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Schertel Cassiano L, Jensen AB, Pajaniaye J, Lopez R, Fjaeldstad AW, Nascimento GG. Periodontitis is associated with impaired olfactory function: A clinical study. J Periodontal Res 2024. [PMID: 38888002 DOI: 10.1111/jre.13315] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2024] [Revised: 05/27/2024] [Accepted: 06/03/2024] [Indexed: 06/20/2024]
Abstract
AIM To explore the association between periodontitis and olfactory disorders. METHODS Clinical data were collected from 198 individuals between the ages of 18 and 60 years living in Denmark. The exposure was periodontitis, and the outcome was olfactory function (Threshold, Discrimination, Identification - TDI score), both measured clinically. Covariates included sex, age, education level, income, usage of nasal spray, tongue coating, halitosis, xerostomia, smoking, and history of COVID-19. Structural equation modeling was used to estimate the association between periodontitis and olfactory function. Periodontitis was defined using the AAP/EFP classification and dichotomized into "no" (healthy subjects) and "yes" (Stages I, II, and III). Olfactory function was treated as a one-factor latent variable, including the different olfactory scores. In addition, extra models were performed considering each olfactory component as a separate outcome and the TDI Global Score. RESULTS The results showed that periodontitis was associated with a lower olfactory function [standardized coefficient (SC) -0.264, 95% CI -0.401, -0.118]. Additionally, periodontitis was also associated with a lower olfactory Threshold (odorant concentration required for detection) (SC -0.207, 95% CI -0.325, -0.089), Discrimination (ability to discriminate between odorants) (SC -0.149, 95% CI -0.270, -0.027), Identification (ability to identify odorants) scores (SC -0.161, 95% CI -0.277, -0.045), and TDI Global Score (SC -0.234, 95% CI -0.370, -0.099). CONCLUSIONS This study suggests that periodontitis is associated with olfactory impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luisa Schertel Cassiano
- Section for Oral Ecology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Anne Birkeholm Jensen
- Section for Oral Ecology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Julie Pajaniaye
- Section for Oral Ecology, Department of Dentistry and Oral Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rodrigo Lopez
- Center for Translational Oral Research - Periodontology, Department of Clinical Dentistry, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway
- School of Dentistry, Faculty of Medicine, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
| | | | - Gustavo G Nascimento
- Oral Health Academic Clinical Programme, Duke-NUS Medical School, Singapore City, Singapore
- National Dental Research Institute Singapore, National Dental Centre, Singapore City, Singapore
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Alzahrani HG, AlSarhan MA, Aldohayan A, Bamehriz F, Alzoman HA. Effect of sleeve gastrectomy on the levels of oral volatile sulfur compounds and halitosis-related bacteria. Saudi Dent J 2024; 36:940-946. [PMID: 38883904 PMCID: PMC11178955 DOI: 10.1016/j.sdentj.2024.04.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2024] [Revised: 03/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Background The association between sleeve gastrectomy and halitosis remains relatively unknown. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of sleeve gastrectomy on halitosis and the oral bacterial species associated with halitosis in patients with obesity. Methods This was a prospective longitudinal cohort study that examined patients before and after sleeve gastrectomy and followed the patients at three time intervals (1, 3, and 6 months) after sleeve gastrectomy. Clinical periodontal measurements (plaque index [PI], gingival index [GI], and probing depth [PD]) were obtained. In addition, plaque samples were collected for quantification of the periodontopathogenic bacteria: Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia, Treponema denticola, and Fusobacterium nucleatum using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). In addition, breath samples were collected to analyze the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), namely hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulfide (CH3SCH3), via portable gas chromatography (Oral Chroma™). Results Of the 43 patients initially included, 39 completed the study, with a mean age of 32.2 ± 10.4 years. For PI and GI repeated measurements one way analysis of variance showed a significant increase (p-value < 0.001 for both) one month after surgery, with mean values of 1.3 and 1.59, respectively, compared to the baseline. During the same period, the number of P. gingivalis increased, with a p-value = 0.04. Similarly, the levels of hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) increased significantly in the first month after surgery (p-value = 0.02 and 0.01, respectively). Conclusion This study demonstrated that sleeve gastrectomy may lead to increased halitosis one month post-surgery, attributed to elevated and P. gingivalis counts, contributing to the development of gingivitis in obese patients who underwent sleeve gastrectomy. This emphasizes the importance of including oral health professionals in the multidisciplinary team for the management of patients undergoing bariatric surgery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanadi G Alzahrani
- Graduate Program in Periodontics, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed A AlSarhan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Abdullah Aldohayan
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fahad Bamehriz
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad A Alzoman
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Crowder SE, Berg M, Bellows J, Artzer M, MacGee S, Schultz L. Effectiveness of a Daily Honeycomb-Shaped Dental Chew in Reducing Calculus, Plaque, Gingivitis and Malodor in Dogs. J Vet Dent 2024:8987564241255043. [PMID: 38819379 DOI: 10.1177/08987564241255043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2024]
Abstract
Periodontal disease in dogs is common. Client compliance with oral hygiene and oral care for pets is low. The gold standard is annual dental prophylaxis under general anesthesia with imaging followed by home care including daily brushing. Clients should be offered methods to reduce calculus, plaque, gingivitis, and resulting halitosis that are time efficient, cost-effective, and easy to administer between annual preventative dental prophylaxis with the goal to move into maintenance phase of managing periodontal disease. This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of a honeycomb-shaped dental chew in reducing hardened calculus, plaque, gingivitis, and malodor in client-owned dogs in their normal home environment including various breeds, skull types, ages, and weights. Calculus, plaque, and gingival scores with volatile sulfur compounds readings were performed under sedation and evaluated under general anesthesia after 60 consecutive days of receiving a daily honeycomb-shaped dental chew treat. There was an overall statistically significant percentage reduction of calculus (26.6%), plaque (14.2%), and malodor (46.71%). Gingival scores did not demonstrate statistically significant reduction (0.99%). Use of this honeycomb-shaped daily dental chew significantly reduced calculus, plaque, and associated malodor in dogs when fed consecutively for 60 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan E Crowder
- Companion Animal Dentistry of Kansas City, Overland Park, USA
| | - Mary Berg
- Beyond the Crown Veterinary Education, Beyond the Crown, LLC, Lawrence, USA
| | | | - Marjory Artzer
- Kansas State University College of Veterinary Medicine, Manhattan, USA
| | - Scott MacGee
- Companion Animal Dentistry of Kansas City, Overland Park, USA
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Mathur A, Mehta V, Obulareddy VT, Kumar P. Narrative review on artificially intelligent olfaction in halitosis. J Oral Maxillofac Pathol 2024; 28:275-283. [PMID: 39157836 PMCID: PMC11329069 DOI: 10.4103/jomfp.jomfp_448_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 12/22/2023] [Accepted: 12/30/2023] [Indexed: 08/20/2024] Open
Abstract
Halitosis, commonly known as oral malodor, is a multifactorial health concern that significantly impacts the psychological and social well-being of individuals. It is the third most frequent reason for individuals to seek dental treatment, after dental caries and periodontal diseases. For an in-depth exploration of the topic of halitosis, an extensive literature review was conducted. The review focused on articles published in peer-reviewed journals and only those written in the English language were considered. The search for relevant literature began by employing subject headings such as 'halitosis, oral malodor, volatile sulfur compounds, artificial intelligence, and olfaction' in databases such as PubMed/Medline, Scopus, Google Scholar, Web of Science, and EMBASE. Additionally, a thorough hand search of references was conducted to ensure the comprehensiveness of the review. After amalgamating the search outcomes, a comprehensive analysis revealed the existence of precisely 134 full-text articles that bore relevance to the study. Abstracts and editorial letters were excluded from this study, and almost 50% of the full-text articles were deemed immaterial to dental practice. Out of the remaining articles, precisely 54 full-text articles were employed in this review. As primary healthcare providers, dentists are responsible for diagnosing and treating oral issues that may contribute to the development of halitosis. To effectively manage this condition, dentists must educate their patients about the underlying causes of halitosis, as well as proper oral hygiene practices such as tongue cleaning, flossing, and selecting appropriate mouthwash and toothpaste. This narrative review summarises all possible AI olfaction in halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ankita Mathur
- Department of Dental Research Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
| | - Vini Mehta
