1
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Simmons Beck R, Liang OD, Klinger JR. Light at the ENDothelium-role of Sox17 and Runx1 in endothelial dysfunction and pulmonary arterial hypertension. Front Cardiovasc Med 2023; 10:1274033. [PMID: 38028440 PMCID: PMC10656768 DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2023.1274033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Accepted: 10/11/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) is a progressive disease that is characterized by an obliterative vasculopathy of the distal pulmonary circulation. Despite significant progress in our understanding of the pathophysiology, currently approved medical therapies for PAH act primarily as pulmonary vasodilators and fail to address the underlying processes that lead to the development and progression of the disease. Endothelial dysregulation in response to stress, injury or physiologic stimuli followed by perivascular infiltration of immune cells plays a prominent role in the pulmonary vascular remodeling of PAH. Over the last few decades, our understanding of endothelial cell dysregulation has evolved and brought to light a number of transcription factors that play important roles in vascular homeostasis and angiogenesis. In this review, we examine two such factors, SOX17 and one of its downstream targets, RUNX1 and the emerging data that implicate their roles in the pathogenesis of PAH. We review their discovery and discuss their function in angiogenesis and lung vascular development including their roles in endothelial to hematopoietic transition (EHT) and their ability to drive progenitor stem cells toward an endothelial or myeloid fate. We also summarize the data from studies that link mutations in Sox17 with an increased risk of developing PAH and studies that implicate Sox17 and Runx1 in the pathogenesis of PAH. Finally, we review the results of recent studies from our lab demonstrating the efficacy of preventing and reversing pulmonary hypertension in animal models of PAH by deleting RUNX1 expression in endothelial or myeloid cells or by the use of RUNX1 inhibitors. By investigating PAH through the lens of SOX17 and RUNX1 we hope to shed light on the role of these transcription factors in vascular homeostasis and endothelial dysregulation, their contribution to pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH, and their potential as novel therapeutic targets for treating this devastating disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Simmons Beck
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - Olin D. Liang
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
| | - James R. Klinger
- Division of Pulmonary, Sleep and Critical Care Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital and the Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, United States
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2
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Miyadai M, Takada H, Shiraishi A, Kimura T, Watakabe I, Kobayashi H, Nagao Y, Naruse K, Higashijima SI, Shimizu T, Kelsh RN, Hibi M, Hashimoto H. A gene regulatory network combining Pax3/7, Sox10 and Mitf generates diverse pigment cell types in medaka and zebrafish. Development 2023; 150:dev202114. [PMID: 37823232 PMCID: PMC10617610 DOI: 10.1242/dev.202114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 09/11/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Neural crest cells generate numerous derivatives, including pigment cells, and are a model for studying how fate specification from multipotent progenitors is controlled. In mammals, the core gene regulatory network for melanocytes (their only pigment cell type) contains three transcription factors, Sox10, Pax3 and Mitf, with the latter considered a master regulator of melanocyte development. In teleosts, which have three to four pigment cell types (melanophores, iridophores and xanthophores, plus leucophores e.g. in medaka), gene regulatory networks governing fate specification are poorly understood, although Mitf function is considered conserved. Here, we show that the regulatory relationships between Sox10, Pax3 and Mitf are conserved in zebrafish, but the role for Mitf is more complex than previously emphasized, affecting xanthophore development too. Similarly, medaka Mitf is necessary for melanophore, xanthophore and leucophore formation. Furthermore, expression patterns and mutant phenotypes of pax3 and pax7 suggest that Pax3 and Pax7 act sequentially, activating mitf expression. Pax7 modulates Mitf function, driving co-expressing cells to differentiate as xanthophores and leucophores rather than melanophores. We propose that pigment cell fate specification should be considered to result from the combinatorial activity of Mitf with other transcription factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Motohiro Miyadai
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Takada
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Akiko Shiraishi
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Tetsuaki Kimura
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Ikuko Watakabe
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Hikaru Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Yusuke Nagao
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Kiyoshi Naruse
- Laboratory of Bioresources, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8585, Japan
| | - Shin-ichi Higashijima
- National Institutes of Natural Sciences, Exploratory Research Center on Life and Living Systems, National Institute for Basic Biology, Okazaki 444-8787, Japan
| | - Takashi Shimizu
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Robert N. Kelsh
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Bath, Bath BA2 7AY, UK
| | - Masahiko Hibi
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
| | - Hisashi Hashimoto
- Laboratory of Biological Science, Division of Natural Science, Graduate School of Science, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8602, Japan
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3
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Comparative role of SOX10 gene in the gliogenesis of central, peripheral, and enteric nervous systems. Differentiation 2022; 128:13-25. [DOI: 10.1016/j.diff.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2022] [Revised: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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4
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Sienes Bailo P, Goñi-Ros N, Gazulla J, Álvarez de Andrés S, Ros Arnal I, Izquierdo Álvarez S. Three novel variants in SOX10 gene: Waardenburg and PCWH syndromes. EGYPTIAN JOURNAL OF MEDICAL HUMAN GENETICS 2022. [DOI: 10.1186/s43042-022-00270-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a rare genetic disorder characterized by musculoskeletal abnormalities, deafness and hypopigmentation of hair and skin. This article’s aim is to investigate clinical and genetic characteristics of WS in three unrelated Caucasian individuals.
Case presentation
The first patient was a 25-year-old female with congenital bilateral hearing loss, bright-blue-eyes, hypopigmentation of hair and skin, megacolon, language retardation, tenosynovitis and neuromas. The second case was an infant symptomatic from birth, with dysphagia, Hirschsprung disease and neurological abnormalities. The third patient was a 14-year-old boy with congenital bilateral hearing loss and ileocolic Hirschsprung disease. In order to identify variants in potentially causal genes of the patients’ phenotype, genetical testing was conducted: targeted clinical exome, targeted exome and trio exome, respectively. We identified three novel variants spread throughout the coding sequence of SOX10. The c.395C>G variant identified de novo in patient 1 was a single nucleotide substitution in exon 2. The c.850G>T variant identified as heterozygous in patient 2 was a loss-of-function variant that generated a premature stop codon. The c.966dupT variant identified in patient 3 was a duplication that generated a premature stop codon. It had been identified in his father, arising a possible germinal mosaicism. According to in silico predictors the variant identified in patient 1 was considered as pathogenic, whereas the other two were classified as likely pathogenic.
Conclusions
An exact description of the mutations responsible for WS provides useful information to explain clinical features of WS and contributes to better genetic counselling of WS patients.
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5
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Kulikova IV. Molecular Mechanisms and Gene Regulation of Melanic Plumage Coloration in Birds. RUSS J GENET+ 2021. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279542108007x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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6
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Ding X, Wang L, Chen M, Wu Y, Ge S, Li J, Fan X, Lin M. Sperm-Specific Glycolysis Enzyme Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase Regulated by Transcription Factor SOX10 to Promote Uveal Melanoma Tumorigenesis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:610683. [PMID: 34249897 PMCID: PMC8267526 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.610683] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Melanoma cells exhibit increased aerobic glycolysis, which represents a major biochemical alteration associated with malignant transformation; thus, glycolytic enzymes could be exploited to selectively target cancer cells in cancer therapy. Sperm-specific glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDHS) switches glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate to 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate by coupling with the reduction of NAD+ to NADH. Here, we demonstrated that GAPDHS displays significantly higher expression in uveal melanoma (UM) than in normal controls. Functionally, the knockdown of GAPDHS in UM cell lines hindered glycolysis by decreasing glucose uptake, lactate production, adenosine triphosphate (ATP) generation, cell growth and proliferation; conversely, overexpression of GAPDHS promoted glycolysis, cell growth and proliferation. Furthermore, we identified that SOX10 knockdown reduced the activation of GAPDHS, leading to an attenuated malignant phenotype, and that SOX10 overexpression promoted the activation of GAPDHS, leading to an enhanced malignant phenotype. Mechanistically, SOX10 exerted its function by binding to the promoter of GAPDHS to regulate its expression. Importantly, SOX10 abrogation suppressed in vivo tumor growth and proliferation. Collectively, the results reveal that GAPDHS, which is regulated by SOX10, controls glycolysis and contributes to UM tumorigenesis, highlighting its potential as a therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Ding
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Lihua Wang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Mingjiao Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Yue Wu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Shengfang Ge
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Jin Li
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Xianqun Fan
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
| | - Ming Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Orbital Diseases and Ocular Oncology, Shanghai, China
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7
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SETD4-expressing cells contribute to pancreatic development and response to cerulein induced pancreatitis injury. Sci Rep 2021; 11:12614. [PMID: 34131249 PMCID: PMC8206148 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-92075-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
In the adult pancreas, the presence of progenitor or stem cells and their potential involvement in homeostasis and regeneration remains unclear. Here, we identify that SET domain-containing protein 4 (SETD4), a histone lysine methyltransferase, is expressed in a small cell population in the adult mouse pancreas. Genetic lineage tracing shows that during pancreatic development, descendants of SETD4+ cells make up over 70% of pancreatic cells and then contribute to each pancreatic lineage during pancreatic homeostasis. SETD4+ cells generate newborn acinar cells in response to cerulein-induced pancreatitis in acinar compartments. Ablation of SETD4+ cells compromises regeneration of acinar cells, in contrast to controls. Our findings provide a new cellular narrative for pancreatic development, homeostasis and response to injury via a small SETD4+ cell population. Potential applications may act to preserve pancreatic function in case of pancreatic disease and/or damage.
