1
|
Pandya DJ, Manohar B, Mathur LK, Shankarapillai R. Comparative evaluation of two subgingival irrigating solutions in the management of periodontal disease: A clinicomicrobial study. J Indian Soc Periodontol 2017; 20:597-602. [PMID: 29238139 PMCID: PMC5713082 DOI: 10.4103/jisp.jisp_328_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Context Local administration of antimicrobial agents offer a "site-specific" approach to the periodontal therapy and it has several benefits. Aim The present study was aimed to assess the clinical and microbial changes by subgingival irrigation using different subgingival irrigants in periodontitis patients and also to assess the mechanical effect of different local irrigation devices; if any. Settings and Design Split-mouth design was employed on ten individuals. Materials and Methods The study sample consisted of 10 individuals in whom full-mouth scaling and root planing was performed and subgingival irrigation therapy was instituted for an experimental period of 30 days. The clinical as well as microbiological parameters were evaluated. Statistical Analysis Used To calculate baseline data with day thirty data, paired t-test was used. Intergroup comparison was carried out using one-way ANOVA. Multiple comparisons among groups were carried out using post hoc Tamhane's T2 test. Results Among the different subgingival irrigants used, 0.2% chlorhexidine gluconate is most effective followed by ozonated water, whereas saline was found to be ineffective when compared to the other two subgingival irrigants. Subgingival irrigation using pulsated device may not have any additive effect in alteration of the subgingival microflora. Conclusion Within the limits and scope of the study, it can be safely concluded that 0.2% chlorhexidine may be used as an adjunct to mechanical therapy for achieving a significant reduction in inflammatory periodontal changes and also reduction in periodontopathogenic microflora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Balaji Manohar
- Department of Periodontics, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Lalit Kumar Mathur
- Department of Periodontics, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rajesh Shankarapillai
- Department of Periodontics, Pacific Dental College and Hospital, Udaipur, Rajasthan, India
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Van der Velden U. What exactly distinguishes aggressive from chronic periodontitis: is it mainly a difference in the degree of bacterial invasiveness? Periodontol 2000 2017; 75:24-44. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
|
3
|
Nemoto TK, Ohara-Nemoto Y, Bezerra GA, Shimoyama Y, Kimura S. A Porphyromonas gingivalis Periplasmic Novel Exopeptidase, Acylpeptidyl Oligopeptidase, Releases N-Acylated Di- and Tripeptides from Oligopeptides. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:5913-5925. [PMID: 26733202 PMCID: PMC4786725 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.687566] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 12/06/2015] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Exopeptidases, including dipeptidyl- and tripeptidylpeptidase, are crucial for the growth of Porphyromonas gingivalis, a periodontopathic asaccharolytic bacterium that incorporates amino acids mainly as di- and tripeptides. In this study, we identified a novel exopeptidase, designated acylpeptidyl oligopeptidase (AOP), composed of 759 amino acid residues with active Ser(615) and encoded by PGN_1349 in P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. AOP is currently listed as an unassigned S9 family peptidase or prolyl oligopeptidase. Recombinant AOP did not hydrolyze a Pro-Xaa bond. In addition, although sequence similarities to human and archaea-type acylaminoacyl peptidase sequences were observed, its enzymatic properties were apparently distinct from those, because AOP scarcely released an N-acyl-amino acid as compared with di- and tripeptides, especially with N-terminal modification. The kcat/Km value against benzyloxycarbonyl-Val-Lys-Met-4-methycoumaryl-7-amide, the most potent substrate, was 123.3 ± 17.3 μm(-1) s(-1), optimal pH was 7-8.5, and the activity was decreased with increased NaCl concentrations. AOP existed predominantly in the periplasmic fraction as a monomer, whereas equilibrium between monomers and oligomers was observed with a recombinant molecule, suggesting a tendency of oligomerization mediated by the N-terminal region (Met(16)-Glu(101)). Three-dimensional modeling revealed the three domain structures (residues Met(16)-Ala(126), which has no similar homologue with known structure; residues Leu(127)-Met(495) (β-propeller domain); and residues Ala(496)-Phe(736) (α/β-hydrolase domain)) and further indicated the hydrophobic S1 site of AOP in accord with its hydrophobic P1 preference. AOP orthologues are widely distributed in bacteria, archaea, and eukaryotes, suggesting its importance for processing of nutritional and/or bioactive oligopeptides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki K Nemoto
- From the Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Yuko Ohara-Nemoto
- From the Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | - Gustavo Arruda Bezerra
- the Department of Structural and Computational Biology, Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, Campus Vienna Biocenter 5, 1030 Vienna, Austria, and.
| | - Yu Shimoyama
- the Division of Molecular Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kimura
- the Division of Molecular Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Iwate 028-3694, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Nemoto TK, Ohara-Nemoto Y. Exopeptidases and gingipains in Porphyromonas gingivalis as prerequisites for its amino acid metabolism. JAPANESE DENTAL SCIENCE REVIEW 2016; 52:22-29. [PMID: 28408952 PMCID: PMC5382784 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdsr.2015.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 08/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, an asaccharolytic bacterium, utilizes amino acids as energy and carbon sources. Since amino acids are incorporated into the bacterial cells mainly as di- and tri-peptides, exopeptidases including dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP) and tripeptidyl-peptidase are considered to be prerequisite components for their metabolism. We recently discovered DPP11, DPP5, and acylpeptidyl oligopeptidase in addition to previously reported DPP4, DPP7, and prolyl tripeptidyl peptidase A. DPP11 is a novel enzyme specific for acidic P1 residues (Asp and Glu) and distributed ubiquitously in eubacteria, while DPP5 is preferential for the hydrophobic P1 residue and the first entity identified in prokaryotes. Recently, acylpeptidyl oligopeptidase with a preference for hydrophobic P1 residues was found to release N-terminally blocked di- and tri-peptides. Furthermore, we also demonstrated that gingipains R and K contribute to P1-basic dipeptide production. These observations implicate that most, if not all, combinations of di- and tri-peptides are produced from extracellular oligopeptides even with an N-terminal modification. Here, we review P. gingivalis exopeptidases mainly in regard to their enzymatic characteristics. These exopeptidases with various substrate specificities benefit P. gingivalis for obtaining energy and carbon sources from the nutritionally limited subgingival environment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takayuki K. Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Japan
| | | |
Collapse
|
5
|
Butler CA, Dashper SG, Zhang L, Seers CA, Mitchell HL, Catmull DV, Glew MD, Heath JE, Tan Y, Khan HSG, Reynolds EC. The Porphyromonas gingivalis ferric uptake regulator orthologue binds hemin and regulates hemin-responsive biofilm development. PLoS One 2014; 9:e111168. [PMID: 25375181 PMCID: PMC4222909 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0111168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Accepted: 09/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is a Gram-negative pathogen associated with the biofilm-mediated disease chronic periodontitis. P. gingivalis biofilm formation is dependent on environmental heme for which P. gingivalis has an obligate requirement as it is unable to synthesize protoporphyrin IX de novo, hence P. gingivalis transports iron and heme liberated from the human host. Homeostasis of a variety of transition metal ions is often mediated in Gram-negative bacteria at the transcriptional level by members of the Ferric Uptake Regulator (Fur) superfamily. P. gingivalis has a single predicted Fur superfamily orthologue which we have designated Har (heme associated regulator). Recombinant Har formed dimers in the presence of Zn2+ and bound one hemin molecule per monomer with high affinity (Kd of 0.23 µM). The binding of hemin resulted in conformational changes of Zn(II)Har and residue 97Cys was involved in hemin binding as part of a predicted -97C-98P-99L- hemin binding motif. The expression of 35 genes was down-regulated and 9 up-regulated in a Har mutant (ECR455) relative to wild-type. Twenty six of the down-regulated genes were previously found to be up-regulated in P. gingivalis grown as a biofilm and 11 were up-regulated under hemin limitation. A truncated Zn(II)Har bound the promoter region of dnaA (PGN_0001), one of the up-regulated genes in the ECR455 mutant. This binding decreased as hemin concentration increased which was consistent with gene expression being regulated by hemin availability. ECR455 formed significantly less biofilm than the wild-type and unlike wild-type biofilm formation was independent of hemin availability. P. gingivalis possesses a hemin-binding Fur orthologue that regulates hemin-dependent biofilm formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine A. Butler
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart G. Dashper
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Lianyi Zhang
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Christine A. Seers
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Helen L. Mitchell
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Deanne V. Catmull
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Michelle D. Glew
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Jacqueline E. Heath
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Yan Tan
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Hasnah S. G. Khan
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
| | - Eric C. Reynolds
- Oral Health Cooperative Research Centre, Melbourne Dental School, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Armitage GC. Learned and unlearned concepts in periodontal diagnostics: a 50-year perspective. Periodontol 2000 2014; 62:20-36. [PMID: 23574462 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
In the past 50 years, conceptual changes in the field of periodontal diagnostics have paralleled those associated with a better scientific understanding of the full spectrum of processes that affect periodontal health and disease. Fifty years ago, concepts regarding the diagnosis of periodontal diseases followed the classical pathology paradigm. It was believed that the two basic forms of destructive periodontal disease were chronic inflammatory periodontitis and 'periodontosis'- a degenerative condition. In the subsequent 25 years it was shown that periodontosis was an infection. By 1987, major new concepts regarding the diagnosis and pathogenesis of periodontitis included: (i) all cases of untreated gingivitis do not inevitably progress to periodontitis; (ii) progression of untreated periodontitis is often episodic; (iii) some sites with untreated periodontitis do not progress; (iv) a rather small population of specific bacteria ('periodontal pathogens') appear to be the main etiologic agents of chronic inflammatory periodontitis; and (v) tissue damage in periodontitis is primarily caused by inflammatory and immunologic host responses to infecting agents. The concepts that were in place by 1987 are still largely intact in 2012. However, in the decades to come, it is likely that new information on the human microbiome will change our current concepts concerning the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of periodontal diseases.
