1
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Beyzaee AM, Goldust M, Patil A, Rokni GR, Beyzaee S. The role of cytokines and vitamin D in vitiligo pathogenesis. J Cosmet Dermatol 2022; 21:6314-6325. [PMID: 35871394 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.15272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 07/06/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Vitiligo is a pigment-related disease with a global prevalence of 0.2% to 1.8% associated with considerable burden on quality of life. The treatment is still a challenge because of relapses and/or incomplete re-pigmentation. Although the exact cause is still unclear, its pathogenesis seems to be justifiable with the autoimmune theory, supported by the results of clinical research. In this narrative review, we aimed to summarize the evidence related to cytokines and vitiligo development. This review is consisted of English articles published in PubMed and Google Scholar concerning levels of inflammatory mediators, especially interleukins, in vitiligo patients over the last 20 years. References of relevant articles were also considered for review. Crucial role of dysregulated levels of interleukins and their synergistic function to each other, in the onset or progression of the disease is evident. The theory of autoimmune vitiligo is reinforced by the results of the studies in the literature, due to the association of pathogenesis with increased secretion of pro-inflammatory mediators and reduction of anti-inflammatory mediators. Decreased vitamin D levels may have a considerable role in vitiligo development by affecting Th1- and Th17-related immune responses. Cytokines play an important role in the pathogenesis or progression of the disease. Moreover, we believe that decreased vitamin D level has a considerable role in vitiligo development by affecting Th1- and Th17-related immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamad Goldust
- Department of Dermatology, University Medical Center of the Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
| | - Anant Patil
- Department of Pharmacology, Dr. DY Patil Medical College, Navi Mumbai, India
| | - Ghasem Rahmatpour Rokni
- Department of Dermatology, Faculty of Medicine, Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran
| | - Samira Beyzaee
- Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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2
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Kuroda Y, Yang L, Lai S, Guo J, Sayo T, Takahashi Y, Tsuruta D, Katayama I. A Lower Irradiation Dose of 308 nm Monochromatic Excimer Light Might Be Sufficient for Vitiligo Treatment: A Novel Insight Gained from In Vitro and In Vivo Analyses. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms221910409. [PMID: 34638746 PMCID: PMC8508796 DOI: 10.3390/ijms221910409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Accepted: 09/24/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
A 308 nm monochromatic excimer light (MEL) is widely used to treat patients with vitiligo. However, dose optimization still needs to be clarified. This study aimed to obtain objective evidence regarding various doses of MEL irradiation, induced cell level changes in vitro, and skin level alterations in vivo. Cultured human keratinocytes were irradiated with MEL using various doses. After irradiation at low doses, stem cell factor, endothelin-1, and glycoprotein nonmetastatic melanoma protein B, factors that activate and protect melanocytes, were found to be significantly elevated in keratinocytes. After irradiation using medium and high doses, inflammatory cytokines were induced. The amount of ATP released and the level of inflammasome activation, which are known to be related to interleukin-1β activation, were also increased. The back skin of guinea pigs and mice were irradiated with MEL at varying doses. After irradiation, an increase of epidermal melanin and epidermal melanocytes was confirmed, using the minimal erythemal dose or less. In rhododendrol-induced leukoderma guinea pigs, a much lower dose of MEL irradiation was effective, when compared with the effective dose for control guinea pigs. Our results suggest that a lower irradiation dose of MEL might be sufficient and more suitable for repigmentation in vitiligo treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasutaka Kuroda
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.L.); (J.G.); (T.S.); (Y.T.); (I.K.)
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Odawara 2500002, Japan
| | - Lingli Yang
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.L.); (J.G.); (T.S.); (Y.T.); (I.K.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-6-6556-7618
| | - Sylvia Lai
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.L.); (J.G.); (T.S.); (Y.T.); (I.K.)
| | - Jiao Guo
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.L.); (J.G.); (T.S.); (Y.T.); (I.K.)
| | - Tetsuya Sayo
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.L.); (J.G.); (T.S.); (Y.T.); (I.K.)