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Zhang S, Xu H, Tian Y, Liu D, Hou X, Zeng B, Chen B, Liu H, Li R, Li X, Zuo B, Tang R, Tang W. High Genetic Heterogeneity in Chinese Patients With Waardenburg Syndrome Revealed by Next-Generation Sequencing. Front Genet 2021; 12:643546. [PMID: 34149797 PMCID: PMC8212959 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2021.643546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Accepted: 04/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective This study aimed to explore the genetic causes of probands who were diagnosed with Waardenburg syndrome (WS) or congenital sensorineural hearing loss. Methods A detailed physical and audiological examinations were carried out to make an accurate diagnosis of 14 patients from seven unrelated families. We performed whole-exome sequencing in probands to detect the potential genetic causes and further validated them by Sanger sequencing in the probands and their family members. Results The genetic causes for all 14 patients with WS or congenital sensorineural hearing loss were identified. A total of seven heterozygous variants including c.1459C > T, c.123del, and c.959-409_1173+3402del of PAX3 gene (NM_181459.4), c.198_262del and c.529_556del of SOX10 gene (NM_006941.4), and c.731G > A and c.970dup of MITF gene (NM_000248.3) were found for the first time. Of these mutations, we had confirmed two (c.1459C > T and c.970dup) are de novo by Sanger sequencing of variants in the probands and their parents. Conclusion We revealed a total of seven novel mutations in PAX3, SOX10, and MITF, which underlie the pathogenesis of WS. The clinical and genetic characterization of these families with WS elucidated high heterogeneity in Chinese patients with WS. This study expands the database of PAX3, SOX10, and MITF mutations and improves our understanding of the causes of WS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sen Zhang
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Hongen Xu
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Yongan Tian
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Danhua Liu
- The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xinyue Hou
- School of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Beiping Zeng
- BGI College, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bei Chen
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Huanfei Liu
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ruijun Li
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xiaohua Li
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Bin Zuo
- Department of Otology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Ryan Tang
- Johns Hopkins University, Maryland, MD, United States
| | - Wenxue Tang
- Precision Medicine Center, Academy of Medical Science, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Henan Institute of Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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9
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Niu Z, Lai Y, Tan S, Tang F, Tang X, Su Y, Liu L, Xie L, Fang Q, Xie M, Tang A. A de novo mutation of the SOX10 gene associated with inner ear malformation in a Guangxi family with Waardenburg syndrome type II. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2021; 145:110711. [PMID: 33865100 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2021] [Revised: 03/21/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Waardenburg syndrome type 2 (WS2) is a rare neural-crest disorder, characterized by heterochromic irides or blue eyes and sensorineural hearing loss. The aim of this study was to analyze the clinical features and investigate the genetic cause of WS2 in a small family from Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous region. METHODS Whole-exome sequencing and mutational analysis were used to identify disease-causing genes in this family. RESULTS A de novo missense mutation, C.355C > T (p. Arg119Cys), in exon 2 of SOX10 was related to inner ear malformation in the proband and identified by whole exon sequencing, but this mutation was absent in normal controls and any public databases. According to nucleic acid sequence and protein bioinformatic analysis, this mutation is considered the cause of WS2 without neurologic involvement in the proband. CONCLUSIONS Our findings provide an accurate genetic diagnosis, counseling, and rehabilitation for family members and may contribute to further genotype-phenotype correlation studies of the SOX10 gene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhijie Niu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China.
| | - Yongjing Lai
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Songhua Tan
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Fen Tang
- The People's Hospital of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Xianglong Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Yupei Su
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Lei Liu
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Lihong Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Qin Fang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Mao Xie
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China
| | - Anzhou Tang
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi Medical University, Nanning, 530021, China; Regional Key Laboratory of Early Prevention and Treatment of High-Rise Tumors, Nanning, 530021, China.
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10
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Stevanovic M, Drakulic D, Lazic A, Ninkovic DS, Schwirtlich M, Mojsin M. SOX Transcription Factors as Important Regulators of Neuronal and Glial Differentiation During Nervous System Development and Adult Neurogenesis. Front Mol Neurosci 2021; 14:654031. [PMID: 33867936 PMCID: PMC8044450 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.654031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The SOX proteins belong to the superfamily of transcription factors (TFs) that display properties of both classical TFs and architectural components of chromatin. Since the cloning of the Sox/SOX genes, remarkable progress has been made in illuminating their roles as key players in the regulation of multiple developmental and physiological processes. SOX TFs govern diverse cellular processes during development, such as maintaining the pluripotency of stem cells, cell proliferation, cell fate decisions/germ layer formation as well as terminal cell differentiation into tissues and organs. However, their roles are not limited to development since SOX proteins influence survival, regeneration, cell death and control homeostasis in adult tissues. This review summarized current knowledge of the roles of SOX proteins in control of central nervous system development. Some SOX TFs suspend neural progenitors in proliferative, stem-like state and prevent their differentiation. SOX proteins function as pioneer factors that occupy silenced target genes and keep them in a poised state for activation at subsequent stages of differentiation. At appropriate stage of development, SOX members that maintain stemness are down-regulated in cells that are competent to differentiate, while other SOX members take over their functions and govern the process of differentiation. Distinct SOX members determine down-stream processes of neuronal and glial differentiation. Thus, sequentially acting SOX TFs orchestrate neural lineage development defining neuronal and glial phenotypes. In line with their crucial roles in the nervous system development, deregulation of specific SOX proteins activities is associated with neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). The overview of the current knowledge about the link between SOX gene variants and NDDs is presented. We outline the roles of SOX TFs in adult neurogenesis and brain homeostasis and discuss whether impaired adult neurogenesis, detected in neurodegenerative diseases, could be associated with deregulation of SOX proteins activities. We present the current data regarding the interaction between SOX proteins and signaling pathways and microRNAs that play roles in nervous system development. Finally, future research directions that will improve the knowledge about distinct and various roles of SOX TFs in health and diseases are presented and discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena Stevanovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Faculty of Biology, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia.,Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Drakulic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Andrijana Lazic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Stanisavljevic Ninkovic
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Schwirtlich
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Marija Mojsin
- Laboratory for Human Molecular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Genetics and Genetic Engineering, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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11
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Zhang Q, He HH, Janjua MU, Wang F, Yang YB, Mo ZH, Liu J, Jin P. Identification of two novel mutations in three Chinese families with Kallmann syndrome using whole exome sequencing. Andrologia 2020; 52:e13594. [PMID: 32400067 DOI: 10.1111/and.13594] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Kallmann syndrome (KS) is a rare developmental disorder that manifests as congenital hypogonadotropic hypogonadism with anosmia. More than 19 genes have been found to be associated with KS. However, approximately 70% of the causes of KS remain unclear. Here, we studied seven KS patients, from three families, who had delayed puberty and olfactory bulb dysplasia. However, the families of these patients showed a range of other unique clinical features, including hearing loss, anosmia (to varying degrees) and unilateral renal agenesis. We performed whole exome sequencing and copy number variation (CNV) sequencing on samples acquired from these patients. We identified two novel mutations (c.844delC in ANOS1, c.475C>T in SOX10) and a novel trigenic pattern, PROKR2/CHD7/FEZF1 (c.337T>C in PROKR2, c.748C>G in FEZF1, c.8773G>A in CHD7). The c.844delC mutation in the ANOS1 gene was predicted to generate a truncated form of the anosmin-1 protein. SIFT and PolyPhen-2 predicted that the c.475C>T mutation in SOX10 had a damaging effect. The PROKR2 mutation (c.337T>C) was previously reported as harmful. No pathogenic copy number alterations were detected. Our study expands the genotypic and phenotypic spectrum of KS, a disease that shows considerable clinical and genetic heterogeneity. The application of whole exome sequencing could facilitate our understanding of the pathogenesis of KS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Hong-Hui He
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | | | - Fang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - You-Bo Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhao-Hui Mo
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jun Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ping Jin
- Department of Endocrinology, Central South University, Changsha, China
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12
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An Algorithmic Immunohistochemical Approach to Define Tumor Type and Assign Site of Origin. Adv Anat Pathol 2020; 27:114-163. [PMID: 32205473 DOI: 10.1097/pap.0000000000000256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Immunohistochemistry represents an indispensable complement to an epidemiology and morphology-driven approach to tumor diagnosis and site of origin assignment. This review reflects the state of my current practice, based on 15-years' experience in Pathology and a deep-dive into the literature, always striving to be better equipped to answer the age old questions, "What is it, and where is it from?" The tables and figures in this manuscript are the ones I "pull up on the computer" when I am teaching at the microscope and turn to myself when I am (frequently) stuck. This field is so exciting because I firmly believe that, through the application of next-generation immunohistochemistry, we can provide better answers than ever before. Specific topics covered in this review include (1) broad tumor classification and associated screening markers; (2) the role of cancer epidemiology in determining pretest probability; (3) broad-spectrum epithelial markers; (4) noncanonical expression of broad tumor class screening markers; (5) a morphologic pattern-based approach to poorly to undifferentiated malignant neoplasms; (6) a morphologic and immunohistochemical approach to define 4 main carcinoma types; (7) CK7/CK20 coordinate expression; (8) added value of semiquantitative immunohistochemical stain assessment; algorithmic immunohistochemical approaches to (9) "garden variety" adenocarcinomas presenting in the liver, (10) large polygonal cell adenocarcinomas, (11) the distinction of primary surface ovarian epithelial tumors with mucinous features from metastasis, (12) tumors presenting at alternative anatomic sites, (13) squamous cell carcinoma versus urothelial carcinoma, and neuroendocrine neoplasms, including (14) the distinction of pheochromocytoma/paraganglioma from well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor, site of origin assignment in (15) well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor and (16) poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma, and (17) the distinction of well-differentiated neuroendocrine tumor G3 from poorly differentiated neuroendocrine carcinoma; it concludes with (18) a discussion of diagnostic considerations in the broad-spectrum keratin/CD45/S-100-"triple-negative" neoplasm.
