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Senevirathna K, Pradeep R, Jayasinghe YA, Jayawickrama SM, Illeperuma R, Warnakulasuriya S, Jayasinghe RD. Carcinogenic Effects of Areca Nut and Its Metabolites: A Review of the Experimental Evidence. Clin Pract 2023; 13:326-346. [PMID: 36961055 PMCID: PMC10037666 DOI: 10.3390/clinpract13020030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2022] [Revised: 02/14/2023] [Accepted: 02/18/2023] [Indexed: 02/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Oral cancers (OC) are among the most frequent malignancies encountered in Southeast Asia, primarily due to the prevalent habit of betel quid (BQ) and smokeless tobacco use in this region. Areca nut (AN), the primary ingredient in BQ, contains several alkaloids, including arecoline, arecaidine, guvacoline, and guvacine. These have been associated with both the AN abuse liability and carcinogenicity. Additionally, variations in AN alkaloid levels could lead to differences in the addictiveness and carcinogenic potential across various AN-containing products. Recent studies based on animal models and in vitro experiments show cellular and molecular effects induced by AN. These comprise promoting epithelial-mesenchymal transition, autophagy initiation, tissue hypoxia, genotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and cell death. Further, clinical research endorses these undesired harmful effects in humans. Oral submucosal fibrosis, a potentially malignant disease of the oral cavity, is predominantly reported from the geographical areas of the globe where AN is habitually chewed. OC in chronic AN users presents a more aggressive phenotype, such as resistance to anti-cancer drugs. The available evidence on the carcinogenicity of AN based on the findings reported in the recently published experimental studies is discussed in the present review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpani Senevirathna
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Roshan Pradeep
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Yovanthi Anurangi Jayasinghe
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Shalindu Malshan Jayawickrama
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Rasika Illeperuma
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Saman Warnakulasuriya
- Faculty of Dentistry, Oral and Craniofacial Sciences, King's College, London SE1 9RA, UK
| | - Ruwan Duminda Jayasinghe
- Centre for Research in Oral Cancer (CROC), Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
- Department of Oral Medicine and Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Sciences, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
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Bahuguna M, Hooda S, Mohan L, Gupta RK, Diwan P. Identifying oral microbiome alterations in adult betel quid chewing population of Delhi, India. PLoS One 2023; 18:e0278221. [PMID: 36598926 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0278221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/11/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The study targets to establish a factorial association of oral microbiome alterations (oral dysbiosis) with betel quid chewing habits through a comparison of the oral microbiome of Betel quid chewers and non-chewing individuals. Oral microbiome analysis of 22 adult individuals in the Delhi region of India through the 16S sequencing approach was carried out to observe the differences in taxonomic abundance and diversity. A significant difference in diversity and richness among Betel Quid Chewers (BQC) and Betel Quid Non-Chewers (BQNC) groups was observed. There were significant differences in alpha diversity among the BQC in comparison to BQNC. However, in the age group of 21-30 years old young BQC and BQNC there was no significant difference in alpha diversity. Similar result was obtained while comparing BQC and Smoker-alcoholic BQC. BQ smoker-chewers expressed significant variance in comparison to BQC, based on cluster pattern analysis. The OTU-based Venn Diagram Analysis revealed an altered microbiota, for BQ chewing group with 0-10 years exposure in comparison to those with 10 years and above. The change in the microbial niche in early chewers may be due to abrupt chemical component exposure affecting the oral cavity, and thereafter establishing a unique microenvironment in the long-term BQC. Linear discriminant analysis revealed, 55 significant features among BQC and Alcoholic-Smoker BQC; and 20 significant features among BQC and Smoker BQC respectively. The study shows the abundance of novel bacterial genera in the BQC oral cavity in addition to the commonly found ones. Since the oral microbiome plays a significant role in maintaining local homeostasis, investigating the link between its imbalance in such conditions that are known to have an association with oral diseases including cancers may lead to the identification of specific microbiome-based signatures for its early diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayank Bahuguna
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Sunila Hooda
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Lalit Mohan
