, F-69100 Villeurbanne , France
| | - S Fellous
- INRA , F-34988 Montferrier-sur-Lez , France
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Sauné L, Auger P, Migeon A, Longueville JE, Fellous S, Navajas M. Isolation, characterization and PCR multiplexing of microsatellite loci for a mite crop pest, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae). BMC Res Notes 2015; 8:247. [PMID: 26081801 PMCID: PMC4470001 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-015-1194-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Tetranychus urticae is a highly polyphagous species with a cosmopolitan distribution that has the status of pest in more than 100 economically significant crops all over the world. Despite a number of previous efforts to isolate genetic markers, only a reduced set of microsatellite loci has been published. Taking advantage of the whole genome sequence of T. urticae that recently became available; we isolated and characterized a new set of microsatellite loci and tested the level of polymorphism across populations originating from a wide geographical area. Results A total of 42 microsatellite sequences widespread in the T. urticae genome were identified, the exact position in the genome recorded, and PCR amplification of microsatellite loci tested with primers defined here. Fourteen loci showed unambiguous genotype patterns and were further characterized. Three multiplex polymerase chain reaction sets were optimized in order to genotype a total of 24 polymorphic loci, including 10 previously published Tetranychus-specific loci. The microsatellite kits successfully amplified 686 individuals from 60 field populations for which we assessed the level of genetic diversity. The number of alleles per locus ranged from 3 to 16 and the expected heterozygosity values ranged from 0.12 to 0.81. Most of the loci displayed a significant excess of homozygous and did not model the Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium. This can be explained by the arrhenotokous mode of reproduction of T. urticae. Conclusions These primers represent a valuable resource for robust studies on the genetic structure, dispersal and population biology of T. urticae, that can be used in managing this destructive agricultural pest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laure Sauné
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-lez Cedex, France.
| | - Philippe Auger
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-lez Cedex, France.
| | - Alain Migeon
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-lez Cedex, France.
| | - Jean-Emmanuel Longueville
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-lez Cedex, France.
| | - Simon Fellous
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-lez Cedex, France.
| | - Maria Navajas
- INRA, UMR1062 CBGP, Campus International de Baillarguet, CS 30016, 34988, Montferrier-sur-lez Cedex, France.
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25
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Flavenot T, Fellous S, Abdelkrim J, Baguette M, Coulon A. Impact of quarrying on genetic diversity: an approach across landscapes and over time. CONSERV GENET 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s10592-014-0650-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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26
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Azandémè-Hounmalon GY, Fellous S, Kreiter S, Fiaboe KKM, Subramanian S, Kungu M, Martin T. Dispersal behavior of Tetranychus evansi and T. urticae on tomato at several spatial scales and densities: implications for integrated pest management. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95071. [PMID: 24743580 PMCID: PMC3990603 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Studying distribution is necessary to understand and manage the dynamics of species with spatially structured populations. Here we studied the distribution in Tetranychus evansi and T. urticae, two mite pests of tomato, in the scope of evaluating factors that can influence the effectiveness of Integrated Pest Management strategies. We found greater positive density-dependent distribution with T. evansi than T. urticae when assayed on single, detached tomato leaves. Indeed, T. evansi distribution among leaflets increased with initial population density while it was high even at low T. urticae densities. Intensity and rate of damage to whole plants was higher with T. evansi than T. urticae. We further studied the circadian migration of T. evansi within plant. When T. evansi density was high the distribution behavior peaked between 8 am and 3 pm and between 8 pm and 3 am local time of Kenya. Over 24 h the total number of mites ascending and descending was always similar and close to the total population size. The gregarious behavior of T. evansi combined with its rapid population growth rate, may explain why few tomato plants can be severely damaged by T. evansi and how suddenly all the crop can be highly infested. However the localisation and elimination of the first infested plants damaged by T. evansi could reduce the risk of outbreaks in the entire crop. These findings suggest also that an acaricide treated net placed on the first infested plants could be very effective to control T. evansi. Moreover circadian migration would therefore accentuate the efficiency of an acaricide treated net covering the infested plants.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Thibaud Martin