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Liu Q, Cheng J, Lu Y, Zhou J, Wang L, Yang C, Yang G, Yang H, Cao J, Zhang Z, Sun Y. The clinical and genetic research of Waardenburg syndrome type I and II in Chinese families. Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2020; 130:109806. [PMID: 31812001 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Waardenburg Syndrome (WS) is a neurocristopathy with an autosomal dominant mode of inheritance and highly genetic heterogeneity. To date, mutations of PAX3, SOX10, MITF, EDNRB, EDN3 and SNAI2 have been implicated in the pathogenesis of WS. In this study, we aimed to identify pathogenic genes among WS families and to analyze the pathogenic relationship between genotypes and phenotypes. METHODS In this study, all six families studied were from Hubei province, China.WS patients underwent screening for all deafness genes including PAX3, SOX10, MITF, EDNRB, EDN3 and SNAI2 using Massively Parallel Sequencing (MPS) and validation of mutations using Sanger sequencing. RESULTS Clinical evaluation revealed prominent phenotypic variability in Hubei WS patients. Two WS1 families and four WS2 families were diagnosed in six families. Sensorineural hearing loss was the most common, followed by iris pigmentary abnormality. Molecular genetic analysis of the WS genes for six families revealed five novel heterozygous mutations. Two mutations occurred in the PAX3 gene: one nonsense mutation c.667C > T(p.Arg223Ter) and one missense mutation c.220C > T(p.Arg74Cys).One missense mutation c.331T > C (p.Phe111Leu) and one nonsense mutation c.346C > T(p.Gln116Ter) were detected in the SOX10 gene. Two mutations were detected in the MITF gene: one splice site mutation c.859-1G > A and one nonsense mutation c.859G > T(p.Glu287Ter). Among them, the mutations (SOX10 c.331T > C and MITF c.859G > T) were de novo mutations. CONCLUSION In this study, six mutations were found to be associated with the phenotype of patients. Our data helped illuminate the phenotypic and genotypic spectrum of WS in Hubei province and could have implications for the genetic counseling of WS in Hubei province.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qin Liu
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Jing Cheng
- Medical Genetics Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yu Lu
- Medical Genetics Center, The First Affiliated Hospital, Army Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jia Zhou
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Li Wang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Changliang Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Guang Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Hui Yang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Jingyuan Cao
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Zhao Zhang
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430000, China
| | - Yi Sun
- Department of Otorhinolaryngology, General Hospital of Central Theater Command, Chinese People's Liberation Army, Wuhan, 430000, China; Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510000, China.
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Aras S, Saladi SV, Basuroy T, Marathe HG, Lorès P, de la Serna IL. BAF60A mediates interactions between the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor and the BRG1-containing SWI/SNF complex during melanocyte differentiation. J Cell Physiol 2018; 234:11780-11791. [PMID: 30515787 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.27840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling enzymes are multisubunit complexes that contain one of two catalytic subunits, BRG1 or BRM and 9-11 additional subunits called BRG1 or BRM-associated factors (BAFs). BRG1 interacts with the microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF) and is required for melanocyte development in vitro and in vivo. The subunits of SWI/SNF that mediate interactions between BRG1 and MITF have not been elucidated. Three mutually exclusive isoforms of a 60-kDa subunit (BAF60A, B, or C) often facilitate interactions with transcription factors during lineage specification. We tested the hypothesis that a BAF60 subunit promotes interactions between MITF and the BRG1-containing SWI/SNF complex. We found that MITF can physically interact with BAF60A, BAF60B, and BAF60C. The interaction between MITF and BAF60A required the basic helix-loop-helix domain of MITF. Recombinant BAF60A pulled down recombinant MITF, suggesting that the interaction can occur in the absence of other SWI/SNF subunits and other transcriptional regulators of the melanocyte lineage. Depletion of BAF60A in differentiating melanoblasts inhibited melanin synthesis and expression of MITF target genes. MITF promoted BAF60A recruitment to melanocyte-specific promoters, and BAF60A was required to promote BRG1 recruitment and chromatin remodeling. Thus, BAF60A promotes interactions between MITF and the SWI/SNF complex and is required for melanocyte differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shweta Aras
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Department of Cancer Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - Srinivas Vinod Saladi
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Department of Otolaryngology, Massachusetts Eye and Ear Infirmary, Massachusetts General Hospital Cancer Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Tupa Basuroy
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
| | - Himangi G Marathe
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Roswell Park Cancer Institute, Buffalo, New York
| | - Patrick Lorès
- INSERM U1016, Institut Cochin/CNRS UMR8104/ Universite Paris Descartes, Faculte de Medecine Cochin, Paris, France
| | - Ivana L de la Serna
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, Toledo, Ohio
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The role of sex-determining region Y-box 6 in melanogenesis in alpaca melanocytes. J Dermatol Sci 2018; 91:268-275. [PMID: 29857961 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2018.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sex-determining region Y-box (SOX) proteins function as transcriptional regulators. The derivation of melanocytes from nerve crest cells has been reported to depend on SOX proteins, including SOX10 and SOX5. Whether SOX6 is expressed and has a functional role in melanocytes is unknown. OBJECTIVE We aimed to study the effect of transcription factor SOX6 on melanogenesis in alpaca melanocytes. METHODS We verified the role of SOX6 in melanogenesis by overexpressing and inhibiting SOX6 in melanocytes. Co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP) experiments were performed to further explore the function of SOX6 in melanogenesis and its mechanism of melanin production. We found that SOX6 interacted with cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK5), β-catenin, and Cyclin D1. RESULTS Bioinformatics analysis suggested that SOX6 has a phosphorylation site for CDK5, which regulates melanogenesis, suggesting that SOX6 might play a role in melanogenesis. Co-IP experiments indicated that SOX6 interacted with CDK5, β-catenin, and Cyclin D1. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and western blot analyses of SOX6-overexpressing melanocytes revealed increased mRNA and protein expression of Cyclin D1, CDK5, microphthalmia transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (TYR), tyrosine related protein-1 (TYRP1), and dopachrome-tautomerase (DCT), whereas β-catenin levels decreased in SOX6-overexpressing melanocytes. The opposite results were observed upon SOX6 knockdown. The melanin content was significantly increased or decreased, respectively, by SOX6 overexpression or knockdown. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that SOX6 might enhance melanogenesis by binding with β-catenin to increase Cyclin D1 and MITF expression.
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16
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Marathe HG, Watkins-Chow DE, Weider M, Hoffmann A, Mehta G, Trivedi A, Aras S, Basuroy T, Mehrotra A, Bennett DC, Wegner M, Pavan WJ, de la Serna IL. BRG1 interacts with SOX10 to establish the melanocyte lineage and to promote differentiation. Nucleic Acids Res 2017; 45:6442-6458. [PMID: 28431046 PMCID: PMC5499657 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gkx259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in SOX10 cause neurocristopathies which display varying degrees of hypopigmentation. Using a sensitized mutagenesis screen, we identified Smarca4 as a modifier gene that exacerbates the phenotypic severity of Sox10 haplo-insufficient mice. Conditional deletion of Smarca4 in SOX10 expressing cells resulted in reduced numbers of cranial and ventral trunk melanoblasts. To define the requirement for the Smarca4 -encoded BRG1 subunit of the SWI/SNF chromatin remodeling complex, we employed in vitro models of melanocyte differentiation in which induction of melanocyte-specific gene expression is closely linked to chromatin alterations. We found that BRG1 was required for expression of Dct, Tyrp1 and Tyr, genes that are regulated by SOX10 and MITF and for chromatin remodeling at distal and proximal regulatory sites. SOX10 was found to physically interact with BRG1 in differentiating melanocytes and binding of SOX10 to the Tyrp1 distal enhancer temporally coincided with recruitment of BRG1. Our data show that SOX10 cooperates with MITF to facilitate BRG1 binding to distal enhancers of melanocyte-specific genes. Thus, BRG1 is a SOX10 co-activator, required to establish the melanocyte lineage and promote expression of genes important for melanocyte function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Himangi G Marathe
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Dawn E Watkins-Chow
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4472, USA
| | - Matthias Weider
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Alana Hoffmann
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Gaurav Mehta
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Archit Trivedi
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Shweta Aras
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Tupa Basuroy
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Aanchal Mehrotra
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Dorothy C Bennett
- Molecular and Clinical Sciences Research Institute, St George's, University of London, London SW17 0RE, UK
| | - Michael Wegner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - William J Pavan
- National Human Genome Research Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892-4472, USA
| | - Ivana L de la Serna
- Department of Biochemistry and Cancer Biology, University of Toledo College of Medicine and Life Sciences, 3035 Arlington Ave, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
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18
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Glia-specific enhancers and chromatin structure regulate NFIA expression and glioma tumorigenesis. Nat Neurosci 2017; 20:1520-1528. [PMID: 28892058 DOI: 10.1038/nn.4638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2017] [Accepted: 08/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Long-range enhancer interactions critically regulate gene expression, yet little is known about how their coordinated activities contribute to CNS development or how this may, in turn, relate to disease states. By examining the regulation of the transcription factor NFIA in the developing spinal cord, we identified long-range enhancers that recapitulate NFIA expression across glial and neuronal lineages in vivo. Complementary genetic studies found that Sox9-Brn2 and Isl1-Lhx3 regulate enhancer activity and NFIA expression in glial and neuronal populations. Chromatin conformation analysis revealed that these enhancers and transcription factors form distinct architectures within these lineages in the spinal cord. In glioma models, the glia-specific architecture is present in tumors, and these enhancers are required for NFIA expression and contribute to glioma formation. By delineating three-dimensional mechanisms of gene expression regulation, our studies identify lineage-specific chromatin architectures and associated enhancers that regulate cell fate and tumorigenesis in the CNS.