Collapse
|
7
|
Rouf SMA, Ohara-Nemoto Y, Ono T, Shimoyama Y, Kimura S, Nemoto TK. Phenylalanine 664 of dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) 7 and Phenylalanine 671 of DPP11 mediate preference for P2-position hydrophobic residues of a substrate. FEBS Open Bio 2013; 3:177-83. [PMID: 23772391 PMCID: PMC3668534 DOI: 10.1016/j.fob.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Revised: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 03/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Dipeptidyl peptidases (DPPs) are crucial for the energy metabolism in Porphyromonas gingivalis, a Gram-negative proteolytic and asaccharolytic anaerobic rod causing chronic periodontitis. Three DPPs, DPPIV specific for Pro, DPP7 for hydrophobic residues and DPP11 for Asp/Glu at the P1 position, are expressed in the bacterium. Like DPP7, DPP11 belongs to the S46 protease family, and they share 38.7% sequence identity. Although DPP11 is preferential for hydrophobic residues at the P2 position, it has been reported that DPP7 has no preference at the P2 position. In the present study, we defined the detailed P2 substrate preference of DPP7 and the amino acid residue responsible for the specificity. DPP7 most efficiently hydrolyzed Met-Leu-dipeptidyl-4-methylcoumaryl-7-amide (MCA) carrying hydrophobic residues at the P1 position with k cat/Km of 10.62 ± 2.51 μM(-1) s(-1), while it unexpectedly cleaved substrates with hydrophilic (Gln, Asn) or charged (Asp, Arg) residues. Examination with 21 dipeptidyl MCA demonstrated that DPP7-peptidase activity was dependent on hydrophobicity of the P2- as well as P1-position residue, thus it correlated best with the sum of the hydrophobicity index of P1- and P2-amino acid residues. Hydrophobicity of the P1 and P2 positions ensured efficient enzyme catalysis by increasing k cat and lowering Km values, respectively. Substitution of hydrophobic residues conserved in the S46 DPP7/DPP11 family to Ala revealed that Phe664 of DPP7 and Phe671 of DPP11 primarily afforded hydrophobic P2 preference. A modeling study suggested that Phe664 and Gly666 of DPP7 and Phe671 and Arg673 of DPP11 being associated with the P2- and P1-position residues, respectively, are located adjacent to the catalytic Ser648/Ser655. The present results expand the substrate repertoire of DPP7, which ensures efficient degradation of oligopeptides in asaccharolytic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakh M A Rouf
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rouf SMA, Ohara-Nemoto Y, Hoshino T, Fujiwara T, Ono T, Nemoto TK. Discrimination based on Gly and Arg/Ser at position 673 between dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP) 7 and DPP11, widely distributed DPPs in pathogenic and environmental gram-negative bacteria. Biochimie 2012; 95:824-32. [PMID: 23246913 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2012.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, an asaccharolytic gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium, expresses the novel Asp/Glu-specific dipeptidyl-peptidase (DPP) 11 (Ohara-Nemoto, Y. et al. (2011) J. Biol. Chem. 286, 38115-38127), which has been categorized as a member of the S46/DPP7 family that is preferential for hydrophobic residues at the P1 position. From that finding, 129 gene products constituting five clusters from the phylum Bacteroidetes have been newly annotated to either DPP7 or DPP11, whereas the remaining 135 members, mainly from the largest phylum Proteobacteria, have yet to be assigned. In this study, the substrate specificities of the five clusters and an unassigned group were determined with recombinant DPPs from typical species, i.e., P. gingivalis, Capnocytophaga gingivalis, Flavobacterium psychrophilum, Bacteroides fragilis, Bacteroides vulgatus, and Shewanella putrefaciens. Consequently, clusters 1, 3, and 5 were found to be DPP7 with rather broad substrate specificity, and clusters 2 and 4 were DPP11. An unassigned S. putrefaciens DPP carrying Ser(673) exhibited Asp/Glu-specificity more preferable to Glu, in contrast to the Asp preference of DPP11 with Arg(673) from Bacteroidetes species. Mutagenesis experiments revealed that Arg(673)/Ser(673) were indispensable for the Asp/Glu-specificity of DPP11, and that the broad specificity of DPP7 was mediated by Gly(673). Taken together with the distribution of the two genes, all 264 members of the S46 family could be attributed to either DPP7 or DPP11 by an amino acid at position 673. A more compelling phylogenic tree based on the conserved C-terminal region suggested two gene duplication events in the phylum Bacteroidetes, one causing the development of DPP7 and DPP11 with altered substrate specificities, and the other producing an additional DPP7 in the genus Bacteroides.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shakh M A Rouf
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental of Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8588, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
9
|
Oishi Y, Watanabe K, Kumada H, Ishikawa E, Hamada N. Purification and characterization of a novel secondary fimbrial protein from Porphyromonas gulae. J Oral Microbiol 2012; 4:19076. [PMID: 23002421 PMCID: PMC3448886 DOI: 10.3402/jom.v4i0.19076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2012] [Revised: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 08/29/2012] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Porphyromonas gulae are black-pigmented anaerobic bacteria isolated from the gingival sulcus of various animal hosts and are distinct from Porphyromonas gingivalis originating in humans. We previously reported the antigenic similarities of 41-kDa fimbriae between P. gulae ATCC 51700 and P. gingivalis ATCC 33277. In this study, to clarify the presence of another type of fimbriae of P. gulae, we have purified and characterized the secondary fimbrial protein from P. gulae ATCC 51700. Methods The secondary fimbrial protein was purified from P. gulae ATCC 51700 using an immunoaffinity column coupling with antibodies against the 41-kDa fimbrial protein. The expression of fimbriae on the cell surface of P. gulae ATCC 51700 was investigated by transmission electron microscopy. The N-terminal amino acid sequence was determined by an amino acid sequencer system. Results The molecular mass of this protein was approximately 53-kDa, as estimated by SDS-PAGE. The polyclonal antibodies against the 53-kDa protein did not react with the 41-kDa fimbrial protein of P. gulae ATCC 51700. Immunogold electron microscopy revealed that anti-53-kDa fimbrial serum bound to fimbria on the cell surface of P. gulae ATCC 51700. The amino acid sequence of the N-terminal 15 residues of the 53-kDa fimbrial protein showed only 1 of 15 residues identical to the 41-kDa fimbrial protein. Conclusion The 53-kDa fimbriae are different in molecular weight and antigenicity from the 41-kDa fimbrial protein of P. gulae ATCC 51700. These results clearly suggest that the 41-kDa and the 53-kDa fimbriae are distinct types of fimbriae expressed simultaneously by this organism.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yasuhiro Oishi
- Department of Infection Control, Division of Microbiology, Kanagawa Dental College, Yokosuka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Ohara-Nemoto Y, Shimoyama Y, Kimura S, Kon A, Haraga H, Ono T, Nemoto TK. Asp- and Glu-specific novel dipeptidyl peptidase 11 of Porphyromonas gingivalis ensures utilization of proteinaceous energy sources. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:38115-38127. [PMID: 21896480 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.278572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis and Porphyromonas endodontalis, asaccharolytic black-pigmented anaerobes, are predominant pathogens of human chronic and periapical periodontitis, respectively. They incorporate di- and tripeptides from the environment as carbon and energy sources. In the present study we cloned a novel dipeptidyl peptidase (DPP) gene of P. endodontalis ATCC 35406, designated as DPP11. The DPP11 gene encoded 717 amino acids with a molecular mass of 81,090 Da and was present as a 75-kDa form with an N terminus of Asp(22). A homology search revealed the presence of a P. gingivalis orthologue, PGN0607, that has been categorized as an isoform of authentic DPP7. P. gingivalis DPP11 was exclusively cell-associated as a truncated 60-kDa form, and the gene ablation retarded cell growth. DPP11 specifically removed dipeptides from oligopeptides with the penultimate N-terminal Asp and Glu and has a P2-position preference to hydrophobic residues. Optimum pH was 7.0, and the k(cat)/K(m) value was higher for Asp than Glu. Those activities were lost by substitution of Ser(652) in P. endodontalis and Ser(655) in P. gingivalis DPP11 to Ala, and they were consistently decreased with increasing NaCl concentration. Arg(670) is a unique amino acid completely conserved in all DPP11 members distributed in the genera Porphyromonas, Bacteroides, and Parabacteroides, whereas this residue is converted to Gly in all authentic DPP7 members. Substitution analysis suggested that Arg(670) interacts with an acidic residue of the substrate. Considered to preferentially utilize acidic amino acids, DPP11 ensures efficient degradation of oligopeptide substrates in these Gram-negative anaerobic rods.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Ohara-Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588.
| | - Yu Shimoyama
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho 028-3691, Japan
| | - Shigenobu Kimura
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho 028-3691, Japan
| | - Asako Kon
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho 028-3691, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Haraga
- Division of Molecular Microbiology, Department of Microbiology, Iwate Medical University, Yahaba-cho 028-3691, Japan
| | - Toshio Ono
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588
| | - Takayuki K Nemoto
- Department of Oral Molecular Biology, Course of Medical and Dental Sciences, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki 852-8588
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Development of Porphyromonas gingivalis-specific quantitative real-time PCR primers based on the nucleotide sequence of rpoB. J Microbiol 2011; 49:315-9. [PMID: 21538257 DOI: 10.1007/s12275-011-1028-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2011] [Accepted: 02/15/2011] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Species-specific quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) primers were developed for the detection of Porphyromonas gingivalis. These primers, Pg-F/Pg-R, were designed based on the nucleotide sequences of RNA polymerase β-subunit gene (rpoB). Species-specific amplicons were obtained from the tested P. gingivalis strains but not in any of the other strains (46 strains of 46 species). The qPCR primers could detect as little as 4 fg of P. gingivalis chromosomal DNA. These findings suggest that these qPCR primers are suitable for applications in epidemiological studies.
