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Vahvelainen N, Bozkurt E, Maula T, Johansson A, Pöllänen MT, Ihalin R. Pilus PilA of the naturally competent HACEK group pathogen Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans stimulates human leukocytes and interacts with both DNA and proinflammatory cytokines. Microb Pathog 2022; 173:105843. [DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2022.105843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Metabolomics Research in Periodontal Disease by Mass Spectrometry. MOLECULES (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 27:molecules27092864. [PMID: 35566216 PMCID: PMC9104832 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27092864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2022] [Revised: 04/24/2022] [Accepted: 04/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Periodontology is a newer field relative to other areas of dentistry. Remarkable progress has been made in recent years in periodontology in terms of both research and clinical applications, with researchers worldwide now focusing on periodontology. With recent advances in mass spectrometry technology, metabolomics research is now widely conducted in various research fields. Metabolomics, which is also termed metabolomic analysis, is a technology that enables the comprehensive analysis of small-molecule metabolites in living organisms. With the development of metabolite analysis, methods using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry, liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry, capillary electrophoresis–mass spectrometry, etc. have progressed, making it possible to analyze a wider range of metabolites and to detect metabolites at lower concentrations. Metabolomics is widely used for research in the food, plant, microbial, and medical fields. This paper provides an introduction to metabolomic analysis and a review of the increasing applications of metabolomic analysis in periodontal disease research using mass spectrometry technology.
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Li L, Zhang YL, Liu XY, Meng X, Zhao RQ, Ou LL, Li BZ, Xing T. Periodontitis Exacerbates and Promotes the Progression of Chronic Kidney Disease Through Oral Flora, Cytokines, and Oxidative Stress. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:656372. [PMID: 34211440 PMCID: PMC8238692 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.656372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/01/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is a type of systemic immune inflammation that is caused by the complex infection of a variety of microorganisms in the subgingival plaque and the imbalance of the microbial ecological environment in the mouth. Periodontitis and chronic kidney disease (CKD) share many risk factors, such as obesity, smoking, and age. A growing body of data supports a strong correlation between periodontitis and kidney disease. Evidence supports the role of periodontal inflammation and elevated serum inflammatory mediators in renal atherosclerosis, renal deterioration, and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) development. Periodontitis is a risk factor for kidney disease. However, to our knowledge, there are few studies detailing the possible link between periodontitis and CKD. This review summarizes the possible mechanisms underlying periodontitis and CKD. More importantly, it highlights novel and potential pathogenic factors for CKD, including bacteria, pro-inflammatory mediators and oxidative stress. However, most research on the relationship between periodontitis and systemic disease has not determined causality, and these diseases are largely linked by bidirectional associations. Future research will focus on exploring these links to contribute to new treatments for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Ya-Li Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xing-Yu Liu
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Xiang Meng
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Rong-Quan Zhao
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Lin-Lin Ou
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Bao-Zhu Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Tian Xing
- School of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
- Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, College and Hospital of Stomatology, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
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Belibasakis GN, Maula T, Bao K, Lindholm M, Bostanci N, Oscarsson J, Ihalin R, Johansson A. Virulence and Pathogenicity Properties of Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans. Pathogens 2019; 8:E222. [PMID: 31698835 PMCID: PMC6963787 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens8040222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans is a periodontal pathogen colonizing the oral cavity of a large proportion of the human population. It is equipped with several potent virulence factors that can cause cell death and induce or evade inflammation. Because of the large genetic diversity within the species, both harmless and highly virulent genotypes of the bacterium have emerged. The oral condition and age, as well as the geographic origin of the individual, influence the risk to be colonized by a virulent genotype of the bacterium. In the present review, the virulence and pathogenicity properties of A. actinomycetemcomitans will be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Georgios N. Belibasakis
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden; (G.N.B.); (K.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Terhi Maula
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (T.M.); (R.I.)
| | - Kai Bao
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden; (G.N.B.); (K.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Mark Lindholm
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Nagihan Bostanci
- Division of Oral Diseases, Department of Dental Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, S-141 04 Huddinge, Sweden; (G.N.B.); (K.B.); (N.B.)
| | - Jan Oscarsson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.O.)
| | - Riikka Ihalin
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Turku, FI-20014 Turku, Finland; (T.M.); (R.I.)
| | - Anders Johansson
- Department of Odontology, Umeå University, S-901 87 Umeå, Sweden; (M.L.); (J.O.)