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Odawara 2500002, Japan
| | - Yoshito Takahashi
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.L.); (J.G.); (T.S.); (Y.T.); (I.K.)
- Biological Science Research Laboratories, Kao Corporation, Odawara 2500002, Japan
| | - Daisuke Tsuruta
- Department of Dermatology, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5458585, Japan;
| | - Ichiro Katayama
- Department of Pigmentation Research and Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Osaka City University, Osaka 5450051, Japan; (Y.K.); (S.L.); (J.G.); (T.S.); (Y.T.); (I.K.)
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3
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Kerns ML, Miller RJ, Mazhar M, Byrd AS, Archer NK, Pinkser BL, Lew L, Dillen CA, Wang R, Miller LS, Chien AL, Kang S. Pathogenic and therapeutic role for NRF2 signaling in ultraviolet light-induced skin pigmentation. JCI Insight 2020; 5:139342. [PMID: 33001866 PMCID: PMC7605539 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.139342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mottled skin pigmentation and solar lentigines from chronic photodamage with aging involve complex interactions between keratinocytes and melanocytes. However, the precise signaling mechanisms that could serve as therapeutic targets are unclear. Herein, we report that expression of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (NRF2), which regulates reduction-oxidation reactions, is altered in solar lentigines and photodamaged skin. Moreover, mottled skin pigmentation in humans could be treated with topical application of the NRF2 inducer sulforaphane (SF). Similarly, UV light-induced pigmentation of WT mouse ear skin could be treated or prevented with SF treatment. Conversely, SF treatment was unable to reduce UV-induced ear skin pigmentation in mice deficient in NRF2 or in mice with keratinocyte-specific conditional deletion of IL-6Rα. Taken together, NRF2 and IL-6Rα signaling are involved in the pathogenesis of UV-induced skin pigmentation, and specific enhancement of NRF2 signaling could represent a potential therapeutic target.
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4
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Pyo JJ, Ahn S, Jin SH, An S, Lee E, Choi J, Shin JC, Choi H, Kim HJ, Choi D, Noh M. Keratinocyte-derived IL-36γ plays a role in hydroquinone-induced chemical leukoderma through inhibition of melanogenesis in human epidermal melanocytes. Arch Toxicol 2019; 93:2307-2320. [PMID: 31256213 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-019-02506-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Chemical leukoderma is an acquired type of vitiligo that can be initiated by various exogenous chemicals such as hydroquinone (HQ), rhododendrol (RD), or 4-tertiary butyl phenol (4-TBP). Despite the importance of epidermal keratinocytes in diverse dermatological conditions, their toxicological role in chemical leukoderma is poorly understood. To elucidate their role in the pathogenesis of chemical leukoderma, genome-scale transcriptional analysis was performed in human epidermal keratinocytes (HEKs) treated with a sub-cytotoxic HQ concentration (10 µM). The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway-based functional enrichment analysis of HQ-induced differentially expressed genes (DEGs) revealed that HQ significantly upregulated DEGs related to the IL-17 signaling pathway and significantly downregulated DEGs associated with melanogenesis in HEKs. The meta-analysis between the HQ-induced and cytokine-induced transcriptional data (GSE53751) showed that 58 DEGs were commonly upregulated between HQ- and IL-17A-treated HEKs. Notably, the expression of IL36G was significantly increased in HEKs in response to both HQ and IL-17A. IL-36γ (2 µg/ml) directly inhibits melanin biosynthesis in cultured human epidermal melanocytes (HEMs) and downregulates the gene transcription of key enzymes in the melanogenesis pathway including TYR, DCT, and TYRP1. Moreover, IL-36γ autocrinally regulated keratinocyte function to produce the proinflammatory cytokines IL-36γ, IL-6, and CXCL8/IL-8 in a concentration-dependent manner, suggesting that IL-36γ may stimulate the amplification cycle of cutaneous inflammation. In this regard, hydroquinone-induced IL-36γ from human keratinocytes plays a pivotal role in the development of chemical leukoderma by autocrinally or paracrinally modulating the crosstalk between keratinocytes and melanocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Joo Pyo
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sungjin Ahn
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun Hee Jin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seungchan An
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Eunyoung Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jungmin Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeayoung C Shin
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyunjung Choi
- AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- AmorePacific Corporation R&D Center, Yongin, Gyeounggi-do, 17074, Republic of Korea
| | - Dalwoong Choi
- Department of Public Health Science, Graduate School and College of Public Health Science, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Minsoo Noh
- College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea. .,Natural Products Research Institute, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, 1 Gwanak-ro, Gwanak-gu, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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5
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Zeng M, Li M, Li M, Zhang B, Li B, Zhang L, Feng W, Zheng X. 2-Phenylacetamide Isolated from the Seeds of Lepidium apetalum and Its Estrogen-Like Effects In Vitro and In Vivo. Molecules 2018; 23:molecules23092293. [PMID: 30205508 PMCID: PMC6225176 DOI: 10.3390/molecules23092293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Revised: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the estrogen-like effects of 2-phenylacetamide (PA), which is the main compound isolated from the seeds of Lepidium apetalum Willd (LA). Results showed that LA and PA could promote the proliferation of MCF-7 cells. The mouse uterine weight test showed that, LA and PA could increase the uterus index of immature female mice, and the levels of luteinizing hormone (LH) and estrogen (E2). LA could increase the expression of ERα and ERβ, while PA could increase the expression of ERα, ERβ and GPR30 in the uterus and MCF-7 cells. In addition, co-incubation of the estrogen receptor blocker with LA or PA abolished the inductive effect of the proliferation. PA has estrogenic activities and was the material basis of LA that played the estrogenic effect. LA and PA might be used for the treatment of perimenopause syndrome in a novel application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Zeng
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Meng Li
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Miao Li
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Beibei Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Benke Li
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Li Zhang
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Weisheng Feng
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
| | - Xiaoke Zheng
- Department of Medicine, Henan University of Chinese Medicine, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Respiratory Disease Diagnosis and Treatment & Chinese Medicine Development of Henan Province, Zhengzhou 450046, China.
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6
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Hwang I, Hong S. Neural Stem Cells and Its Derivatives as a New Material for Melanin Inhibition. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 19:ijms19010036. [PMID: 29271951 PMCID: PMC5795986 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19010036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/19/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The pigment molecule, melanin, is produced from melanosomes of melanocytes through melanogenesis, which is a complex process involving a combination of chemical and enzymatically catalyzed reactions. The synthesis of melanin is primarily influenced by tyrosinase (TYR), which has attracted interest as a target molecule for the regulation of pigmentation or depigmentation in skin. Thus, direct inhibitors of TYR activity have been sought from various natural and synthetic materials. However, due to issues with these inhibitors, such as weak or permanent ability for depigmentation, allergy, irritant dermatitis and rapid oxidation, in vitro and in vivo, the development of new materials that inhibit melanin production is essential. A conditioned medium (CM) derived from stem cells contains many cell-secreted factors, such as cytokines, chemokines, growth factors and extracellular vesicles including exosomes. In addition, the secreted factors could negatively regulate melanin production through stimulation of a microenvironment of skin tissue in a paracrine manner, which allows the neural stem cell CM to be explored as a new material for skin depigmentation. In this review, we will summarize the current knowledge regulating depigmentation, and discuss the potential of neural stem cells and their derivatives, as a new material for skin depigmentation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Insik Hwang
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, 22 Gil Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Korea.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University Graduate School, 22 Gil Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Korea.
| | - Sunghoi Hong
- School of Biosystem and Biomedical Science, College of Health Science, Korea University, 22 Gil Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Korea.
- Department of Public Health Sciences, Korea University Graduate School, 22 Gil Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Korea.