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Wang XP, Hao ZQ, Liu YL, Mei LY, He CF, Niu ZJ, Sun J, Zhao YL, Feng Y. Functional analysis of a SOX10 gene mutation associated with Waardenburg syndrome II. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 493:258-262. [PMID: 28893539 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.09.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2017] [Accepted: 09/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is an autosomal dominant inherited non-syndromic type of hereditary hearing loss characterized by varying combinations of sensorineural hearing loss and abnormal pigmentation of the hair, skin, and inner ear. WS is classified into four subtypes (WS1-WS4) based on additional symptoms. WS2 is characterized by the absence of additional symptoms. Recently, we identified a SOX10 missense mutation c.422T > C (p.L141P) associated with WS2. We performed functional assays and found the mutant loses DNA-binding capacity, shows aberrant cytoplasmic and nuclear localization, and fails to interact with PAX3. Therefore, the mutant cannot transactivate the MITF promoter effectively, inhibiting melanin synthesis and leading to WS2. Our study confirmed haploinsufficiency as the underlying pathogenesis for WS2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xue-Ping Wang
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zi-Qi Hao
- Central Laboratory of Taiyuan Hospital Center, Taiyuan, Shanxin, People's Republic of China
| | - Ya-Lan Liu
- Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Ling-Yun Mei
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Chu-Feng He
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Jie Niu
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Sun
- Department of Otolaryngology, First Affiliated Hospital, Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu-Lin Zhao
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong Feng
- Department of Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; Province Key Laboratory of Otolaryngology Critical Disease, Xiangya Hosipital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China; State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China.
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Crawford M, Leclerc V, Dagnino L. A reporter mouse model for in vivo tracing and in vitro molecular studies of melanocytic lineage cells and their diseases. Biol Open 2017. [PMID: 28642245 PMCID: PMC5576081 DOI: 10.1242/bio.025833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Alterations in melanocytic lineage cells give rise to a plethora of distinct human diseases, including neurocristopathies, cutaneous pigmentation disorders, loss of vision and hearing, and melanoma. Understanding the ontogeny and biology of melanocytic cells, as well as how they interact with their surrounding environment, are key steps in the development of therapies for diseases that involve this cell lineage. Efforts to culture and characterize primary melanocytes from normal or genetically engineered mouse models have at times yielded contrasting observations. This is due, in part, to differences in the conditions used to isolate, purify and culture these cells in individual studies. By breeding ROSAmT/mG and Tyr::CreERT2 mice, we generated animals in which melanocytic lineage cells are identified through expression of green fluorescent protein. We also used defined conditions to systematically investigate the proliferation and migration responses of primary melanocytes on various extracellular matrix (ECM) substrates. Under our culture conditions, mouse melanocytes exhibit doubling times in the range of 10 days, and retain exponential proliferative capacity for 50-60 days. In culture, these melanocytes showed distinct responses to different ECM substrates. Specifically, laminin-332 promoted cell spreading, formation of dendrites, random motility and directional migration. In contrast, low or intermediate concentrations of collagen I promoted adhesion and acquisition of a bipolar morphology, and interfered with melanocyte forward movements. Our systematic evaluation of primary melanocyte responses emphasizes the importance of clearly defining culture conditions for these cells. This, in turn, is essential for the interpretation of melanocyte responses to extracellular cues and to understand the molecular basis of disorders involving the melanocytic cell lineage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa Crawford
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Valerie Leclerc
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Lina Dagnino
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, Children's Health Research Institute and Lawson Health Research Institute, The University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
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Regulation of SOX10 stability via ubiquitination-mediated degradation by Fbxw7α modulates melanoma cell migration. Oncotarget 2017; 6:36370-82. [PMID: 26461473 PMCID: PMC4742183 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.5639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Dysregulation of SOX10 was reported to be correlated with the progression of multiple cancer types, including melanocytic tumors and tumors of the nervous system. However, the mechanisms by which SOX10 is dysregulated in these tumors are poorly understood. In this study, we report that SOX10 is a direct substrate of Fbxw7α E3 ubiquitin ligase, a tumor suppressor in multiple cancers. Fbxw7α promotes SOX10 ubiquitination-mediated turnover through CPD domain of SOX10. Besides, GSK3β phosphorylates SOX10 at CPD domain and facilitates Fbxw7α-mediated SOX10 degradation. Moreover, SOX10 protein levels were inversely correlated with Fbxw7α in melanoma cells, and modulation of Fbxw7α levels regulated the expression of SOX10 and its downstream gene MIA. More importantly, SOX10 reversed Fbxw7α-mediated suppression of melanoma cell migration. This study provides evidence that the tumor suppressor Fbxw7α is the E3 ubiquitin ligase responsible for the degradation of SOX10, and suggests that reduced Fbxw7α might contribute to the upregulation of SOX10 in melanoma cells.
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Wang X, Zhu Y, Shen N, Peng J, Wang C, Liu H, Lu Y. A de novo deletion mutation in SOX10 in a Chinese family with Waardenburg syndrome type 4. Sci Rep 2017; 7:41513. [PMID: 28128317 PMCID: PMC5269737 DOI: 10.1038/srep41513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Accepted: 12/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome type 4 (WS4) or Waardenburg-Shah syndrome is a rare genetic disorder with a prevalence of <1/1,000,000 and characterized by the association of congenital sensorineural hearing loss, pigmentary abnormalities, and intestinal aganglionosis. There are three types of WS4 (WS4A–C) caused by mutations in endothelin receptor type B, endothelin 3, and SRY-box 10 (SOX10), respectively. This study investigated a genetic mutation in a Chinese family with one WS4 patient in order to improve genetic counselling. Genomic DNA was extracted, and mutation analysis of the three WS4 related genes was performed using Sanger sequencing. We detected a de novo heterozygous deletion mutation [c.1333delT (p.Ser445Glnfs*57)] in SOX10 in the patient; however, this mutation was absent in the unaffected parents and 40 ethnicity matched healthy controls. Subsequent phylogenetic analysis and three-dimensional modelling of the SOX10 protein confirmed that the c.1333delT heterozygous mutation was pathogenic, indicating that this mutation might constitute a candidate disease-causing mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiong Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yaowu Zhu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Na Shen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Jing Peng
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Haiyi Liu
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yanjun Lu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
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Kaushik SB, Kaushik N. Non-coding RNAs in skin cancers: An update. Noncoding RNA Res 2016; 1:83-86. [PMID: 30159415 PMCID: PMC6096428 DOI: 10.1016/j.ncrna.2016.11.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2016] [Revised: 11/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Skin cancers are the most common form of cancer in humans. They can largely be categorized into Melanoma and Non-melanoma skin cancers. The latter mainly includes Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) and Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC), and have a higher incidence than melanomas. There has been a recent emergence of interest in the role of non-coding RNA's in pathogenesis of skin cancers. The transcripts which lack any protein coding capacity are called non-coding RNA. These non-coding RNA are further classified based on their length; small non-coding RNA (<200 nucleotides) and long non-coding RNA (>200 nucleotides). ncRNA They are involved at multiple transcriptional, post transcriptional and epigenetic levels, modulating cell proliferation, angiogenesis, senescence and apoptosis. Their expression pattern has also been linked to metastases, drug resistance and long term prognosis. They have both diagnostic and prognostic significance for skin cancers, and can also be a target for future therapies for cutaneous malignancies. More research is needed to further utilize their potential as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shivani B. Kaushik
- Department of Dermatology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
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Hu S, Liu Y, Yang S, Ji K, Liu X, Zhang J, Fan R, Dong C. The effects of IGF1 on the melanogenesis in alpaca melanocytes in vitro. In Vitro Cell Dev Biol Anim 2016; 52:806-11. [PMID: 27173613 DOI: 10.1007/s11626-016-0052-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2016] [Accepted: 04/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In order to investigate the effects of the insulin-like growth factor 1(IGF-1) on alpaca melanocyte in vitro, different dosees of IGF1 (0, 10, 20, 40 ng/ml) were added in the medium of alpaca melanocyte. The RTCA machine was used to monitor the proliferation, quantitative real-time PCR, and western blot to test the relative gene expression, ELISA to test cAMP production, and spectrum method to test the melanin production. The results showed that compared to the normal melanocyte, the proliferation of melanocytes was increased within 60 h following adding IGF1. It also showed that cAMP content produced by melanocytes was increased, microphthalmia-associtated transcription factor (MITF), tyrosinase (TYR) and tyrosinase-related protein 2 (TYRP2) expression was increased, and melanin production with most obvious change in 10 ng/ml supplementary group, when compared with the control group. The results suggested that IGF1 with the dose of 10 ng/ml had the important effects on the melanogenesis in alpaca melanocyte by the cAMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuaipeng Hu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Yu Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Shanshan Yang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Kaiyuan Ji
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Xuexian Liu
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Junzhen Zhang
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, 030801, China
| | - Ruiwen Fan
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, 030801, China.