Collapse
|
12
|
The Lysine-Specific Gingipain of Porphyromonas gingivalis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2011; 712:15-29. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4419-8414-2_2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
|
13
|
Devine DA, Handley PS. The Relationship between Coaggregation Properties and Surface Structures ofBacteroides intermedins. MICROBIAL ECOLOGY IN HEALTH AND DISEASE 2009. [DOI: 10.3109/08910608909140230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- D. A. Devine
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, Stopford Building, Manchester University, Oxford Road, Manchester, MB 9PT, UK
| | - P. S. Handley
- Department of Cell and Structural Biology, Stopford Building, Manchester University, Oxford Road, Manchester, MB 9PT, UK
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Yamane K, Yamanaka T, Yamamoto N, Furukawa T, Fukushima H, Walker CB, Leung KP. A novel exopolysaccharide from a clinical isolate of Prevotella nigrescens: purification, chemical characterization and possible role in modifying human leukocyte phagocytosis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 20:1-9. [PMID: 15612938 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.2004.00178.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Prevotella nigrescens, a gram-negative black-pigmented anaerobic rod, has frequently been isolated from periodontitis and periapical periodontitis lesions. We have isolated an exopolysaccharide-producing P. nigrescens, strain 22, from a chronic periodontitis lesion. The purpose of this study was to determine the chemical composition and function of the exopolysaccharide associated with this clinical isolate. The chemical composition and structure of the purified exopolysaccharide from strain 22 were determined by high performance liquid chromatography and methylation analysis. To define the biological function of this exopolysaccharide, a chemically induced exopolysaccharide nonproducing mutant, strain 328, which was derived from strain 22, was established. The biological effects of exopolysaccharide were determined by comparing the ability of strain 22, strain 328 or heat-killed strain 22 to form abscesses in mice and to interfere with the phagocytic activity of peripheral blood polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Chemical analysis showed that isolated exopolysaccharide consisted of mannose (521.6 microg/mg), glucose (25.6 microg/mg), fructose (65.8 microg/mg), galactose (12.5 microg/mg), arabinose (6.2 microg/mg), xylose (3.2 microg/mg), rhamnose (6.1 microg/mg), and ribose (0.6 microg/mg). Methylation analysis of exopolysaccharide indicated that the linkages of mannose were primarily (1-->2, 1-->6) (1-->2) (1-->6), and (1-->3). Strain 22 and, to a lesser extent, its heat-killed counterpart induced greater abscess formation in mice than strain 328, even though the enzymatic profile of strain 22 was similar to that of strain 328. The ability of strain 328 to induce abscess formation was restored by adding the purified exopolysaccharide isolated from strain 22 to the cell suspension of strain 328. Exopolysaccharide alone failed to induce abscess formation in mice. Further, strain 328 but not the untreated or heat-killed strain 22, was phagocytosed by polymorphonuclear leukocytes both in the presence and in the absence of opsonic factors. The results suggest that these polysaccharides isolated from strain 22, which primarily consisted of mannose, may play a key role in the development of the chronic inflammatory lesion from which this strain was isolated.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Yamane
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sanz M, Lau L, Herrera D, Morillo JM, Silva A. Methods of detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Porphyromonas gingivalis and Tannerella forsythensis in periodontal microbiology, with special emphasis on advanced molecular techniques: a review. J Clin Periodontol 2004; 31:1034-47. [PMID: 15560803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2004.00609.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Certain specific bacterial species from the subgingival biofilm have demonstrated aetiological relevance in the initiation and progression of periodontitis. Among all the bacteria studied, three have shown the highest association with destructive periodontal diseases: Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (Aa), Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg) and Tannerella forsythensis (Tf). Therefore, the relevance of having accurate microbiological diagnostic techniques for their identification and quantification is clearly justified. AIM To evaluate critically all scientific information on the currently available microbial diagnostic techniques aimed for the identification and quantification of Aa, Pg and Tf. SUMMARY Bacterial culturing has been the reference diagnostic technique for many years and, in fact, most of our current knowledge on periodontal microbiology derives from cultural data. However, the advent of new microbial diagnostics, mostly based on immune and molecular technologies, has not only highlighted some of the shortcomings of cultural techniques but has also allowed their introduction as easy and available adjunct diagnostic tools to be used in clinical research and practice. These technologies, mostly polymerase chain reaction (PCR), represent a field of continuous development; however, we still lack the ideal diagnostic to study the subgingival microflora. Qualitative PCR is still hampered by the limited information provided. Quantitative PCR is still in development; however, the promising early results reported are still hampered by the high cost and the equipment necessary for the processing. CONCLUSION Quantitative PCR technology may have a major role in the near future as an adjunctive diagnostic tool in both epidemiological and clinical studies in periodontology. However, culture techniques still hold some inherent capabilities, which makes this diagnostic tool the current reference standard in periodontal microbiology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariano Sanz
- Laboratory of Microbiology, University Complutense, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Shibata Y, Miwa Y, Hirai K, Fujimura S. Purification and partial characterization of a dipeptidyl peptidase from Prevotella intermedia. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2003; 18:196-8. [PMID: 12753473 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2003.00057.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A peptidase hydrolyzed X-Pro-p-nitroanilide was purified from the cell extract of Prevotella intermedia ATCC 25611 by ion-exchange chromatography and hydrophobic interaction chromatography. The purified enzyme exhibited a molecular size of 74 kDa from sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and the maximum enzyme activity was found between pH 7.0 and pH 7.5. This peptidase was a serine enzyme and hydrolyzed Lys-Pro-p-nitroanilide, Arg-Pro-p-nitroanilide, and Ala-Pro-p-nitroanilide, but Lys-Ala-p-nitroanilide was not split. The enzyme may be classified as a dipeptidyl peptidase IV.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Shibata
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Matsumoto Dental University, Shiojiri, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
|
18
|
Takada K, Fukatsu A, Otake S, Hirasawa M. Isolation and characterization of hemolysin activated by reductant from Prevotella intermedia. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2003; 35:43-7. [PMID: 12589956 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2003.tb00647.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The hemolysin from Prevotella intermedia was partially purified from culture supernatant and then characterized. The hemolysin produced a clear beta-hemolytic zone on a blood agar plate. Hemolytic activity was 2.5-fold greater in culture supernatant compared to that cell-associated. The isolation and purification procedure involved ammonium sulfate and polyethylene glycol precipitations and ion-exchange chromatographies on DEAE-Sephacel and CM-Sepharose. The activity of this hemolysin was stimulated by reductants such as cysteine, dithiothreitol, glutathione etc., and was lost upon oxidation. Trypsin or heat treatment resulted in complete inhibition of hemolytic activity. Ca(2+), Mg(2+) and EDTA did not affect the activity. The optimal pH of this hemolysin was 7.5.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kazuko Takada
- Department of Microbiology, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, 2-870-1 Sakaecho-nishi, Matsudo, Chiba 271-8587, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Tanaka S, Murakami Y, Ogiwara T, Shoji M, Seto K, Nagasaki M, Fujisawa S. Frequency of reactivity for Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella spp. in supra- and subgingival plaques, and periodontal clinical parameters according to subject age. J Periodontol 2002; 73:877-85. [PMID: 12211497 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2002.73.8.877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The present study was conducted to assess the association between selected clinical parameters and the distribution of Porphyromonas gingivalis (Pg), Prevotella intermedia (Pi), Prevotella nigrescens (Pn), and Prevotella melaninogenica (Pm) in supra- and subgingival plaque samples measured by an immunoslot blot assay (IBA) using their monoclonal antibodies. METHODS Plaque samples from 299 patients aged 6 to 69 randomly chosen from a group of dental outpatients were examined. Plaque index, gingival index, and probing depths were evaluated according to the criteria of positive (cell number > or = 10(6)) or negative (<106) reactivity to the 4 different monoclonal antibodies. RESULTS An increase in probing depth in subjects exhibiting either a positive or negative reaction for the 4 test bacteria was associated with increasing age. Comparing bacteria-positive subgingival plaque samples to their corresponding bacteria-negative counterparts, we found an increased plaque index in children positive for any of the 4 bacteria; in addition, that for Pg and Pi was increased in subjects 40 to 49 years old. The gingival index increased with increasing amount of Pi and Pn, but not with Pg and Pm in those 20 to 29 years of age. The frequency of Pg reactivity in subgingival plaque was markedly enhanced in subjects older than 30 to 39 years of age, and was significantly higher than that in supragingival plaque. The frequency of Pi and Pn reactivity was significantly increased in adults aged 20 to 29 and plateaued at older ages. The frequency of Pm reactivity was relatively low and independent of subject age. CONCLUSIONS The increase in probing depth with increasing age was not affected by the occurrence of periodontopathic bacteria. The high rate of occurrence of Pg, together with Pi and Pn, in subgingival plaque of the adult age groups was suggested to be associated with the high frequency of periodontal disease in the older age groups (above 30 to 49 years of age). The IBA appears to be useful for the efficient and rapid detection of periodontopathic bacteria.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shoji Tanaka