- Department of Dental Research Cell, Dr. D. Y. Patil Dental College and Hospital, Dr. D. Y. Patil Vidyapeeth, Pune, Maharashtra, India
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Walther C, Lieske B, Borof K, Kühn S, Härter M, Löwe B, Beikler T, Heydecke G, Kuta P, Seedorf U, Spinler K, Gallinat J, Aarabi G. Association between periodontitis and depression severity - A cross-sectional study of the older population in Hamburg. Brain Behav Immun Health 2023; 34:100689. [PMID: 37822872 PMCID: PMC10562758 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbih.2023.100689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 09/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of the current study is to investigate the association between periodontitis (exposure variable) and depression severity (outcome variable) in an older German population. We evaluated data from 6,209 participants (median age 62 years) of the Hamburg City Health Study (HCHS). The HCHS is a prospective cohort study and is registered at ClinicalTrial.gov (NCT03934957). Depression severity were assessed with the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9). Periodontal examination included probing depth, gingival recession, plaque index, and bleeding on probing. Descriptive analyses were stratified by periodontitis severity. Multiple linear regression models were adjusted for age, sex, diabetes, education, smoking, and antidepressant medication. Linear regression analyses revealed a significant association between log-transformed depression severity and periodontitis when including the interaction term for periodontitis * age, even after adjusting for age, sex, diabetes, education, smoking and antidepressant medication. We identified a significant association between severe periodontitis and elevated depression severity, which interacts with age. Additionally, we performed a linear regression model for biomarker analyses, which revealed significant associations between depression severity and severe periodontitis with log-transformed inflammatory biomarkers interleukin 6 (IL-6) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP). In order to identify new therapeutic strategies for patients with depression and periodontal disease, future prospective studies are needed to assess the physiological and psychosocial mechanisms behind this relationship and the causal directionality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolin Walther
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Berit Lieske
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Katrin Borof
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Simone Kühn
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Martin Härter
- Department of Medical Psychology, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Bernd Löwe
- Department of Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Center for Internal Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Beikler
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Guido Heydecke
- Department of Prosthetic Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Piotr Kuta
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Center for Diagnostics, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Udo Seedorf
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Kristin Spinler
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jürgen Gallinat
- Department of Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, Center for Psychosocial Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Ghazal Aarabi
- Department of Periodontics, Preventive and Restorative Dentistry, Center for Dental and Oral Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Szalai E, Tajti P, Szabó B, Kói T, Hegyi P, Czumbel LM, Varga G, Kerémi B. ORGANOLEPTIC AND HALITOMETRIC ASSESSMENTS DO NOT CORRELATE WELL IN INTRA-ORAL HALITOSIS: A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW AND META-ANALYSIS. J Evid Based Dent Pract 2023; 23:101862. [PMID: 37689445 DOI: 10.1016/j.jebdp.2023.101862] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 03/12/2023] [Accepted: 03/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The gold standard method for diagnosing oral halitosis is the subjective organoleptic measurement. Device-supported methods are also widespread worldwide. The challenges and safety concerns around performing organoleptic measurements during pandemics and the diversity of measuring device alternatives raised our clinical question: which halitometer is the most suitable for diagnosing halitosis? METHODS This systematic review was registered in PROSPERO (ID CRD42022320024). The search was performed on March 23, 2022 in the following electronic databases: MEDLINE, Embase, Scopus, Web of Science, and CENTRAL. Adult populations with or without halitosis were included, and patients with systemic diseases were excluded. Organoleptic (subjective) measurement and the device-supported (objective) methods were compared; the primary outcome was the correlation coefficient, and the secondary was the specificity and sensitivity of the devices. QUADAS-2 and QUADAS-C were used to evaluate the risk of bias in the studies. Random-effects meta analyses were performed on the outcomes, and the secondary outcomes were plotted on a common ROC plot. RESULTS A total of 1231 records were found in the 5 databases. After the selection process, 76 articles were eligible for the systematic review, and 14,635 patients were involved in the qualitative analysis. The pooled Spearman's correlation coefficient (c.c.) for sulfide monitors was 0.65; 95% CIs: [0.53-0.74]; I2 = 95%, P < .01. The pooled Spearman's c.c. for portable gas chromatographs was 0.69; 95% CIs: [0.63-0.74]; I2 = 12%, P < .01. The pooled Spearman's c.c. for gas chromatographs was 0.76; 95% CIs: [0.67-0.83]; I2 = 0%, P < .01. DISCUSSION None of the most commonly used halitometers proved to be significantly superior to the others. Halimeter and OralChroma measurements did not correlate well with the organoleptic level of oral halitosis in adults. Therefore, better halitometers need to be developed as an alternative to organoleptic measurements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eszter Szalai
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Tajti
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Prosthodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Bence Szabó
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Tamás Kói
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Stochastics, Institute of Mathematics, Budapest University of Technology and Economics, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Péter Hegyi
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Institute for Translational Medicine, Medical School, University of Pécs, Pécs, Hungary; Institute of Pancreatic Diseases, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Márk Czumbel
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Periodontology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Gábor Varga
- Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Department of Oral Biology, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Beáta Kerémi
- Department of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary; Centre for Translational Medicine, Semmelweis University, Budapest, Hungary.
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Motta PDB, Motta LJ, Campos TM, Gonçalves MLL, Santos EM, Martimbianco ALC, de Andrade DJC, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Fernandes KPS, Horliana ACRT, Bussadori SK. Effect of Photodynamic Therapy on Halitosis: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2022; 22:469. [PMID: 35062433 PMCID: PMC8780921 DOI: 10.3390/s22020469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2021] [Revised: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This systematic review aimed to assess the effectiveness and safety of aPDT for the treatment of halitosis. METHODS Search strategies were conducted in October 2021 without language or data restrictions, on the following databases: MEDLINE, EMBASE, CENTRAL, LILACS and BBO, as well as a manual search. Randomized clinical trials (RCTs) with parallel design were considered for inclusion, assessing individuals (adolescents and adults) with a clinical diagnosis of halitosis treated with photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Primary outcomes assessed were halitosis measurements, adverse events and quality of life. The risk of bias for each included study was evaluated with the Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and the certainty of the body of the evidence was assessed with the GRADe approach. RESULTS Six RCTs (total of 225 participants) were included and due to clinical diversities it was not possible to group the outcome data in meta-analyses. Based on very low-certainty evidence (GRADE) the results showed that, when compared to tongue scraper, aPDT seems to promote a little to no difference in reducing halitosis and in the microbiological analysis. No adverse events were reported. Considering aPDT combined with tongue scraper, better outcome results were observed when compared to tongue scraper alone. CONCLUSIONS Based on very low-certainty evidence, the findings of this review are uncertain about the effects of aPDT for halitosis control. Further RCTs with higher number of participants and long term assessments need to be conducted to support the use of this intervention. The protocol was registered in the PROSPERO database (number: CRD42020215319) on 19 November 2020-retrospectively registered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamella de Barros Motta
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.d.B.M.); (L.J.M.); (T.M.C.); (M.L.L.G.); (R.A.M.-F.); (K.P.S.F.); (A.C.R.T.H.)
| | - Lara Jansiski Motta
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.d.B.M.); (L.J.M.); (T.M.C.); (M.L.L.G.); (R.A.M.-F.); (K.P.S.F.); (A.C.R.T.H.)
| | - Thalita Molinos Campos
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.d.B.M.); (L.J.M.); (T.M.C.); (M.L.L.G.); (R.A.M.-F.); (K.P.S.F.); (A.C.R.T.H.)
| | - Marcela Leticia Leal Gonçalves
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.d.B.M.); (L.J.M.); (T.M.C.); (M.L.L.G.); (R.A.M.-F.); (K.P.S.F.); (A.C.R.T.H.)
