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Chooi WH, Chan SCW, Gantenbein B, Chan BP. Loading-Induced Heat-Shock Response in Bovine Intervertebral Disc Organ Culture. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0161615. [PMID: 27580124 PMCID: PMC5006975 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0161615] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical loading has been shown to affect cell viability and matrix maintenance in the intervertebral disc (IVD) but there is no investigation on how cells survive mechanical stress and whether the IVD cells perceive mechanical loading as stress and respond by expression of heat shock proteins. This study investigates the stress response in the IVD in response to compressive loading. Bovine caudal disc organ culture was used to study the effect of physiological range static loading and dynamic loading. Cell activity, gene expression and immunofluorescence staining were used to analyze the cell response. Cell activity and cytoskeleton of the cells did not change significantly after loading. In gene expression analysis, significant up-regulation of heat shock protein-70 (HSP70) was observed in nucleus pulposus after two hours of loading. However, the expression of the matrix remodeling genes did not change significantly after loading. Similarly, expressions of stress response and matrix remodeling genes changed with application and removal of the dynamic loading. The results suggest that stress response was induced by physiological range loading without significantly changing cell activity and upregulating matrix remodeling. This study provides direct evidence on loading induced stress response in IVD cells and contributes to our understanding in the mechanoregulation of intervertebral disc cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wai Hon Chooi
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
| | - Samantha Chun Wai Chan
- Tissue & Organ Mechanobiology, Institute of Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Biointerfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Gantenbein
- Tissue & Organ Mechanobiology, Institute of Surgical Technology and Biomechanics, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Pui Chan
- Tissue Engineering Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, China
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Liao YH, Huang YT, Deng JY, Chen WS, Jee SH. Pulsed ultrasound promotes melanoblast migration through upregulation of macrophage colony-stimulating factor/focal adhesion kinase autocrine signaling and paracrine mechanisms. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2013; 26:654-65. [DOI: 10.1111/pcmr.12125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Hua Liao
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Yu-Ting Huang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine; College of Medicine; National Taiwan University; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Jhu-Yun Deng
- Department of Dermatology; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei; Taiwan
| | - Wen-Shiang Chen
- Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation; National Taiwan University Hospital and National Taiwan University College of Medicine; Taipei; Taiwan
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Nakama M, Murakami Y, Tanaka H, Nakata S. Decrease in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide dehydrogenase is related to skin pigmentation. J Cosmet Dermatol 2012; 11:3-8. [PMID: 22360328 DOI: 10.1111/j.1473-2165.2011.00592.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
Skin pigmentation is caused by various physical and chemical factors. It might also be influenced by changes in the physiological function of skin with aging. Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH) dehydrogenase is an enzyme related to the mitochondrial electron transport system and plays a key role in cellular energy production. It has been reported that the functional decrease in this system causes Parkinson's disease. Another study reports that the amount of NADH dehydrogenase in heart and skeletal muscle decreases with aging. A similar decrease in the skin would probably affect its physiological function. However, no reports have examined the age-related change in levels of NADH dehydrogenase in human skin. In this study, we investigated this change and its effect on skin pigmentation using cultured human epidermal keratinocytes. The mRNA expression of NDUFA1, NDUFB7, and NDUFS2, subunits of NADH dehydrogenase, and its activity were significantly decreased in late passage keratinocytes compared to early passage cells. Conversely, the mRNA expression of melanocyte-stimulating cytokines, interleukin-1 alpha and endothelin 1, was increased in late passage cells. On the other hand, the inhibition of NADH dehydrogenase upregulated the mRNA expression of melanocyte-stimulating cytokines. Moreover, the level of NDUFB7 mRNA was lower in pigmented than in nonpigmented regions of skin in vivo. These results suggest the decrease in NADH dehydrogenase with aging to be involved in skin pigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mitsuo Nakama
- Research Laboratories, Nippon Menard Cosmetic Co Ltd., Nagoya, Japan.