- Cirad, UPR Hortsys, Montpellier, France
- icipe— Plant Health Department, Nairobi, Kenya
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27
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Fellous S, Angot G, Orsucci M, Migeon A, Auger P, Olivieri I, Navajas M. Combining experimental evolution and field population assays to study the evolution of host range breadth. J Evol Biol 2014; 27:911-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jeb.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2013] [Revised: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 03/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S. Fellous
- UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro); Campus international de Baillarguet; Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
| | - G. Angot
- UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro); Campus international de Baillarguet; Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
| | - M. Orsucci
- UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro); Campus international de Baillarguet; Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
| | - A. Migeon
- UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro); Campus international de Baillarguet; Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
| | - P. Auger
- UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro); Campus international de Baillarguet; Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
| | - I. Olivieri
- ISEM, UMR 5554; Université Montpellier 2; Montpellier France
| | - M. Navajas
- UMR CBGP (INRA/IRD/Cirad/Montpellier SupAgro); Campus international de Baillarguet; Montferrier-sur-Lez Cedex France
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28
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Abstract
Population persistence in a new and stressful environment can be influenced by the plastic phenotypic responses of individuals to this environment, and by the genetic evolution of plasticity itself. This process has recently been investigated theoretically, but testing the quantitative predictions in the wild is challenging because (i) there are usually not enough population replicates to deal with the stochasticity of the evolutionary process, (ii) environmental conditions are not controlled, and (iii) measuring selection and the inheritance of traits affecting fitness is difficult in natural populations. As an alternative, predictions from theory can be tested in the laboratory with controlled experiments. To illustrate the feasibility of this approach, we briefly review the literature on the experimental evolution of plasticity, and on evolutionary rescue in the laboratory, paying particular attention to differences and similarities between microbes and multicellular eukaryotes. We then highlight a set of questions that could be addressed using this framework, which would enable testing the robustness of theoretical predictions, and provide new insights into areas that have received little theoretical attention to date.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis-Miguel Chevin
- Centre d'Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive (UMR 5175), 1919 route de Mende, 34293 Montpellier Cedex 5, France.
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29
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Abstract
Many organisms use cues to decide whether to disperse or not, especially those related to the composition of their environment. Dispersal hence sometimes depends on population density, which can be important for the dynamics and evolution of sub-divided populations. But very little is known about the factors that organisms use to inform their dispersal decision. We investigated the cues underlying density-dependent dispersal in inter-connected microcosms of the freshwater protozoan Paramecium caudatum. In two experiments, we manipulated (i) the number of cells per microcosm and (ii) the origin of their culture medium (supernatant from high- or low-density populations). We found a negative relationship between population density and rates of dispersal, suggesting the use of physical cues. There was no significant effect of culture medium origin on dispersal and thus no support for chemical cues usage. These results suggest that the perception of density – and as a result, the decision to disperse – in this organism can be based on physical factors. This type of quorum sensing may be an adaptation optimizing small scale monitoring of the environment and swarm formation in open water.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fellous
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2- CNRS, Montpellier, France.