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Sanui T, Takeshita M, Fukuda T, Tanaka U, Alshargabi R, Aida Y, Nishimura F. Adhesion attenuates respiratory burst induced by different modes of triggering in resting or LPS-primed neutrophils. Immunobiology 2017; 222:865-871. [DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2017] [Accepted: 05/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Sanui T, Takeshita M, Fukuda T, Tanaka U, Alshargabi R, Aida Y, Nishimura F. Roles of serum in innate immune responses of human leukocytes to synthetic lipopeptide. Int Immunopharmacol 2017. [PMID: 28633072 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2017.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Tripalmitoyl-S-glyceryl-l-Cys-Ser-(Lys)4 (Pam3CSK4) is a highly conserved molecular motif found in various classes of lipoproteins. The requirement for leukocyte to respond to synthetic Pam3CSK4 were studied. Pam3CSK4 primed neutrophils for a respiratory burst in a serum-dependent manner. Pam3CSK4 upregulated CD11b, CD14, and cytochrome b558, and downregulated Leu-8. Treatment of neutrophils with anti-CD14 antibodies and treatment of serum with anti-LPS binding protein (LBP) antibodies resulted in the inhibition of priming for respiratory burst by Pam3CSK4. It should be noted that LBP could not replicate the effects of serum in priming of neutrophils for respiratory burst by Pam3CSK4. Serum LBP bound to immobilized Pam3CSK4. Pam3CSK4 induced the interleukin-8 (IL-8) production by leukocytes in a serum-dependent manner. Further, Pam3CSK4-induced priming of neutrophils for respiratory burst was not inhibited by the LPS antagonists LA-14-PP, Rhodobacter sphaeroides LPS, or E5531, and Pam3CSK4-induced IL-8 production by leukocytes was not affected by LPS antagonist, E5531, indicating that Pam3CSK4 was recognized by a different receptor than LPS. Thus, Pam3CSK4 and LPS had similar biological activities and similar requirement to act on leukocytes, but were recognized by different receptors. Serum in the action of Pam3CSK4 on leukocytes was not replicated by LBP, suggesting that Pam3CSK4 might be disaggregated by serum to result in the activation of leukocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terukazu Sanui
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Masaaki Takeshita
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Takao Fukuda
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Urara Tanaka
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Rehab Alshargabi
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Yoshitomi Aida
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
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Sanui T, Takeshita M, Fukuda T, Haraguchi A, Aida Y, Nishimura F. Anti-CD14 Antibody-treated Neutrophils Respond to LPS: Possible Involvement of CD14 Upregulated by Anti-CD14 Antibody Binding. Immunol Invest 2016; 46:190-200. [DOI: 10.1080/08820139.2016.1238925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Terukazu Sanui
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takeshita
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Fukuda
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Haraguchi
- Division of General Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitomi Aida
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Nozoe K, Sanui T, Takeshita M, Fukuda T, Haraguchi A, Aida Y, Nishimura F. Innate immune-stimulatory activity of Porphyromonas gingivalis fimbriae is eliminated by phase separation using Triton X-114. J Immunol Methods 2016; 441:31-38. [PMID: 27913143 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2016.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2016] [Revised: 11/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Fimbriae are virulence factors of Porphyromonas gingivalis (P. gingivalis). In this study, the action of fimbriae on neutrophil respiratory burst and cytokine production by mononuclear cells (MNC) were investigated. Native or denatured form of purified P. gingivalis fimbriae contained endotoxin at an equivalence of 1-3μglipopolysaccharides(LPS)/mg protein. The endotoxin could be reduced to the equivalent of 1ng-LPS/mg protein by phase separation using Triton X-114. Unfractionated fimbriae caused serum-dependent priming of neutrophils for enhanced respiratory burst, but both native and denatured forms of Triton X-114-fractionated fimbriae were not active at 100μg/mL. Unfractionated fimbriae induced serum-dependent production of IL-1β by MNC. Triton X-114-fractionated fimbriae (10μg/mL)-induced production of IL-1β, IL-8 or TNF-α was much lower than that induced by unfractionated fimbriae or 10ng/mL P. gingivalis-LPS preparation. Triton X-114-fractionated fimbriae immobilized on polystyrene tubes induced adhesion-stimulated superoxide release by LPS-primed neutrophils in a β2 integrin-dependent manner. P. gingivalis cells caused priming of neutrophils; however, Toll-like receptor (TLR) 4 antagonists did not affect this response. Thus, P. gingivalis fimbriae were ineffective in inducing innate immune response in leukocytes; however, they induced β2 integrin-mediated response by neutrophils. Immune-stimulatory components of P. gingivalis might be recognized by receptors other than TLR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohji Nozoe