- Department of Integrated Biomedical and Life Science, Korea University Graduate School, 22 Gil Inchon-ro, Seongbuk-gu, Seoul 02855, Korea.
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7
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Kim KH, Lee TR, Cho EG. SH3BP4, a novel pigmentation gene, is inversely regulated by miR-125b and MITF. Exp Mol Med 2017; 49:e367. [PMID: 28819321 PMCID: PMC5579509 DOI: 10.1038/emm.2017.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2016] [Revised: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Our previous work has identified miR-125b as a negative regulator of melanogenesis. However, the specific melanogenesis-related genes targeted by this miRNA had not been identified. In this study, we established a screening strategy involving three consecutive analytical approaches—analysis of target genes of miR-125b, expression correlation analysis between each target gene and representative pigmentary genes, and functional analysis of candidate genes related to melanogenesis—to discover melanogenesis-related genes targeted by miR-125b. Through these analyses, we identified SRC homology 3 domain-binding protein 4 (SH3BP4) as a novel pigmentation gene. In addition, by combining bioinformatics analysis and experimental validation, we demonstrated that SH3BP4 is a direct target of miR-125b. Finally, we found that SH3BP4 is transcriptionally regulated by microphthalmia-associated transcription factor as its direct target. These findings provide important insights into the roles of miRNAs and their targets in melanogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyu-Han Kim
- Basic Research &Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- Basic Research &Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
| | - Eun-Gyung Cho
- Basic Research &Innovation Division, R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Gyeonggi-do, Korea
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8
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Choi H, Shin JH, Kim ES, Park SJ, Bae IH, Jo YK, Jeong IY, Kim HJ, Lee Y, Park HC, Jeon HB, Kim KW, Lee TR, Cho DH. Primary Cilia Negatively Regulate Melanogenesis in Melanocytes and Pigmentation in a Human Skin Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0168025. [PMID: 27941997 PMCID: PMC5152889 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0168025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/25/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary cilium is an organelle protruding from the cell body that senses external stimuli including chemical, mechanical, light, osmotic, fluid flow, and gravitational signals. Skin is always exposed to the external environment and responds to external stimuli. Therefore, it is possible that primary cilia have an important role in skin. Ciliogenesis was reported to be involved in developmental processes in skin, such as keratinocyte differentiation and hair formation. However, the relation between skin pigmentation and primary cilia is largely unknown. Here, we observed that increased melanogenesis in melanocytes treated with a melanogenic inducer was inhibited by a ciliogenesis inducer, cytochalasin D, and serum-free culture. However, these inhibitory effects disappeared in GLI2 knockdown cells. In addition, activation of sonic hedgehog (SHH)-smoothened (Smo) signaling pathway by a Smo agonist, SAG inhibited melanin synthesis in melanocytes and pigmentation in a human skin model. On the contrary, an inhibitor of primary cilium formation, ciliobrevin A1, activated melanogenesis in melanocytes. These results suggest that skin pigmentation may be regulated partly by the induction of ciliogenesis through Smo-GLI2 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyunjung Choi
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Hyun Shin
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Sung Kim
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - So Jung Park
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Il-Hong Bae
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Yoon Kyung Jo
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - In Young Jeong
- Department of Medical Science, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyoung-June Kim
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngjin Lee
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hea Chul Park
- Department of Medical Science, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Ansan, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Hong Bae Jeon
- Biomedical Research Institute, MEDIPOST Corporation, Seongnam, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ki Woo Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Wonju College of Medicine, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae Ryong Lee
- R&D Unit, AmorePacific Corporation, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TRL); (DHC)
| | - Dong-Hyung Cho
- Department of Gerontology, Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