- Department of Oral Diagnosis, Meikai University School of Dentistry, Saitama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Asai Y, Ohyama Y, Gen K, Ogawa T. Bacterial fimbriae and their peptides activate human gingival epithelial cells through Toll-like receptor 2. Infect Immun 2001; 69:7387-95. [PMID: 11705912 PMCID: PMC98826 DOI: 10.1128/iai.69.12.7387-7395.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gingival epithelial cells are a central component of the barrier between oral microflora and internal tissues. Host responses to periodontopathic bacteria and surface components containing fimbriae are thought to be important in the development and progression of periodontal diseases. To elucidate this mechanism, we established immortalized human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) that were transfected with human papillomavirus. HGEC predominantly expressed Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2, but not TLR4 or CD14. They also induced interleukin-8 (IL-8) production when stimulated with Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae and Staphylococcus aureus peptidoglycan, but not Escherichia coli-type synthetic lipid A. Furthermore, an active synthetic peptide composed of residues 69 to 73 (ALTTE) of the fimbrial subunit protein, derived from P. gingivalis and similar to a common component of cell wall peptidoglycans in parasitic bacteria, N-acetylmuramyl-L-alanyl-D-isoglutamine (MDP), significantly induced IL-8 production and NF-kappaB activation in HGEC, and these cytokine-producing activities were augmented by a complex of soluble CD14 and lipopolysaccharide-binding protein (LBP). IL-8 production in HGEC stimulated with these bacterial components was clearly inhibited by mouse monoclonal antibody to human TLR2. These findings suggest that P. gingivalis fimbrial protein and its active peptide are capable of activating HGEC through TLR2.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Y Asai
- Department of Oral Microbiology, Asahi University School of Dentistry, Motosu-gun, Gifu 501-0296, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Abstract
Recent evidence suggests that certain periodontal pathogens preferentially stimulate T cells expressing specific variable regions on the beta chain (Vbeta) of the T-cell receptor, which may indicate the presence of a superantigen. Superantigens are microbial proteins that activate large numbers of CD4(+) T cells in a Vbeta-specific manner. The purpose of this study was to determine whether Prevotella intermedia, a putative periodontal pathogen, activates populations of specific Vbeta on CD4(+) T cells. Among the bacterial strains tested, P. intermedia strain 17, a clinical isolate, induced the strongest proliferative response in peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Antibodies raised against whole cells of this organism blocked the proliferative activity. P. intermedia-induced proliferation was T-cell specific and required the presence of antigen-presenting cells. Flow cytometric analysis showed that CD4(+) T-cell subsets expressing Vbeta8, Vbeta12, and Vbeta17 expanded in response to P. intermedia strain 17. The ability of P. intermedia to stimulate CD4(+)-T-cell proliferation was further supported by the production profiles of key T-cell cytokines, gamma interferon and interleukin-2. The data collectively suggest that certain strains of P. intermedia can activate Vbeta-specific T cells in a manner similar to that of other known microbial superantigens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K P Leung
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32610, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Maeda H, Miyamoto M, Kokeguchi S, Kono T, Nishimura F, Takashiba S, Murayama Y. Epitope mapping of heat shock protein 60 (GroEL) from Porphyromonas gingivalis. FEMS IMMUNOLOGY AND MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY 2000; 28:219-24. [PMID: 10865174 DOI: 10.1111/j.1574-695x.2000.tb01480.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis, a putative pathogen in human periodontal disease, possesses a 60-kDa heat shock protein (hsp60, GroEL). The GroEL homologs are known to be key molecules in auto-immune reactions because of the sequence similarity with human hsp60. In this study, B-cell epitopes on P. gingivalis GroEL (PgGroEL) were analyzed by both Western immunoblotting with truncated PgGroEL and by the multi-pin synthetic peptide approach. To examine auto-antibody production in periodontitis patients, Western immunoblotting with human gingival fibroblasts was performed. Deletion mutants were constructed from the cloned PgGroEL gene (P. gingivalis groEL), and four C-terminal truncated PgGroEL and one N-terminal truncated PgGroEL were prepared from the deletants. Sera from periodontitis patients reacted with all truncated PgGroEL used in this study. The results suggest that the B-cell epitopes were overlaid throughout PgGroEL. To determine the detailed locations of the B-cell epitope, 84 decapeptides covering the entire PgGroEL were synthesized and the serum IgG response to the peptides was examined. Epitope mapping using the synthetic peptides confirmed that the B-cell epitopes were overlaid throughout the length of PgGroEL and revealed that highly conserved peptides between PgGroEL and human hsp60 were recognized by the serum antibodies. Immuno-reactivity against human gingival fibroblasts was examined with sera from 30 periodontitis patients and 10 periodontally healthy subjects. IgG antibody against the 65-kDa antigen in human gingival fibroblasts (same molecular mass as human hsp60) was detected in two patients. Although IgG production against human hsp60 may be rare case in periodontitis patients, the results of epitope mapping demonstrated the potential of PgGroEL to cause the cross-reactions with human hsp60.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Maeda
- Department of Periodontology and Endodontology, Okayama University Dental School, Okayama, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Kamma JJ, Diamanti-Kipioti A, Nakou M, Mitsis FJ. Profile of subgingival microbiota in children with mixed dentition. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 2000; 15:103-11. [PMID: 11155173 DOI: 10.1034/j.1399-302x.2000.150206.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A diversity of microbial species has been detected in children's oral flora at an early age. To investigate the composition of the subgingival microbiota of different groups of teeth in children with mixed dentition, 40 systemically healthy children, aged 7-8 years, randomly chosen, were examined. Subgingival plaque samples were taken from the mesiobuccal sites of 21, 41, 16 and 36 permanent teeth and 53, 73, 64 and 84 deciduous teeth. The samples were cultured for bacterial isolation anaerobically and in 10% CO2 plus air using selective and nonselective media. Forty-five different microbial species were isolated from both permanent and deciduous teeth. Streptococcus sanguis (79-70%), Streptococcus mitis (66-65%), Prevotella melaninogenica (51-57%), Eikenella corrodens (51-52%), Capnocytophaga gingivalis (46-34%), Capnocytophaga ochracea (45-45%), Actinomyces naeslundii (39-60%) and Prevotella intermedia (42-35%) were among the most frequently detected species in permanent and deciduous teeth respectively. Several suspected periodontal pathogens, such as Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella loescheii, Campylobacter gracilis, Bacteroides forsythus, Campylobacter concisus, Peptostreptococcus micros and Selenomonas sputigena, albeit less frequently detected, were present in the microbiota of these children. The bacterial species Streptococcus constellatus, Peptostreptococcus micros, Pseudoramibacter alactolyticus, E. corrodens and Fusobacterium nucleatum were associated with non-bleeding permanent and deciduous teeth whereas Streptococcus intermedius, C. concisus, P. intermedia and P. loescheii were associated with bleeding.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Kamma
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Athens, Greece
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
24
|
Saito S, Hayakawa M, Takiguchi H, Abiko Y. Opsonophagocytic effect of antibody against recombinant conserved 40-kDa outer membrane protein of Porphyromonas gingivalis. J Periodontol 1999; 70:610-7. [PMID: 10397516 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1999.70.6.610] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Porphyromonas gingivalis is associated with the initiation and progression of adult periodontitis. The outer membrane proteins of the bacteria are potentially important targets for interaction with host defense systems. A 40-kDa outer membrane protein (40-kDa OMP) is conserved among many strains of P. gingivalis. We have cloned the gene for 40-kDa OMP from P. gingivalis 381 and produced a recombinant protein. For the development of recombinant 40-kDa OMP as a component of a vaccine for passive immunization, the elucidation of the roles of the anti-recombinant 40-kDa OMP antibody in the host defense against P. gingivalis is essential. The objective of this study was to determine the opsonic capacity of the antibody for phagocytosis by neutrophils which play a key role in the immune response to microbial infections. METHODS To test the opsonic activity of a rabbit polyclonal antibody against r40-kDa OMP (r40-kDa OMP Ab) on human neutrophils to phagocytize P. gingivalis, we constructed a reproducible in vitro model of P. gingivalis-neutrophil interaction using the human promyelocytic cell line HL-60. RESULTS We demonstrated that r40-kDa OMP Ab in the presence of human complement successfully opsonized [3H]-thymidine-labeled P. gingivalis as a target for phagocytosis by HL-60 cells differentiated with dimethyl sulfoxide. The phagocytized bacteria were then intracellularly killed and lysed, and the radioactive degradation debris egested into the culture medium. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that antibody against r40-kDa OMP has opsonic activity on human neutrophil function for phagocytosis of P. gingivalis. Subgingival bacteria are coated in vivo with immunoglobulin and complement. When the antibody is specific for crevicular bacteria, immunological interactions can be expected in the crevice. Our observations suggest that the anti-recombinant 40-kDa OMP antibody in concert with the crevicular complement may prevent P. gingivalis colonization r40-kDa OMP may contribute to the development of a local immunotherapy when applied to the crevice of a patient with P. gingivalis-related periodontitis which relates to susceptibility for certain systemic diseases such as diabetes mellitus, cardiovascular disease, and preterm labor.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Saito
- Department of Biochemistry, Nihon University School of Dentistry at Matsudo, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Olsen I, Shah HN, Gharbia SE. Taxonomy and biochemical characteristics of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontol 2000 1999; 20:14-52. [PMID: 10522221 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00156.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- I Olsen