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Terukazu Sanui
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Masaaki Takeshita
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Takao Fukuda
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Akira Haraguchi
- Division of General Dentistry, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
| | - Yoshitomi Aida
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan.
| | - Fusanori Nishimura
- Section of Periodontology, Division of Oral Rehabilitation, Faculty of Dental Science, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan
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Yoshinaga Y, Ukai T, Nakatsu S, Kuramoto A, Nagano F, Yoshinaga M, Montenegro JL, Shiraishi C, Hara Y. Green tea extract inhibits the onset of periodontal destruction in rat experimental periodontitis. J Periodontal Res 2013; 49:652-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jre.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Y. Yoshinaga
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - T. Ukai
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - S. Nakatsu
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - A. Kuramoto
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - F. Nagano
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - M. Yoshinaga
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - J. L. Montenegro
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - C. Shiraishi
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
| | - Y. Hara
- Department of Periodontology; Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences; Nagasaki Japan
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Kuramoto A, Yoshinaga Y, Kaneko T, Ukai T, Shiraishi C, Oshino K, Ichimura I, Hara Y. The formation of immune complexes is involved in the acute phase of periodontal destruction in rats. J Periodontal Res 2012; 47:455-62. [PMID: 22283745 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01453.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Loss of clinical attachment and alveolar bone destruction are major symptoms of periodontitis, caused by not only the destructive effect of periodontopathic bacteria but also the overactive response of the host immune system against periodontal pathogens. The details of the participation of the immune system in the onset and progression of periodontitis are unclear. In this study, we attempted to determine whether the host immune system, and in particular the formation of immune complexes, is involved in the periodontal destruction. MATERIAL AND METHODS We applied ovalbumin or lipopolysaccharide (LPS) as antigens and their specific immunoglobulin G (IgG) antibodies purified from rat serum to rat gingival sulcus alternately. Loss of attachment, alveolar bone destruction and the numbers of inflammatory cells infiltrating the periodontal tissue and osteoclasts on the alveolar bone surface were investigated histometrically. The formation of immune complex was confirmed by immunohistological staining of complement C1qB. RESULTS Loss of attachment and the presence of C1qB were observed histopathologically in both experimental groups. The group that had been treated with LPS and anti-LPS IgG showed greater loss of attachment. The number of inflammatory cells in the periodontal tissue was increased in both experimental groups, while osteoclasts at the alveolar bone crest were observed only in the group that had been treated with LPS and anti-LPS IgG. CONCLUSION In the present study, we showed that the formation of immune complex appears to be involved in the acute phase of periodontal destruction and that the biological activity of antigens is also important.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Kuramoto
- Department of Periodontology, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki, Japan
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Matsumura Y, Mitani A, Suga T, Kamiya Y, Kikuchi T, Tanaka S, Aino M, Noguchi T. Azithromycin may inhibit interleukin-8 through suppression of Rac1 and a nuclear factor-kappa B pathway in KB cells stimulated with lipopolysaccharide. J Periodontol 2011; 82:1623-31. [PMID: 21417583 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2011.100721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent studies have shown that the 15-member macrolide antibiotic azithromycin (AZM) not only has antibacterial activity, but also results in the role of immunomodulator. Interleukin (IL)-8 is an important inflammatory mediator in periodontal disease. However, there have been no reports on the effects of