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Uhl M, Mellert K, Striegl B, Deibler M, Lamla M, Spatz JP, Kemkemer R, Kaufmann D. Cyclic stretch increases splicing noise rate in cultured human fibroblasts. BMC Res Notes 2011; 4:470. [PMID: 22040907 PMCID: PMC3220655 DOI: 10.1186/1756-0500-4-470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/31/2011] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mechanical forces are known to alter the expression of genes, but it has so far not been reported whether they may influence the fidelity of nucleus-based processes. One experimental approach permitting to address this question is the application of cyclic stretch to cultured human fibroblasts. As a marker for the precision of nucleus-based processes, the number of errors that occur during co-transcriptional splicing can then be measured. This so-called splicing noise is found at low frequency in pre-mRNA splicing. Findings The amount of splicing noise was measured by RT-qPCR of seven exon skips from the test genes AATF, MAP3K11, NF1, PCGF2, POLR2A and RABAC1. In cells treated by altered uniaxial cyclic stretching for 18 h, a uniform and significant increase of splicing noise was found for all detectable exon skips. Conclusion Our data demonstrate that application of cyclic stretch to cultured fibroblasts correlates with a reduced transcriptional fidelity caused by increasing splicing noise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Uhl
- Institute of Human Genetics, University of Ulm, Albert Einstein Allee 11, D 89070 Ulm, Germany.
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van Geel N, Speeckaert R, Taieb A, Picardo M, Böhm M, Gawkrodger DJ, Schallreuter K, Bennett DC, van der Veen W, Whitton M, Moretti S, Westerhof W, Ezzedine K, Gauthier Y. Koebner’s phenomenon in vitiligo: European position paper. Pigment Cell Melanoma Res 2011; 24:564-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1755-148x.2011.00838.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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6
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Radlanski RJ, Renz H. [Genes, forces and forms: mechanical aspects of prenatal craniofacial development]. Orthod Fr 2007; 78:233-48. [PMID: 18082114 DOI: 10.1051/orthodfr:2007035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022]
Abstract
Current knowledge of molecular signaling during craniofacial development is advancing rapidly. We know that cells can respond to mechanical stimuli by biochemical signaling. Thus, the link between mechanical stimuli and gene expression has become a new and important area of the morphological sciences. This field of research seems to be a revival of the old approach of developmental mechanics, which goes back to the embryologists His [36], Carey [13, 14], and Blechschmidt [5]. These researchers argued that forces play a fundamental role in tissue differentiation and morphogenesis. They understood morphogenesis as a closed system with living cells as the active part and biological, chemical, and physical laws as the rules. This review reports on linking mechanical aspects of developmental biology with the contemporary knowledge of tissue differentiation. We focus on the formation of cartilage (in relation to pressure), bone (in relation to shearing forces), and muscles (in relation to dilation forces). The cascade of molecules may be triggered by forces, which arise during physical cell and tissue interaction. Detailed morphological knowledge is mandatory to elucidate the exact location and timing of the regions where forces are exerted. Because this finding also holds true for the exact timing and location of signals, more 3D images of the developmental processes are required. Further research is also required to create methods for measuring forces within a tissue. The molecules whose presence and indispensability we are investigating appear to be mediators rather than creators of form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Radlanski
- Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Campus Benjamin Franklin, Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Experimental Dentistry/Oral Structural Biology, Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Allemagne.
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7
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Radlanski RJ, Renz H. Genes, forces, and forms: mechanical aspects of prenatal craniofacial development. Dev Dyn 2006; 235:1219-29. [PMID: 16456854 DOI: 10.1002/dvdy.20704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Current knowledge of molecular signaling during craniofacial development is advancing rapidly. We know that cells can respond to mechanical stimuli by biochemical signaling. Thus, the link between mechanical stimuli and gene expression has become a new and important area of the morphological sciences. This field of research seems to be a revival of the old approach of developmental mechanics, which goes back to the embryologists His (1874), Carey (1920), and Blechschmidt (1948). These researchers argued that forces play a fundamental role in tissue differentiation and morphogenesis. They understood morphogenesis as a closed system with living cells as the active part and biological, chemical, and physical laws as the rules. This review reports on linking mechanical aspects of developmental biology with the contemporary knowledge of tissue differentiation. We focus on the formation of cartilage (in relation to pressure), bone (in relation to shearing forces), and muscles (in relation to dilation forces). The cascade of molecules may be triggered by forces, which arise during physical cell and tissue interaction. Detailed morphological knowledge is mandatory to elucidate the exact location and timing of the regions where forces are exerted. Because this finding also holds true for the exact timing and location of signals, more 3D images of the developmental processes are required. Further research is also required to create methods for measuring forces within a tissue. The molecules whose presence and indispensability we are investigating appear to be mediators rather than creators of form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf J Radlanski
- Charité - Campus Benjamin Franklin at Freie Universität Berlin, Center for Dental and Craniofacial Sciences, Department of Oral Structural Biology, Berlin-Wilmersdorf, Germany.
