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Loturco I, Zabaloy S, Pereira LA, Moura TBMA, Mercer VP, Victor F, Zając A, Matusinski A, Freitas TT, Bishop C. Resistance Training Practices of Brazilian Olympic Sprint and Jump Coaches: Toward a Deeper Understanding of Their Choices and Insights (Part III). J Hum Kinet 2024; 90:183-214. [PMID: 38380293 PMCID: PMC10875694 DOI: 10.5114/jhk/182888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/02/2024] [Accepted: 01/20/2024] [Indexed: 02/22/2024] Open
Abstract
In the final part of this three-article collection on the training strategies of Brazilian Olympic sprint and jump coaches, we provide a detailed description of the resistance training methods and exercises most commonly employed by these speed experts. Always with the objective of maximizing the sprint and jump capabilities of their athletes, these experienced coaches primarily utilize variable, eccentric, concentric, machine-based, isometric, complex, and isoinertial resistance training methods in their daily practices. Squats (in their different forms), Olympic weightlifting, ballistics, hip thrusts, lunges, calf raises, core exercises, leg curls, stiff-leg deadlifts, and leg extension are the most commonly prescribed exercises in their training programs, during both the preparatory and competitive periods. Therefore, the current manuscript comprehensively describes and examines these methods, with the additional aim of extrapolating their application to other sports, especially those where sprint speed is a key performance factor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irineu Loturco
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Department of Sport, Health, and Exercise Science, University of South Wales, Pontypridd, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Santiago Zabaloy
- Faculty of Physical Activity and Sports, University of Flores, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | | | | | | | | | - Adam Zając
- Institute of Sport Sciences, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Aleksander Matusinski
- Department of Exercise and Sport Performance, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice, Katowice, Poland
| | - Tomás T. Freitas
- NAR—Nucleus of High Performance in Sport, São Paulo, Brazil
- UCAM Research Center for High Performance Sport, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
- Facultad de Deporte, UCAM Universidad Católica de Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Chris Bishop
- London Sport Institute, Middlesex University, London, United Kingdom
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Song Q, Ma M, Liu H, Wei X, Chen X. Effects of step lengths on biomechanical characteristics of lower extremity during split squat movement. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2023; 11:1277493. [PMID: 38026855 PMCID: PMC10667687 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2023.1277493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 10/26/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Objective: To quantify the effects of increasing the step length of the split squat on changes in kinematics, kinetics, and muscle activation of the lower extremity. Methods: Twenty male college students participated in the test (age: 23.9 ± 3.7, height: 175.1 ± 4.9). Data on kinematics, kinetics, and EMG were collected during split squat exercise at four different step lengths in a non-systematic manner. One-way repeated measurements ANOVA were used to compare characteristic variables of peak angle, moment, and RMS among the four step length conditions. Results: The step length significantly changes the peak angles of the hip (p = 0.011), knee (p = 0.001), ankle (p < 0.001) joint, and the peak extension moment of the hip (p < 0.001), knee (p = 0.002) joint, but does not affect the ankle peak extension moment (p = 0.357) during a split squat. Moreover, a significant difference was observed in the EMG of gluteus maximus (p < 0.001), vastus medialis (p = 0.013), vastus lateralis (p = 0.020), biceps femoris (p = 0.003), Semitendinosus (p < 0.001), medialis gastrocnemius (p = 0.035) and lateralis gastrocnemius (p = 0.005) during four step lengths, but no difference in rectus femoris (p = 0.16). Conclusion: Increases in step length of split squat had a greater activation on the hip extensor muscles while having a limited impact on the knee extensor muscles. The ROM, joint moment, and muscle activation of the lead limb in the split squat all should be considered in cases of individual preventative or rehabilitative prescription of the exercise. Moreover, the optimal step length for strength training in healthy adults appears to be more suitable when it is equal to the length of the individual lower extremity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingquan Song
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Mujia Ma
- Biomechanics Laboratory, School of Sport Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Liu
- China Institute of Sport and Health Science, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaobin Wei
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoping Chen
- School of Strength and Conditioning Training, Beijing Sport University, Beijing, China
- Centre for Sports Research, China Institute of Sport Science science, Beijing, China
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López-de-Celis C, Labata-Lezaun N, Romaní-Sánchez S, Gassó-Villarejo S, Garcia-Ribell E, Rodríguez-Sanz J, Pérez-Bellmunt A. Effect of Load Distribution on Trunk Muscle Activity with Lunge Exercises in Amateur Athletes: Cross-Sectional Study. Healthcare (Basel) 2023; 11:healthcare11060916. [PMID: 36981573 PMCID: PMC10048665 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare11060916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2023] [Revised: 03/18/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 03/30/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The effect of load distribution applied to the trunk musculature with lunge exercises has yet to be determined. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of load placement using dumbbells on the activation of the latissimus dorsi, erector spinae, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles during the lunge. METHODS Forty-two amateur athletes (21 men and 21 women) were recruited. Three lunge exercises were performed with different loading arrangements (ipsilateral, contralateral, and bilateral). The principal variable recorded for muscle activity was mean "root mean square" expressed as the percentage of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction. RESULTS There are statistically significant differences in the erector spinae (p < 0.001; p < 0.003) and external oblique muscles (p < 0.009; p < 0.001) compared with the contralateral side. The muscle on the opposite side of the load achieved higher activation for these muscles. The erector spinae and latissimus dorsi muscle did not reach a statistically significant difference with the contralateral side in any exercise (p > 0.05). The higher activation of the latissimus dorsi occurred on the same side on which the load was placed. CONCLUSIONS There was higher activation of the erector spinae, external oblique, and rectus abdominis muscles contralateral to the side of load placement during lunge exercise by amateur athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carlos López-de-Celis