AZM on IL-8 production from human oral epithelium. Therefore, we investigated the effects of AZM on IL-8 production in an oral epithelial cell line. METHODS KB cells were stimulated by Escherichia coli or Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans) lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without AZM. IL-8 mRNA and protein expression and production in response to LPS were analyzed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction, flow cytometry, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The activation of nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and Rac1, which is important for IL-8 expression, was analyzed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and Western blotting, respectively. RESULTS IL-8 mRNA expression, IL-8 production, and NF-κB activation in LPS-stimulated KB cells were inhibited by the addition of AZM. LPS-induced Rac1 activation was also suppressed by AZM. CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that AZM inhibits LPS-induced IL-8 production in an oral epithelial cell line, in part caused by the suppression of Rac1 and NF-κB activation. The use of AZM might provide possible benefits in periodontal therapy, with respect to both its antibacterial action and apparent anti-inflammatory effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Matsumura
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, Aichi Gakuin University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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Tipton DA, Seshul BA, Dabbous MK. Effect of bisphosphonates on human gingival fibroblast production of mediators of osteoclastogenesis: RANKL, osteoprotegerin and interleukin-6. J Periodontal Res 2011; 46:39-47. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2010.01306.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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Yoshioka H, Yoshimura A, Kaneko T, Golenbock DT, Hara Y. Analysis of the activity to induce toll-like receptor (TLR)2- and TLR4-mediated stimulation of supragingival plaque. J Periodontol 2008; 79:920-8. [PMID: 18454672 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2008.070516] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The deleterious effects of the accumulation of supragingival plaque are well known, but the role of the proinflammatory property of supragingival plaque in periodontal diseases has not been completely elucidated. The aim of this study was to determine the relevance of Toll-like receptor (TLR)2- and TLR4-stimulating activity of supragingival plaque to periodontal parameters. METHODS We isolated 144 supragingival plaque samples and analyzed TLR2- and TLR4-stimulating activity using genetically engineered Chinese hamster ovary reporter cells that express a reporter molecule upon activation of nuclear factor-kappa B through TLR2 or TLR4. The numbers of Porphyromonas gingivalis, Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (previously Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans), and Streptococcus mutans cells in each plaque sample were determined by real-time polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS The activity to induce TLR4-mediated stimulation, but not TLR2-mediated stimulation, was positively associated with the plaque score and bleeding on probing score of the teeth from which the plaque samples were taken. The activity to induce TLR2-mediated stimulation, but not TLR4-mediated stimulation, was negatively associated with probing depth and clinical attachment level. The ratio of TLR4-/TLR2-mediated stimulation was positively associated with all of those parameters. The number of P. gingivalis cells in each plaque sample was associated with the plaque score and clinical attachment level, but no strong association was observed between the ratio of examined bacteria in each plaque sample and the activity to induce TLR2- or TLR4-mediated stimulation, except for a weak correlation between the ratio of A. actinomycetemcomitans cells and the activity to induce TLR4-mediated stimulation. CONCLUSION The TLR2- and TLR4-stimulating activity of supragingival plaque is associated with clinical parameters for gingivitis and periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hidenobu Yoshioka
- Department of Periodontology, Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Nagasaki University, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki, Japan
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14
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Abstract