- Department of Oral Biology, Dental Faculty, University of Oslo, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Asikainen S, Chen C. Oral ecology and person-to-person transmission of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Periodontol 2000 1999; 20:65-81. [PMID: 10522223 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0757.1999.tb00158.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The ecological characteristics of the oral cavity are dissimilar for A. actinomycetemcomitans and for P. gingivalis, as judged by differences in their colonization preferences and patterns, associations with periodontal disease parameters, relationships with the subgingival microbiota and the type of periodontitis and their clonal persistence in the oral cavity. These features also suggest that as a periodontal pathogen, A. actinomycetemcomitans is different from P. gingivalis. Probably in most infected individuals, low levels of A. actinomycetemcomitans can persist for years in equilibrium with the host and the resident oral microbiota. However, it is well established that A. actinomycetemcomitans can cause disease in some individuals or in some circumstances when the regulatory mechanisms are unable to maintain homeostasis in the ecosystem. Elevated A. actinomycetemcomitans proportions of the biota can be regarded as a sign of ecological imbalance, leading to increased risk of periodontal destruction. There is also evidence showing elevated pathogenic potential of certain A. actinomycetemcomitans clones. Although A. actinomycetemcomitans seems to be relatively rarely transmitted between cohabiting adults, transmission can occur to periodontally healthy children of A. actinomycetemcomitans-positive parents. Parents and children may share factors that promote successful oral colonization of A. actinomycetemcomitans, or the window of opportunity is in childhood. Therefore, to prevent parent-child transmission of A. actinomycetemcomitans, bacterium-positive parents of young children are optimal targets for enhanced information and treatment. In selected populations, screening for specific clones of A. actinomycetemcomitans has been employed in prevention of peridontitis. Future research aiming at finding the reasons which cause the changes in the oral homeostasis to allow the growth of A. actinomycetemcomitans may give insight into novel prevention strategies for A. actinomycetemcomitans-associated periodontitis. Compared with A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. gingivalis shows a different pattern of coexistence with the host. In periodontal health or in children, P. gingivalis is absent or only rarely detected. When present, P. gingivalis is commonly recovered in high numbers from dentitions exhibiting inflamed periodontitis and poor oral hygiene. Contrary to A. actinomycetemcomitans, the data on the vertical transmission of P. gingivalis are limited. The major infection route of P. gingivalis seems to be between adults, indicating that P. gingivalis commonly colonizes in an established oral microbiota. These characteristics suggest that the degree of tolerance between P. gingivalis and the host is inferior to that between A. actinomycetemcomitans and the host. It appears that the association of P. gingivalis with disease is a rule rather than an accidental incident. On these grounds, it seems that the host-P. gingivalis relationship approaches antibiosis. Since P. gingivalis infection is related to a typical periodontal eco-pathology, the susceptibility to person-to-person transmission of this pathogen may be controlled by periodontal treatment and emphasizing the significance of high standard oral hygiene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Asikainen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Nelson D, Potempa J, Kordula T, Travis J. Purification and characterization of a novel cysteine proteinase (periodontain) from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Evidence for a role in the inactivation of human alpha1-proteinase inhibitor. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:12245-51. [PMID: 10212191 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.18.12245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal disease is characterized by inflammation of the periodontium manifested by recruitment of neutrophils, which can degranulate, releasing powerful proteinases responsible for destruction of connective tissues, and eventual loss of tooth attachment. Although the presence of host proteinase inhibitors (serpins) should minimize tissue damage by endogenous proteinases, this is not seen clinically, and it has been speculated that proteolytic inactivation of serpins may contribute to progression of the disease. A major pathogen associated with periodontal disease is the Gram-negative anaerobe Porphyromonas gingivalis, and in this report, we describe a novel proteinase that has been isolated from culture supernatants of this organism that is capable of inactivating the human serpin, alpha1-proteinase inhibitor, the primary endogenous regulator of human neutrophil elastase. This new enzyme, referred to as periodontain, belongs to the cysteine proteinase family based on inhibition studies and exists as a 75-kDa heterodimer. Furthermore, periodontain shares significant homology to streptopain, a proteinase from Streptococcus pyogenes, and prtT, a putative proteinase from P. gingivalis. Clearly, the presence of this enzyme, which rapidly inactivates alpha1-proteinase inhibitor, could result in elevated levels of human neutrophil elastase clinically detected in periodontal disease and should be considered as a potential virulence factor for P. gingivalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- D Nelson
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this article, the author reviews the evidence-based literature in the fields of periodontics and orthodontics to clarify the relationship between orthodontic tooth movement and various types of common periodontal disorders. TYPES OF STUDIES REVIEWED The first section is a review of the literature on common periodontal disorders. The second is a review of evidence-based studies in the combined fields of orthodontics and periodontics, with a focus on orthodontic treatment possibilities, limitations and risks inherent in patients with periodontal disorders, particularly active periodontal disease. RESULTS The literature on orthodontic tooth movement as it relates to periodontal disease shows that proper orthodontic treatment in patients with excellent oral hygiene and the absence of significant periodontal disorders should not pose any significant periodontal risk. In the presence of poor oral hygiene, however, and under circumstances of certain types of periodontal disorders, fixed orthodontic appliances and tooth movement can contribute to significant deleterious periodontal consequences. CLINICAL IMPLICATIONS This review provides a clear understanding of what is known about orthodontic treatment possibilities, limitations and inherent risks in patients who may have certain types of periodontal disorders. It also underscores the importance of teamwork among the restorative dentist, periodontist and orthodontist when planning treatment for these patients. The author also offers a specific patient management protocol for this interdisciplinary dental team to follow.
Collapse
|
29
|
Eggert FM, McLeod MH, Flowerdew G, McIntyre EW, Wasylyk J, Koschzeck L. Periodontitis-associated marker bacteria in an urban North American patient population: application of a commercial immunoassay. J Periodontol 1998; 69:1382-91. [PMID: 9926768 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1998.69.12.1382] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
We used an immunoassay to demonstrate marker organisms (Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) in 3 private practice populations (F-ME periodontist, 55 patients; MHM periodontist, 179 patients; and EWM general dentist, 19 patients). Occurrence of the marker organisms involves the whole oral environment, not just individual sites, as shown by close correlation between presence of the marker organisms in 2 independent sites/samples within a single mouth. Presence of the marker P. gingivalis (and P. intermedia) relates closely to periodontal pocketing while presence of A. actinomycetemcomitans does not have this pocket-associated characteristic. There was no significant relationship between presence of the marker organisms and the number of teeth in a mouth, and in the periodontal practice patients there was no significant effect of gender on occurrence of the marker organisms. A. actinomycetemcomitans and the other 2 markers were found over the entire age range (12 to 75) of our patients. Regular periodontal treatment reduced occurrence of all marker organisms and increased the frequency of marker-negative patients and sites. Occurrence of the marker organisms above immunoassay threshold levels appears to represent how receptive a patient is to each individual organism. Most patients appear receptive to the presence of P. intermedia whether treated or not. Significantly fewer patients who underwent regular treatment show the presence of P. gingivalis or A. actinomycetemcomitans when compared to untreated patients. Diagnostic application of microbial markers requires ongoing clinical assessment of patients and careful clinical judgment. 1391.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- F M Eggert
- Department of Oral Health Sciences, Faculty of Medicine and Oral Health Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Banbula A, Potempa J, Travis J, Bode W, Medrano FJ. Crystallization and preliminary X-ray diffraction analysis of gingipain R2 from Porphyromonas gingivalis in complex with H-D-Phe-Phe-Arg-chloromethylketone. Protein Sci 1998; 7:1259-61. [PMID: 9605333 PMCID: PMC2143997 DOI: 10.1002/pro.5560070523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Gingipain R2 is a 50 kDa proteinase from the oral pathogenic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis. This proteinase, which displays no significant sequence homology to any protein previously analyzed by X-ray crystallography, has been crystallized using the vapor diffusion method. Two different crystal forms were obtained from a solution containing polyethylene glycol (MW 8,000) (space group P2(1)2(1)2(1)) or magnesium sulfate (space group R3) as precipitating agent. Complete diffraction data sets have been collected up to 2.0 and 2.9 A resolution, respectively. Cell dimensions are a = 51.9 A, b = 79.9 A, and c = 99.6 A (P2(1)2(1)2(1)), and a = b = 176.6 A, and c = 143.4 A (R3). Considerations of the possible values of Vm accounts for the presence of one monomer per asymmetric unit in the case of the orthorhombic crystal form, whereas the rhombohedral crystal form, together with the analysis of the self-rotation function, could accommodate a tetramer in the asymmetric unit.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Banbula
- Jagiellonian University, Institute of Molecular Biology, Krakow, Poland
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Calkins CC, Platt K, Potempa J, Travis J. Inactivation of tumor necrosis factor-alpha by proteinases (gingipains) from the periodontal pathogen, Porphyromonas gingivalis. Implications of immune evasion. J Biol Chem 1998; 273:6611-4. [PMID: 9506956 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.273.12.6611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Porphyromonas gingivalis is one of the major pathogens associated with adult periodontitis, a major chronic inflammatory disease. Potent proteinases elaborated by these bacteria aid directly and indirectly in both the development of the pathophysiology of the disease and in host defense evasion. For these reasons they are considered key virulence factors. To investigate whether possible immune evasion mechanisms involve the dysregulation of the host cytokine network, we examined the ability of P. gingivalis cysteine proteinases, including Arg-specific gingipains HRGP and RGP2 and Lys-specific KGP, to degrade the proinflammatory cytokine tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha). All three gingipains rapidly degraded TNF-alpha as exhibited by immunoblot analysis. Moreover, all biological activity was significantly reduced over extended incubation periods with the proteinases tested, whereas the host neutrophil proteinases were ineffective. These results indicate that the gingipain proteinases elaborated by P. gingivalis are capable of disrupting the cytokine network at the site of infection through the degradation of the proinflammatory cytokine TNF-alpha, suggesting the removal of one of several mediators important to the function of polymorphonuclear leukocytes. Such a mechanism is likely to be utilized by other infective organisms not only for survival but also for growth and proliferation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C C Calkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Takahashi J, Saito A, Nakagawa T, Yamada S, Ishihara K, Okuda K. Dynamics of serum immunoglobulin G avidity for Porphyromonas gingivalis in adult periodontitis. J Periodontol 1998; 69:367-73. [PMID: 9579624 DOI: 10.1902/jop.1998.69.3.367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine avidity of immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody for surface antigens of Porphyromonas gingivalis in sera from patients with adult periodontitis. The antigens used were whole cell antigens, lipopolysaccharides (LPS), and fimbriae of non-invasive P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 and invasive 16-1. Serum IgG titers for the P. gingivalis antigens were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) before and after periodontal initial preparation. IgG avidity was measured by diethylamine dissociation ELISA. IgG titers for the whole cell antigens of 16-1, LPS, and the fimbria antigens from both P. gingivalis strains were significantly higher in the patient group than those in the control group, whereas values for avidities were significantly lower in patient sera. Although we found a statistically significant decrease in the IgG titers of patients following initial preparation, avidities against the fimbria antigen of invasive 16-1 strain increased. The present study showed that IgG antibodies elicited in patients were different in their ability to respond to invasive P. gingivalis 16-1 and to non-invasive 33277. The patient sera with high IgG titers demonstrated low values for avidity, suggesting that IgG responses in patients play a limited role in colonization inhibition or elimination of P. gingivalis. The data indicate that periodontally healthy individuals may have highly functional antibodies which may protect against P. gingivalis colonization. Our findings suggest that the ability to produce functional antibodies in the patient group is lower than that in the periodontally healthy group, but the functional antibodies can be induced by the initial preparation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Takahashi
