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Miguez PA, Bash E, Musskopf ML, Tuin SA, Rivera-Concepcion A, Chapple ILC, Liu J. Control of tissue homeostasis by the extracellular matrix: Synthetic heparan sulfate as a promising therapeutic for periodontal health and bone regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2024; 94:510-531. [PMID: 37614159 PMCID: PMC10891305 DOI: 10.1111/prd.12515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 07/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/22/2023] [Indexed: 08/25/2023]
Abstract
Proteoglycans are core proteins associated with carbohydrate/sugar moieties that are highly variable in disaccharide composition, which dictates their function. These carbohydrates are named glycosaminoglycans, and they can be attached to proteoglycans or found free in tissues or on cell surfaces. Glycosaminoglycans such as hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfate, dermatan sulfate, keratan sulfate, and heparin/heparan sulfate have multiple functions including involvement in inflammation, immunity and connective tissue structure, and integrity. Heparan sulfate is a highly sulfated polysaccharide that is abundant in the periodontium including alveolar bone. Recent evidence supports the contention that heparan sulfate is an important player in modulating interactions between damage associated molecular patterns and inflammatory receptors expressed by various cell types. The structure of heparan sulfate is reported to dictate its function, thus, the utilization of a homogenous and structurally defined heparan sulfate polysaccharide for modulation of cell function offers therapeutic potential. Recently, a chemoenzymatic approach was developed to allow production of many structurally defined heparan sulfate carbohydrates. These oligosaccharides have been studied in various pathological inflammatory conditions to better understand their function and their potential application in promoting tissue homeostasis. We have observed that specific size and sulfation patterns can modulate inflammation and promote tissue maintenance including an anabolic effect in alveolar bone. Thus, new evidence provides a strong impetus to explore heparan sulfate as a potential novel therapeutic agent to treat periodontitis, support alveolar bone maintenance, and promote bone formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- PA Miguez
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - E Bash
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - ML Musskopf
- Division of Comprehensive Oral Health - Periodontology, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - SA Tuin
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - A Rivera-Concepcion
- Oral and Craniofacial Health Sciences, Adams School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC, USA
| | - ILC Chapple
- Periodontal Research Group, School of Dentistry, Institute of Clinical Sciences, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, Birmingham’s NIHR BRC in Inflammation Research, University of Birmingham and Birmingham Community Health Foundation Trust, Birmingham UK Iain Chapple
| | - J Liu
- Division of Chemical Biology and Medicinal Chemistry, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, NC, USA
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Asparuhova MB, Chappuis V, Stähli A, Buser D, Sculean A. Role of hyaluronan in regulating self-renewal and osteogenic differentiation of mesenchymal stromal cells and pre-osteoblasts. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3923-3937. [PMID: 32236725 PMCID: PMC7544712 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03259-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Objectives The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of two hyaluronan (HA) formulations on the osteogenic potential of osteoblast precursors. Materials and methods Proliferation rates of HA-treated mesenchymal stromal ST2 and pre-osteoblastic MC3T3-E1 cells were determined by 5-bromo-20-deoxyuridine (BrdU) assay. Expression of genes encoding osteogenic differentiation markers, critical growth, and stemness factors as well as activation of downstream signaling pathways in the HA-treated cells were analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR) and immunoblot techniques. Results The investigated HAs strongly stimulated the growth of the osteoprogenitor lines and enhanced the expression of genes encoding bone matrix proteins. However, expression of late osteogenic differentiation markers was significantly inhibited, accompanied by decreased bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) signaling. The expression of genes encoding transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) and fibroblast growth factor-1 (FGF-1) as well as the phosphorylation of the downstream signaling molecules Smad2 and Erk1/2 were enhanced upon HA treatment. We observed significant upregulation of the transcription factor Sox2 and its direct transcription targets and critical stemness genes, Yap1 and Bmi1, in HA-treated cells. Moreover, prominent targets of the canonical Wnt signaling pathway showed reduced expression, whereas inhibitors of the pathway were considerably upregulated. We detected decrease of active β-catenin levels in HA-treated cells due to β-catenin being phosphorylated and, thus, targeted for degradation. Conclusions HA strongly induces the growth of osteoprogenitors and maintains their stemness, thus potentially regulating the balance between self-renewal and differentiation during bone regeneration following reconstructive oral surgeries. Clinical relevance Addition of HA to deficient bone or bony defects during implant or reconstructive periodontal surgeries may be a viable approach for expanding adult stem cells without losing their replicative and differentiation capabilities. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1007/s00784-020-03259-8) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Asparuhova
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, Dental Research Center, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 3, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland. .,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland.