There is recent interest in recovery of periodontopathogenic bacteria from arterial and bronchial tissues to identify a link between periodontal and cardiovascular or pulmonary diseases. This interest could provide a useful clinical correlation exercise for gross anatomy. Our objective was to perform a feasibility study to determine whether these bacteria could be recovered from two sites within eight (4 dentate, 4 edentulous) human embalmed cadavers from an anatomical dissection laboratory. Bacterial samples were collected from the right coronary artery and the right superior secondary bronchus and assayed for the presence and concentrations of the DNA of A. actinomycetemcomitans, E. corrodens, C. rectus, P. intermedia, P. gingivalis, B. forsythus, T. denticola, and F. nucleatum. Frequencies were compared using a Kruskal-Wallis H-test. Correlations between the presence of teeth, bacterial species, and site were determined by a Spearman's rho correlation test. A. actinomycetemcomitans and B. forsythus frequencies were different between the sites in edentulous subjects (P <0.05); the frequency of B. forsythus was different in dentate and edentulous subjects at the bronchus site (P <0.05). Numerous significant correlations were identified between strains of bacteria, site, and presence of teeth. Thus, it is possible for the DNA of periodontopathogenic bacteria to be recovered from human embalmed cadavers. Collection and identification of these bacteria from these cadavers could be a useful clinical correlation exercise for dental students in a gross anatomy class.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nelson Wood
- Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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15
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Ekuni D, Yamamoto T, Yamanaka R, Tachibana K, Watanabe T. Proteases augment the effects of lipopolysaccharide in rat gingiva. J Periodontal Res 2003; 38:591-6. [PMID: 14632922 DOI: 10.1034/j.1600-0765.2003.00694.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and proteases have been implicated as important factors in the initiation and progression of human periodontal diseases. A single application of LPS or proteases is insufficient to induce periodontal pocket formation or periodontitis. The aim of the present study was to assess the combined effect of lipopolysaccharide and proteases on rat periodontal tissues, and create a periodontal disease model. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty male Wistar rats were divided into four groups: combination group (treated with both LPS and proteases solutions); LPS group; proteases group; and control. Each solution was introduced daily into the palatal gingival sulcus of maxillary molars for 8 weeks. The tissues were evaluated histometrically and immunohistochemically. RESULTS In the LPS group, elongation of rete ridge, apical migration of junctional epithelium (JE), increased numbers of B cells in connective tissue, and resorption of alveolar bone were observed. In the proteases group, the increase in the number of infiltrating polymorphonuclear leukocytes and blood vessels in the connective tissue was greater than that of the LPS group. CONCLUSIONS The effects of LPS on periodontal tissues differed from those of proteases. The addition of proteases augmented and increased the effects of LPS, which were apical migration, intraepithelial cleavage of JE, and increased B cell density. The lesions in the combination group resembled established lesions of human periodontitis, with the exception of the low density of plasma cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Ekuni
- Department of Oral Health, Okayama University Graduate School of Medicine and Dentistry, Okayama, Japan
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16
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Forng RY, Champagne C, Simpson W, Genco CA. Environmental cues and gene expression in Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Oral Dis 2001; 6:351-65. [PMID: 11355267 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-0825.2000.tb00127.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Microorganisms typically adapt to environmental cues by turning on and off the expression of virulence genes which, in turn, allows for optimal growth and survival within different environmental niches. This adaptation strategy includes sensing and responding to changes in nutrients, pH, temperature, oxygen tension, redox potential, microbial flora, and osmolarity. For a bacterium to adhere to, penetrate, replicate in, and colonize host cells, it is critical that virulence genes are expressed during certain periods of the infection process. Thus, throughout the different stages of an infection, different sets of virulence factors are turned on and off in response to different environmental signals, allowing the bacterium to effectively adapt to its varying niche. In this review, we focus on the regulation of virulence gene expression in two pathogens which have been implicated as major etiological agents in adult and juvenile periodontal diseases: Porphyromonas gingivalis and Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans. Understanding the mechanisms of virulence gene expression in response to the local environment of the host will provide crucial information in the development of effective treatments targeted at eradication of these periodontal disease pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Y Forng