- Postgraduation Program in Health and Environment, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos 11045-002, SP, Brazil; (E.M.S.); (A.L.C.M.)
| | - Elaine Marcílio Santos
- Postgraduation Program in Health and Environment, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos 11045-002, SP, Brazil; (E.M.S.); (A.L.C.M.)
| | - Ana Luiza Cabrera Martimbianco
- Postgraduation Program in Health and Environment, Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (UNIMES), Santos 11045-002, SP, Brazil; (E.M.S.); (A.L.C.M.)
| | | | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.d.B.M.); (L.J.M.); (T.M.C.); (M.L.L.G.); (R.A.M.-F.); (K.P.S.F.); (A.C.R.T.H.)
| | - Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.d.B.M.); (L.J.M.); (T.M.C.); (M.L.L.G.); (R.A.M.-F.); (K.P.S.F.); (A.C.R.T.H.)
| | - Anna Carolina Ratto Tempestini Horliana
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.d.B.M.); (L.J.M.); (T.M.C.); (M.L.L.G.); (R.A.M.-F.); (K.P.S.F.); (A.C.R.T.H.)
| | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Postgraduation Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho (UNINOVE), Sao Paulo 01504-001, SP, Brazil; (P.d.B.M.); (L.J.M.); (T.M.C.); (M.L.L.G.); (R.A.M.-F.); (K.P.S.F.); (A.C.R.T.H.)
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The effect of Brazilian propolis type-3 against oral microbiota and volatile sulfur compounds in subjects with morning breath malodor. Clin Oral Investig 2021; 26:1531-1541. [PMID: 34392403 DOI: 10.1007/s00784-021-04125-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2019] [Accepted: 08/03/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To evaluate propolis type-3 mouthrinse effects on the concentration of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and on tongue dorsum microbial profile. MATERIALS AND METHODS A three-step double-blind, crossover, randomized study with 10 individuals divided into three groups: I-placebo (P); II-ethanolic extract of propolis type-3 3% (EEP); and III-chlorhexidine 0.12% (CHX) and instructed to rinse twice daily for 5 days. Each experimental period was followed by a 21-day washout interval. Morning mouth breath was assessed by VSC concentrations and microbiological samples were obtained from tongue dorsum at baseline and the end of period of rinses and analyzed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridization technique for 39 bacterial species. RESULTS CHX and EEP presented the lowest VSC concentration when compared with placebo (p < 0.05). Even in the absence of mechanical plaque control, CHX and EEP treatments reduced VSC levels and there were no statistical differences for VSC measurement between CHX and EEP. There was a significant reduction in mean counts of 10 species including some VSC producers (Prevotella intermedia, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Treponema denticola, and Tannerella forsythia) by EEP. Total counts of organisms, gram-negative and gram-positive bacterial species showed a decrease for EEP and CHX (p < 0.05). In addition, no statistical difference was observed between EEP and CHX (p > 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between decrease of bacterial counts and decrease of VCSs concentration for the EEP and CHX. CONCLUSIONS The use of a 3% propolis type-3 mouthrinse is an effective way to prevent morning bad breath. Thus, propolis may be a promising agent for the treatment of halitosis. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Propolis type-3 may be used as adjuvant treatment for morning breath malodor.
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Aliyev B, Pasaoglu O, Pasaoglu H, Gungor K, Guner E, Celik B, Tuter G. Salivary β-galactosidase, halitosis parameters in periodontal health and disease, and their changes after periodontal treatment. Aust Dent J 2021; 66:377-384. [PMID: 34028827 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In this study, we aimed to evaluate the salivary β-galactosidase and Halimeter values (HMV), organoleptic scores (OLS) and Winkel tongue coating index (WTCI) in periodontal health and periodontitis (P), and also their changes after phase I periodontal therapy and tongue cleaning. METHODS The participants were separated as follows: 25 P with halitosis (Group 1), 25 P without halitosis (Group 2) and 25 healthy controls (Group 3). Periodontal recordings, HMV, OLS and WTCI scores were recorded, and whole saliva β-galactosidase levels were measured colorimetrically in the samples at baseline and 1 month after the therapy. RESULTS The baseline values of HMV, OLS, WTCI and salivary β-galactosidase levels were significantly higher in Group 1 than in Group 2 (P < 0.05). There was a statistically significant decrease in periodontal recordings, HMV, OLS, WTCI and salivary β-galactosidase levels in all P patients by the therapy (P < 0.05). However, major reductions in halitosis measurements and saliva enzyme levels were observed in Group 1 after the treatment. CONCLUSION Our results showed that salivary β-galactosidase was associated with halitosis parameters and phase I periodontal therapy played an important role to reduce this enzyme level and halitosis parameters in P.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Aliyev
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - O Pasaoglu
- Faculty of Health Sciences, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - H Pasaoglu
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - K Gungor
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Radiology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - E Guner
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - B Celik
- Department of Statistics, Faculty of Science, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
| | - G Tuter
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Gazi University, Ankara, Turkey
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10
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The Chairside Periodontal Diagnostic Toolkit: Past, Present, and Future. Diagnostics (Basel) 2021; 11:diagnostics11060932. [PMID: 34067332 PMCID: PMC8224643 DOI: 10.3390/diagnostics11060932] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Periodontal diseases comprise a group of globally prevalent, chronic oral inflammatory conditions caused by microbial dysbiosis and the host immune response. These diseases specifically affect the tooth-supporting tissues (i.e., the periodontium) but are also known to contribute to systemic inflammation. If left untreated, periodontal diseases can ultimately progress to tooth loss, lead to compromised oral function, and negatively impact the overall quality of life. Therefore, it is important for the clinician to accurately diagnose these diseases both early and accurately chairside. Currently, the staging and grading of periodontal diseases are based on recording medical and dental histories, thorough oral examination, and multiple clinical and radiographic analyses of the periodontium. There have been numerous attempts to improve, automate, and digitize the collection of this information with varied success. Recent studies focused on the subgingival microbiome and the host immune response suggest there is an untapped potential for non-invasive oral sampling to assist clinicians in the chairside diagnosis and, potentially, prognosis. Here, we review the available toolkit available for diagnosing periodontal diseases, discuss commercially available options, and highlight the need for collaborative research initiatives and state-of-the-art technology development across disciplines to overcome the challenges of rapid periodontal disease diagnosis.
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11
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General Health, Systemic Diseases and Oral Status in Adult Patients with Coeliac Disease. Nutrients 2020; 12:nu12123836. [PMID: 33334061 PMCID: PMC7765540 DOI: 10.3390/nu12123836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2020] [Revised: 12/07/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The prevalence of coeliac disease in the general population is 0.5–1%; however, most patients remain undiagnosed until adult age. In some cases, the onset is represented by sub-clinical signs, some of which can be found in the mouth. The aim of this research was to identify any associations between the clinical characteristics of coeliac disease and oral manifestations. A structured questionnaire was administered to a group of 237 individuals with coeliac disease. 100% of the subjects fully completed the questionnaire. Among them, 182 (76.7%) were female, 64 patients (27%) were aged 15 to 24 years, 159 (67%) were aged 25 to 55 and 14 (6%) were aged 56 and over. Significant associations were observed in caries prevalence and dentin sensitivity; in addition, an inappropriate diet was related to oral manifestations; following a gluten-free diet could be important to control the gingival bleeding levels and to manage oral symptoms associated to coeliac disease. In general, the presence of inflammatory symptoms in the mouth seems to be associated with general symptoms of inflammation related to coeliac disease.