| | - Vivianne Chappuis
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Alexandra Stähli
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Daniel Buser
- Department of Oral Surgery and Stomatology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, 3010, Bern, Switzerland
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Tenorio D, Cruchley A, Hughes FJ. Immunocytochemical investigation of the rat cementoblast phenotype. J Periodontal Res 2018. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.1993.28.6.411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Asparuhova MB, Kiryak D, Eliezer M, Mihov D, Sculean A. Activity of two hyaluronan preparations on primary human oral fibroblasts. J Periodontal Res 2018; 54:33-45. [PMID: 30264516 PMCID: PMC6586051 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12602] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2018] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Background and Objective The potential benefit of using hyaluronan (HA) in reconstructive periodontal surgery is still a matter of debate. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the effects of two HA formulations on human oral fibroblasts involved in soft tissue wound healing/regeneration. Material and Methods Metabolic, proliferative and migratory abilities of primary human palatal and gingival fibroblasts were examined upon HA treatment. To uncover the mechanisms whereby HA influences cellular behavior, wound healing‐related gene expression and activation of signaling kinases were analyzed by qRT‐PCR and immunoblotting, respectively. Results The investigated HA formulations maintained the viability of oral fibroblasts and increased their proliferative and migratory abilities. They enhanced expression of genes encoding type III collagen and transforming growth factor‐β3, characteristic of scarless wound healing. The HAs upregulated the expression of genes encoding pro‐proliferative, pro‐migratory, and pro‐inflammatory factors, with only a moderate effect on the latter in gingival fibroblasts. In palatal but not gingival fibroblasts, an indirect effect of HA on the expression of matrix metalloproteinases 2 and 3 was detected, potentially exerted through induction of pro‐inflammatory cytokines. Finally, our data pointed on Akt, Erk1/2 and p38 as the signaling molecules whereby the HAs exert their effects on oral fibroblasts. Conclusion Both investigated HA formulations are biocompatible and enhance the proliferative, migratory and wound healing properties of cell types involved in soft tissue wound healing following regenerative periodontal surgery. Our data further suggest that in gingival tissues, the HAs are not likely to impair the healing process by prolonging inflammation or causing excessive MMP expression at the repair site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria B Asparuhova
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deniz Kiryak
- Laboratory of Oral Cell Biology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland.,Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Meizi Eliezer
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Deyan Mihov
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Anton Sculean
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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Arzate H, Zeichner-David M, Mercado-Celis G. Cementum proteins: role in cementogenesis, biomineralization, periodontium formation and regeneration. Periodontol 2000 2014; 67:211-33. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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Makeudom A, Kulpawaropas S, Montreekachon P, Khongkhunthian S, Sastraruji T, Pothacharoen P, Kongtawelert P, Krisanaprakornkit S. Positive correlations between hCAP18/LL-37 and chondroitin sulphate levels in chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2013; 41:252-61. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12216] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Anupong Makeudom
- Division of Clinical Immunology; Department of Medical Technology; Faculty of Associated Medical Sciences; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Samakorn Kulpawaropas
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Pattanin Montreekachon
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Sakornrat Khongkhunthian
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Periodontology; Faculty of Dentistry, Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Thanapat Sastraruji
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Peraphan Pothacharoen
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells; Department of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry; Faculty of Medicine; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Prachya Kongtawelert
- Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineering and Stem Cells; Department of Biochemistry and Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry; Faculty of Medicine; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
| | - Suttichai Krisanaprakornkit
- Department of Oral Biology and Diagnostic Sciences; Faculty of Dentistry; Chiang Mai University; Chiang Mai Thailand
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Insee K, Pothacharoen P, Kongtawelert P, Ongchai S, Jotikasthira D, Krisanaprakornkit S. Comparisons of the chondroitin sulphate levels in orthodontically moved canines and the clinical outcomes between two different force magnitudes. Eur J Orthod 2013; 36:39-46. [PMID: 23535117 DOI: 10.1093/ejo/cjs109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were to compare the chondroitin sulphate (CS) levels in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) of moved canines using either 70 or 120 g of orthodontic force, and to compare the rate of tooth movement and the amount of pain between these two force magnitudes. Sixteen patients (6 males and 10 females; aged 16.91 ± 2.99 years), with class I malocclusion, who required orthodontic treatment with first premolar extractions, were recruited. The force magnitudes used to move the maxillary canines distally were controlled at 70 and 120 g on the right and the left sides, respectively. GCF samples were collected with Periopaper(®) strips before and during orthodontic tooth movement. Competitive ELISA with monoclonal antibody was used to measure the CS levels. The distance of tooth movement and the amount of pain assessed by visual analog scale (VAS) scores were evaluated. The medians of CS levels during the loaded period were significantly greater than those during the unloaded period (P < 0.05). The differences between the medians of CS levels of 70 g and 120 g retraction force during each 1 week period were not significant. There was no significant difference in the rates of canine movement between these two force magnitudes. However, using 120 g, the medians of VAS scores were significantly greater than those with 70 g (P < 0.05). Collectively, 70 g retraction force appears to be sufficient and more suitable than 120 g force as it causes no difference in biochemically-assessed bone remodelling activity, the same rate of tooth movement, reduced pain and better comfort.