- Department of Periodontics, Tokyo Dental College, Chiba, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Ebersole JL, Bauman GR, Cox O'Dell SE, Giardino A. Evidence for serum immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibody responses in Macaca fascicularis identified by monoclonal antibodies to human IgG subclasses. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1997; 12:193-203. [PMID: 9467387 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1997.tb00379.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
This investigation determined the capacity of murine monoclonal antibodies directed to human immunoglobulin G (IgG) subclasses to identify molecules with conserved epitopes in the serum of the nonhuman primate, Macaca fascicularis. We subsequently utilized this cross-reactivity to document the characteristics of IgG subclass antibody responses in M. fascicularis to parenteral immunization with intact oral microorganisms, antigens from oral microorganisms, and finally a defined protein toxin, tetanus toxoid. The IgG response in nonhuman primates immunized with tetanus toxoid showed a 40-fold and 110-fold increase after primary and secondary immunizations, respectively. The major IgG subclass responses were IgG1 and IgG3, with little, though significant, responses in the IgG4 and IgG2 subclasses. Seventy-five to 94% of the natural IgG antibody in nonhuman primate sera to Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Campylobacter rectus was IgG1. IgG2 and IgG3 predominated to Bacteroides fragilis, IgG4 to Actinomyces viscosus and an equal distribution among the subclasses was noted in response to Fusobacterium nucleatum. Parenteral immunization of nonhuman primates with intact P. gingivalis elicited primarily IgG3 and IgG4, while the post-immunization IgG response to P. intermedia was largely IgG1. Nonhuman primates were also parenterally immunized with cell envelope antigens of P. gingivalis, P. intermedia, or a combination of cell envelope antigen from C. rectus and F. nucleatum and cell wall antigens of A. viscosus. The greatest IgG antibody response seen post-immunization was reactive with anti-human IgG1 for all of these antigens except to C. rectus which bound nonhuman primate antibody reactive with anti-human IgG2. It appears that the bacteria and their products exhibit unique differences in their induction of serum IgG subclass antibody responses. The characteristics of their immunogenicity as detected by the nonhuman primate may contribute to the ability of the immune responses to effectively interact with these pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J L Ebersole
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Zambon JJ. Principles of evaluation of the diagnostic value of subgingival bacteria. ANNALS OF PERIODONTOLOGY 1997; 2:138-48. [PMID: 9151550 DOI: 10.1902/annals.1997.2.1.138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes steps in the process of evaluating subgingival bacteria assays for the diagnosis of periodontal disease. The first step examines the infectious etiology of periodontal disease in pointing to specific oral bacteria as periodontal pathogens. Second is characterization of the laboratory test to detect and quantitate these pathogens as to sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive value. Third is the role of the laboratory test in the diagnosis of the different forms of periodontal disease which is related to the current clinical rather than microbiological definition of these diseases. The fourth and most important step is an analysis of the significance of subgingival bacterial tests in clinical decision-making.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J J Zambon
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Tompkins GR, Wood DP, Birchmeier KR. Detection and comparison of specific hemin binding by Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. J Bacteriol 1997; 179:620-6. [PMID: 9006012 PMCID: PMC178739 DOI: 10.1128/jb.179.3.620-626.1997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
A radioligand assay was designed to detect and compare specific hemin binding by the periodontal anaerobic black-pigmenting bacteria (BPB) Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. The assay included physiological concentrations of the hemin-binding protein rabbit serum albumin (RSA) to prevent self-aggregation and nonspecific interaction of hemin with cellular components. Under these conditions, heme-starved P. intermedia cells (two strains) expressed a single binding site species (4,100 to 4,600 sites/cell) with a dissociation constant (Kd) of 1.0 x 10(-9) M. Heme-starved P. gingivalis cells (two strains) expressed two binding site species; the higher-affinity site (1,000 to 1,500 sites/cell) displayed a Kd of between 3.6 x 10(-11) and 9.6 x 10(-11) M, whereas the estimated Kd of the lower-affinity site (1.9 x 10(5) to 6.3 x 10(5) sites/cell) ranged between 2.6 x 10(-7) and 6.5 x 10(-8) M. Specific binding was greatly diminished in heme-replete cells of either BPB species and was not displayed by iron-replete Escherichia coli cells, which bound as much hemin in the absence of RSA as did P. intermedia. Hemin binding by BPB was reduced following treatment with protein-modifying agents (heat, pronase, and N-bromosuccinimide) and was blocked by protoporphyrin IX and hemoglobin but not by Congo red. Hemopexin also inhibited bacterial hemin binding. These findings indicate that both P. gingivalis and P. intermedia express heme-repressible proteinaceous hemin-binding sites with affinities intermediate between those of serum albumin and hemopexin. P. gingivalis exhibited a 10-fold-greater specific binding affinity and greater heme storage capacity than did P. intermedia, suggesting that the former would be ecologically advantaged with respect to heme acquisition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G R Tompkins
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, Medical College of Georgia, Augusta 30912-1126, USA.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Stubbs S, Lewis MA, Waddington RJ, Embery G. Hydrolytic and depolymerising enzyme activity of Prevotella intermedia and Prevotella nigrescens. Oral Dis 1996; 2:272-8. [PMID: 9171510 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.1996.tb00237.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Prevotella intermedia has been reported to be associated with periodontal disease whilst P. nigrescens has predominantly been isolated from more specific conditions and healthy sites. The aim of the present study was to compare the enzyme activity of these species. MATERIALS AND METHODS Nine strains of P. intermedia and 12 strains of P. nigrescens were studied. Lipolytic, saccharolytic, nucleolytic and proteolytic activity was determined by traditional microbiological and chromogenic substrate methods. RESULTS All strains hydrolysed gelatine, casein, DNA and RNA. Lipase activity was produced by all strains except P. nigrescens ATCC 33563T. Lipolytic activity of P. nigrescens strains decreased as the environmental glucose concentration was increased. Only two strains, both P. intermedia, hydrolysed benzyl-arg-rho-nitroanilide. All strains hydrolysed alkaline rho-nitrophenolphosphate (except P. intermedia DAL100), produced glycylprolyl dipeptidase activity and demonstrated elastase-like activity. All but three strains (2 P. intermedia and I P. nigrescens) hydrolysed suc-ala-ala-pro-phe-rho-nitroanilide. Overall, no qualitatively analysed enzyme activity was exclusive to all strains of either species. Quantitatively analysed activity exhibited a high degree of variability both within and between species. CONCLUSIONS P. intermedia and P. nigrescens degrade natural and synthetic substrates, but intra- and interspecies activity is variable.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Stubbs
- Department of Oral Surgery, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Affiliation(s)
- J J Zambon
- Department of Periodontology, State University of New York, School of Dental Medicine, Buffalo, USA
| |
Collapse
|
38
|
Hamada N, Sojar HT, Cho MI, Genco RJ. Isolation and characterization of a minor fimbria from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 1996; 64:4788-94. [PMID: 8890240 PMCID: PMC174446 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.11.4788-4794.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
We have discovered two distinctly different fimbriae expressed by the same Porphyromonas gingivalis strain. The construction of a fimA mutant of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 has previously been reported by N. Hamada et al. (Infect. Immun. 62:1696-1704, 1994). Expression of fimbriae on the surface of the fimA mutant and the wild-type strain, ATCC 33277, were investigated by electron microscopy. The wild-type strain produced long fimbrial structures extending from the cell surface, whereas those structures were not observed on the fimA mutant. However, short fimbrial structures were seen on the surface of the fimA mutant. The short fimbrial protein was purified from the fimA mutant by selective protein precipitation and chromatography on DEAE Sepharose CL-6B. We have found that the second fimbrial structure of P. gingivalis ATCC 33277 is distinct from the 41-kDa (43-kDa) major fimbrial protein (FimA). We provisionally call this protein minor fimbriae. The molecular mass of the minor fimbriae is 67 kDa as estimated by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis under reducing conditions after boiling at 100 degrees C. The component shows a ladder-like pattern at 80 degrees C under nonreducing conditions, suggesting a tendency to aggregate or polymerize. In immunoblotting analysis, anti-minor fimbria serum reacted with both the 100 degrees C- and the 80 degrees C-treated minor fimbriae. The anti-minor fimbria serum also reacts with the same-molecular-size fimbrial preparation from the wild-type strain. Immunogold electron microscopy showed that the anti-minor fimbria serum bound to the minor fimbria on the cell surface of the wild-type strain. This is the first report on the identification of the minor fimbria produced by P. gingivalis. These results suggest that the minor fimbriae appearing on the fimA mutant strain are produced together with numerous long major fimbriae on the wild-type strain. Moreover, the minor fimbriae are different in size and antigenicity from the earlier-reported FimA, a major 41-kDa fimbrial component of P. gingivalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- N Hamada