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12
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Romero SS, do Vale KL, Remolina VG, Silva TG, Schalch TO, Ramalho KM, Negreiros RM, Ando ES, Mayer MPA, Mesquita Ferrari RA, Motta LJ, Fernandes KPS, Bussadori SK, Horliana ACRT. Oral hygiene associated with antimicrobial photodynamic therapy or lingual scraper in the reduction of halitosis after 90 days follow up: A randomized, controlled, single-blinded trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 33:102057. [PMID: 33238198 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/02/2020] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Although antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) can reduce halitosis immediately after application, it returns after a week. This probably occurs because bacteria residing in the oral cavity may recolonize the dorsum of the tongue. OBJECTIVE Verify if modification of oral hygiene behavior associated with aPDT or lingual scraper can reduce halitosis after a 90-day follow-up. METHODS Forty adults with positive halitosis were randomized in G1 (n = 20) -aPDT + oral hygiene behavior (OHB) or G2 (n = 20)- lingual scraper + OHB. G1 group were submitted to 0.005 % methylene blue in the middle and posterior third of the tongue, with pre-irradiation of 1 min. Irradiations were performed with red laser diode (λ =660 nm), 100 mW, 318 J/cm2, 3537 mW/cm2, 9 J per point at 6 points. In the G2 group, the tongue was scraped 10 times on the right side and on the left side with a tongue scraper. All patients were instructed on OHB at baseline, 7 and 90 days (guidance on the use of dental floss and the Bass technique for brushing). Halitosis was evaluated by gas chromatography (OralChroma®). Values > 112 ppb for Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) gas was considered positive halitosis. Methylmercaptanes and dimethylsulfide were also measured. The gas measures were assessed at baseline, immediately, and at 7 and 90 days. Paired t-test was used for the statistical analysis. For comparison between groups, the t-test was used. Values of p < 0.05 were considered statistically significant. RESULTS There was no difference between groups immediately after treatment (p = .1532) after 7 days (p = 0.9312) and 90 days (p = 0.6642). For the aPDT group, there was a decrease in hydrogen sulfide immediately after treatment (p = 0.0001), after 7 days, values remained 3-fold smaller (p = 0.0088) and 2-fold smaller after 90 days (p = 0.0270). For the scraper group, there was a decrease immediately after treatment (p = 0.0001), the values remains 2-fold smaller (p = 0.0003) after 7 days and 3 months (p = 0.0001). CONCLUSION The oral hygiene behavior associated with aPDT or tongue scraper was not able to reduce halitosis after 90-day follow-up. Despite halitosis remaining higher than 112 ppb in all follow-up periods, the mean values remain 2 or 3 fold smaller than baseline values. Future studies should include other oral hygiene behavior to achieve better results in the treatment of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergio Santos Romero
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Katia Llanos do Vale
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Vanessa Gomes Remolina
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Thayná Gomes Silva
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Tânia Oppido Schalch
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Renata Matalon Negreiros
- Specialization in Oral Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology at Fundecto - FFO, School of Dentistry - FOUSP, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Ellen Sayuri Ando
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita Ferrari
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | - Lara Jansiski Motta
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
| | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Postgraduate Program in Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Nove de Julho, University UNINOVE, São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil.
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Alshahrani AA, Alhaizaey A, Kamran MA, Alshahrani I. Efficacy of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against halitosis in adolescent patients undergoing orthodontic treatment. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 32:102019. [PMID: 32950726 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.102019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2020] [Revised: 08/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of the present randomized controlled clinical trial was to evaluate the efficacy of photodynamic therapy (PDT) on halitosis in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-five adolescents with halitosis undergoing orthodontic treatment were equally randomized into three groups: Group - I: provision of treatment through PDT on dorsum of tongue; Group - II: provision of treatment with the help of tongue scrappers (TS); Group - III: provision of treatment with the help of TS and adjunctive PDT. Presence of halitosis confirmed on the basis of gas chromatography and estimation of oral malodour with a cysteine challenge and H2S values recorded ≥112 parts per billion (ppb). A portable device Oral Chroma™ was used for performing breath analysis. A total of 5 bacterial species including P. gingivalis, F. nucleatum, P. intermedia, T. forsythia and T. denticola were studied as the proportion of sites defined as having ≥1.0 × 105 bacterial cells. RESULTS The mean age of the participants in Group-I, II and III were 15.4 years, 13.8 years, and 14.2 years, respectively. The median values for Group-I, II and III at initial breath analysis were 874 ppb, 613 ppb and 1089 ppb, respectively. After treatment with the respective therapeutic modalities, a statistically significant difference was seen among groups after 2-weeks (p < 0.0001) (Table 3). After applying Kruskal-Wallis test, group-III showed the highest amount of reduction in H2S concentration (100 %) at final 2-weeks breath analysis compared to group-I and group-II (p = 0.0001). Descriptive statistics for all bacteria showed that group-III (TS + PDT) statistically significantly reduced the proportional distribution of all bacteria at 2-week follow-up (p < 0.0001) compared to group-I or group-II. CONCLUSION PDT along with tongue scrapping showed effective immediate reduction of H2S concentration and reduction of oral pathogens in adolescent patients undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment with short-term follow up. Long-term evaluation and complete eradication of halitosis needs to be explored in further clinical trials. In addition, the cost of PDT and its potential side effects should not be disregarded.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdul Aziz Alshahrani
- Department of Orthodontics and Pedodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Ali Alhaizaey
- Department of Orthodontics and Pedodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Abdullah Kamran
- Department of Orthodontics and Pedodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ibrahim Alshahrani
- Department of Orthodontics and Pedodontics, College of Dentistry, King Khalid University, Abha, Saudi Arabia.
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14
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Abdullah MA, Alasqah M, Sanaa MS, Gufran K. The Relationship between Volatile Sulfur Compounds and the Severity of Chronic Periodontitis: A Cross-sectional Study. J Pharm Bioallied Sci 2020; 12:S268-S273. [PMID: 33149469 PMCID: PMC7595518 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_81_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2020] [Accepted: 03/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Halitosis is a problem that is often ignored or undervalued. It is not considered a major clinical issue; thus, little is carried out to eradicate it. Little is known about the relationship of malodorous breath with the severity of periodontitis. Hence, the study aimed to investigate the relationship between volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: According to the severity of chronic periodontitis, 80 patients were categorized into four groups (mild, moderate, severe, and control). Probing depth and clinical attachment level were measured. Portable sulfide monitor (Halimeter) is used to assess VSCs. Statistical analyses were conducted using R studio (Northern Ave, Boston). Results: The differences in the VSC levels among the four groups were found to be statistically significant. The greater the severity of periodontitis, the higher the VSC levels found (P < 0.001). Male had higher levels of VSCs than female (225 and 180.53 parts per billion [ppb], respectively). The lowest mean level of VSCs was found in the subjects aged 15–29 years (161.79 ppb); the mean values increased with the age, reaching 282.89 ppb in subjects aged >59 years. Conclusion: Highly significant differences were found in the VSC levels among different severities of chronic periodontitis. Moreover, an age-related increase in the VSC levels was determined. In addition, male had higher concentration of VSCs than female.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed Alasqah
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Shafshak Sanaa
- Department of Periodontics, Riyadh Elm University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Khalid Gufran
- Division of Periodontics, Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj, Saudi Arabia
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15
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Romano F, Pigella E, Guzzi N, Manavella V, Campanelli L, Aimetti M. Etiology and characteristics of halitosis in patients of a halitosis center in Northern Italy. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2020; 69:174-182. [PMID: 32610725 DOI: 10.23736/s0026-4970.19.04186-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As there are few studies in Europe describing characteristics of breath malodor for large groups of patients, this retrospective study was designed to analyse the etiology of halitosis among patients attending a breath malodor center in Northern Italy. METHODS Clinical records of 547 consecutive patients were reviewed and data on self-perceived halitosis, organoleptic scores, volatile sulphur compound (VSC) levels, and oral health condition were extracted and analysed. RESULTS The prevalence of intra-oral halitosis was 90.7%. In 21 patients no objective signs of breath malodor could be found. Periodontitis and gingivitis were the main cause of bad breath in 33.9% of subjects and in combination with tongue coating in 55.2%. Only eight subjects have tongue coating as the only cause of halitosis. Ear, nose and throat (ENT)/extra-oral causes were found in 5.2% of the patients. VSC concentrations were lower in the psychogenic halitosis group, whereas no statistically significant differences were detected when comparing intra-oral and extra-oral halitosis except for (CH3)2S. CONCLUSIONS Psychogenic halitosis is a rare condition among subjects complaining of suffering from bad breath. The most prevalent cause of halitosis is intra-oral, in particular a combination of tongue coating and periodontal disease. Tongue coating is rarely the primary cause of oral malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy -