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Mazzoni A, Pashley DH, Ruggeri A, Vita F, Falconi M, Di Lenarda R, Breschi L. Adhesion to chondroitinase ABC treated dentin. J Biomed Mater Res B Appl Biomater 2008; 86:228-36. [PMID: 18161809 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.b.31010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Dentin bonding relies on complete resin impregnation throughout the demineralised hydrophilic collagen mesh. Chondroitin sulphate-glycosaminoglycans are claimed to regulate the three-dimensional arrangement of the dentin organic matrix and its hydrophilicity. The aim of this study was to investigate bond strength of two etch-and-rinse adhesives to chondroitinase ABC treated dentin. Human extracted molars were treated with chondroitinase ABC and a double labeling immunohistochemical technique was applied to reveal type I collagen and chondroitin 4/6 sulphate distribution under field emission in-lens scanning electron microscope. The immunohistochemical technique confirmed the effective removal of chondroitin 4/6 sulphate after the enzymatic treatment. Dentin surfaces exposed to chondroitinase ABC and untreated specimens prepared on untreated acid-etched dentin were bonded with Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose or Prime and Bond NT. Bonded specimens were submitted to microtensile testing and nanoleakage interfacial analysis under transmission electron microscope. Increased mean values of microtensile bond strength and reduced nanoleakage expression were found for both adhesives after chondroitinase ABC treatment of the dentin surface. Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose increased its bond strength about 28%, while bonding made with Prime and Bond NT almost doubled (92% increase) compared to untreated specimens. This study supports the hypothesis that adhesion can be enhanced by removal of chondroitin 4/6 sulphate and dermatan sulphate, probably due to a reduced amount of water content and enlarged interfibrillar spaces. Further studies should validate this hypothesis investigating the stability of chondroitin 4/6 and dermatan sulphate-depleted dentin bonded interface over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annalisa Mazzoni
- Department of SAU and FAL, University of Bologna, Bologna, Italy
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9
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Khongkhunthian S, Srimueang N, Krisanaprakornkit S, Pattanaporn K, Ong-Chai S, Kongtawelert P. Raised chondroitin sulphate WF6 epitope levels in gingival crevicular fluid in chronic periodontitis. J Clin Periodontol 2008; 35:871-6. [PMID: 18727658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2008.01312.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To determine the levels of chondroitin sulphate (CS) WF6 epitope, recognized by WF6 monoclonal antibody, in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) from different stages of periodontal disease and healthy periodontium, and to correlate those levels with clinical parameters. MATERIAL AND METHODS GCF samples, collected from 389 sites, were analysed for the WF6 epitope levels by the competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS The median WF6 epitope level was significantly higher in chronic periodontitis sites (n=185) than in healthy and gingivitis sites (n=204) (p<0.001), whereas the median levels did not significantly differ between healthy (n=65) and gingivitis sites (n=139). The median level in severe periodontitis sites (n=60) was significantly higher than that in moderate periodontitis sites (n=63) (p=0.019). Similarly, the median level in moderate periodontitis sites was significantly higher than that in slight periodontitis sites (n=62) (p=0.001). The WF6 epitope levels significantly correlated with probing depth (r=0.777, p=0.001) and loss of clinical attachment level (r=0.814, p=0.001). CONCLUSION Elevated CS WF6 epitope levels in GCF are associated with severity of periodontitis. The WF6 antibody may therefore be clinically applied to monitor disease severity and progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakornrat Khongkhunthian
- Department of Periodontology, Thailand Excellence Center for Tissue Engineerig, Faculty of Medicine, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai, Thailand
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10
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Tsuchiya S, Honda MJ, Shinohara Y, Saito M, Ueda M. Collagen type I matrix affects molecular and cellular behavior of purified porcine dental follicle cells. Cell Tissue Res 2007; 331:447-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s00441-007-0532-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2007] [Accepted: 10/01/2007] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Ho SP, Sulyanto RM, Marshall SJ, Marshall GW. The cementum-dentin junction also contains glycosaminoglycans and collagen fibrils. J Struct Biol 2005; 151:69-78. [PMID: 15964205 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsb.2005.05.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2005] [Revised: 04/29/2005] [Accepted: 05/03/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The presence of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and their contribution to mechanical properties of the cementum-dentin junction (CDJ) were investigated using nanometer scale characterization techniques. Five to two millimeter thick transverse sections from the apical ends of human molars were ultrasectioned at room temperature under wet conditions using a diamond knife and an ultramicrotome. The structure of the CDJ under dry and wet conditions before and after digestion of GAGs and collagen fibrils was studied using an atomic force microscope (AFM). The mechanical properties of the untreated and enzyme treated CDJ under wet conditions were studied using an AFM-based nanoindenter. GAG digestion was performed for 1, 3, and 5 h at 37 degrees C using chondroitinase-ABC. Collagen fibril digestion was performed for 24 and 48 h at 37 degrees C using collagenase. As reported previously, AFM scans of dry untreated CDJ (control) revealed a valley, which transformed into a peak under wet conditions. The height differences relative to cementum and dentin of untreated and treated CDJ were determined by measuring the CDJ profile under dry and wet conditions. The depth of the valley of GAG and collagen-digested CDJ was greater than that of undigested CDJ under dry conditions. The height of the peak of GAG-digested CDJ was significantly higher than that of the undigested CDJ under wet conditions. The collagen-digested CDJ under wet conditions is assumed to form a valley because of the removal of collagen fibrils from the CDJ. However, the depth of the valley was lower compared to the depth under dry conditions. Wet AFM-based nanoindentation showed that the elastic modulus and hardness of control (3.3+/-1.2 and 0.08+/-0.03 GPa) were significantly higher (ANOVA & SNK, P < 0.05) than chondroitinase-ABC treated CDJ (0.9+/-0.4 and 0.02+/-0.004 GPa) and collagenase treated CDJ (1.5+/-0.6 and 0.04+/-0.01 GPa). No significant difference in mechanical properties between chondroitinase-ABC and collagenase treated CDJ was observed. Based on the results it was concluded that the 10-50 microm wide CDJ is a composite that includes, chondroitin-4-sulfate, chondroitin-6-sulfate, and possibly dermatan sulfate, and collagen fibrils. The association of GAGs with the collagen fibrils provides the observed controlled hydration and partially contributes toward the stiffness of the CDJ under wet conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunita P Ho
- Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, 707 Parnassus Avenue, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143-0758, USA
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Giannobile WV, Al-Shammari KF, Sarment DP. Matrix molecules and growth factors as indicators of periodontal disease activity. Periodontol 2000 2003; 31:125-34. [PMID: 12656999 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0757.2003.03108.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ho SP, Balooch M, Goodis HE, Marshall GW, Marshall SJ. Ultrastructure and nanomechanical properties of cementum dentin junction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2003; 68:343-51. [PMID: 14704976 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.20061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
The attachment between cementum and dentin has been given several definitions and nomenclature, including: interzonal layer, intermediate cementum, collagen hiatus, Hopewell-Smith's hyaline layer, and more commonly, cementum-dentin junction (CDJ). Understanding the attachment of two structurally dissimilar hard tissues such as cementum and dentin defined by a junction may provide information necessary to engineer functionally graded materials that can be used for efficient tooth restorations in clinical dentistry and other bioengineering applications. Hence, in this study, as a first step toward understanding the CDJ using a biomechanical approach, it was hypothesized that the CDJ between cementum and dentin is a wide zone with mechanical properties significantly lower than the neighboring tissues. The structure of the CDJ was studied using an atomic force microscope (AFM), and site-specific mechanical response of the three regions; cementum, CDJ, and dentin were determined using an AFM-nanoindenter under dry and wet conditions. The AFM results of the CDJ demonstrated a valley under dry conditions and a peak under wet conditions. The magnitude of the depth of the valley was approximately the same as the height of the peak of the CDJ, ranging from 10 to 40 microm. The nanomechanical properties under dry conditions indicated no significant difference (p > 0.05) in elastic modulus and hardness of the CDJ (Er = 17.5 +/- 2.7 GPa, H = 0.6 +/- 0.1 GPa) and cementum (Er = 18.7 +/- 2.5 GPa, H = 0.6 +/- 0.1 GPa). The mechanical properties of the CDJ were significantly lower (p << 0.05) than dentin (Er = 19.9 +/- 2.9 GPa, H = 0.6 +/- 0.1 GPa) under dry conditions. However, under more relevant hydrated conditions, the mechanical properties of CDJ (Er 3.0 +/- 0.7 GPa, H = 0.1 +/- 0.0 GPa) were significantly lower (p << 0.05) than those of cementum (Er 6.8 +/- 1.9 GPa, H = 0.2 +/- 0.1 GPa) and dentin (Er 9.4 +/- 2.3 GPa, H = 0.3 +/- 0.1 GPa). Based on the results from this study, it can be concluded that the CDJ can be regarded as a wide zone containing large quantities of proteins including collagen that contribute to hydration and significantly reduce mechanical properties, compared with the adjacent hard tissues, cementum, and dentin. The lower mechanical properties of the CDJ may make it possible for it to redistribute occlusal loads to the alveolar bone.
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Affiliation(s)
- S P Ho
- Department of Preventive and Restorative Dental Sciences, Division of Biomaterials and Bioengineering, University of California San Francisco, Box 0758, D 2246, San Francisco, California 94143, USA
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Boopathy R, Robichaux M, LaFont D, Howell M. Activity of sulfate-reducing bacteria in human periodontal pocket. Can J Microbiol 2002; 48:1099-103. [PMID: 12619823 DOI: 10.1139/w02-104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Samples of subgingival dental tissues were examined for the presence of sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB). Using enrichment cultures, SRBs were detected in 9 of 17 individuals. A pure culture of SRB was obtained from one sample collected from a patient with type IV periodontal disease. The characterization of this isolate showed that it belongs to the genus Desulfovibrio. The isolate used pyruvate, lactate, glucose, fructose, and ethanol as the sole source of carbon. However, the isolate was unable to use acetate and methanol as a carbon source, indicating it as an incomplete oxidizer unable to carry out the terminal oxidation of substrates. Apart from using sulfate as electron acceptor, the isolate also used thiosulfate and nitrate as an electron acceptor. It has the ability to use a variety of nitrogen sources, including ammonium chloride, nitrate, and glutamate. The optimum growth temperature of the isolate was 37 degrees C and the optimum pH for growth was 6.8. The SRB isolate contained the electron carrier desulfoviridin. The numbers of SRB in the mouth are assumed to be limited by sulfate. Potential sources of sulfate in the subgingival area include free sulfate in pocket fluid and glycosaminoglycans and sulfur-containing amino acids from periodontal tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Boopathy
- Department of Biological Sciences, Nicholls State University, Thibodaux, LA 70310, USA.
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Breschi L, Lopes M, Gobbi P, Mazzotti G, Falconi M, Perdigão J. Dentin proteoglycans: an immunocytochemical FEISEM study. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL MATERIALS RESEARCH 2002; 61:40-6. [PMID: 12001244 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.10102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Dentin proteoglycans are fundamental constituents of the dentin matrix and are distributed ubiquitously both in dentin and cement. They have several important functional properties; in particular, they have a fundamental role in the maintenance and the correct stabilization of collagen fibers. The use of phosphoric acid on dentin, as proposed in most common dental adhesive systems to establish a reliable bond, may affect the molecular structure of proteoglycans. The aim of this study was to evaluate, after the application of EDTA or phosphoric acid on dentin, the dentin proteoglycans with an immunocytochemical approach with high resolution SEM. For this purpose, dentin disks obtained from recently extracted human molars were etched with a 35% water solution of phosphoric acid for 15 s, 30 s, and 60 s. Control specimens were conditioned with EDTA. Specimens were immunolabeled with a monoclonal antibody antichondroitin sulfate and visualized with a gold-conjugated secondary antibody. Conditioning dentin with EDTA resulted in a distinct labeling of the proteoglycans, as visualized on branching fibrillar structures in the order of 10-20 nm. The use of 35% phosphoric acid on dentin revealed a coagulation of proteoglycans after etching for 15 s while a very low labeling signal was detectable after 30 s. No labeling was obtained after etching dentin with phosphoric acid for 60 s. These results suggest that the use of 35% phosphoric acid on dentin is able to produce significant structural modifications of the dentin proteoglycans even after short application times. Additionally, when applied on the dentin surface for more than 30 s, phosphoric acid produces a dramatic decrease in proteoglycans' antigenicity, probably due to structural modifications of the three-dimensional conformation of these molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Breschi
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Società, University of Cassino, (FR), Italy.