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30
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Abstract
Epidemiology in host meta-populations depends on parasite ability to disperse between, establish and persist in distinct sub-populations of hosts. We studied the genetic factors determining the short-term establishment, and long-term maintenance, of pathogens introduced by infected hosts (i.e. carriers) into recipient populations. We used experimental populations of the freshwater ciliate Paramecium caudatum and its bacterial parasite Holospora undulata. Parasite short-term spread (approximately one horizontal transmission cycle) was affected mainly by carrier genotype, and its interactions with parasite and recipient genotypes. By contrast, parasite longer term spread (2-3 horizontal transmission cycles) was mostly determined by parasite isolate. Importantly, measures of parasite short-term success (reproductive number, R) were not good predictors for longer term prevalence, probably because of the specific interactions between host and parasite genotypes. Analogous to variation in vectorial capacity and super-spreader occurrence, two crucial components of epidemiology, we show that carrier genotype can also affect disease spread within meta-populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fellous
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR CNRS-UM2-IRD 5554, University of Montpellier 2, Place Eugène Bataillon, Montpellier Cedex 05, France
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31
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Ramsayer J, Fellous S, Cohen JE, Hochberg ME. Taylor's Law holds in experimental bacterial populations but competition does not influence the slope. Biol Lett 2011; 8:316-9. [PMID: 22072282 DOI: 10.1098/rsbl.2011.0895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Populations vary in time and in space, and temporal variation may differ from spatial variation. Yet, in the past half century, field data have confirmed both the temporal and spatial forms of Taylor's power Law, a linear relationship between log(variance) and log(mean) of population size. Recent theory predicted that competitive species interactions should reduce the slope of the temporal version of Taylor's Law. We tested whether this prediction applied to the spatial version of Taylor's Law using simple, well-controlled laboratory populations of two species of bacteria that were cultured either separately or together for 24 h in media of widely varying nutrient richness. Experimentally, the spatial form of Taylor's Law with a slope of 2 held for these simple bacterial communities, but competitive interactions between the two species did not reduce the spatial Taylor's Law slope. These results contribute to the widespread usefulness of Taylor's Law in population ecology, epidemiology and pest control.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ramsayer
- Institute of Evolutionary Sciences, Montpellier (UMR 5554 ISE-M), University of Montpellier 2, France
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32
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Fellous S, Duron O, Rousset F. Adaptation due to symbionts and conflicts between heritable agents of biological information. Nat Rev Genet 2011; 12:663. [DOI: 10.1038/nrg3028-c1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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33
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Duncan AB, Fellous S, Kaltz O. REVERSE EVOLUTION: SELECTION AGAINST COSTLY RESISTANCE IN DISEASE-FREE MICROCOSM POPULATIONS OF PARAMECIUM CAUDATUM. Evolution 2011; 65:3462-74. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1558-5646.2011.01388.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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34
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Duncan AB, Fellous S, Quillery E, Kaltz O. Adaptation of Paramecium caudatum to variable conditions of temperature stress. Res Microbiol 2011; 162:939-44. [PMID: 21575715 DOI: 10.1016/j.resmic.2011.04.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2010] [Accepted: 04/04/2011] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The environment is rarely constant and organisms are exposed to spatial and temporal variation that will impact life-histories. It is important to understand how such variation affects the adaptation of organisms to their local environment. We compare the adaptation of populations of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum exposed to constant (23 °C or 35 °C) and temporally variable temperature environments (random daily fluctuations between 23 °C or 35 °C). Consistent with theory, our experiment shows the evolution of specialists when evolution proceeds in constant environments and generalists when the environment is temporally variable. In addition, we demonstrate costs for specialists of being locally adapted through reduced fitness in novel environments. Conversely, we do not find any costs for generalists, as all populations from variable environments had equal or superior performance to specialists in their own environment. The lack of a cost for generalists is emphasised by the presence of a super generalist that has the highest performance at both assay temperatures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Duncan
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution (ISEM), UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France.