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Ivanova K, Block I, Das PK, Gerzer R. Role of cyclic GMP signaling in the melanocyte response to hypergravity. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1002/sita.200600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
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9
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Kroll TM, Bommiasamy H, Boissy RE, Hernandez C, Nickoloff BJ, Mestril R, Le Poole IC. 4-Tertiary butyl phenol exposure sensitizes human melanocytes to dendritic cell-mediated killing: relevance to vitiligo. J Invest Dermatol 2005; 124:798-806. [PMID: 15816839 PMCID: PMC1747533 DOI: 10.1111/j.0022-202x.2005.23653.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The trigger initiating an autoimmune response against melanocytes in vitiligo remains unclear. Patients frequently experience stress to the skin prior to depigmentation. 4-tertiary butyl phenol (4-TBP) was used as a model compound to study the effects of stress on melanocytes. Heat shock protein (HSP)70 generated and secreted in response to 4-TBP was quantified. The protective potential of stress proteins generated following 4-TBP exposure was examined. It was studied whether HSP70 favors dendritic cell (DC) effector functions as well. Melanocytes were more sensitive to 4-TBP than fibroblasts, and HSP70 generated in response to 4-TBP exposure was partially released into the medium by immortalized vitiligo melanocyte cell line PIG3V. Stress protein HSP70 in turn induced membrane tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) expression and activation of DC effector functions towards stressed melanocytes. Melanocytes exposed to 4-TBP demonstrated elevated TRAIL death receptor expression. DC effector functions were partially inhibited by blocking antibodies to TRAIL. TRAIL expression and infiltration by CD11c+ cells was abundant in perilesional vitiligo skin. Stressed melanocytes may mediate DC activation through release of HSP70, and DC effector functions appear to play a previously unappreciated role in progressive vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara M. Kroll
- Department of Pathology/Oncology Institute, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Hemamalini Bommiasamy
- Department of Pathology/Oncology Institute, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | | | | | - Brian J. Nickoloff
- Department of Pathology/Oncology Institute, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Ruben Mestril
- Department of Physiology/Cardiovascular Institute, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - I. Caroline Le Poole
- Department of Pathology/Oncology Institute, Loyola University, Chicago, Illinois, USA
- Address correspondence to: I. Caroline Le Poole, PhD, Cardinal Bernardin Cancer Center, Rm 203, Loyola University Medical Center, 2160 S. 1st Avenue, Maywood, Illinois 60153, USA.
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Ivanova K, Zadeh NH, Block I, Das PK, Gerzer R. Stimulation of cyclic GMP efflux in human melanocytes by hypergravity generated by centrifugal acceleration. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 17:471-9. [PMID: 15357833 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0749.2004.00169.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Gravity alteration (micro- and hypergravity) is known to influence cell functions. As guanosine 3',5'-cyclic monophosphate (cGMP) plays an important role in human melanocyte functions and different guanylyl cyclase isoforms are responsible for cGMP synthesis in human non-metastatic and metastatic melanoma cells, we investigated the effects of hypergravity on the regulation of cGMP levels in cultured human melanocytes and in melanoma cell lines with different metastatic potentials. Hypergravity was produced by horizontal centrifugal acceleration. Here we report that long-term application of hypergravity (up to 5 g for 24 h) stimulated cGMP efflux in cultured melanocytes and in non-metastatic melanoma cells in the presence of 0.1 mM 3-isobutyl-1-methylxanthine (IBMX), a non-selective phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. Under these conditions, cAMP synthesis and melanin production were up-regulated in pigmented melanocytes and non-metastatic melanoma cells. Hypergravity also stimulated cGMP transport in the presence of 1 microM trequinsin, an inhibitor of cGMP-binding PDE (PDE5) and of transport by multidrug resistance proteins MRP4/5, whereas 50 microM trequinsin partially inhibited cGMP transport. Transport was further inhibited by probenecid, an inhibitor of endogenous non-selective transporters as well as of MRP4/5 and by cycloheximide as an inhibitor of de novo protein synthesis. In contrast, hypergravity did not affect cGMP efflux in metastatic melanoma cells, which might be related to an up-regulated cGMP efflux at 1 g. The results of the present study indicate that hypergravity may stimulate cGMP efflux in melanocytes and in non-metastatic melanoma cells most probably by an enhanced expression of endogenous transporters and/or MRP4/5. Thus, an altered acceleration vector may induce signaling events in melanocytic cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krassimira Ivanova
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Linder Höhe, 51170, Cologne, Germany.