- Department of Biotechnology, Delhi Technological University, Rohini, Delhi, India
| | - Rakesh Kumar Gupta
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
| | - Prerna Diwan
- Department of Microbiology, Ram Lal Anand College, University of Delhi, South Campus, New Delhi, India
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Papke RL, Bhattacharyya I, Hatsukami DK, Moe I, Glatman S. Betel Nut (areca) and Smokeless Tobacco Use in Myanmar. Subst Use Misuse 2020; 55:1385-1394. [PMID: 31220988 PMCID: PMC7774082 DOI: 10.1080/10826084.2019.1624774] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Background: Betel nut (areca) is the world's fourth most commonly used addictive substance. Arecoline, a muscarinic agonist in areca, is also a partial agonist for the addiction-related high-affinity brain nicotine receptors. In many countries, smokeless tobacco is commonly mixed with areca. Objective: We sought to evaluate the knowledge of self-harm, and addiction associated betel quid use in an unban population. Methods: We conducted a survey study of 200 betel quid users in Yangon, Myanmar, and a survey of betel quid vendors to determine the relative amounts of areca and tobacco in the available quids. Results: The data determined that a large majority of the survey subjects (84%) used tobacco with their areca. Users had a general awareness that betel chewing was "a bad habit" (85%) and 80% were aware of the cancer risks. Understanding areca addiction remains a challenge since, aside from the strong muscarinic activity of arecoline stimulating salivation, overt neurologic effects are difficult for even the users to identify. Fifty eight percent of the respondents indicated that chewing betel quid had effects like drinking coffee, and 55.5% indicated that it had effects like drinking alcohol. Data obtained from the quid vendors indicated that 75% added tobacco in equal amounts to areca. Conclusion: The concomitant use of nicotine and areca indicates that betel quid addiction includes a significant component of nicotine dependence. However, the additional activities of areca, including the muscarinic effects of arecoline, indicate that potential cessation therapies should optimally address other factors as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roger L Papke
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, University of Florida, College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Indraneel Bhattacharyya
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Diagnostic Sciences, University of Florida, College of Dentistry, Gainesville, Florida, USA
| | - Dorothy K Hatsukami
- Department of Psychiatry and the Masonic Cancer Center, University of Minnesota Medical School, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ingyin Moe
- Ko Shwe Ventures Pte. Ltd, Yangon, Myanmar
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Faouzi M, Neupane RP, Yang J, Williams P, Penner R. Areca nut extracts mobilize calcium and release pro-inflammatory cytokines from various immune cells. Sci Rep 2018; 8:1075. [PMID: 29348572 PMCID: PMC5773534 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-18996-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Betel nut consumption has significant implications for the public health globally, as the wide-spread habit of Areca chewing throughout Asia and the Pacific is associated with a high prevalence of oral carcinoma and other diseases. Despite a clear causal association of betel nut chewing and oral mucosal diseases, the biological mechanisms that link Areca nut-contained molecules, inflammation and cancer remain underexplored. In this study we show that the whole Areca nut extract (ANE) is capable of mobilizing Ca2+ in various immune cell lines. Interestingly, none of the four major alkaloids or a range of other known constituents of Areca nut were able to induce such Ca2+ signals, suggesting that the active components might represent novel or so far unappreciated chemical structures. The separation of ANE into aqueous and organic fractions has further revealed that the calcium-mobilizing molecules are exclusively present in the aqueous extract. In addition, we found that these calcium signals are associated with the activation of several immune cell lines as shown by the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased cell proliferation. These results indicate that calcium-mobilizing molecules present in the aqueous fraction of the Areca nut may critically contribute to the inflammatory disorders affecting betel nut chewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Malika Faouzi
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
| | - Ram P Neupane
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Jian Yang
- College of Natural and Applied Sciences, University of Guam, Mangilao, 96923, Guam, USA
| | - Philip Williams
- Department of Chemistry, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, HI, 96822, USA
| | - Reinhold Penner
- Center for Biomedical Research, The Queen's Medical Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA. .,Cancer Biology Program, University of Hawaii Cancer Center, Honolulu, HI, 96813, USA.