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Ababneh KT, Hall RC, Embery G. Immunolocalization of glycosaminoglycans in ageing, healthy and periodontally diseased human cementum. Arch Oral Biol 1998; 43:235-46. [PMID: 9631176 DOI: 10.1016/s0003-9969(98)00001-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The distribution of glycosaminoglycans in the extracellular matrix of human cementum was investigated in periodontally involved and periodontal disease-free teeth separated into eight different age groups (from 12 to 90 years), to investigate possible changes in the distribution of glycosaminoglycan species associated with ageing and periodontal disease. A standard indirect immunoperoxidase technique was used, with a panel of monoclonal antibodies, 2B6, 3B3, 5D4, and 7D4, that recognize epitopes in chondroitin-4-sulphate/dermatan sulphate (C-4S/DS), chondroitin-6-sulphate (C-6S), keratan sulphate (KS) and a novel sulphated chondroitin sulphate (CS) epitope, respectively. Intense positive staining for C4-S/DS was observed at the margins and lumina of almost all the lacunae and canaliculi in cellular cementum in all sections. Immunoreactivity to C6-S, KS and novel CS epitopes was limited to a proportion of lacunae and canaliculi in all sections, although C6-S and the novel CS epitopes were more widely distributed than KS. In acellular cementum, there was no demonstrable staining for any of the glycosaminoglycans except where periodontal ligament (Sharpey's) fibres insert; periodontal ligament fibres inserting in cellular cementum also demonstrated positive immunoreactivity. In addition, the cementoblasts on the outer root surface, as well as the pericellular areas around a proportion of these cells, demonstrated positive immunoreactivity. These results indicate that glycosaminoglycan species present in human cementum include C4-S, DS, C6-S, and novel sulphated CS epitopes. KS is also present in cementum but is limited to a more restricted proportion of lacunae and canaliculi. Regional differences in the distribution of glycosaminoglycans exist between the two cementum types, but no qualitative differences in that distribution were observed between the various age groups or between periodontally involved and periodontal disease-free teeth. The immunoreactivity observed in a proportion of lacunae after staining for C6-S, KS, and novel sulphated CS epitopes could suggest the existence of different cementocyte subpopulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- K T Ababneh
- Department of Basic Dental Science, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, U.K
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17
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Hall RC, Embery G. The use of immunohistochemistry in understanding the structure and function of the extracellular matrix of dental tissues. Adv Dent Res 1997; 11:478-86. [PMID: 9470508 DOI: 10.1177/08959374970110041601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The availability of monoclonal and polyclonal antibodies directed toward the recognition of epitopes in a variety of extracellular matrix components of the dentition represents a powerful tool in the investigation of the structure and biology of dental tissues in health and disease. The immunolocalization of both whole molecule structures and specific regions of molecules has the potential to yield information on tooth development, the effects of aging, changes in tooth structure during the initiation and progression of the caries process, together with the response of the tooth to restorative treatment. This review reports on current research to elucidate the role of extracellular matrices of enamel, dentin, cementum, and bone. Attention is directed at the use of antibodies toward the small leucine-rich proteoglycans such as decorin and biglycan, in addition to their glycosaminoglycan chains. Antibodies are also being developed toward dental tissue-specific macromolecules such as phosphophoryn and amelogenin; the use of these antibodies will increase our understanding of the role of these macromolecules in mineralized tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Hall
- Department of Basic Dental Science, University of Wales College of Medicine, Cardiff, UK
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18
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Affiliation(s)
- D D Bosshardt
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, University of Montreal, Quebec, Canada
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19
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McKee MD, Zalzal S, Nanci A. Extracellular matrix in tooth cementum and mantle dentin: localization of osteopontin and other noncollagenous proteins, plasma proteins, and glycoconjugates by electron microscopy. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 1996; 245:293-312. [PMID: 8769669 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1097-0185(199606)245:2<293::aid-ar13>3.0.co;2-k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Noncollagenous proteins (NCPs) are considered to have multiple functions related to the formation, turnover, and repair of the collagen-based mineralized tissues. Collectively, they comprise a class of generally acidic, mineral-binding proteins showing extensive posttranslational modifications, including glycosylation, phosphorylation, and sulfation. METHODS. We have used colloidal-gold immunocytochemistry and lectin-gold cytochemistry, together with transmission electron microscopy, to examine the organic matrix composition of tooth cementum and the subjacent mantle dentin in rodent molar teeth. Molars were processed for immunocytochemistry using antibodies against osteopontin (OPN), osteocalcin (OC), bone sialoprotein (BSP), bone acidic glycoprotein-75 (BAG-75), albumin (ALB), and alpha 2HS-glycoprotein (alpha 2HS-GP), or for glycoconjugate cytochemistry using lectin-gold complexes. RESULTS Ultrastructurally, at the advancing root edge in developing molars, OPN and BSP initially were associated with small calcification foci in the mantle dentin. With progressing mineralization, OC and alpha 2HS-GP appeared diffusely distributed throughout the calcified mantle dentin, and diminished as a gradient toward the circumpulpal dentin. Immediately following disruption of Hertwig's epithelial root sheath, cementum deposition commenced at the root surface occasionally with the appearance of a cement line rich in OPN. Cementum matrix proper contained abundant OPN, BSP, OC, and alpha 2HS-GP, but no or little BAG-75 or ALB. Protein immunolabeling, as well as lectin labeling for beta-D-galactose and N-acetyl-neuraminic acid and/or N-glycolyl-neuraminic acid, both being prominent sugars of certain NCPs, was primarily concentrated between, and at the surface of, collagen fibrils in acellular extrinsic fiber cementum. OPN, BSP, OC, and alpha 2HS-GP were also prominent components of cellular cementum and of Sharpey's fibers. In cellular cementum, laminae limitantes sometimes present delimiting cementocyte lacunae and cell process-containing canaliculi were also rich in OPN. Along the root surface, occasional cementoblasts exhibited intracellular labeling for OPN over the Golgi apparatus and secretory granules. CONCLUSIONS We have identified OPN, BSP, OC, and alpha 2HS-GP as being prominent organic constituents of both mantle dentin and acellular and cellular cementum, and, have elucidated the details of their distribution at the ultrastructural level. The temporal appearance and spatial distribution of these organic moieties in the teeth root are similar to those seen during bone formation and are consistent with proposals that certain NCPs may be involved in regulating calcification and/or participating in cell-matrix and matrix-matrix/mineral adhesion events.