| | - Changsheng Dong
- College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Shanxi Agricultural University, Shanxi, Taigu, 030801, China
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Lobikin M, Lobo D, Blackiston DJ, Martyniuk CJ, Tkachenko E, Levin M. Serotonergic regulation of melanocyte conversion: A bioelectrically regulated network for stochastic all-or-none hyperpigmentation. Sci Signal 2015; 8:ra99. [PMID: 26443706 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aac6609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Experimentally induced depolarization of resting membrane potential in "instructor cells" in Xenopus laevis embryos causes hyperpigmentation in an all-or-none fashion in some tadpoles due to excess proliferation and migration of melanocytes. We showed that this stochastic process involved serotonin signaling, adenosine 3',5'-monophosphate (cAMP), and the transcription factors cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB), Sox10, and Slug. Transcriptional microarray analysis of embryos taken at stage 15 (early neurula) and stage 45 (free-swimming tadpole) revealed changes in the abundance of 45 and 517 transcripts, respectively, between control embryos and embryos exposed to the instructor cell-depolarizing agent ivermectin. Bioinformatic analysis revealed that the human homologs of some of the differentially regulated genes were associated with cancer, consistent with the induced arborization and invasive behavior of converted melanocytes. We identified a physiological circuit that uses serotonergic signaling between instructor cells, melanotrope cells of the pituitary, and melanocytes to control the proliferation, cell shape, and migration properties of the pigment cell pool. To understand the stochasticity and properties of this multiscale signaling system, we applied a computational machine-learning method that iteratively explored network models to reverse-engineer a stochastic dynamic model that recapitulated the frequency of the all-or-none hyperpigmentation phenotype produced in response to various pharmacological and molecular genetic manipulations. This computational approach may provide insight into stochastic cellular decision-making that occurs during normal development and pathological conditions, such as cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Lobikin
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Daniel Lobo
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Maryland, Baltimore County, Baltimore, MD 21250, USA
| | - Douglas J Blackiston
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Christopher J Martyniuk
- Center for Environmental and Human Toxicology and Department of Physiological Sciences, UF Genetics Institute, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
| | - Elizabeth Tkachenko
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Michael Levin
- Biology Department and Center for Regenerative and Developmental Biology, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA.
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Aftab MN, Dinger ME, Perera RJ. The role of microRNAs and long non-coding RNAs in the pathology, diagnosis, and management of melanoma. Arch Biochem Biophys 2014; 563:60-70. [PMID: 25065585 PMCID: PMC4221535 DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2014.07.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Revised: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma is frequently lethal and its global incidence is steadily increasing. Despite the rapid development of different modes of targeted treatment, durable clinical responses remain elusive. A complete understanding of the molecular mechanisms that drive melanomagenesis is required, both genetic and epigenetic, in order to improve prevention, diagnosis, and treatment. There is increased appreciation of the role of microRNAs (miRNAs) in melanoma biology, including in proliferation, cell cycle, migration, invasion, and immune evasion. Data are also emerging on the role of long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs), such as SPRY4-IT1, BANCR, and HOTAIR, in melanomagenesis. Here we review the data on the miRNAs and lncRNAs implicated in melanoma biology. An overview of these studies will be useful for providing insights into mechanisms of melanoma development and the miRNAs and lncRNAs that might be useful biomarkers or future therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muhammad Nauman Aftab
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA; Institute of Industrial Biotechnology, Government College University, Katchery Road, Lahore 54000, Pakistan
| | - Marcel E Dinger
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research and St Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales, Darlinghurst NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Ranjan J Perera
- Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute, Orlando, FL 32827, USA.
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Wolkow N, Li Y, Maminishkis A, Song Y, Alekseev O, Iacovelli J, Song D, Lee JC, Dunaief JL. Iron upregulates melanogenesis in cultured retinal pigment epithelial cells. Exp Eye Res 2014; 128:92-101. [PMID: 25277027 DOI: 10.1016/j.exer.2014.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2014] [Revised: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of our studies was to examine the relationship between iron and melanogenesis in retinal pigment epithelial cells, as prior observations had suggested that iron may promote melanogenesis. This relationship has potential clinical importance, as both iron overload and hyperpigmentation are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Human fetal retinal pigment epithelial cells and ARPE-19 cells were treated with iron in the form of ferric ammonium citrate, after which quantitative RT-PCR and electron microscopy were performed. Melanogenesis genes tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein 1, Hermansky-Pudlak Syndrome 3, premelanosome protein and dopachrome tautomerase were upregulated, as was the melanogenesis-controlling transcription factor, microphthalmia-associated transcription factor (MITF). Iron-treated cells had increased pigmentation and melanosome number. Multiple transcription factors upstream of MITF were upregulated by iron.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalie Wolkow
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Yafeng Li
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Arvydas Maminishkis
- Section of Epithelial and Retinal Physiology and Disease, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bldg. 10, Rm. 10B04, MSC 1861, 10 Center Drive, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Ying Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Oleg Alekseev
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jared Iacovelli
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Delu Song
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Jennifer C Lee
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Joshua L Dunaief
- F.M. Kirby Center for Molecular Ophthalmology, Scheie Eye Institute, Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania, 305 Stellar-Chance Laboratories, 422 Curie Blvd, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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Vaaralahti K, Tommiska J, Tillmann V, Liivak N, Känsäkoski J, Laitinen EM, Raivio T. De novo SOX10 nonsense mutation in a patient with Kallmann syndrome and hearing loss. Pediatr Res 2014; 76:115-6. [PMID: 24769923 DOI: 10.1038/pr.2014.60] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kirsi Vaaralahti
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Johanna Tommiska
- 1] Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [2] Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Vallo Tillmann
- 1] Department of Pediatrics, University of Tartu, Tartu, Estonia [2] Children's Clinic, Tartu University Hospital, Tartu, Estonia
| | | | - Johanna Känsäkoski
- Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Eeva-Maria Laitinen
- 1] Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [2] Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
| | - Taneli Raivio
- 1] Institute of Biomedicine/Physiology, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland [2] Children's Hospital, Helsinki University Central Hospital (HUCH), Helsinki, Finland
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Weider M, Reiprich S, Wegner M. Sox appeal - Sox10 attracts epigenetic and transcriptional regulators in myelinating glia. Biol Chem 2014; 394:1583-93. [PMID: 23729567 DOI: 10.1515/hsz-2013-0146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Sox10 belongs to the Sox family of high-mobility group-box transcription factors. It fulfils widespread and essential functions in myelinating glia at multiple stages of development such as glial specification, survival and terminal differentiation. To a large extent, these diverse activities can be attributed to its capacity to interact with different transcription factors in distinct regulatory networks. Beyond transcription factors, an increasing number of interaction partners are emerging with alternative impact on gene expression. These include components of the mediator complex, the Brahma-associated factor complex and histone deacetylases. Here, we discuss interactions with functional relevance in myelinating glia and link Sox10 function in these cells not only to gene transcription, but also to epigenetics and chromatin remodeling.