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Chang LY, Lai YL, Yu TH, Chen YT, Hung SL. Effects of Areca Nut Extract on Lipopolysaccharides-Enhanced Adhesion and Migration of Human Mononuclear Leukocytes. J Periodontol 2014; 85:859-67. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Lee YY, Lin MB, Cheng CF, Chang LY, Liu TY, Hung SL. Inhibitory effects of areca nut extract on expression of complement receptors and fc receptors in human neutrophils. J Periodontol 2013; 85:1096-106. [PMID: 24354650 DOI: 10.1902/jop.2013.130498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chewing of areca quid increases the prevalence of periodontal diseases. Areca nut extract (ANE) inhibits the phagocytic activity of human neutrophils. This in vitro study investigates the effects of ANE on complement- and antibody-opsonized phagocytosis by neutrophils. Expression of complement receptors, Fc receptors, and F-actin in ANE-treated neutrophils is also analyzed. METHODS The viability of ANE-treated neutrophils was determined using the propidium iodide staining method. The possible effects of ANE on the expression of complement receptors and Fc receptors were examined using an immunofluorescence staining method followed by flow cytometry and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The phagocytic activity of neutrophils against complement or immunoglobulin (Ig)G-opsonized fluorescent beads was analyzed using flow cytometry. Expression of F-actin was determined using confocal laser scanning microscopy. RESULTS ANE significantly inhibited the production of complement receptors (CR1, CR3, and CR4) and Fc receptors (FcγRII and FcγRIII) in a concentration-dependent manner. Treatment of neutrophils with ANE significantly impaired their ability to phagocytose fluorescent beads. ANE also inhibited phagocytosis of fluorescent beads that were opsonized by complement or IgG. Moreover, expression of F-actin was inhibited after ANE treatment. CONCLUSIONS ANE inhibits the complement- and IgG-mediated neutrophil phagocytosis that may result from reduction of the expression of complement receptors, Fc receptors, and F-actin formation after ANE treatment. The findings suggest that areca nut chewing may jeopardize the defensive functions of neutrophils and affect periodontal health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Yun Lee
- Institute of Oral Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Chang LY, Wan HC, Lai YL, Chou IC, Chen YT, Hung SL. Areca nut extracts increased the expression of cyclooxygenase-2, prostaglandin E2 and interleukin-1α in human immune cells via oxidative stress. Arch Oral Biol 2013; 58:1523-31. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2013.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2012] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 05/29/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Murdoch C, Aziz HA, Fang HY, Jezan H, Musaid R, Muthana M. Khat (Catha edulis) alters the phenotype and anti-microbial activity of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2011; 138:780-787. [PMID: 22063724 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2011.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
AIMS OF STUDY The habit of khat chewing has been associated with increased risk of systemic and oral disease. Although research has been conducted on the affects of khat on oral epithelial cells, little is known about its influence on immune cells. This study examined the biological effects of khat on the phenotype and function of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS Khat-stimulated PBMCs were examined for signs of cytotoxicity, apoptosis and changes in cell surface receptor and cytokine expression. Khat-induced regulation of transcription factors and stress-related factors were examined, as was PBMC phagocytic activity against oral bacteria. RESULTS Khat was cytotoxic to PBMC in a dose- and time-dependent manner and cell death was mediated by apoptosis. Khat-treated PBMC showed increased expression of co-stimulatory molecules (CD80, CD86 and MHC II) and pattern recognition receptors (TLR-2, TLR-4 and TREM-1) but secretion of inflammatory cytokines (TNFα, IL-6, CCL5, CXCL8) was inhibited. In contrast, khat induced an increase in the anti-inflammatory cytokine IL-10 as well as IL-2, IFN-γ, FasL and HSP70. These khat-induced alterations were accompanied by increased expression of transcription factors p38 MAPK and HIF-1α, whilst expression of NFκB p65 was inhibited. Although the ability of PBMC to phagocytose dextran and oral bacteria was inhibited, production of reactive oxygen species was increased. CONCLUSION These data suggest that khat may severely influence the effectiveness of immune surveillance and anti-microbial capacity of PBMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Craig Murdoch
- Academic Unit of Oral & Maxillofacial Medicine & Surgery, School of Clinical Dentistry, University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK.