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Affiliation(s)
- M D McKee
- Department of Stomatology, Faculty of Dentistry, Université de Montréal, Quebec, Canada
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20
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Wu D, Ikezawa K, Parker T, Saito M, Narayanan AS. Characterization of a collagenous cementum-derived attachment protein. J Bone Miner Res 1996; 11:686-92. [PMID: 9157784 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650110517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We report further characterization of a cementum-derived protein that promotes the adhesion and spreading of periodontal cells. The cementum attachment protein (CAP) was extracted from bovine cementum, separated by diethylamino ethyl (DEAE)-cellulose chromatography, and purified by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and C18 reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography. The purified preparation contained a single protein band migrating with M(r) 56,000. It did not cross-react with polyclonal antibodies to osteopontin, vitronectin, or other attachment proteins. The attachment activity was resistant to chondroitinase ABC digestion. An internal amino acid sequence of six peptides was determined by microsequencing, and the peptide sequences were not present in other attachment proteins described in cementum. Four sequences contained Gly-X-Y repeats typical of collagen helix. One 17 amino acid peptide had 82% homology with a type XII collagen domain. However, bovine type XII collagen did not promote fibroblast attachment. Although another 19-amino-acid-long peptide had 95% homology to bovine alpha 1 [I], two other peptides were only 74% and 68% homologous, and the CAP was not recognized by anti-type I collagen antibody. The attachment activity of CAP was susceptible to bacterial collagenase. The CAP did not cross-react with antibodies to type V, XII, and XIV collagens. These data and our previous immunostaining data indicate that the CAP is not related to other collagens or attachment proteins and that it is a collagenous attachment protein localized in cementum.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Wu
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, USA
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21
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Narayanan AS, Bartold PM. Biochemistry of periodontal connective tissues and their regeneration: a current perspective. Connect Tissue Res 1996; 34:191-201. [PMID: 9023048 DOI: 10.3109/03008209609000698] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- A S Narayanan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195-7470, USA
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22
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Bartold PM. Turnover in periodontal connective tissues: dynamic homeostasis of cells, collagen and ground substances. Oral Dis 1995; 1:238-53. [PMID: 8705832 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.1995.tb00189.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The connective tissues of the periodontium are composed of two soft tissues and two hard tissues--each of which has unique features. This review considers the constituents of normal, healthy periodontal connective tissues together with an appraisal of the changes in the connective tissue matrices of the periodontium which occur during the development of periodontitis. Recent developments in this field have paved the way for new and exciting vistas in periodontal diagnosis and regeneration which, ultimately, are two important goals in periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Bartold
- Department of Dentistry, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia
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23
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Pitaru S, Narayanan SA, Olson S, Savion N, Hekmati H, Alt I, Metzger Z. Specific cementum attachment protein enhances selectively the attachment and migration of periodontal cells to root surfaces. J Periodontal Res 1995; 30:360-8. [PMID: 7494179 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1995.tb01288.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
A specific cementum attachment protein (CAP) was identified in human cementum and found to bind with high affinity to non-demineralized root surfaces, hydroxyapatite and fibronectin. Attempting to elucidate the biological function of this protein and its possible role in cementogenesis the capacity of CAP to promote selective cell migration towards and attachment of various periodontal derived cell populations to root surfaces in vitro was assessed. Human gingival fibroblasts (HGF), periodontal ligament cells (HPC), and alveolar bone cells (HABC) were labeled with [3H]Thymidine during their exponential growth phase. Root slices, 300 microns thick, were incubated with increasing concentrations of CAP. Untreated and fibronectin (FN) treated root slices served as negative and positive controls, respectively. Migration was assessed by placing root slices on confluent layers of labeled cells maintained in serum free medium and determining the number of cells migrated onto the root surface 3 days thereafter. Attachment was assessed by incubating root slices with labeled cell suspensions for 2 h and determining the number of attached cells. CAP promoted both cell migration and attachment dose dependently. HABC responded better than HPC and HGF to CAP treated root slices, and HPC response was higher than that of HGF. Cell attachment was dose dependently inhibited by synthetic RGD peptides. FN did not affect the migration of HGF, barely enhanced that of HABC, and was less potent than CAP at enhancing the migration of HPC. FN was more effective than CAP in promoting the attachment of HGF to root slices, but it was as potent as CAP in supporting the attachment of HPC and HABC.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- S Pitaru
- Goldschleger School of Dental Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Israel
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24
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Narayanan AS, Ikezawa K, Wu D, Pitaru S. Cementum specific components which influence periodontal connective tissue cells. Connect Tissue Res 1995; 33:19-21. [PMID: 7554953 DOI: 10.3109/03008209509016976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We have isolated two polypeptides from cementum one of which promotes the growth and the other the attachment of periodontal cells. One polypeptide, the cementum derived growth factor (CGF), was extracted from healthy human and bovine teeth by 1 M CH3COOH and purified by heparin-affinity chromatography and HPLC. The CGF is a 23 kDa polypeptide which is mitogenic to fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. It is active alone, but its activity is highly potentiated by plasma-derived serum or EGF. It induces classical mitogenic signaling events, which include Ca++ mobilization, inositol phosphate hydrolysis, activation of phosphokinase C (PKC) and transcription of cellular protooncogenes c-fos and jun-B. The magnitude and pattern of activation of signaling events and their susceptibility to PKC inhibitors and pertussis toxin indicated that the CGF may be a distinct molecular species. The CAP is a 55 kDa polypeptide which promotes the attachment and spreading of fibroblasts, smooth muscle cells, bone cells and endothelial cells, but not epithelial cells. Antibodies to CAP immunostain cementum, but not other tissues. Root surfaces bind CAP. The CGF and CAP do not appear to be present in adjacent periodontal structures. Our data show that the CAP and CGF selectively interact with periodontal cell populations and affect their biological activities, and thus may influence the formation and regeneration of periodontal connective tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- A S Narayanan