- Department of Plasma Derivatives, Jerome H. Holland Laboratory, American Red Cross, Rockville, MD 20855, USA
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17
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Sugita N, Kimura A, Matsuki Y, Yamamoto T, Yoshie H, Hara K. Activation of transcription factors and IL-8 expression in neutrophils stimulated with lipopolysaccharide from Porphyromonas gingivalis. Inflammation 1998; 22:253-67. [PMID: 9604713 DOI: 10.1023/a:1022344031223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
DNA binding activity of NF-kappa B and AP-1 were examined in neutrophils stimulated with LPS purified from P. gingivalis, a major pathogenic bacteria of periodontitis lesion. Porphyromonas gingivalis LPS enhanced the activity reaching a peak at a concentration of 500 ng/ml in the absence of serum. The NF-kappa B activation stimulated with 10 ng/ml of P. gingivalis LPS was suppressed approximately 44% by treatment of neutrophils with anti-CD14 antibody under the presence of serum. Increase in the steady-state IL-8 mRNA level was concomitantly observed by stimulation of neutrophils with 500 ng/ml of P. gingivalis LPS under the absence of serum. These results indicate that P. gingivalis LPS activates NF-kappa B and AP-1 in both serum-dependent and -independent manners, followed by increased IL-8 transcription in neutrophils, and suggested a role for P. gingivalis LPS in IL-8 synthesis by neutrophils in inflamed gingiva and GCF.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Sugita
- Department of Periodontology, Niigata University School of Dentistry
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Yoshimura A, Hara Y, Kaneko T, Kato I. Secretion of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha, IL-8 and IL-1ra by human polymorphonuclear leukocytes in response to lipopolysaccharides from periodontopathic bacteria. J Periodontal Res 1997; 32:279-86. [PMID: 9138193 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.1997.tb00535.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 123] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear leukocytes (PMN) are the first cells that migrate into periodontal tissues and gingival crevices in response to invading pathogens. It was recently demonstrated that PMN have the ability to synthesize and release cytokines following appropriate stimulation, while it is not clear whether these capacities are directly related to periodontal destructive processes. We therefore investigated the amounts of the cytokines interleukin-1 beta (IL-1 beta), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha), IL-8 and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) secreted by PMN from healthy donors following stimulation with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) from 4 periodontopathic bacteria, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Actinobacillus actinomycetemcomitans, Capnocytophaga ochracea and Fusobacterium nucleatum, and the non-oral bacterium Escherichia coli. A actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum and E. coli LPS stimulated the release of significantly greater amounts of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and IL-8 than the control unstimulated PMN (p < 0.01). The levels of IL-1 beta, TNF-alpha and IL-8 released from cells stimulated with P. gingivalis or C. ochracea LPS were significantly lower than those of cells stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans or E. coli LPS (p < 0.05). On the other hand, substantially greater amounts of IL-1ra were released from PMN stimulated with each LPS and from control unstimulated PMN during the first 6 h, and then significantly greater amounts of IL-1ra were secreted by PMN stimulated with A. actinomycetemcomitans and E.coli LPS during the following 12 h (p < 0.01). The inhibitory effects of IL-1ra on the biological activity of IL-1 in the supernatants of PMN were examined by the thymocyte comitogen proliferation assay. The supernatants of PMN stimulated with each LPS showed less biological IL-1 activity as compared with the same doses of recombinant human IL-1 beta detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Furthermore, no activity was detected in the supernatants of PMN stimulated with P. gingivalis or C. ochracea LPS. These findings demonstrated that LPS from periodontopathic bacteria were capable of stimulating PMN to release not only pro-inflammatory cytokines but also their inhibitors such as IL-1ra. Different secretion levels of these cytokines and their biological activities induced by the various LPS might be important in the onset and progression of periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Yoshimura
- Department of Periodontology, Nagasaki University School of Dentistry, Japan
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