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Dong D, Chen S, Zhang X, Jin C, Zheng Y, Yang L. Comparison of high-intensity ultraviolet and NB-UVB on the maturation of melanocytes derived from hair follicle neural crest stem cells. Lasers Med Sci 2014; 29:1649-54. [PMID: 24711010 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-014-1568-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Both high-intensity ultraviolet and narrowband ultraviolet B (NB-UVB) are important therapeutic options for vitiligo management, but high-intensity ultraviolet is more effective than NB-UVB. However, the underlying mechanisms have not been well investigated. Herein, we compare the effects of high-intensity ultraviolet and NB-UVB on the pigmentation of melanocytes derived from hair follicle-derived neural crest stem cells (HF-NCSCs) in vitro and study the underlying mechanisms. The HF-NCSCs were isolated from mouse whisker follicles. After radiation with high-intensity ultraviolet and NB-UVB, respectively, the cell viability by the CCK-8 assay showed gradual inhibitory effects in a dose-dependent manner, which has no apparent difference between the two modalities. The mRNA for melanogenesis factors such as tyrosinase and tyrp1 of the differentiated melanocytes increased significantly with high-intensity ultraviolet compared to the same dose of NB-UVB exposure. Furthermore, the expression of Mc1r was significantly increased by high-intensity ultraviolet in contrast to NB-UVB at the dosage of 0.5 J. By and large, these data suggest that high-intensity ultraviolet exhibited greater efficiency on the maturation of the melanocyte lineage differentiated from HF-NCSCs compared to NB-UVB with the same dose, which was probably due to the stronger stimulatory action of Mc1r. This may provide new insights into the different efficacies of high-intensity ultraviolet and NB-UVB in the treatment of vitiligo repigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Wuxi Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 68 Zhongshan Road, Wuxi, 214002, Jiangsu Province, China
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31
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Wouters J, Vankelecom H, van den Oord J. Cancer stem cells in cutaneous melanoma. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1586/edm.09.17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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32
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Bondurand N, Sham MH. The role of SOX10 during enteric nervous system development. Dev Biol 2013; 382:330-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2013.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Xia X, Nan P, Zhang L, Sun J, Chang Z. Homologue of Sox10 in Misgurnus anguillicaudatus: sequence, expression pattern during early embryogenesis. FISH PHYSIOLOGY AND BIOCHEMISTRY 2013; 39:1341-1351. [PMID: 23535997 DOI: 10.1007/s10695-013-9788-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
A number of genetic studies have established that Sox10 is a transcription factor associated with neurogenesis in vertebrates. We have isolated a homologue of Sox10 gene from the brain of Misgurnus anguillicaudatus by using homologous cloning and RACE method, designated as MaSox10b. The full-length cDNA of MaSox10b contained a 311 bp 5'UTR, a 312 bp 3'UTR and an ORF encoding a putative protein of 490 amino acids with a characteristic HMG-box DNA-binding domain of 79 amino acids (aa: 105-183). Phylogenetic tree shows that the MaSOX10b fits within the Sox10 clade and clusters firmly into Sox10b branches. During embryogenesis, MaSox10b was first detected in gastrulae stage. From somitogenesis stage and thereafter, distinct expression was observed in the medial neural tube, extending from the hindbrain through the posterior trunk. Taken together, these preliminary findings suggested that MaSox10b is highly conserved during vertebrate evolution and involved in a wide range of developmental processes including embryogenesis and neurogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohua Xia
- Molecular and Genetic Laboratory, College of Life Science, Henan Normal University, 46# East of Construction Road, Xinxiang, 453007, Henan, People's Republic of China
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SWI/SNF enzymes promote SOX10- mediated activation of myelin gene expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e69037. [PMID: 23874858 PMCID: PMC3712992 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0069037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SOX10 is a Sry-related high mobility (HMG)-box transcriptional regulator that promotes differentiation of neural crest precursors into Schwann cells, oligodendrocytes, and melanocytes. Myelin, formed by Schwann cells in the peripheral nervous system, is essential for propagation of nerve impulses. SWI/SNF complexes are ATP dependent chromatin remodeling enzymes that are critical for cellular differentiation. It was recently demonstrated that the BRG1 subunit of SWI/SNF complexes activates SOX10 expression and also interacts with SOX10 to activate expression of OCT6 and KROX20, two transcriptional regulators of Schwann cell differentiation. To determine the requirement for SWI/SNF enzymes in the regulation of genes that encode components of myelin, which are downstream of these transcriptional regulators, we introduced SOX10 into fibroblasts that inducibly express dominant negative versions of the SWI/SNF ATPases, BRM or BRG1. Dominant negative BRM and BRG1 have mutations in the ATP binding site and inhibit gene activation events that require SWI/SNF function. Ectopic expression of SOX10 in cells derived from NIH 3T3 fibroblasts led to the activation of the endogenous Schwann cell specific gene, myelin protein zero (MPZ) and the gene that encodes myelin basic protein (MBP). Thus, SOX10 reprogrammed these cells into myelin gene expressing cells. Ectopic expression of KROX20 was not sufficient for activation of these myelin genes. However, KROX20 together with SOX10 synergistically activated MPZ and MBP expression. Dominant negative BRM and BRG1 abrogated SOX10 mediated activation of MPZ and MBP and synergistic activation of these genes by SOX10 and KROX20. SOX10 was required to recruit BRG1 to the MPZ locus. Similarly, in immortalized Schwann cells, BRG1 recruitment to SOX10 binding sites at the MPZ locus was dependent on SOX10 and expression of dominant negative BRG1 inhibited expression of MPZ and MBP in these cells. Thus, SWI/SNF enzymes cooperate with SOX10 to directly activate genes that encode components of peripheral myelin.
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Ivanov SV, Panaccione A, Nonaka D, Prasad ML, Boyd KL, Brown B, Guo Y, Sewell A, Yarbrough WG. Diagnostic SOX10 gene signatures in salivary adenoid cystic and breast basal-like carcinomas. Br J Cancer 2013; 109:444-51. [PMID: 23799842 PMCID: PMC3721393 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2013.326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2013] [Revised: 06/01/2013] [Accepted: 06/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salivary adenoid cystic carcinoma (ACC) is an insidious slow-growing cancer with the propensity to recur and metastasise to distant sites. Basal-like breast carcinoma (BBC) is a molecular subtype that constitutes 15-20% of breast cancers, shares histological similarities and basal cell markers with ACC, lacks expression of ER (oestrogen receptor), PR (progesterone receptor), and HER2 (human epidermal growth factor receptor 2), and, similar to ACC, metastasises predominantly to the lung and brain. Both cancers lack targeted therapies owing to poor understanding of their molecular drivers. METHODS Gene expression profiling, immunohistochemical staining, western blot, RT-PCR, and in silico analysis of massive cancer data sets were used to identify novel markers and potential therapeutic targets for ACC and BBC. For the detection and comparison of gene signatures, we performed co-expression analysis using a recently developed web-based multi-experiment matrix tool for visualisation and rank aggregation. RESULTS In ACC and BBC we identified characteristic and overlapping SOX10 gene signatures that contained a large set of novel potential molecular markers. SOX10 was validated as a sensitive diagnostic marker for both cancers and its expression was linked to normal and malignant myoepithelial/basal cells. In ACC, BBC, and melanoma (MEL), SOX10 expression strongly co-segregated with the expression of ROPN1B, GPM6B, COL9A3, and MIA. In ACC and breast cancers, SOX10 expression negatively correlated with FOXA1, a cell identity marker and major regulator of the luminal breast subtype. Diagnostic significance of several conserved elements of the SOX10 signature (MIA, TRIM2, ROPN1, and ROPN1B) was validated on BBC cell lines. CONCLUSION SOX10 expression in ACC and BBC appears to be a part of a highly coordinated transcriptional programme characteristic for cancers with basal/myoepithelial features. Comparison between ACC/BBC and other cancers, such as neuroblastomaand MEL, reveals potential molecular markers specific for these cancers that are likely linked to their cell identity. SOX10 as a novel diagnostic marker for ACC and BBC provides important molecular insight into their molecular aetiology and cell origin. Given that SOX10 was recently described as a principal driver of MEL, identification of conserved elements of the SOX10 signatures may help in better understanding of SOX10-related signalling and development of novel diagnostic and therapeutic tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- S V Ivanov
- Section of Otolaryngology, Department of Surgery, Yale School of Medicine, 800 Howard Avenue, New Haven, CT 06519-1369, USA.
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Pingault V, Bodereau V, Baral V, Marcos S, Watanabe Y, Chaoui A, Fouveaut C, Leroy C, Vérier-Mine O, Francannet C, Dupin-Deguine D, Archambeaud F, Kurtz FJ, Young J, Bertherat J, Marlin S, Goossens M, Hardelin JP, Dodé C, Bondurand N. Loss-of-function mutations in SOX10 cause Kallmann syndrome with deafness. Am J Hum Genet 2013; 92:707-24. [PMID: 23643381 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2013.03.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2012] [Revised: 02/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription factor SOX10 plays a role in the maintenance of progenitor cell multipotency, lineage specification, and cell differentiation and is a major actor in the development of the neural crest. It has been implicated in Waardenburg syndrome (WS), a rare disorder characterized by the association between pigmentation abnormalities and deafness, but SOX10 mutations cause a variable phenotype that spreads over the initial limits of the syndrome definition. On the basis of recent findings of olfactory-bulb agenesis in WS individuals, we suspected SOX10 was also involved in Kallmann syndrome (KS). KS is defined by the association between anosmia and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism due to incomplete migration of neuroendocrine gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) cells along the olfactory, vomeronasal, and terminal nerves. Mutations in any of the nine genes identified to date account for only 30% of the KS cases. KS can be either isolated or associated with a variety of other symptoms, including deafness. This study reports SOX10 loss-of-function mutations in approximately one-third of KS individuals with deafness, indicating a substantial involvement in this clinical condition. Study of SOX10-null mutant mice revealed a developmental role of SOX10 in a subpopulation of glial cells called olfactory ensheathing cells. These mice indeed showed an almost complete absence of these cells along the olfactory nerve pathway, as well as defasciculation and misrouting of the nerve fibers, impaired migration of GnRH cells, and disorganization of the olfactory nerve layer of the olfactory bulbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronique Pingault
- Equipe 11, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale Unité 955, 94000 Créteil, France.