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35
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Duncan AB, Fellous S, Kaltz O. Temporal variation in temperature determines disease spread and maintenance in Paramecium microcosm populations. Proc Biol Sci 2011; 278:3412-20. [PMID: 21450730 DOI: 10.1098/rspb.2011.0287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The environment is rarely constant and organisms are exposed to temporal and spatial variations that impact their life histories and inter-species interactions. It is important to understand how such variations affect epidemiological dynamics in host-parasite systems. We explored effects of temporal variation in temperature on experimental microcosm populations of the ciliate Paramecium caudatum and its bacterial parasite Holospora undulata. Infected and uninfected populations of two P. caudatum genotypes were created and four constant temperature treatments (26°C, 28°C, 30°C and 32°C) compared with four variable treatments with the same mean temperatures. Variable temperature treatments were achieved by alternating populations between permissive (23°C) and restrictive (35°C) conditions daily over 30 days. Variable conditions and high temperatures caused greater declines in Paramecium populations, greater fluctuations in population size and higher incidence of extinction. The additional effect of parasite infection was additive and enhanced the negative effects of the variable environment and higher temperatures by up to 50 per cent. The variable environment and high temperatures also caused a decrease in parasite prevalence (up to 40%) and an increase in extinction (absence of detection) (up to 30%). The host genotypes responded similarly to the different environmental stresses and their effect on parasite traits were generally in the same direction. This work provides, to our knowledge, the first experimental demonstration that epidemiological dynamics are influenced by environmental variation. We also emphasize the need to consider environmental variance, as well as means, when trying to understand, or predict population dynamics or range.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison B Duncan
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution, UMR 5554, Université Montpellier 2, Place Eugene Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier cedex 05, France.
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36
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Abstract
Almost all studies of the immune system of animals with metamorphosis have focused on either larval or on adult immunity, implicitly assuming that these traits are either perfectly correlated or evolutionarily independent. In this study, we use 80 crosses among 21 Drosophila melanogaster lines to investigate the degree and constancy of genetic correlation in immune system activity between larvae and adults. The constitutive transcription of Diptericin, a gene encoding a defensive antimicrobial peptide, was controlled by the same genetic factors in larvae and adults, with variation in expression determined exclusively by nonadditive genetic effects. This contrasted with another peptide-encoding gene, Drosomycin, in which larval transcription was highly variable and determined by additive effects but adult transcription genetically invariant. We found no evidence for a fitness cost to the transcription of these genes in our study. The shared genetic control of larval and adult Diptericin transcription stands in contrast to predictions of the adaptive decoupling hypothesis, which states that distinct life-stages should permit the independent evolution of larval and adult phenotypes. Importantly, genetic correlations between larval and adult immunities imply that parasite pressure on one life-stage can drive the evolution of immunity (and resistance) in the other life-stage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fellous
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA
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37
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Abstract
Parasitic infection can modify host mobility and consequently their dispersal capacity. We experimentally investigated this idea using the ciliate Paramecium caudatum and its bacterial parasite Holospora undulata. We compared the short-distance dispersal of infected and uninfected populations in interconnected microcosms. Infection reduced the proportion of hosts dispersing, with levels differing among host clones. Host populations with higher densities showed lower dispersal, possibly owing to social aggregation behaviour. Parasite isolates that depleted host populations most had the lowest impact on host dispersal. Parasite-induced modification of dispersal may have consequences for the spatial distribution of disease, host and parasite genetic population structure, and coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fellous
- Institut des Sciences de l'Evolution UMR 5554, Université Montpellier, 2 Place Eugène Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier, France.
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38
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Duncan AB, Fellous S, Accot R, Alart M, Chantung Sobandi K, Cosiaux A, Kaltz O. Parasite-mediated protection against osmotic stress for Paramecium caudatum infected by Holospora undulata is host genotype specific. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010; 74:353-60. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00952.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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39
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fellous
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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40
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41
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Fellous S. Positive Correlation Between Hemosporidian Parasitemia and Likelihood of PCR Detection in Co-Infected Birds. J Parasitol 2009; 95:472-3. [DOI: 10.1645/ge-1539.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2007] [Accepted: 04/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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42
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Abstract
Although parasitic infection is usually detrimental, it can be beneficial to the host in some situations. Parasites could help their host by providing a new function or modifying one of the host's life-history traits. We argue that the evolution towards a lasting mutualistic relationship would be more likely when parasites endow hosts with new abilities rather than alter a trait because hosts are less likely to evolve a new capability on their own than adjust their life history by microevolutionary steps. Furthermore, we underline how evolved dependence--the host's loss of ability to live alone owing to a long history of evolution in the presence of its parasites--has shaped contemporary mutualistic relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon Fellous
- Department of Entomology, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853, USA.