| | - Enrico Pigella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Nicoletta Guzzi
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Valeria Manavella
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Lorena Campanelli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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The OralChromaTM CHM-2: a comparison with the OralChromaTM CHM-1. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:2829-2836. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-019-03148-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2018] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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17
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Zhou Q, Wang Q, Chen B, Han Y, Cheng L, Shen Y, Hao P, Zhang Z. Factors influencing breath analysis results in patients with diabetes mellitus. J Breath Res 2019; 13:046012. [PMID: 31489846 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/ab285a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Breath analysis is used to detect the composition of exhaled gas. As a quick and non-invasive detection method, breath analysis provides deep insights into the progression of various kinds of diseases, especially those with metabolism disorders. Abundant information on volatile compounds in diabetic patients has been studied in numerous articles in the literature. However, exhaled gas in diabetic patients can be altered by various complications. So far, little attention has been paid to this alteration. In our paper, we found that under air pollution conditions, diabetic patients exhale more nitric oxide. Diabetic patients with heart failure exhale more acetone than those without heart failure. After 13C-labeled glucose intake, patients infected with Helicobacter pylori exhaled more 13C and less 18O than those without infection. Exhalation with chronic kidney disease changes volatile organic compounds on a large scale. Diabetic patients with ketoacidosis exhale more acetone than those without ketoacidosis. Some specific volatile organic compounds also emanate from diabetic feet. By monitoring breath frequency, diabetic patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome exhibit a unique breath pattern and rhythm as compared with other diabetic patients, and sleep apnea is prevalent among diabetic patients. In addition to clinical findings, we analyzed the underlying mechanisms at the levels of molecules, cells and whole bodies, and provided suggestions for further studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhou
- Department of Endocrinology, Shandong Provincial Qianfoshan Hospital, the First Hospital Affiliated with Shandong First Medical University, Department of Cardiology, Shandong University Qilu Hospital, and School of Medicine of Shandong University, Jinan, 250012, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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18
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Laleman I, De Geest S, Dekeyser C, Teughels W, Quirynen M. A new method of choice for organoleptic scoring: The negative-pressure technique. J Clin Periodontol 2018; 45:1319-1325. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.13012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2018] [Revised: 07/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Laleman
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; KU Leuven & Dentistry; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Sophie De Geest
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; KU Leuven & Dentistry; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Christel Dekeyser
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; KU Leuven & Dentistry; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Wim Teughels
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; KU Leuven & Dentistry; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Section of Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; KU Leuven & Dentistry; University Hospitals Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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19
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Kim SR, Nam DH. Reliability, Accuracy, and Use Frequency of Evaluation Methods for Amount of Tongue Coating. Chin J Integr Med 2018; 25:378-385. [PMID: 29700763 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-018-2552-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To classify the evaluation methods for amount of tongue coating (TC) and investigate their reliability, accuracy, and frequency of use. METHODS Articles published from 1985 to 2015 were searched for evaluation methods for the amount of TC in PubMed and the Cochrane Library. Only clinical researches were included except protocol articles. The methods were classified according to their characteristics. RESULTS Finally, 113 articles were selected. The evaluation method for the amount of TC from the articles was classified into 4 types: intuitive, specificative, computerized, and weighing TC. The reliability in the intuitive and specificative methods (κ =0.33-0.92) showed varying levels among the studies. In general, the amount of TC calculated by the specificative method (Spearman's r=0.68-0.80) was more strongly related to the directly measured value than to the value estimated by the computerized method (Pearson's r=0.442). The number of articles published on this topic has increased consistently, and the specificative method was the most frequently used. Despite the higher reliability of the computerized method, it has not been widely used. CONCLUSIONS The high prevalence of the specificative method would continue in clinical practice because of its convenience and accuracy. However, to establish higher reliability, the limitation of the subjectivity of the assessors should be overcome through calibration training. In the computerized method, novel algorithms are needed to obtain a higher accuracy so that it can help the practitioners confidently estimate the amount of TC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Su-Ryun Kim
- Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnosis, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea
| | - Dong-Hyun Nam
- Department of Biofunctional Medicine and Diagnosis, College of Korean Medicine, Sangji University, Wonju, 26339, Republic of Korea.
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20
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Erovic Ademovski S, Mårtensson C, Persson GR, Renvert S. The long-term effect of a zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate containing mouth rinse on intra-oral halitosis-A randomized clinical trial. J Clin Periodontol 2017; 44:1010-1019. [PMID: 28727160 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the long-term effects of a zinc acetate and chlorhexidine diacetate mouth rinse (Zn/CHX) on intra-oral halitosis. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-six adults with intra-oral halitosis were randomized into a 6-month, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical study. The presence of intra-oral halitosis was evaluated at baseline, 3 and 6 months after treatment by assessment of organoleptic score (OLS) and by total volatile sulphur compounds (T-VSC), hydrogen sulphide (H2 S) and methyl mercaptan (MM) concentrations in exhaled air. RESULTS A Zn/CHX mouth rinse provided significantly better control of intra-oral halitosis than a placebo mouth rinse. At 3 and 6 months, individuals rinsing with the Zn/CHX rinse presented with reductions of the OLS, T-VSC (p < .01, respectively), H2 S (p < .001), and MM (p < .01) in subjects' exhaled air. At 6 months, 68.2% of individuals using the Zn/CHX rinse experienced a 1 or 2 category improvement in OLS compared with 19.1% of placebo-treated subjects. 91% of subjects in the Zn/CHX group were categorized as being effectively treated for intra-oral halitosis (i.e. H2 S < 112 ppb), compared to 43% in the placebo group. CONCLUSION Zn/CHX mouth rinse provides effective long-term efficacy against intra-oral halitosis, assessed both objectively and subjectively. With regular rinsing, the effect was sustained for 6 months.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Carina Mårtensson
- School for Health and Society, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden
| | - Gösta Rutger Persson
- School for Health and Society, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden.,Department of Periodontics, School of Dentistry, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Stefan Renvert
- School for Health and Society, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden.,School of Dental Science, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden
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21
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Nakhleh MK, Quatredeniers M, Haick H. Detection of halitosis in breath: Between the past, present, and future. Oral Dis 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/odi.12699] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- MK Nakhleh
- Univ Paris-Sud; Faculté de Médecine; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
- AP-HP; DHU TORINO; Service de Pneumologie; Hôpital Bicêtre; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
- Inserm UMR_S 999; LabExLERMIT; Hôpital Marie Lannelongue; Le Plessis Robinson France
| | - M Quatredeniers
- Univ Paris-Sud; Faculté de Médecine; Université Paris-Saclay; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
- AP-HP; DHU TORINO; Service de Pneumologie; Hôpital Bicêtre; Le Kremlin Bicêtre France
- Inserm UMR_S 999; LabExLERMIT; Hôpital Marie Lannelongue; Le Plessis Robinson France
| | - H Haick
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Russell Berrie Nanotechnology Institute; Technion-Israel Institute of Technology; Haifa Israel
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22