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11
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Kang SH, Fung MA, Gandour-Edwards R, Reilly D, Dizon T, Grahn J, Isseroff RR. Heat shock protein 27 is expressed in normal and malignant human melanocytes in vivo. J Cutan Pathol 2005; 31:665-71. [PMID: 15491326 DOI: 10.1111/j.0303-6987.2004.00248.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Heat shock proteins (HSPs) are a family of highly conserved proteins found ubiquitously in mammalian cells, believed to be regulators of normal cell physiology and the cellular stress response. In addition, the small 27-kDa heat shock protein (HSP27) has previously been found to be a differentiation marker for keratinocytes and a prognostic marker associated with increased survival in certain cancerous tumors. METHODS Using immunohistochemistry on routinely processed paraffin sections, we examined skin biopsies from 15 invasive melanomas, 13 intradermal nevi, and two compound nevi immunostained with a mouse monoclonal antibody to HSP27. In addition, cultured melanocytes were heat stressed at 45 degrees C for 1 h and then fixed and immunostained in order to localize HSP27 expression intracellularly. RESULTS We found cytoplasmic and strong perinuclear staining of HSP27 in melanocytes in normal skin, in melanomas, and in nevi. Nuclear reactivity was absent. In addition, in cultured non-malignant melanocytes, HSP27 expression relocated from the cytoplasm to the nucleus with heat stress. CONCLUSIONS To our knowledge, this investigation is the first to demonstrate that HSP27 is expressed in melanocytes in normal skin, in nevi, and in non-malignant cultured melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven H Kang
- Department of Dermatology, University of California Davis, School of Medicine, One Shields Avenue Davis, CA 95616, USA
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12
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Yang G, Crawford RC, Wang JHC. Proliferation and collagen production of human patellar tendon fibroblasts in response to cyclic uniaxial stretching in serum-free conditions. J Biomech 2004; 37:1543-50. [PMID: 15336929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2004.01.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 200] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/09/2004] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
We studied the effect of cyclic mechanical stretching on the proliferation and collagen mRNA expression and protein production of human patellar tendon fibroblasts under serum-free conditions. The role of transforming growth factor-beta1 (TGF-beta1) in collagen production by cyclically stretched tendon fibroblasts was also investigated. The tendon fibroblasts were grown in microgrooved silicone dishes, where the cells were highly elongated and aligned with the microgrooves. Cyclic uniaxial stretching with constant frequency and duration (0.5 Hz, 4 h) but varying magnitude of stretch (no stretch, 4%, and 8%) was applied to the silicone dishes. Following the period of stretching, the cells were rested for 20 h in stretching-conditioned medium to allow for cell proliferation. In separate experiments, the cells were stretched for 4h and then rested for another 4 h. Samples of the medium, total cellular RNA and protein were used for analysis of collagen and TGF-beta1 gene expression and production. It was found that there was a slight increase in fibroblast proliferation at 4% and 8% stretch, compared to that of non-stretched fibroblasts, where at 8% stretch the increase was significant. It was also found that the gene expression and protein production of collagen type I and TGF-beta1 increased in a stretching-magnitude-dependent manner. And, levels of collagen type III were not changed, despite gene expression levels of the protein being slightly increased. Furthermore, the exogenous addition of anti-TGF-beta1 antibody eliminated the increase in collagen type I production under cyclic uniaxial stretching conditions. The results suggest that mechanical stretching can modulate proliferation of human tendon fibroblasts in the absence of serum and increase the cellular production of collagen type I, which is at least in part mediated by TGF-beta1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guoguang Yang