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43
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Abstract
We investigated whether a parasite with two routes of transmission responds to the different transmission opportunities offered by male and female hosts by using different transmission strategies in the two sexes. The parasite Ascogregarina culicis, which infects the mosquito Aedes aegypti, can be transmitted as its host's pupa transforms into an adult or when a female lays its eggs. As the latter transmission route is missing in males, we expected, and found, that the parasite releases a greater proportion of its infectious forms during emergence when it is within a male than when it infects a female. The transmission route, which influences the parasite's dispersal and the evolution of its virulence, was also affected by the dose of infection and the parasite's previous transmission route. Our results emphasize the complexity underlying the development of parasites and show their ability to tune their strategy to their environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Fellous
- Division of Biology, Imperial College London, Ascot, UK.
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44
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Loiseau C, Fellous S, Haussy C, Chastel O, Sorci G. Condition-dependent effects of corticosterone on a carotenoid-based begging signal in house sparrows. Horm Behav 2008; 53:266-73. [PMID: 18029282 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2007.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2007] [Revised: 10/08/2007] [Accepted: 10/08/2007] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Begging is a complex display involving a variety of different visual and auditory signals. Parents are thought to use these signals to adjust their investment in food provisioning. The mechanisms that ensure the honesty of begging displays as indicators of need have been recently investigated. It has been shown that levels of corticosterone (Cort), the hormone released during the stress response, increase during food shortage and are associated with an increased begging rate. In a recent study in house sparrows, although exogenous Cort increased begging rate, parents did not accordingly adjust their provisioning rate. Here, we tested the hypothesis that Cort might affect the expression of other components of begging displays, such as flange color (a carotenoid-based trait). We experimentally increased levels of circulating Cort and investigated the effects of the treatment on (1) the flange coloration of the nestlings, (2) the behavioral response and (3) the parental allocation of food and (4) nestling condition and cell-mediated immune response. We found that Cort affected flange coloration in a condition-dependent way. Cort-injected nestlings had less yellow flanges than controls only when in poor body condition. Parental feeding rate was also affected by the Cort treatment in interaction with flange color. Feeding rate of Cort-injected nestlings was negatively and significantly correlated with flange color (nestlings with yellower flanges receiving more food), whereas feeding rate and flange color were not correlated in control chicks. We also found that nestlings injected with Cort showed a weaker immune response than controls. These results suggest that, indeed, Cort has the potential to affect multiple components of the begging display. As Cort levels naturally raise during fasting, parents have to take into account these multiple components to take a decision as to optimally share their investment among competing nestlings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claire Loiseau
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Bât. A, 7ème étage, 7, quai St Bernard, Case 237, F-75252 Paris Cedex 05, France.
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Fellous S. How important is immune memory to invertebrates? Nature 2007; 445:593. [PMID: 17287793 DOI: 10.1038/445593a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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46
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Lambrechts L, Fellous S, Koella JC. Coevolutionary interactions between host and parasite genotypes. Trends Parasitol 2005; 22:12-6. [PMID: 16310412 DOI: 10.1016/j.pt.2005.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2005] [Revised: 10/03/2005] [Accepted: 11/10/2005] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
More than 20 years after Dawkins introduced the concept of "extended phenotype" (i.e. phenotypes of hosts and parasites result from interactions between the two genomes) and although this idea has now reached contemporary textbooks of evolutionary biology, most studies of the evolution of host-parasite systems still focus solely on either the host or the parasite, neglecting the role of the other partner. It is important to consider that host and parasite genotypes share control of the epidemiological parameters of their relationship. Moreover, not only the traits of the infection but also the genetic correlations among these and other traits that determine fitness might be controlled by interactions between host and parasite genotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Louis Lambrechts
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie Evolutive, CNRS UMR 7103, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, CC 237, 7 quai St Bernard, 75252 Paris cedex 05, France.
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