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Liu SS, Fu E, Tu HP, Fu MW, Lin CT, Shen EC. Comparison of oral malodors before and after nonsurgical periodontal therapy in chronic periodontitis patients. J Dent Sci 2017; 12:156-160. [PMID: 30895042 PMCID: PMC6395227 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2016.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2016] [Revised: 12/12/2016] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Periodontal diseases have been considered as a source of oral malodor or halitosis. Improvement of oral malodor in chronic periodontitis patients has recently been observed after nonsurgical periodontal therapy in combination with tongue cleaning and/or chlorhexidine mouth rinsing. The present study, however, evaluated the impact of nonsurgical periodontal therapy alone on the oral malodor in chronic periodontitis patients by comparing the intraoral concentrations of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) before and after nonsurgical therapy. Materials and methods Using a sulfide monitor, the total VSCs in exhaled breath were measured in 80 patients with chronic periodontitis prior to and 1 month after nonsurgical periodontal therapy (re-evaluation phase). Malodor was defined as a VSC score > 75 parts per billion (ppb) and > 110 ppb, respectively. Results Significantly lower level of VSCs was recorded at periodontal re-evaluation (55 ± 9.7 ppb) than before treatment (89 ± 16.3 ppb). Before treatment, 27 (34%) patients were considered to have malodor, defined as VSCs > 75 ppb. After treatment, 16 patients (20%) had VSC scores > 75 ppb, including 10 of 27 patients with baseline VSC scores > 75 ppb and six of 53 patients with baseline scores ≤ 75 ppb. The risk of malodor differed significantly before and after treatment (P = 0.035, McNemar's test). However, when malodor was defined as VSCs > 110 ppb, the difference in risk showed only borderline significance (P = 0.077). Conclusion On the basis of our findings, we suggest that nonsurgical periodontal therapy has a mild impact on oral malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sao-Shen Liu
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Earl Fu
- Dental Department, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Xindian, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Hsiao-Pei Tu
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Department of Oral Hygiene, Hsin Sheng Junior College of Medical Care and Management, Longtan District, Taoyuan City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Min-Wen Fu
- Dental Department, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Xindian, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - Chia-Te Lin
- Dental Department, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Xindian, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
| | - E-Chin Shen
- School of Dentistry, National Defense Medical Center and Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, ROC.,Dental Department, Taipei Tzu Chi Hospital, Xindian, New Taipei City, Taiwan, ROC
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23
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Song B, Zhou T, Yang WL, Liu J, Shao LQ. Programmed cell death in periodontitis: recent advances and future perspectives. Oral Dis 2016; 23:609-619. [PMID: 27576069 DOI: 10.1111/odi.12574] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2016] [Revised: 07/31/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Periodontitis is a highly prevalent infectious disease, characterized by destruction of the periodontium, and is the main cause of tooth loss. Periodontitis is initiated by periodontal pathogens, while other risk factors including smoking, stress, and systemic diseases aggravate its progression. Periodontitis affects many people worldwide, but the molecular mechanisms by which pathogens and risk factors destroy the periodontium are unclear. Programmed cell death (PCD), different from necrosis, is an active cell death mediated by a cascade of gene expression events and can be mainly classified into apoptosis, autophagy, necroptosis, and pyroptosis. Although PCD is involved in many inflammatory diseases, its correlation with periodontitis is unclear. After reviewing the relevant published articles, we found that apoptosis has indeed been reported to play a role in periodontitis. However, the role of autophagy in periodontitis needs further verification. Additionally, implication of necroptosis or pyroptosis in periodontitis remains unknown. Therefore, we recommend future studies, which will unravel the pivotal role of PCD in periodontitis, allowing us to prevent, diagnose, and treat the disease, as well as predict its outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Song
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China.,Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Zhou
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - W L Yang
- Guizhou Provincial People's Hospital, Guiyang, China
| | - J Liu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - L Q Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Effect of non-surgical periodontal treatment by full-mouth disinfection or scaling and root planing per quadrant in halitosis—a randomized controlled clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2016; 21:1545-1552. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-016-1959-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2015] [Accepted: 09/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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25
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The effect of periodontal therapy on intra-oral halitosis: a case series. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:445-452. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/30/2016] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Pinto EH, Longo PL, de Camargo CCB, Dal Corso S, Lanza FDC, Stelmach R, Athanazio R, Fernandes KPS, Mayer MPA, Bussadori SK, Mesquita Ferrari RA, Horliana ACRT. Assessment of the quantity of microorganisms associated with bronchiectasis in saliva, sputum and nasal lavage after periodontal treatment: a study protocol of a randomised controlled trial. BMJ Open 2016; 6:e010564. [PMID: 27084279 PMCID: PMC4838683 DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010564] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2015] [Revised: 03/19/2016] [Accepted: 03/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The association between periodontal disease (PD) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) has been widely studied, with aspiration of periodontal pathogens being one of the most accepted causal mechanisms for pulmonary exacerbation. Periodontal treatment (PT) was associated with a decrease in these exacerbations. Bronchiectasis is a pulmonary disease that has many similarities to COPD; however, there are no studies correlating this condition to PD thus far. This study will evaluate if PT reduces proinflammatory cytokines in serum and saliva, as well as halitosis and the amount of microorganisms associated with exacerbation of bronchiectasis in saliva, sputum and nasal lavage 3 months after PT. METHODS AND ANALYSIS A total of 182 patients with PD and bronchiectasis will be randomly allocated to group 1 (positive control; scaling and root planing (SRP)+oral hygiene (OH)) or group 2 (experimental; SRP+photodynamic therapy+OH). After 3 months, samples of saliva, nasal lavage and sputum will be collected to determine the level of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus and Porphyromonas gingivalis by quantitative PCR. This protocol will determine the efficacy of PT in reducing the most likely niches of bronchiectasis exacerbation by comparing pre- and post-treatment microbiology samples. Furthermore, there will be assessment of oral halitosis and verification of inflammatory cytokines in serum and saliva. ETHICS AND DISSEMINATION This protocol has been approved by the Research Ethics Committee of Universidade Nove de Julho. Data will be published in a peer-reviewed journal. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT02514226.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erika Horácio Pinto
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Priscila Larcher Longo
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Simone Dal Corso
- Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Rafael Stelmach
- Pulmonary Department, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Athanazio
- Pulmonary Department, Heart Institute (InCor), School of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marcia Pinto Alves Mayer
- Department of Microbiology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita Ferrari
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
- Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, UNINOVE, São Paulo, Brazil
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De Geest S, Laleman I, Teughels W, Dekeyser C, Quirynen M. Periodontal diseases as a source of halitosis: a review of the evidence and treatment approaches for dentists and dental hygienists. Periodontol 2000 2016; 71:213-27. [DOI: 10.1111/prd.12111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Iatropoulos A, Panis V, Mela E, Stefaniotis T, Madianos PN, Papaioannou W. Changes of volatile sulphur compounds during therapy of a case series of patients with chronic periodontitis and halitosis. J Clin Periodontol 2016; 43:359-65. [PMID: 26824613 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
AIM To assess the effect of different stages of intervention on volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) of periodontitis patients with halitosis, before and after non-surgical periodontal therapy. MATERIAL & METHODS This clinical trial included 18 adults with chronic periodontitis and halitosis. After initial examination, patients received oral hygiene (OH) instructions and tongue cleaner. One week later, non-surgical periodontal therapy was completed within 48 h. Measurements were at baseline, 1 week after OH, 1 and 6 weeks post therapy. These included simplified plaque index (sPlI), probing pocket depth (PPD), bleeding on probing (BoP), Winkel Tongue Coating Index (WTCI), organoleptic scores (OLSs) of nose and mouth air and VSCs. RESULTS sPlI, BoP, WTCI, OLS of the mouth air and VSCs showed significant differences (p < 0.05), even after 1 week of OH. A further significant decrease was determined 1 week after non-surgical therapy for WTCI, OLS (nose and mouth air) and methyl mercaptan concentration. A significant decrease, 6 weeks post therapy, was observed for sPlI, BoP, WTCI, PPD, OLS of the nose and mouth air and VSCs (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS Oral hygiene and tongue cleaning improve the OLSs of the mouth air and reduce VSCs. Periodontal therapy further improves the OLSs and reduces the concentration of VSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avraam Iatropoulos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Vasileios Panis
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Eirini Mela
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodoros Stefaniotis
- Department of Oral Diagnosis & Radiology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Phoebus N Madianos
- Department of Periodontology, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - William Papaioannou
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, School of Dentistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
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Dumitrescu AL. Depression and Inflammatory Periodontal Disease Considerations-An Interdisciplinary Approach. Front Psychol 2016; 7:347. [PMID: 27047405 PMCID: PMC4804721 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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Aimetti M, Perotto S, Castiglione A, Ercoli E, Romano F. Prevalence estimation of halitosis and its association with oral health-related parameters in an adult population of a city in North Italy. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42:1105-14. [PMID: 26477536 DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