- Department of Oral Biology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, 14214, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Jagels MA, Travis J, Potempa J, Pike R, Hugli TE. Proteolytic inactivation of the leukocyte C5a receptor by proteinases derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 1996; 64:1984-91. [PMID: 8675297 PMCID: PMC174026 DOI: 10.1128/iai.64.6.1984-1991.1996] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The anaerobic bacterium Porphyromonas gingivalis has been implicated as a primary causative agent in adult periodontitis. Several proteinases are produced by this bacterium, and it is suggested that they contribute to virulence and to local tissue injury resulting from infection by P. gingivalis. Cysteine proteinases with specificities to cleave either Arg-X or Lys-X peptide bonds (i.e., gingipains) have been characterized as predominant enzymes associated with vesicles shed from the surface of this bacterium. It has recently been demonstrated that these proteinases are capable of degrading the blood complement component C5, resulting in the generation of biologically active C5a. By using an affinity-purified rabbit antibody raised against residues 9 to 29 of the C5a receptor (C5aR; CD88), we demonstrate that noncysteinyl proteinases associated with vesicles obtained from P. gingivalis cleave the C5aR on human neutrophils. Proteolytic attack of the C5aR by enzymes from the P. gingivalis vesicles was inhibited by TPCK (tolylsullonyl phenylalanyl chloromethyl ketone), PMSF (phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride), and dichloroisocoumarin, suggesting that serine proteinases are primarily responsible for this degradative activity. The purified vesicle proteinase Lys-gingipain but not Arg-gingipain also cleaved the N-terminal region of the C5aR on the human neutrophils. Lys-gingipain activity was essentially resistant to these inhibitors but was inhibited by TLCK (Nalpha-p-tosyl-L-lysine chloromethyl ketone) and iodoacetamide. A synthetic peptide that mimics the N-terminal region of C5aR (residues 9 to 29; PDYGHY DDKDTLDLNTPVDKT) was readily cleaved by chymotrypsin but not by trypsin, despite the presence of two potential trypsin (i.e., lysyl-X) cleavage sites. The specific sites of cleavage in the C5aR 9-29 peptide were determined by mass spectroscopy for both chymotrypsin and Lys-gingipain digests. This analysis demonstrated that the C5aR peptide is susceptible to cleavage at both potential Lys-gingipain sites (i.e., between residues 17 and 18 [K-D] and 28 and 29 [K-T]) and at two chymotrypsin sites (between residues 14 and 15 [Y-D] and 20 and 21 [L-D]), respectively. These studies suggest that P. gingivalis contains at least two enzymes capable of cleaving the C5aR, Lys-gingipain and a second nontryptic serine proteinase that is distinct from either Arg- or Lys-gingipain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Jagels
- Department of Immunology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
40
|
Discipio RG, Daffern PJ, Kawahara M, Pike R, Travis J, Hugli TE, Potempa J. Cleavage of human complement component C5 by cysteine proteinases from Porphyromonas (Bacteroides) gingivalis. Prior oxidation of C5 augments proteinase digestion of C5. Immunology 1996; 87:660-7. [PMID: 8675224 PMCID: PMC1384148 DOI: 10.1046/j.1365-2567.1996.478594.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Since severe periodontitis is characterized by an acute inflammatory response with cellular infiltration and microbial overgrowth, plasma proteins could be exposed to both proteinases and oxidants released from the granulocytes, as well as to proteinases from the microorganisms. When human complement component C5 was digested by cysteine proteinases (i.e. gingipain-R and gingipain-K) from Porphyromonas gingivalis, limited cleavage of the C5 molecule was observed. If C5 was first oxidized by hydroxyl radicals, these gingipains converted modified C5 to fragments that exhibited significantly greater pro-inflammatory activity than did digests of unmodified C5. After cleavage of oxidized C5 by gingipain-R, the digest exhibited measurably greater neutrophil enzyme release and chemotaxis of human polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMNs) compared with the activities of unoxidized C5 digests. Gingipain-K generates virtually no polarization or chemotactic activity of human PMNs from C5, nor is enzyme release stimulated by these C5 digests. However, when oxidized C5 was digested by gingipain-K, human PMNs were stimulated for polarization, chemotaxis and enzyme release indicating that an active fragment had been generated. Proteolysis of oxidized C5 evokes greater neutrophil activation than does proteolysis of unoxidized protein, a fact which supports the hypothesis that oxidation and proteolysis may be coupled to enhance the destructive effects of the inflammatory process. These results, in which digests of both oxidized and unmodified complement component C5 were evaluated, support the general concept that oxidation and proteolysis may participate cooperatively in amplifying both the severity and duration of the inflammatory reaction.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R G Discipio
- La Jolla Institute for Experimental Medicine, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
41
|
Giardino A, Ebersole JL, Holt SC. Characteristics of systemic antibody responses of nonhuman primates following active immunization with Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Bacteroides fragilis. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1996; 11:79-87. [PMID: 8941758 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1996.tb00340.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Periodontal disease is an infectious disease manifested by the progressive change of a healthy resident commensal microbiota to a pathogenic one characterized by a specific microbiota. Thus, the prospect for the use of selected bacteria or their antigens as a vaccine to interfere with the microbial changes and resulting progression of periodontal tissue destruction has been proposed. As a first step in examining the use of bacterial antigens as immunogens in periodontitis, this study characterized the humoral immune response in Macaca fascicularis after systemic immunization with intact Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia and Bacteroides fragilis. Parental immunization of the nonhuman primate with the intact bacteria resulted in the production of specific and significantly elevated levels of antibodies to P. gingivalis and P. intermedia, with the predominant isotype being immunoglobulin G (IgG). In contrast, the principal response to the nonoral, intestinal bacterium, B. fragilis, was of the IgM isotype. Immunization increased IgG, IgM, and IgA antibody by 14-227 fold to P. gingivalis and 8-108 fold to P. intermedia. The level of serum IgA antibody increased (77-227 fold). The kinetics of the antibody response post-immunization and post-ligation differed with respect to each of the bacteria tested. IgG antibody to P. gingivalis increased through week 16 of the experiment and remained elevated above baseline through week 32. The IgG antibody level to P. intermedia peaked at 4 weeks following the third immunization and decreased post-ligation to near baseline levels by week 16. Characterization of the immune response after active immunization in the nonhuman primate has demonstrated a substantial and specific increase in antibody response which was sustained for several weeks. The insights obtained from these studies should help optimize the potential for immunologic interference with progressing periodontitis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Giardino
- Department of Periodontics, University of Texas Health Science Center at San Antonio 78284, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
42
|
Abstract
If periodontal disease is due to a limited number of bacterial species, then continuous maximal plaque suppression is not the only possibility for prevention and therapy. Specific elimination or reduction of pathogenic bacteria from plaque becomes a valid alternative. Recent studies indicate that the elimination of certain putative pathogens is particularly difficult. New diagnostic methods should allow the choice of better suited procedures, make chosen procedures more effective (through better timing, dosage, selection of devices or drugs, increase of specificity, etc.) or lead to the elimination of unnecessary work (e.g., the treatment of non-susceptible sites or patients). The benefit of newly proposed tests depends on the possible impact of the obtained information on clinical decisions and on the consequences these decisions have for treatment. Thus, diagnostic methods and therapeutical options have to be evaluated together.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Mombelli
- University of Bern, School of Dental Medicine, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Abstract
This article describes some areas of periodontal research and current opinions regarding detection of disease progression, as well as risk indicators and risk factors associated with disease progression. Longitudinal probing of periodontal attachment level is considered the gold standard for detection of disease activity although there are problems with this concept. Digital subtraction radiography can assist in the detection of minor changes of alveolar bone height and density. Risk factors such as composition of subgingival plaque and gingival crevicular fluid, as well as the effect of smoking are discussed. Adjunctive treatment with both antibiotics and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, systemic or local, seems to be helpful in some forms of disease. Immunization to prevent colonization of tooth surfaces and pockets by periodontal pathogens does not seem to be feasible in the near future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Magnusson
- Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610-0275, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
44
|
Leung KP, Fukushima H, Nesbitt WE, Clark WB. Prevotella intermedia fimbriae mediate hemagglutination. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1996; 11:42-50. [PMID: 8604254 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1996.tb00335.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Our earlier studies demonstrated that clinical strains of Prevotella intermedia, isolated from human periodontal pockets, possess various types of fimbria (surface appendages) as determined ultrastructurally. These bacteria have the ability to agglutinate selected mammalian erythrocytes. Hemagglutinating activity exhibited by these cells may be attributable to these surface structures. Strain 17, which possess fimbriae of 8 nm in diameter and readily agglutinates human, monkey, sheep, rabbit, and mouse erythrocytes was selected to determine whether these fimbriae possessed the hemagglutinating activity. Fimbriae were mechanically sheared, concentrated by ammonium sulfate precipitation, solubilized in 10 mM Tris-HCl buffer containing 0.5% deoxycholate and partly purified by ultracentrifugation in a 10-50% linear sucrose gradient. Isolated fimbriae banded at a density of 1.20-1.15 g/ml, appeared fairly uniform ultrastructurally, and possessed hemagglutinating activity. The hemagglutinating activity of P. intermedia whole cells and isolated fimbriae was reduced by treatment with proteases and eliminated by treatment with heat at 80 degrees C for 10 min. The optimal pH for the hemagglutination was 7.0. In the process of hemagglutination, P. intermedia whole cells and isolated fimbriae bound to rabbit erythrocytes as observed by: (a) decrease in the hemagglutinating activity of bacterial whole cells and isolated fimbriae after incubation with rabbit erythrocytes, (b) increase in hemagglutinating activity of the red cells used for absorption, and (c) the presence of P. intermedia whole cells and fimbriae on red cells after absorption as revealed by immunoelectron microscopy. Both the immune immunoglobulin G of the rabbit polyclonal anti-fimbriae antibody and the immune immunoglobulin G and its Fab fragments of the murine monoclonal anti-fimbriae antibody were effective inhibitors of hemagglutination mediated by isolated fimbriae. Immunogold labeling showed that the monoclonal antibody bound specifically to P. intermedia fimbriae. These results collectively suggest that the hemagglutination exhibited by P. intermedia may be attributable to the fimbriae or the fimbrial-associated components.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K P Leung