- Department of Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle 98195, USA
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25
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Kirkham J, Brookes SJ, Shore RC, Bonass WA, Robinson C. The effect of glycosylaminoglycans on the mineralization of sheep periodontal ligament in vitro. Connect Tissue Res 1995; 33:23-9. [PMID: 7554959 DOI: 10.3109/03008209509016977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
The effect of removal of glycosylaminoglycans on the mineralization of sheep periodontal ligament was determined using enzyme digests followed by incubation in solutions supersaturated with respect to hydroxyapatite at pH 7.4. TEM revealed that control periodontal ligament remained unmineralized. However, tissue from which glycosylaminoglycans had been removed contained plate-like crystals arranged parallel to and within the collagen fibrils. Electron probe and electron diffraction studies suggested that the crystals were apatitic with a similar order of crystallinity to dentine, and a Ca:P ratio of 1.61. In addition, the glycosylaminoglycan content of periodontal ligament, cementum and alveolar bone was compared using cellulose acetate electrophoresis. Periodontal ligament contained predominantly dermatan sulfate while cementum and alveolar bone contained mostly chondroitin sulfate. A role for glycosylaminoglycans in maintaining the unmineralized state of the periodontal ligament is suggested. Control of expression of specific proteoglycan species on a spatially restricted basis is presumably central to this role.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Kirkham
- Division of Oral Biology, Leeds Dental Institute, University of Leeds, United Kingdom
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26
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Bertolami CN, Messadi DV. The role of proteoglycans in hard and soft tissue repair. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1994; 5:311-37. [PMID: 7703326 DOI: 10.1177/10454411940050030601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Healing of soft and hard tissues results from a progression of events initiated by injury and directed toward reestablishing normal structure and function. The ubiquity of proteoglycans in mammalian tissues virtually guarantees their involvement in tissue restitution. The dramatic advances in cellular and molecular biology in recent years have added significantly to understanding the specific roles played by proteoglycans in wound repair processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- C N Bertolami
- Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, School of Dentistry, University of California, Los Angeles 90024-1668, USA
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27
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Samuels RH, Pender N, Last KS. The effects of orthodontic tooth movement on the glycosaminoglycan components of gingival crevicular fluid. J Clin Periodontol 1993; 20:371-7. [PMID: 8501278 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.1993.tb00375.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
In this study, gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) was collected from around a canine tooth, in children, before and during orthodontic tooth movement. The aim was to identify and quantify the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) components of GCF and relate them to tooth movement, gingival inflammation, plaque accumulation, pocket probing depth and GCF volume recorded at the site of sampling. GAG in GCF samples, collected for a 15-min period into microcapillary tubes, were separated electrophoretically, stained with Alcian blue and quantified using a laser densitometer. 2 GAG components of hyaluronic acid (HA) and chondroitin sulphate (CS) were identified. The increase in GCF volume during orthodontic tooth movement was only partly due to increased gingival inflammation. GAG levels varied with different types of orthodontic tooth movement. In GCF, levels of CS, in particular, may reflect the changes in the deeper periodontal tissues which could be monitored during orthodontic tooth movements.
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Affiliation(s)
- R H Samuels
- Department of Clinical Dental Sciences, School of Dentistry, University of Liverpool, UK
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28
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Yonemura K, Narayanan AS, Miki Y, Page RC, Okada H. Isolation and partial characterization of a growth factor from human cementum. BONE AND MINERAL 1992; 18:187-98. [PMID: 1392693 DOI: 10.1016/0169-6009(92)90806-o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Cementum is the mineralized interface through which collagen fibers of periodontal connective tissues are anchored onto the tooth surface. We have isolated and partially characterized a mitogenic factor from human cementum which has properties different from other growth factors. Cementum was harvested from healthy human teeth, extracted in 1.0 M CH3COOH and mitogenic activities were fractionated by heparin-affinity chromatography. Proteins eluted by 0.4-0.6 M NaCl, which contained most of the cementum mitogenic activity, were precipitated by trichloroacetic acid and resolved by HPLC through ion-exchange and reverse-phase columns. NaDodSO4-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis revealed that the purified preparation contained a M(r) 23,000 protein and this protein was associated with mitogenic activity. The purified cementum-derived growth factor (CGF) was active alone, but at suboptimal concentrations its activity was potentiated by small quantities of plasma-derived serum and epidermal growth factor (EGF). The activity was resistant to heat, but it was destroyed by trypsin digestion. Reduction and alkylation destroyed the mitogenic activity, however electrophoretic mobility was not affected. Binding of EGF to fibroblast membranes was not affected by the CGF and assays to detect platelet-derived growth factor were negative. These characteristics indicated that CGF is a distinct molecular species. Our data show that cementum contains several mitogenic factors and that CGF is the major cementum mitogen.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Yonemura
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle
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29