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Lai YL, Wu CY, Lee YY, Chang HW, Liu TY, Hung SL. Stimulatory Effects of Areca Nut Extracts on Prostaglandin E2Production by Human Polymorphonuclear Leukocytes. J Periodontol 2010; 81:758-66. [DOI: 10.1902/jop.2010.090660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
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Perry J, Harris RM, Moiani D, Olson AJ, Tainer J. p38alpha MAP kinase C-terminal domain binding pocket characterized by crystallographic and computational analyses. J Mol Biol 2009; 391:1-11. [PMID: 19501598 PMCID: PMC2724755 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2009.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2009] [Revised: 05/28/2009] [Accepted: 06/01/2009] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
The mitogen-activated protein (MAP) kinase protein family has a critical role in cellular signaling events, with MAP kinase p38alpha acting in inflammatory processes and being an important drug discovery target. MAP kinase drug design efforts have focused on small-molecule inhibitors of the ATP catalytic site, which exhibit dose-limiting adverse effects. Therefore, characterizing other potential sites that bind substrates, inhibitors, or allosteric effectors is of great interest. Here, we present the crystal structure of human p38alpha MAP kinase, which has a lead compound bound both in the active site and in the lipid-binding site of the C-terminal cap. This C-terminal cap is formed from an extension to the kinase fold, unique to the MAP kinase and cyclin-dependent kinase families and glycogen synthase kinase 3. Binding of this lead, 4-[3-(4-fluorophenyl)-1H-pyrazol-4-yl]pyridine, to wild-type p38alpha induces movement of the C-terminal cap region, creating a hydrophobic pocket centered around residue Trp197. Computational analysis of this C-terminal domain pocket indicates notable flexibility for potentially binding different-shaped compounds, including lipids, oxidized arachidonic acid species such as leukotrienes, and small-molecule effectors. Furthermore, our structural results defining the open p38alpha C-lobe pocket provide a detailed framework for the design of novel small molecules with affinities comparable to active-site binders: to bind and potentially modulate the shape and activity of p38alpha in predetermined ways. Moreover, these results and analyses of p38alpha suggest strategies for designing specific binding compounds applicable to other MAP kinases, as well as the cyclin-dependent kinase family and glycogen synthase kinase 3beta that also utilize the C-terminal insert in their interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.J.P. Perry
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,The School of Biotechnology, Amrita University, Kollam, Kerala 690525, India
| | - R. M Harris
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - D. Moiani
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - A. J. Olson
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - J.A. Tainer
- Department of Molecular Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.,Life Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.,Correspondence sent to John A. Tainer, , Tel: (858) 784-8119, Fax: (858) 784-2277
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Lu HH, Chen LK, Cheng CY, Hung SL, Lin SC, Chang KW. Areca nut extract-treated gingival fibroblasts modulate the invasiveness of polymorphonuclear leukocytes via the production of MMP-2. J Oral Pathol Med 2009; 38:79-86. [PMID: 19192053 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0714.2008.00717.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Areca nut chewing is associated with an increase in the incidence of oral neoplastic or inflammatory diseases. Aberrations in matrix metalloprotease (MMP) expression are associated with the pathogenesis of oral diseases. This study investigated the potential effects of areca nut extract (ANE) on human gingival fibroblasts and the consequential impacts on inflammatory pathogenesis. METHODS Analyses of senescence marker, cell viability, changes of the cell cycle, and cell granularity in gingival fibroblasts together with an assessment of the invasiveness of polymorphonuclear (PMN) leukocytes after treatment with the supernatant of ANE-treated gingival fibroblasts were performed to characterize the phenotypic impacts. Western blotting and gelatin zymography were used to assay the expression and activity of MMP-2. RESULTS Chronic subtoxic (<10 microg/ml) ANE treatment resulted in premature growth arrest, appearance of senescence-associated beta-galactosidase activity and various other senescence-associated phenotypes in gingival fibroblasts. Gingival fibroblasts established from older individuals had a higher propensity to become ANE-induced senescent gingival fibroblasts. An activation of MMP-2 was identified in senescent cells. PMN leukocytes treated with the supernatant of ANE-induced senescent cells exhibited a significant increase in invasiveness, which was abrogated by both a MMP-2 blocker and a MMP-2 nullifying antibody. CONCLUSIONS This study provides evidence whereby MMP-2 secreted from ANE-induced senescent gingival fibroblasts would facilitate the invasiveness of PMN leukocytes, which could be associated with the oral inflammatory process in areca chewers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hsuan-Hsuan Lu
- Institute of Oral Biology, School of Dentistry, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
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