- * E-mail: (TRL); (DHC)
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9
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de S Vargas F, D O de Almeida P, Aranha ESP, de A Boleti AP, Newton P, de Vasconcellos MC, Junior VFV, Lima ES. Biological activities and cytotoxicity of diterpenes from Copaifera spp. Oleoresins. Molecules 2015; 20:6194-210. [PMID: 25859778 PMCID: PMC6272497 DOI: 10.3390/molecules20046194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2015] [Revised: 04/01/2015] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Copaifera spp. are Amazonian species widely studied and whose oleoresins are used by local people for various medicinal purposes. However, a detailed study of the activity of the main phytochemical components of these oleoresins remains to be done. Here, we studied the cytotoxicity and in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of six diterpene acids: copalic, 3-hydroxy-copalic, 3-acetoxy-copalic, hardwickiic, kolavic-15-metyl ester, and kaurenoic, isolated from the oleoresins of Copaifera spp. The diterpenes did not show cytotoxicity in normal cell lines, nor did they show significant changes in viability of tumoral line cells. The 3-hydroxy-copalic was able to inhibit the enzyme tyrosinase (64% ± 1.5%) at 250 µM. The kolavic-15-metyl ester at 200 µM showed high inhibitory effect on lipoxygenase (89.5% ± 1.2%). Among the diterpenes tested, only kaurenoic and copalic acids showed significant hemolytic activities with 61.7% and 38.4% at 100 µM, respectively. In addition, it was observed that only the copalic acid (98.5% ± 1.3%) and hardwickiic acid (92.7% ± 4.9%) at 100 mM inhibited nitric oxide production in macrophages activated by lipopolysaccharide. In this assay, the diterpenes did not inhibit tumor necrosis factor-α production. The acids inhibited the production of IL-6, 3-acetoxy-copalic (23.8% ± 8.2%), kaurenoic (11.2% ± 5.7%), kolavic-15-methyl ester (17.3% ± 4.2%), and copalic (4.2% ± 1.8%), respectively, at 25 µM. The kaurenoic, 3-acetoxy-copalic and copalic acids increased IL-10 production. This study may provide a basis for future studies on the therapeutic role of diterpenic acids in treating acute injuries such as inflammation or skin disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiano de S Vargas
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Amazonas, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Patrícia D O de Almeida
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Elenn Suzany P Aranha
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Ana Paula de A Boleti
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Peter Newton
- Environmental Studies Program, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.
- School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia, Norwich NR4 7TJ, UK.
| | - Marne C de Vasconcellos
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Valdir F Veiga Junior
- Chemistry Department, Federal University of Amazonas, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
| | - Emerson S Lima
- Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Federal University of Amazonas, Manaus, Av. Gal. Rodrigo Octávio, 6.200, Japiim, Manaus-AM 69080-900, Brazil.
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Chen XX, Shi Y, Chai WM, Feng HL, Zhuang JX, Chen QX. Condensed tannins from Ficus virens as tyrosinase inhibitors: structure, inhibitory activity and molecular mechanism. PLoS One 2014; 9:e91809. [PMID: 24637701 PMCID: PMC3956756 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0091809] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Condensed tannins from Ficus virens leaves, fruit, and stem bark were isolated and their structures characterized by 13C nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometry, high performance liquid chromatography electrospray ionization mass spectrometry, and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. The results showed that the leaves, fruit, and stem bark condensed tannins were complex mixtures of homo- and heteropolymers of B-type procyanidins and prodelphinidins with degrees of polymerization up to hexamer, dodecamer, and pentadecamer, respectively. Antityrosinase activities of the condensed tannins were studied. The results indicated that the condensed tannins were potent tyrosinase inhibitors. The concentrations for the leaves, fruit, and stem bark condensed tannins leading to 50% enzyme activity were determined to be 131.67, 99.89, and 106.22 μg/ml on monophenolase activity, and 128.42, 43.07, and 74.27 μg/ml on diphenolase activity. The inhibition mechanism, type, and constants of the condensed tannins on the diphenolase activity were further investigated. The results indicated that the condensed tannins were reversible and mixed type inhibitors. Fluorescence quenching, copper interacting, and molecular docking techniques were utilized to unravel the molecular mechanisms of the inhibition. The results showed that the hydroxyl group on the B ring of the condensed tannins could chelate the dicopper irons of the enzyme. Moreover, the condensed tannins could reduce the enzyme product o-quinones into colourless compounds. These results would contribute to the development and design of antityrosinase agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Xin Chen