- Periodontal Disease Research Center and Department of Oral Biology, College of Dentistry, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
45
|
Yamamoto K, Kadowaki T, Okamoto K, Yoneda M, Nakayama K, Misumi Y, Ikehara Y. Structure and function of a novel arginine-specific cysteine proteinase (argingipain) as a major periodontal pathogenic factor from porphyromonas gingivalis. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 389:33-42. [PMID: 8860991 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0335-0_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- K Yamamoto
- Department of Pharmacology, Kyushu University, Faculty of Dentistry, Fukuoka, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Jagels MA, Ember JA, Travis J, Potempa J, Pike R, Hugli TE. Cleavage of the human C5A receptor by proteinases derived from Porphyromonas gingivalis: cleavage of leukocyte C5a receptor. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 389:155-64. [PMID: 8861006 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4613-0335-0_19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
The anaerobic bacteria P. gingivalis has been implicated as a primary causative agent in adult periodontitis. Several proteinases are produced by this bacteria and it is suggested that they contribute to virulence and to local tissue injury resulting from infection by P. gingivalis. Collagenases and cysteine proteinases (i.e., the gingipains) have been characterized as the predominant vesicular enzymes produced by this bacterium. It has been shown that an arginine-specific cysteine proteinase from P. gingivalis, called gingipain-1 or Arg-gingipain, can selectively cleave complement components C3 and C5. In the case of C5, cleavage by Arg-gingipain results in the generation of C5a, a potent chemotactic factor for PMNs. Since these bacterial proteinases are capable of generating pro-inflammatory factors at sites of infection, we examined the possibility that gingipains or other proteinases from this bacterium might attack or destroy cell surface proteins, such as receptor molecules. Using an affinity-purified rabbit antibody raised against residues 9-29 of the C5a receptor (i.e., C5aR; CD88), the signal transmitting element for the pro-inflammatory mediator C5a, we demonstrated that the mixture of proteinases in P. gingivalis vesicles cleaves the C5a receptor on human neutrophils. This vesicular proteinase activity did not require cysteine activation which indicates that proteinases other than the gingipains may be responsible for cleavage of the C5aR molecule. in addition, the purified Lys-gingipain, but not Arg-gingipain, also cleaved C5aR on the human neutrophils. The N-terminal region of CaR (residues 9-29, PDYGHYDDKDTLDLNTPVDKT) was readily cleaved by chymotrypsin, but not by trypsin, despite the presence of potential trypsin (i.e., lysyl-X) cleavage sites. The specific sites of C5aR 9-29 peptide cleavage were determined by mass spectroscopy for both chymotrypsin and Lys-gingipain. These studies suggest that the proteolytic activity in the bacterial vesicles that is responsible for cleaving C5aR is primarily a non-tryptic proteinase, distance from either Arg- or Lys-gingipain. Consequently, there appear to be additional proteinase(s) in the vesicles that attacks the cell surface molecule C5aR which are not the same (i.e., Arg- and Lys-gingipain) as were shown to generate pro-inflammatory activity from complement components C3 and C5. Evidence that the proteinases which attack the inflammatory precursor molecules (i.e., C3 and C5) exhibit different specificities than those that attack receptors to these bioactive complement products makes a particularly interesting story of how this bacteria avoids major host defense mechanisms. It is well known that generation of pro-inflammatory factors such as C3a and C5a at extra-vascular sites can promote edema, leukocyte recruitment and cellular activation responses that could lead to the release of toxic oxygen products and to phagocytosis of the bacteria. Destruction of receptors to these cellular activating factors generated by bacterial proteinases may eliminate the ability of these (i.e., complement-derived) and other mediators to carry out their anti-bacterial actions and thereby limit the host's defense mechanisms in responses to the infecting bacteria. The concept of anti-bacterial responses (i.e., oxygen radical generation and phagocytosis) being effectively eliminated at the injury site, by bacterial proteinases acting at the cellular receptor level, has not been studied in detail. In this case, the situation is particularly unusual because, once the bacterial gingipains generate potent plasma-derived inflammatory factors that can enhance edema and deliver essential nutrients to the bactgeria, other bacterial proteinases may destsroy their cellular receptors. These receptors transmit the signal activation mechanisms in the infiltrating cells that elicit bacterial killing.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED)
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M A Jagels
- Department of Immunology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wahlfors J, Meurman JH, Väisänen P, Alakuijala P, Korhonen A, Torkko H, Jänne J. Simultaneous detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans and Porphyromonas gingivalis by a rapid PCR method. J Dent Res 1995; 74:1796-801. [PMID: 8530743 DOI: 10.1177/00220345950740111301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The identification of periodontal pathogens by conventional methods is time-consuming and difficult. Therefore, a multiplex PCR method for simultaneous detection of Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans (A.a.) and Porphyromonas gingivalis (P.g.) was developed for rapid and easy determination of these risk-indicator bacteria in human periodontal disease. The PCR primers were designed to hybridize to various regions of 16S rRNA genes, and a hot-start technique was used to obtain maximum sensitivity and specificity. This method can detect both of these bacteria in subgingival plaque samples at concentrations as low as 5 to 50 cells per sample. The sensitivity, however, was even 10 times better when the bacteria were analyzed in a water suspension. Since the only step between sample collection and the actual analysis is a brief centrifugation of the patient sample, the detection can be readily carried out in four hours. The performance of the method was studied with 36 patient samples. The results showed that the PCR method detected A.a. (44% vs. 25%, respectively) and P.g. (56% vs. 42%, respectively) more often than the conventional culture in plaque samples. Thus, our multiplex PCR method is rapid and more effective than conventional protocols in detecting these periodontal pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Wahlfors
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, A.I. Virtanen Institute, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
48
|
Imamura T, Potempa J, Pike RN, Travis J. Dependence of vascular permeability enhancement on cysteine proteinases in vesicles of Porphyromonas gingivalis. Infect Immun 1995; 63:1999-2003. [PMID: 7729914 PMCID: PMC173256 DOI: 10.1128/iai.63.5.1999-2003.1995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Infection with Porphyromonas gingivalis is strongly associated with adult periodontitis, and proteinases are considered to be important virulent factors of the bacterium. In order to investigate the function of proteinases in disease development we examined vesicles, a biological carrier of these enzymes, for the generation of vascular permeability enhancement (VPE) activity, believed to correlate with the exudation of gingival crevicular fluid. The vesicles generated VPE activity from human plasma in a dose-dependent manner which could be inhibited 90% by antipain, a specific inhibitor of the Arg-specific cysteine proteinases (Arg-gingipains [RGPs] from P. gingivalis. Incubation of vesicles with high-molecular-weight-kininogen (HMWK)-deficient plasma did not result in VPE activity. On this basis, RGPs associated with vesicles were assumed to be responsible for most of the VPE activity generation via plasma prekallikrein activation and subsequent bradykinin production. The secondary pathway for VPE activity production was dependent on the direct release of bradykinin from HMWK by the concerted action of RGP and a Lys-specific cysteine proteinase (Lys-gingipain [KGP]), also associated with vesicles. These results indicate that RGP and KGP are biologically important VPE factors acting either via prekallikrein activation (RGP) and/or HMWK cleavage (RGP and KGP) to release BK and, thereby, contributing to the production of gingival crevicular fluid at periodontal sites infected with P. gingivalis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Imamura
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Georgia, Athens 30602, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
49
|
Duchesne P, Grenier D, Mayrand D. Demonstration of adherence properties of Porphyromonas gingivalis outer membrane vesicles using a new microassay. ORAL MICROBIOLOGY AND IMMUNOLOGY 1995; 10:76-80. [PMID: 7675522 DOI: 10.1111/j.1399-302x.1995.tb00122.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Vesicles made by Porphyromonas gingivalis possess several biological activities, including the ability to adhere to oral surfaces and to bacteria. In this study, a new and simple method was developed to measure the adherence capability of outer membrane vesicles from P. gingivalis. Vesicles were conjugated to fluorescent microspheres (0.7 micron) and added to wells of a Teflon-coated microscope slide previously covered with a variety of soluble ligands. After incubation and washes, the number of fluorescent microspheres per microscopic field were counted. Vesicle-coated microspheres attached best to gelatin (> 200 per field), whereas other compounds (such as fibronectin, fibrinogen, collagen and laminin) provided moderate attachment, and no attachment was observed to bovine serum albumin. Adherence to any of the tested ligands was not observed when fluorescent microspheres were conjugated to bovine serum albumin or lipopolysaccharides from P. gingivalis. The adherence of vesicle-coated microspheres to ligands was not significantly affected when the pH of the reaction mixture was between 4 and 10. None of the tested carbohydrates lowered the attachment capability of vesicle-coated microspheres to substrates. When vesicle-coated microspheres were treated with trypsin and chymotrypsin or heated, this resulted in a significant loss of attachment, suggesting a possible involvement of proteinaceous molecules in the process. The present study confirms that vesicles of P. gingivalis are capable of attachment to various molecules and indicate their potential role in colonization.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Duchesne
- Groupe de Recherche en Ecologie Buccale, Faculté de Médecine Dentaire, Université Laval, Quebec, Canada
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
50
|
Affiliation(s)
- J J Zambon
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, State University of New York at Buffalo, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|