AIM No epidemiological data on halitosis are available from Italy. Thus, the aim of this population-based cross-sectional study was to estimate the prevalence of halitosis in an urban adult population from North Italy and to explore related oral risk indicators. MATERIALS AND METHODS The survey used a two-stage probability sampling method to collect a representative sample of inhabitants, aged between 20 and 75 years, in the city of Turin. Seven hundred and forty-four adults were clinically examined (47% of sampled subjects) for oral malodor and periodontal conditions. Using a standardized questionnaire social, health and halitosis-related parameters were collected. Logistic models with interaction terms between tongue coating scores (TCS) and periodontal status were used to explore halitosis risk indicators. RESULTS The prevalence estimate of halitosis according to the organoleptic assessment was 53.51% (95% CI: 48.55-58.50). A statistically significant correlation was found between organoleptic and gas chromatography measurements (p < 0.0001). Stronger associations between halitosis and periodontitis were observed in people having higher TCS: adjusted odds ratio considering low and high TCS in individuals with severe periodontitis were 2.95 and 20.77 (p ≤ 0.003). CONCLUSIONS Due to the high prevalence of halitosis in the Turin population, its diagnosis and management should be incorporated in comprehensive dental care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mario Aimetti
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | | | - Anna Castiglione
- Unit of Clinical Epidemiology, AOU Città della Salute e della Scienza and CPO Piedmont, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Ercoli
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Federica Romano
- Department of Surgical Sciences, C.I.R. Dental School, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Bolepalli AC, Munireddy C, Peruka S, Polepalle T, Choudary Alluri LS, Mishaeel S. Determining the association between oral malodor and periodontal disease: A case control study. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2015; 5:413-8. [PMID: 26539395 PMCID: PMC4606607 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.165929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: To assess the role of periodontal health in oral malodor causation and compare the two methods (organoleptic and Halimeter) of malodor measurement. Materials and Methods: A total of 240 subjects (60 subjects without any evidence of periodontal disease and 180 patients with gingivitis and periodontitis) were evaluated for periodontal and oral malodor parameters. Periodontal parameters included Plaque Index (PI), Gingival Index (GI), mSBI, calculus component of OHIS, pocket depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL), and oral malodor was assessed by organoleptic scores, Halimeter readings, and Tongue Coating Index (TCI). Results: 80% of the sample when assessed organoleptically (i.e. 192 subjects) and 74.6% when assessed with Halimeter (i.e. 179 subjects) presented with varying degrees of halitosis. All the clinical parameters were significantly associated with oral malodor (P < 0.001). The amount of tongue coating and bleeding on probing played the most important role in increasing VSC concentration, followed by periodontal status, plaque indices, and calculus component. Conclusion: There was a high prevalence of halitosis in the present study population. All the clinical parameters were significantly related to oral malodor in this study, and the results indicate that determining VSC levels with Halimeter is a useful means of diagnosing halitosis objectively.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Srujankumar Peruka
- Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Vikarabad, Telangana, India
| | - Tejaswin Polepalle
- Department of Periodontology, Sibar Institute of Dental Sciences, Guntur, Andhra Pradesh, India
| | | | - Shiva Mishaeel
- Department of Periodontics, Islamic Azad University, Tehran, Iran
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G. Soares L, Castagna L, C. Weyne S, G. Silva D, E. V. Falabella M, M. B. Tinoco E. Effectiveness of full- and partial-mouth disinfection on halitosis in periodontal patients. J Oral Sci 2015; 57:1-6. [DOI: 10.2334/josnusd.57.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/01/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Léo G. Soares
- Department of Periodontology, University of the Estate of Rio de Janeiro
| | - Lisiane Castagna
- Department of Periodontology, University of the Estate of Rio de Janeiro
| | | | | | - Márcio E. V. Falabella
- Department of Periodontology, Federal University of Juiz de Fora
- Department of Periodontology, University of Grande Rio
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Lopes RG, de Godoy CHL, Deana AM, de Santi MESO, Prates RA, França CM, Fernandes KPS, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, Bussadori SK. Photodynamic therapy as a novel treatment for halitosis in adolescents: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial. Trials 2014; 15:443. [PMID: 25394474 PMCID: PMC4236439 DOI: 10.1186/1745-6215-15-443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2014] [Accepted: 10/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Halitosis is a common problem that affects a large portion of the population worldwide. The origin of this condition is oral in 90% and systemic in 10% of cases. The unpleasant odor is mainly the result of volatile sulfur compounds produced by Gram-negative bacteria. However, it has recently been found that anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria also produce hydrogen sulfide (H2S) in the presence of amino acids, such as cysteine. Light, both with and without the use of chemical agents, has been used to induce therapeutic and antimicrobial effects. In photodynamic therapy, the antimicrobial effect is confined to areas covered by photosensitizing dye. The aim of the present study is to evaluate the antimicrobial effect of photodynamic therapy on halitosis in adolescents through the analysis of volatile sulfur compounds measured using gas chromatography and microbiological analysis of coated tongue. Methods/Design A quantitative clinical trial will be carried out involving 60 adolescents randomly divided into the following groups: group 1 will receive treatment with a tongue scraper, group 2 will receive photodynamic therapy applied to the posterior two-thirds of the dorsum of the tongue, and group 3 will receive combined treatment (tongue scraper and photodynamic therapy). Gas chromatography (OralChromaTM) and microbiological analysis will be used for the diagnosis of halitosis at the beginning of the study. Post-treatment evaluations will be conducted at one hour and 24 hours after treatment. The statistical analysis will include the Shapiro-Wilk test for the determination of the distribution of the data. If normal distribution is demonstrated, analysis of variance followed by Tukey’s test will be used to compare groups. The Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test will be used for data with non-normal distribution. Either the paired t-test or the Wilcoxon test will be used to compare data before and after treatment, depending on the distribution of the data. Discussion The results of this trial will determine the efficacy of using photodynamic therapy alone or in combination with a tongue scraper to treat bad breath in adolescents. Trial registration The protocol for this study was registered with Clinical Trials (registration number NCT02007993) on 10 December 2013.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- University Nove de Julho, Rua Vergueiro, 235, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP 01504-000, Brazil.
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Mokeem SA. Halitosis: a review of the etiologic factors and association with systemic conditions and its management. J Contemp Dent Pract 2014; 15:806-11. [PMID: 25825113 DOI: 10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Halitosis is a general term defined as an unpleasant or offensive odor emanating from the breath, arising from either oral or nonoral sources. Extraoral factors, such as ear-nose-throat conditions or gastrointestinal, respiratory, and systemic diseases, may also contribute to oral malodor. Although, halitosis has a multifactorial etiology, local factors play an important role in the majority of cases. Halitosis may lead to significant personal discomfort and social embarrassment. Assessment of halitosis can be performed using organoleptic measurements, sulfide monitoring, gas chromatography, microbial testing and chemical test strips. Management approaches are based on masking oral malodor, reducing the levels of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), and mechanical and/or chemical treatment. This review aims to identify the etiology of oral halitosis, describe the methods available for assessment and differential diagnosis and introduce a variety of management strategies. The importance of a multidisciplinary approach for the improvement of overall health and for the management and prevention of halitosis is highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sameer A Mokeem
- Associate Professor, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh Saudi Arabia, e-mail:
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Han DH, Lee SM, Lee JG, Kim YJ, Kim JB. Association between viral hepatitis B infection and halitosis. Acta Odontol Scand 2014; 72:274-82. [PMID: 24053367 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2013.823645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Oral malodor can be increased in breath of liver patients. However, no study has been performed for the association between volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and viral hepatitis. The aim of the present study was to determine the relationship between viral hepatitis and VSCs. METHODS This study analyzed 182 subjects and measured hydrogen sulfide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH) and dimethyl sulfide [(CH3)2S] using the OralChroma(®). Hepatitis type B was evaluated. Periodontal health was assessed using the Community Periodontal Index (CPI) and bleeding on probing (BOP). Tongue coating score (TCS) was evaluated. Multiple logistic regression analyses were conducted to evaluate the relationship. RESULTS Viral hepatitis had an elevated odds of dimethyl sulfide defined halitosis (OR = 9.22, 95% CI = 2.08-40.95) after controlling for age, gender, alcohol consumption, current smoking, periodontitis, BOP, TCS and tongue brushing habit. The magnitude of the association between viral hepatitis and VSCs defined halitosis attenuated with adjustment of mediators (alcohol consumption, periodontitis, BOP, TCS and tongue brushing habit for hydrogen sulfide defined halitosis; periodontitis, TCS and tongue brushing habit for methyl mercaptan defined halitosis; tongue brushing habit for dimethyl sulfide defined halitosis). CONCLUSIONS Findings of this study suggest that viral hepatitis may be associated with methyl mercaptan defined halitosis.