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Baral V, Chaoui A, Watanabe Y, Goossens M, Attie-Bitach T, Marlin S, Pingault V, Bondurand N. Screening of MITF and SOX10 regulatory regions in Waardenburg syndrome type 2. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41927. [PMID: 22848661 PMCID: PMC3407046 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/29/2012] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Waardenburg syndrome (WS) is a rare auditory-pigmentary disorder that exhibits varying combinations of sensorineural hearing loss and pigmentation defects. Four subtypes are clinically defined based on the presence or absence of additional symptoms. WS type 2 (WS2) can result from mutations within the MITF or SOX10 genes; however, 70% of WS2 cases remain unexplained at the molecular level, suggesting that other genes might be involved and/or that mutations within the known genes escaped previous screenings. The recent identification of a deletion encompassing three of the SOX10 regulatory elements in a patient presenting with another WS subtype, WS4, defined by its association with Hirschsprung disease, led us to search for deletions and point mutations within the MITF and SOX10 regulatory elements in 28 yet unexplained WS2 cases. Two nucleotide variations were identified: one in close proximity to the MITF distal enhancer (MDE) and one within the U1 SOX10 enhancer. Functional analyses argued against a pathogenic effect of these variations, suggesting that mutations within regulatory elements of WS genes are not a major cause of this neurocristopathy.
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Ionescu A, Kozhemyakina E, Nicolae C, Kaestner KH, Olsen BR, Lassar AB. FoxA family members are crucial regulators of the hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation program. Dev Cell 2012; 22:927-39. [PMID: 22595668 PMCID: PMC3356573 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2012.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2011] [Revised: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
During endochondral ossification, small, immature chondrocytes enlarge to form hypertrophic chondrocytes, which express collagen X. In this work, we demonstrate that FoxA factors are induced during chondrogenesis, bind to conserved binding sites in the collagen X enhancer, and can promote the expression of a collagen X-luciferase reporter in both chondrocytes and fibroblasts. In addition, we demonstrate by both gain- and loss-of-function analyses that FoxA factors play a crucial role in driving the expression of both endogenous collagen X and other hypertrophic chondrocyte-specific genes. Mice engineered to lack expression of both FoxA2 and FoxA3 in their chondrocytes display defects in chondrocyte hypertrophy, alkaline phosphatase expression, and mineralization in their sternebrae and, in addition, exhibit postnatal dwarfism that is coupled to significantly decreased expression of both collagen X and MMP13 in their growth plates. Our findings indicate that FoxA family members are crucial regulators of the hypertrophic chondrocyte differentiation program.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andreia Ionescu
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School 240 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115
| | - Elena Kozhemyakina
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School 240 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115
| | - Claudia Nicolae
- Department of Developmental Biology Harvard School of Dental Medicine 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Klaus H. Kaestner
- Dept. of Genetics Institute of Diabetes, Obesity & Metabolism Perelman School of Medicine University of Pennsylvania 3400 Civic Center Blvd. Philadelphia, PA 19104-6145
| | - Bjorn R. Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology Harvard School of Dental Medicine 188 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Andrew B. Lassar
- Department of Biological Chemistry and Molecular Pharmacology Harvard Medical School 240 Longwood Ave. Boston, MA. 02115
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Extrafollicular dermal melanocyte stem cells and melanoma. Stem Cells Int 2012; 2012:407079. [PMID: 22666269 PMCID: PMC3359770 DOI: 10.1155/2012/407079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2011] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent studies suggest that extrafollicular dermal melanocyte stem cells (MSCs) persist after birth in the superficial nerve sheath of peripheral nerves and give rise to migratory melanocyte precursors when replacements for epidermal melanocytes are needed on the basal epidermal layer of the skin. If a damaged MSC or melanocyte precursor can be shown to be the primary origin of melanoma, targeted identification and eradication of it by antibody-based therapies will be the best method to treat melanoma and a very effective way to prevent its recurrence. Transcription factors and signaling pathways involved in MSC self-renewal, expansion and differentiation are reviewed. A model is presented to show how the detrimental effects of long-term UVA/UVB radiation on DNA and repair mechanisms in MSCs convert them to melanoma stem cells. Zebrafish have many advantages for investigating the role of MSCs in the development of melanoma. The signaling pathways regulating the development of MSCs in zebrafish are very similar to those found in humans and mice. The ability to easily manipulate the MSC population makes zebrafish an excellent model for studying how damage to MSCs may lead to melanoma.
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Sox10 controls migration of B16F10 melanoma cells through multiple regulatory target genes. PLoS One 2012; 7:e31477. [PMID: 22363655 PMCID: PMC3283624 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0031477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2011] [Accepted: 01/12/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
It is believed that the inherent differentiation program of melanocytes during embryogenesis predisposes melanoma cells to high frequency of metastasis. Sox10, a transcription factor expressed in neural crest stem cells and a subset of progeny lineages, plays a key role in the development of melanocytes. We show that B16F10 melanoma cells transfected with siRNAs specific for Sox10 display reduced migratory activity which in turn indicated that a subset of transcriptional regulatory target genes of Sox10 is likely to be involved in migration and metastasis of melanoma cells. We carried out a microarray-based gene expression profiling using a Sox10-specific siRNA to identify relevant regulatory targets and found that multiple genes including melanocortin-1 receptor (Mc1r) partake in the regulation of migration. We provide evidences that the effect of Sox10 on migration is mediated in large part by Mitf, a transcription factor downstream to Sox10. Among the mouse melanoma cell lines examined, however, only B16F10 showed robust down-regulation of Sox10 and inhibition of cell migration indicating that further dissection of dosage effects and/or cell line-specific regulatory networks is necessary. The involvement of Mc1r in migration was studied in detail in vivo using a murine metastasis model. Specifically, B16F10 melanoma cells treated with a specific siRNA showed reduced tendency in metastasizing to and colonizing the lung after being injected in the tail vein. These data reveal a cadre of novel regulators and mediators involved in migration and metastasis of melanoma cells that represents potential targets of therapeutic intervention.
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Dong D, Jiang M, Xu X, Guan M, Wu J, Chen Q, Xiang L. The effects of NB-UVB on the hair follicle-derived neural crest stem cells differentiating into melanocyte lineage in vitro. J Dermatol Sci 2012; 66:20-8. [PMID: 22391242 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdermsci.2012.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2011] [Revised: 01/23/2012] [Accepted: 01/27/2012] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Narrow-band UVB (NB-UVB) is an effective therapeutic option in the treatment of vitiligo. Despite the apparent clinical efficacy, the underlying mechanism of how topical NB-UVB induces repigmentation in vitiligo has not been clearly elucidated. OBJECTIVES To investigate the effects of NB-UVB on the maturation of melanocyte lineage differentiated from hair follicle-derived neural crest stem cells (HF-NCSCs) in vitro. METHODS HF-NCSCs were isolated from mouse whisker follicles. The isolated cells were multipotent and expressed embryonic NCSC biomarkers. The effects of NB-UVB on development and differentiation of HF-NCSCs were evaluated. We assessed cell viability, melanogenesis and migration of melanocytes derived from HF-NCSCs after NB-UVB radiation. Tyrosinase, Tyrp1, Dct, Kit, Mc1R, Fzd4, NT3R, Ednra, EP1, TGFβR, Sox10, Mitf, Lef1 and Pax3 gene expression was measured by quantitative RT-PCR, while Tyrosinase, Sox10 and Mitf protein expression were measured by Western blot analysis. Cell migration was measured by Boyden chamber transwell assay. RESULTS NB-UVB increased the expression of tyrosinase during melanocytic differentiation from mouse HF-NCSCs, however, NB-UVB inhibited proliferation of melanocytes derived from HF-NCSCs. Mechanistically, increased melanocyte maturation after NB-UVB treatment was resulted from increased expression of several key melanogenic factors, including Sox10, Kit and Mc1R, which play a critical role to promote tyrosinase expression. Furthermore, the migration of the HF-NCSCs-derived melanocytes was downregulated as NB-UVB doses increased. However, the migration of HF-NCSCs was upregulated under 0.4J NB-UVB radiation. CONCLUSIONS Those data provide in vitro evidence demonstrating some direct effects of NB-UVB on pigmentation of melanocyte lineage differentiated from HF-NCSCs, and may provide a possible mechanism for the effect of NB-UVB in vitiligo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dake Dong
- Department of Dermatology, Huashan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, PR China
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Breuskin I, Bodson M, Thelen N, Thiry M, Borgs L, Nguyen L, Stolt C, Wegner M, Lefebvre PP, Malgrange B. Glial but not neuronal development in the cochleo-vestibular ganglion requires Sox10. J Neurochem 2010; 114:1827-39. [PMID: 20626560 DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2010.06897.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The cochleo-vestibular ganglion contains neural crest-derived glial cells and sensory neurons that are derived from the neurogenic otic placode. Little is known about the molecular mechanisms that regulate the tightly orchestrated development of this structure. Here, we report that Sox10, a high-mobility group DNA-binding domain transcription factor that is required for the proper development of neural crest cell derivatives, is specifically expressed in post-migratory neural crest cells in the cochleo-vestibular ganglion. Using Sox10-deficient mice, we demonstrate that this transcription factor is essential for the survival, but not the generation, of the post-migratory neural crest cells within the inner ear. In the absence of these neural crest-derived cells, we have investigated the survival of the otocyst-derived auditory neurons. Surprisingly, auditory neuron differentiation, sensory target innervation and survival are conserved despite the absence of glial cells. Moreover, brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression is increased in the hair cells of Sox10-deficient mice, a compensatory mechanism that may prevent spiral ganglion neuronal cell death. Taken together, these data suggest that in the absence of neural crest-derived glial cells, an increase trophic support from hair cells promotes the survival of spiral ganglion neurons in Sox10 mutant mice.