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Okazaki J, Kamada A, Gonda Y, Sakaki T. Analysis of chondroitin sulfate isomers in the periodontium of the monkey using high-performance liquid chromatography. J Periodontal Res 1992; 27:484-8. [PMID: 1403577 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1992.tb01821.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycan (GAG) was extracted from monkey periodontium, consisting of gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone and cementum, and from dental pulp and dentin by digestion with Pronase E. Unsaturated disaccharide isomers formed by chondroitinase AC digestion from chondroitin sulfate were labeled with dansylhydrazine and analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography. These tissues showed different molar ratios of the unsaturated chondroitin sulfate disaccharides. The ratio of delta Di-4S to delta Di-6S was lowest in the dental pulp, followed by the gingiva, periodontal ligament, dentin, alveolar bone, and cementum, in that order. It was greater in the calcified than in the uncalcified tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Okazaki
- First Department of Prosthodontics, Osaka Dental University, Japan
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30
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Arzate H, Olson SW, Page RC, Narayanan AS. Isolation of human tumor cells that produce cementum proteins in culture. BONE AND MINERAL 1992; 18:15-30. [PMID: 1422295 DOI: 10.1016/0169-6009(92)90796-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have cultured cells from explants of a human cementum tumor. The cells obtained were multipolar, they formed network-like structures and they were alkaline-phosphatase positive. Immunostaining and Western blots using specific antibodies revealed that these cells produced bone sialoprotein and collagen types I and V, and they also mineralized in vitro. Conditioned medium was mitogenic to fibroblasts and mitogens present were separated by heparin-affinity chromatography. Based on affinity to heparin and antibody-inhibition studies, the heparin fractions were shown to contain cementum-derived growth factor, platelet-derived growth factor and fibroblast growth factors. The cementum tumor cells, but not gingival fibroblasts, were stained positively by an antibody to cementum-derived attachment protein. The attachment protein was separated by immunoaffinity chromatography, and Western blots revealed that the preparation contained 56-kDa and 43-kDa proteins as major bands. Cells pulse-labeled with radioactive amino acids contained a 43-kDa protein as the major component; however, this protein was absent after a cold chase in the presence of cycloheximide, but 56-kDa, 39-kDa and 26-kDa species became prominent. These data indicated that the 56-kDa cementum attachment protein is derived from a 43-kDa precursor. Our data show that the cells cultured from the cementum tumor represent cementum cells capable of synthesizing and secreting cementum proteins in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Arzate
- Department of Pathology SM 30, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle 98195
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31
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Rahemtulla F. Proteoglycans of oral tissues. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN ORAL BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE AMERICAN ASSOCIATION OF ORAL BIOLOGISTS 1992; 3:135-62. [PMID: 1730068 DOI: 10.1177/10454411920030010301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- F Rahemtulla
- Department of Oral Biology, University of Alabama School of Dentistry, Birmingham 35294
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32
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Bartold PM, Reinboth B, Nakae H, Narayanan AS, Page RC. Proteoglycans of bovine cementum: isolation and characterization. MATRIX (STUTTGART, GERMANY) 1990; 10:10-9. [PMID: 2112681 DOI: 10.1016/s0934-8832(11)80132-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The proteoglycans associated with the mineralized matrix of bovine cementum have been studied biochemically and their distribution within this tissue localized immunohistochemically. Both hyaluronate and proteoglycans were fractionated by DEAE-Sephacel ion-exchange chromatography. The proteoglycans eluted in three separate peaks of which two contained alkali labile protein associated with glycosaminoglycans, and one appeared as free glycosaminoglycan chains. Analysis of the glycosaminoglycans identified chondroitin sulfate as the predominant species, although minor quantities of dermatan sulfate and heparan sulfate were also identified. Agarose-acrylamide gel electrophoresis and Sepharose CL-6B molecular sieve chromatography of the proteoglycans indicated them to be smaller in size with respect to periodontal ligament and gingival proteoglycans, but similar to bone and dentine proteoglycans. Amino acid analyses indicated subtle differences between cementum and bone proteoglycans. Using a monoclonal antibody (9-A-2) which recognizes the unsaturated disaccharide of chondroitinase ACII-digested glycosaminoglycans, chondroitin sulfate was identified in the pericellular environment within the lacunae housing the cementoblasts as well as in the extracellular matrix of cementum.
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Affiliation(s)
- P M Bartold
- Department of Pathology, University of Adelaide, South Australia
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33
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Abstract
Bone proteoglycan was extracted and the glycosaminoglycan (GAG) components identified. Chondroitin-4-sulphate was the major GAG detected and represented 93.8% of the total GAG extracted. In addition, hyaluronic acid (1.3%), dermatan sulphate (3.1%) and heparan sulphate (1.8%) were identified as minor constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- R J Waddington
- Department of Basic Dental Science, Dental School, University of Wales College of Medicine, Heath Park, Cardiff
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34
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Last KS, Donkin C, Embery G. Glycosaminoglycans in human gingival crevicular fluid during orthodontic movement. Arch Oral Biol 1988; 33:907-12. [PMID: 3076754 DOI: 10.1016/0003-9969(88)90021-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Glycosaminoglycans (GAG) in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) were investigated by cellulose acetate electrophoresis of simultaneously collected samples from the mesial and distal surfaces of teeth in 3 groups of young persons. In a control group, which had not undergone orthodontic treatment, a major band of hyaluronic acid (HA) and a minor band of chondroitin sulphate (CS) were present. No differences in the mean content of either GAG between the mesial and distal surfaces were detected. From teeth undergoing movement by fixed appliances (active group), a raised mean level of CS was present in GCF from the surface towards which movement was directed. Teeth held passively by an appliance following cessation of active movement (retention group) showed raised levels of CS at mesial and distal surfaces. A heparan sulphate-like GAG was commonly present in this group only. No significant increase in the levels of HA were detected at the mesial and distal surfaces of either the active or the retention groups, despite increased GCF flow rates unassociated with more severe gingival inflammation. The GAG composition of GCF, particularly CS, appears to reflect changes occurring in the deeper periodontal tissues of alveolar bone and periodontal ligament during orthodontic treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Last
- Department of Operative Dental Surgery, University of Liverpool, School of Dental Surgery
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