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Laleman I, Dadamio J, De Geest S, Dekeyser C, Quirynen M. Instrumental assessment of halitosis for the general dental practitioner. J Breath Res 2014; 8:017103. [PMID: 24566293 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/8/1/017103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
At the moment there are no clear protocols for the assessment of bad breath. An organoleptic evaluation is still the reference. To date there are several tools available to detect and quantify specific compounds related to halitosis. This paper reviews the available information on three sulphur monitors (OralChroma™ (CHM-1), Halimeter® and Breathtron®), in order to suggest guidance for the general dental practitioner. All three devices showed an acceptable correlation with organoleptic scores. The Halimeter® and Breathtron® seem the most appropriate devices for a general dental practitioner, because they are easy to handle. Because of its capacity of distinguishing between different sulphur compounds and due to its time-consuming and complicated use, the OralChroma™ (CHM-1) seems more suitable in a research environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Laleman
- Catholic University Leuven, Department of Periodontology Kapucijnenvoer 33, B-3000 Leuven, Belgium
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Toothbrushing Versus Toothbrushing Plus Tongue Cleaning in Reducing Halitosis and Tongue Coating. Nurs Res 2013; 62:422-9. [DOI: 10.1097/nnr.0b013e3182a53b3a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Dupim Souza AC, Franco CF, Pataro AL, Guerra T, de Oliveira Costa F, da Costa JE. Halitosis in obese patients and those undergoing bariatric surgery. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2013; 9:315-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.soard.2011.10.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2011] [Revised: 09/27/2011] [Accepted: 10/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
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40
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The short-term treatment effects on the microbiota at the dorsum of the tongue in intra-oral halitosis patients—a randomized clinical trial. Clin Oral Investig 2012; 17:463-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-012-0728-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2011] [Accepted: 04/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Erovic Ademovski S, Lingström P, Winkel E, Tangerman A, Persson GR, Renvert S. Comparison of different treatment modalities for oral halitosis. Acta Odontol Scand 2012; 70:224-33. [PMID: 22149929 DOI: 10.3109/00016357.2011.635601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects on intra-oral halitosis by a mouth rinse containing zinc acetate (0.3%) and chlorhexidine diacetate (0.025%) with and without adjunct tongue scraping. MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-one subjects without a diagnosis of periodontitis were randomized in a cross-over clinical trial. Organoleptic scores (OLS) were assessed to define intra-oral halitosis by total volatile sulfur compound (T-VSC) measurements and by gas chromatography. RESULTS Twenty-one subjects with a mean age of 45.7 years (SD: ±13.3, range: 21-66). The OLS were significantly lower following active rinse combined with tongue scraping (p < 0.001) at all time points. Immediately after, at 30 min, and at day 14, the T-VSC values were lower in the active rinse sequence than in the negative rinse sequence (p < 0.001, p < 0.001 and p < 0.05, respectively). At 30 min and at day 14, the hydrogen sulfide (H(2)S) and methyl mercaptan (MM) values were lower in the active rinse sequence compared to the inactive rinse sequence (p < 0.001). The inactive rinse sequence with tongue scraping reduced T-VSC at 30 min (p < 0.001) but not at 14 days. Similar reductions in T-VSC, H(2)S and MM were found in the active rinse sequence with or without tongue scraping. CONCLUSION The use of a tongue scraper did not provide additional benefits to the active mouth rinse, but reduced OLS and tongue coating index.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seida Erovic Ademovski
- Department of Oral Health Science, Section for Health and Society, Kristianstad University, Sweden
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Aoyama I, Calenic B, Imai T, Ii H, Yaegaki K. Oral malodorous compound causes caspase-8 and -9 mediated programmed cell death in osteoblasts. J Periodontal Res 2011; 47:365-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0765.2011.01442.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Payne D, Gordon JJ, Nisbet S, Karwal R, Bosma ML. A randomised clinical trial to assess control of oral malodour by a novel dentifrice containing 0.1%w/w o-cymen-5-ol, 0.6%w/w zinc chloride. Int Dent J 2011; 61 Suppl 3:60-6. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2011.00051.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
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Burnett GR, Stephen AS, Pizzey RL, Bradshaw DJ. In vitro effects of novel toothpaste actives on components of oral malodour. Int Dent J 2011; 61 Suppl 3:67-73. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1875-595x.2011.00052.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
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Snel J, Burgering M, Smit B, Noordman W, Tangerman A, Winkel EG, Kleerebezem M. Volatile sulphur compounds in morning breath of human volunteers. Arch Oral Biol 2011; 56:29-34. [DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2010] [Revised: 08/06/2010] [Accepted: 08/24/2010] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
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Van der Sleen MI, Slot DE, Van Trijffel E, Winkel EG, Van der Weijden GA. Effectiveness of mechanical tongue cleaning on breath odour and tongue coating: a systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 2010; 8:258-68. [PMID: 20961381 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5037.2010.00479.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The objective of this review was to summarize the available evidence regarding the effects of mechanical tongue cleaning compared with no mechanical tongue cleaning on breath odour and tongue coating (TC). METHODS PubMed-MEDLINE, EMBASE and Cochrane-CENTRAL were searched to identify potentially relevant studies. The inclusion criteria included the following: randomized controlled clinical trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCTs) conducted in humans in good general health (no systemic disorders) and a patient age of ≥17 years. For the intervention, we considered tongue cleaning [the use of a tongue scraper (TS) or tongue brush (TB)] and for the control, brushing only (B) groups. Clinical parameters such as volatile sulphur compound concentration, organoleptic scores and TC were the outcome variables of interest. Study selection, quality assessment and data extraction were carried out by two independent reviewers. RESULTS After screening of the titles and abstracts and subsequent full text reading of the potential papers, we identified five publications that met the eligibility criteria and provided seven experiments. The five studies consisted of three RCTs and two CCTs. All experiments show a positive effect of mechanical tongue cleaning in addition to toothbrushing on various parameters of oral malodour. CONCLUSIONS This review demonstrated that mechanical approaches, such as tongue brushing or tongue scraping to clean the dorsum of the tongue, have the potential to successfully reduce breath odour and TC. However, data concerning the effect of mechanical tongue cleaning on chronic oral malodour (halitosis) are insufficient.
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Affiliation(s)
- M I Van der Sleen
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Academic Medical Centre, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Oral malodorous compound activates mitochondrial pathway inducing apoptosis in human gingival fibroblasts. Clin Oral Investig 2009; 14:367-73. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-009-0301-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2009] [Accepted: 06/04/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Li L, Hsu A, Moore PK. Actions and interactions of nitric oxide, carbon monoxide and hydrogen sulphide in the cardiovascular system and in inflammation--a tale of three gases! Pharmacol Ther 2009; 123:386-400. [PMID: 19486912 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 234] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2009] [Accepted: 05/15/2009] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen sulphide (H(2)S) together make up a family of biologically active gases (the so-called 'gaseous triumvirate') with an increasingly well defined range of physiological effects plus roles to play in a number of disease states. Over the years, most researchers have concentrated their attention on understanding the part played by a single gas in one or more body systems. It is becoming more clear that all three gases are synthesised naturally in the body, often by the same cells within the same organs, and that all three gases exert essentially similar biological effects albeit via different mechanisms. Within the cardiovascular system, for example, all are vasodilators, promote angiogenesis and vascular remodelling and are protective towards tissue damage in for example, ischaemia-reperfusion injury in the heart. Similarly, all exhibit complex effects in inflammation with both pro- and anti-inflammatory effects recognised. It seems likely that cell function is controlled not by the activity of single gases working in isolation but by the concerted activity of all three of these gases working together.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- Pharmaceutical Science Division, King's College London, Franklin-Wilkins Building, 150 Stamford Street, London SE19NH, UK
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Starkenmann C, Le Calvé B, Niclass Y, Cayeux I, Beccucci S, Troccaz M. Olfactory perception of cysteine-S-conjugates from fruits and vegetables. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2008; 56:9575-9580. [PMID: 18811169 DOI: 10.1021/jf801873h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
Volatile sulfur compounds have a low odor threshold, and their presence at microgram per kilogram levels in fruits and vegetables influences odor quality. Sensory analysis demonstrates that naturally occurring, odorless cysteine- S-conjugates such as S-( R/ S)-3-(1-hexanol)- l-cysteine in wine, S-(1-propyl)- l-cysteine in onion, and S-(( R/ S)-2-heptyl)- l-cysteine in bell pepper are transformed into volatile thiols in the mouth by microflora. The time delay in smelling these volatile thiols was 20-30 s, and persistent perception of their odor occurred for 3 min. The cysteine- S-conjugates are transformed in free thiol by anaerobes. The mouth acts as a reactor, adding another dimension to odor perception, and saliva modulates flavors by trapping free thiols.
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Cortelli JR, Barbosa MDS, Westphal MA. Halitosis: a review of associated factors and therapeutic approach. Braz Oral Res 2008; 22 Suppl 1:44-54. [DOI: 10.1590/s1806-83242008000500007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2008] [Accepted: 06/20/2008] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
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