- Musculoskeletal Research Center, Departments of Orthopaedic Surgery and Bioengineering, University of Pittsburgh Medical center, E1641 Biomedical Science Tower, 210 Lothrop Street, PO Box 71199, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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Goto K, Okuyama R, Sugiyama H, Honda M, Kobayashi T, Uehara K, Akema T, Sugiura T, Yamada S, Ohira Y, Yoshioka T. Effects of heat stress and mechanical stretch on protein expression in cultured skeletal muscle cells. Pflugers Arch 2003; 447:247-53. [PMID: 14534791 DOI: 10.1007/s00424-003-1177-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2003] [Accepted: 08/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Effects of heat stress, mechanical stretching or a combination of both on the expression of heat shock proteins (HSPs) and total protein level were studied in a culture system. Rat skeletal muscle cells (L6) were cultured on flexible-bottomed culture plates. They were subjected to one of the four following conditions: (1) 97 h incubation at 37 degrees C, (2) 1 h incubation at 41 degrees C followed by 96 h incubation at 37 degrees C, (3) 1 h incubation at 37 degrees C followed by 96 h cyclic stretching (18% of initial length, 2-s stretch and 4-s release) at 37 degrees C or (4) 1 h incubation at 41 degrees C followed by 96 h cyclic stretching at 37 degrees C. The expression of HSP72 and HSP90 and total protein was determined in the crude homogenates, supernatant and pellets. Cellular protein concentrations in the homogenates and pellets were increased by heat stress and/or mechanical stress (stretch). A cumulative effect of the combination of heating and stretch on the protein concentration in the homogenates and in the pellets was noted. The expressions of HSP72 and HSP90 in the pellets were also increased by heat stress and/or stretch. However, HSP90 in the supernatant did not change following heat stress and/or stretch. The regulation of HSP72 and HSP90 expression in skeletal muscle cells may be closely related to total protein, the abundance of which is also stimulated by mechanical and heat stresses. These observations suggest strongly that heating and passive stretch of muscle may be useful as a means of increasing muscle mass, not only in athletes but also in patients during rehabilitation.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Goto
- Department of Physiology, St. Marianna University School of Medicine, 216-8511 Kawasaki, Japan
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Grigoryan EN, Mitashov VI, Anton HJ. Urodelean amphibians in studies on microgravity: effects upon organ and tissue regeneration. ADVANCES IN SPACE RESEARCH : THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE COMMITTEE ON SPACE RESEARCH (COSPAR) 2002; 30:757-764. [PMID: 12528722 DOI: 10.1016/s0273-1177(02)00392-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Results obtained from nine experiments performed onboard Russian biosatellites have shown that microgravity promotes tissue regeneration in the newt, Pleurodeles waltl. The effect has been reproduced in all flights and on a clinostat as well for eye tissues (lens and retina), limbs and tail. The effect was demonstrated in 1.5- to 2-fold increase in cell proliferation in the early stages of regeneration in space flight. Animals "flown" intact and operated after flight regenerated faster than control ones and showed long-lasting micro-"g" effect. The most recent experiment flew aboard the Bion-11 biosatellite. This test was performed for study on microgravity effect on neural retina regeneration after optic nerve lesioning in the newt. Obtained results confirmed our previous information about intensification of regenerative processes in detached neural retina in urodela exposed to simulated weightlessness (Grigoryan et al., 1998). In particular, we found the increase and activation of cell populations participating in neural retina restoration and maintenance of retinal structure. Our findings suggest that promoting effect of microgravity upon regeneration could be influenced by several factors, largely influenced by a response of the whole organism to changed gravity vector. We hypothesized the synthesis of the specific range of stress proteins induced by micro-"g" and their regulative role in cell proliferation. Such a hypothesis for the existence of "altered gravity stress proteins" is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- E N Grigoryan
- Institute of Developmental Biology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
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