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Abstract
SOX-9 was originally identified as a master regulator gene that plays a role in the differentiation of mesenchymal cells to chondrocytes. Since then, SOX-9 has been implicated in neural crest development and has emerged as a transcriptional regulator of melanogenesis. Because the role of immunohistochemical detection of SOX-9 in the routine diagnosis of melanoma has not been previously described, we attempted to elucidate the spectrum and labeling characteristics of this antibody in a large cohort of patients with metastatic melanoma. We analyzed the expression of SOX-9 on sections of metastatic melanoma in a tissue microarray and compared the expression of this marker with 3 commonly used melanocytic markers (MART-1, HMB-45 antigen, and S-100 protein). SOX-9 expression was noted in 52 of the 62 cases (83.9%). In comparison, HMB-45 was positive in 53 of the 62 cases (85.5%), MART-1 was positive in 59 of the 62 cases (95.1%), and S-100 protein was positive in 57 of the 62 cases (95%). Interestingly, there were 5 tumors that were negative for 2 or more markers while being positive for SOX-9. Furthermore, 3 of these were negative for all markers except for SOX-9. Our study illustrates that SOX-9 is expressed in a high percentage of melanomas. Furthermore, SOX-9 may be a useful adjunct in the work-up of metastatic melanoma, in such cases where the tumor is negative for the other commonly used melanocytic markers. Last, our data confirm that SOX-9 is not a specific marker for tumors of cartilage lineage and may be expressed in other tumors of neural crest origin.
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Potzner MR, Tsarovina K, Binder E, Penzo-Méndez A, Lefebvre V, Rohrer H, Wegner M, Sock E. Sequential requirement of Sox4 and Sox11 during development of the sympathetic nervous system. Development 2010; 137:775-84. [PMID: 20147379 DOI: 10.1242/dev.042101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The highly related transcription factors Sox4 and Sox11 are expressed in the developing sympathetic nervous system. In the mouse, Sox11 appears first, whereas Sox4 is prevalent later. Using mouse mutagenesis and overexpression strategies in chicken, we studied the role of both SoxC proteins in this tissue. Neither Sox4 nor Sox11 predominantly functioned by promoting pan-neuronal or noradrenergic differentiation of sympathetic neurons as might have been expected from studies in neuronal precursors of the central nervous system. The transcriptional network that regulates the differentiation of sympathetic neurons remained intact and expression of noradrenergic markers showed only minor alterations. Instead, Sox11 was required in early sympathetic ganglia for proliferation of tyrosine hydroxylase-expressing cells, whereas Sox4 ensured the survival of these cells at later stages. In the absence of both Sox4 and Sox11, sympathetic ganglia remained hypoplastic throughout embryogenesis because of consecutive proliferation and survival defects. As a consequence, sympathetic ganglia were rudimentary in the adult and sympathetic innervation of target tissues was impaired leading to severe dysautonomia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michaela R Potzner
- Institut für Biochemie, Emil-Fischer-Zentrum, Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
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Stanchina L, Van de Putte T, Goossens M, Huylebroeck D, Bondurand N. Genetic interaction between Sox10 and Zfhx1b during enteric nervous system development. Dev Biol 2010; 341:416-28. [PMID: 20206619 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2010.02.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2009] [Revised: 01/29/2010] [Accepted: 02/25/2010] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
The involvement of SOX10 and ZFHX1B in Waardenburg-Hirschsprung disease (hypopigmentation, deafness, and absence of enteric ganglia) and Mowat-Wilson syndrome (mental retardation, facial dysmorphy and variable congenital malformations including Hirschsprung disease) respectively, highlighted the importance of both transcription factors during enteric nervous system (ENS) development. The expression and function of SOX10 are now well established, but those of ZFHX1B remain elusive. Here we describe the expression profile of Zfhx1b and its genetic interactions with Sox10 during mouse ENS development. Through phenotype analysis of Sox10;Zfhx1b double mutants, we show that a coordinated and balanced interaction between these two genes is required for normal ENS development. Double mutants present with more severe ENS defects due to decreased proliferation of enteric progenitors and increased neuronal differentiation from E11.5 onwards. Thus, joint activity between these two transcription factors is crucial for proper ENS development and our results contribute to the understanding of the molecular basis of ENS defects observed both in mutant mouse models and in patients carrying SOX10 and ZFHX1B mutations.
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Pingault V, Ente D, Dastot-Le Moal F, Goossens M, Marlin S, Bondurand N. Review and update of mutations causing Waardenburg syndrome. Hum Mutat 2010; 31:391-406. [DOI: 10.1002/humu.21211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 401] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Reiprich S, Kriesch J, Schreiner S, Wegner M. Activation ofKrox20gene expression by Sox10 in myelinating Schwann cells. J Neurochem 2010; 112:744-54. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.06498.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Baltus GA, Kowalski MP, Zhai H, Tutter AV, Quinn D, Wall D, Kadam S. Acetylation of sox2 induces its nuclear export in embryonic stem cells. Stem Cells 2009; 27:2175-84. [PMID: 19591226 DOI: 10.1002/stem.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Embryonic stem (ES) cells require a coordinated network of transcription factors to maintain pluripotency or trigger lineage specific differentiation. Central to these processes are the proteins Oct4, Nanog, and Sox2. Although the transcriptional targets of these factors have been extensively studied, very little is known about how the proteins themselves are regulated, especially at the post-translational level. Post-translational modifications are well documented to have broad effects on protein stability, activity, and cellular distribution. Here, we identify a key lysine residue in the nuclear export signal of Sox2 that is acetylated, and demonstrate that blocking acetylation at this site retains Sox2 in the nucleus and sustains expression of its target genes under hyperacetylation or differentiation conditions. Mimicking acetylation at this site promotes association of Sox2 with the nuclear export machinery. In addition, increased cellular acetylation leads to reduction in Sox2 levels by ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation, thus abrogating its ability to drive transcription of its target genes. Acetylation-mediated nuclear export may be a commonly used regulatory mechanism for many Sox family members, as this lysine is conserved across species and in orthologous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen A Baltus
- Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institute of Biomedical Research,Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, USA
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SoxE factors as multifunctional neural crest regulatory factors. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2009; 42:441-4. [PMID: 19931641 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2009.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2009] [Revised: 10/31/2009] [Accepted: 11/02/2009] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Neural crest cells are the primary innovation that led to evolution of the vertebrates, and transcription factors of the SoxE family (Sox8, Sox9 and Sox10) are among the central players regulating the development of these cells. In all vertebrates examined to date, one or more SoxE proteins are required for the formation of neural crest cells, the maintenance of their multipotency, and their survival. Later, SoxE proteins drive the formation of multiple neural crest derivatives including chondrocytes, melanocytes, and cells of the peripheral nervous system, particularly Schwann cells/peripheral glia. Given their multiple diverse roles in the development of the neural crest, it is important to understand how the activity of SoxE factors is controlled such that they direct the correct developmental outcome. While combinatorial control with other regulatory factors is clearly one mechanism for generating such functional versatility, modulation of SoxE activity, both by SoxD family factors and by post-translational modification, also appears to be important. Elucidating the mechanisms that control SoxE function is essential to understand the evolutionary origin of the vertebrates, as well as a host of SoxE-linked syndromes and diseases, and may prove crucial for developing stem cell based therapies that target SoxE-regulated cell types.
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Mou Z, Tapper AR, Gardner PD. The armadillo repeat-containing protein, ARMCX3, physically and functionally interacts with the developmental regulatory factor Sox10. J Biol Chem 2009; 284:13629-13640. [PMID: 19304657 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m901177200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sox10 is a member of the group E Sox transcription factor family and plays key roles in neural crest development and subsequent cellular differentiation. Sox10 binds to regulatory sequences in target genes via its conserved high mobility group domain. In most cases, Sox10 exerts its transcriptional effects in concert with other DNA-binding factors, adaptor proteins, and nuclear import proteins. These interactions can lead to synergistic gene activation and can be cell type-specific. In earlier work, we demonstrated that Sox10 transactivates the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha3 and beta4 subunit genes and does so only in neuronal-like cell lines, raising the possibility that Sox10 mediates its effects via interactions with co-regulatory factors. Here we describe the identification of the armadillo repeat-containing protein, ARMCX3, as a Sox10-interacting protein. Biochemical analyses indicate that ARMCX3 is an integral membrane protein of the mitochondrial outer membrane. Others have shown that Sox10 is a nucleocytoplasmic shuttling protein. We extend this observation and demonstrate that, in the cytoplasm, Sox10 is peripherally associated with the mitochondrial outer membrane. Both Sox10 and ARMCX3 are expressed in mouse brain and spinal cord as well as several cell lines. Overexpression of ARMCX3 increased the amount of mitochondrially associated Sox10. In addition, although ARMCX3 does not possess intrinsic transcriptional activity, it does enhance transactivation of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor alpha3 and beta4 subunit gene promoters by Sox10. These results suggest that Sox10 is a membrane-associated factor whose transcriptional function is increased by direct interactions with ARMCX3 and raise the possibility of a signal transduction cascade between the nucleus and mitochondria through Sox10/ARMCX3 interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhongming Mou
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604
| | - Andrew R Tapper
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604
| | - Paul D Gardner
- Brudnick Neuropsychiatric Research Institute, Department of Psychiatry, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01604.
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