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Yan Shi
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Wei-Ming Chai
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Hui-Ling Feng
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Jiang-Xing Zhuang
- Fujian Provincial Key Laboratory of Neurodegenerative Disease and Aging Research, College of Medicine, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
| | - Qing-Xi Chen
- Key Lab of the Ministry of Education for Coastal and Wetland Ecosystems, School of Life Sciences, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
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Ethanol Extract of Lepidium apetalum Seed Elicits Contractile Response and Attenuates Atrial Natriuretic Peptide Secretion in Beating Rabbit Atria. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2013; 2013:404713. [PMID: 24288558 PMCID: PMC3830812 DOI: 10.1155/2013/404713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2013] [Accepted: 09/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The seeds of Lepidium apetalum Willdenow (called “Tinglizi” in China and “Jungryukza” in Korea) have been used to discharge phlegm and improve dropsy in Oriental medicine. The present study investigated the effects of ethanol extract of the seeds of Lepidium apetalum (ELA) on atrial dynamics and atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) secretion in beating rabbit atria. ELA increased atrial stroke volume, pulse pressure, and cAMP efflux, concomitantly attenuating ANP secretion in a dose-dependent manner. ELA-induced increases in atrial stroke volume, pulse pressure, and cAMP levels and decrease in ANP secretion were not inhibited by pretreatment with staurosporine, a nonspecific protein kinase inhibitor, or diltiazem and verapamil, the L-type Ca2+ channel blockers, respectively. Helveticoside, a well-known digitalis-like cardiac glycosidic constituent of ELA, also increased atrial dynamics, including stroke volume and pulse pressure, without changing cAMP efflux and ANP secretion, and the effects of helveticoside were not inhibited by pretreatment with staurosporine, diltiazem, and verapamil. These results suggest that the ELA-induced positive inotropic activity in beating rabbit atria might, at least partly, be due to the digitalis-like activity of helveticoside rather than an increase in cAMP efflux.
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Xu W, Chu K, Li H, Chen L, Zhang Y, Tang X. Extraction of Lepidium apetalum seed oil using supercritical carbon dioxide and anti-oxidant activity of the extracted oil. Molecules 2011; 16:10029-45. [PMID: 22143572 PMCID: PMC6264353 DOI: 10.3390/molecules161210029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/24/2011] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
The supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of Lepidium apetalum seed oil and its anti-oxidant activity were studied. The SFE process was optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) with a central composite design (CCD). Independent variables, namely operating pressure, temperature, time and flow rate were evaluated. The maximumextraction of Lepidium apetalum seed oil by SFE-CO2 (about 36.3%) was obtained when SFE-CO2 extraction was carried out under the optimal conditions of 30.0 MPa of pressure, 70 °C of temperature, 120 min of extraction time and 25.95 L/h of flow rate. GC-MS analysis showed the presence of four fatty acids in Lepidium apetalum seed oil, with a high content (91.0%) of unsaturated fatty acid. The anti-oxidant activity of the oil was assessed by the 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical-scavenging assay and 2,2′-azino- bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) diammonium salt (ABTS) test. Lepidium apetalum seed oil possessed a notable concentration-dependent antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 1.00 and 3.75 mg/mL, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xu
- Pharmacy College of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Kedan Chu
- Pharmacy College of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Huang Li
- Pharmacy College of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Lidian Chen
- Pharmacy College of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, China
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel./Fax: +86-591-2286-1985
| | - Yuqin Zhang
- Pharmacy College of Fujian University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Fuzhou 350108, China
| | - Xuchong Tang
- Institute of Chemical Technology of Hua Chiao University, Xiamen 361021, China
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