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- Fundació Institut Universitari per a la Recerca a l'Atenció Primària de Salut Jordi Gol i Gurina (IDIAPJGol), 08007 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Noé Labata-Lezaun
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Sergi Gassó-Villarejo
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Erik Garcia-Ribell
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jacobo Rodríguez-Sanz
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
| | - Albert Pérez-Bellmunt
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Universitat International de Catalunya, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
- ACTIUM Functional Anatomy Group, 08195 Barcelona, Spain
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Mear E, Gladwell VF, Pethick J. The Effect of Breaking Up Sedentary Time with Calisthenics on Neuromuscular Function: A Preliminary Study. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2022; 19:14597. [PMID: 36361476 PMCID: PMC9653850 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192114597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The ageing process results in reduced neuromuscular function. This alongside prolonged sedentary behaviour is associated with decreased muscle strength, force control and ability to maintain balance. Breaking up sedentary time with regular bouts of physical activity has numerous health benefits, though the effects on neuromuscular function are unknown. This study investigated the effect of breaking up sedentary time with calisthenic exercise on neuromuscular function. 17 healthy adults (33 ± 13.1 years), who spent ≥6 h/day sitting, were assigned to a four-week calisthenics intervention (n = 8) or control group (n = 9). The calisthenics intervention involved performing up to eight sets of exercises during the working day (09:00-17:00); with one set consisting of eight repetitions of five difference exercises (including squats and lunges). Before and immediately after the intervention, measures of knee extensor maximal voluntary contraction (MVC) and submaximal force control (measures of the magnitude and complexity of force fluctuations), and dynamic balance (Y balance test) were taken. The calisthenics intervention resulted in a significant increase in knee extensor MVC (p = 0.036), significant decreases in the standard deviation (p = 0.031) and coefficient of variation (p = 0.016) of knee extensor force fluctuations during contractions at 40% MVC, and a significant increase in Y balance test posterolateral reach with left leg stance (p = 0.046). These results suggest that breaking up sedentary time with calisthenics may be effective at increasing muscle strength, force steadiness and dynamic balance all of which might help reduce the effects of the ageing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily Mear
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
| | | | - Jamie Pethick
- School of Sport, Rehabilitation and Exercise Sciences, University of Essex, Colchester CO4 3SQ, UK
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Goulette D, Griffith P, Schiller M, Rutherford D, Kernozek TW. Patellofemoral joint loading during the forward and backward lunge. Phys Ther Sport 2020; 47:178-184. [PMID: 33310585 DOI: 10.1016/j.ptsp.2020.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Revised: 11/25/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To examine patellofemoral joint (PFJ) loading in two lunge movements: Forward Lunge (FL) and Backward Lunge (BL). DESIGN Repeated Measures. SETTING University Biomechanics Laboratory. PARTICIPANTS 20 asymptomatic females. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Six trials of two lunge movements (FL and BL) to a depth of 75% of leg length were performed. 3-D motion capture and force platforms were used to collect data as input into a musculoskeletal model to determine quadriceps force, PFJ reaction force, PFJ stress, and knee flexion angle. RESULTS Multivariate analysis indicated differences in PFJ loading variables and joint angles between the lunge movements (Forward vs. Backward) and phases (Down vs. Up). Quadriceps force, PFJ reaction force, and knee flexion angle were larger in the FL movement and Up phases. PFJ loading rate was greater in the FL movement along with a lower forward trunk tilt. CONCLUSION The FL produced greater PFJ loading variables compared to the BL. Further research is needed to examine a population of individuals who have patellofemoral pain (PFP) to see if their symptoms may be reduced when using the BL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle Goulette
- La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Professions, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Health Science Center, 1300 Badger Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
| | - Patrick Griffith
- La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Professions, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Health Science Center, 1300 Badger Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
| | - Michael Schiller
- La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Professions, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Health Science Center, 1300 Badger Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
| | - Drew Rutherford
- La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Professions, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Health Science Center, 1300 Badger Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA
| | - Thomas W Kernozek
- La Crosse Institute for Movement Science, Physical Therapy Program, Department of Health Professions, University of Wisconsin-La Crosse, Health Science Center, 1300 Badger Street, La Crosse, WI, 54601, USA.
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Muyor JM, Martín-Fuentes I, Rodríguez-Ridao D, Antequera-Vique JA. Electromyographic activity in the gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and rectus femoris during the Monopodal Squat, Forward Lunge and Lateral Step-Up exercises. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0230841. [PMID: 32236133 PMCID: PMC7112217 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0230841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/10/2020] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Monopodal Squat, Forward Lunge and Lateral Step-Up exercises are commonly performed with one's own body weight for rehabilitation purposes. However, muscle activity evaluated using surface electromyography has never been analyzed among these three exercises. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to evaluate the amplitude of the EMG activity of the gluteus medius, gluteus maximus, biceps femoris, vastus lateralis, vastus medialis and rectus femoris muscles in participants performing the Lateral Step-Up, Forward Lunge and Monopodal Squat exercises. A total of 20 physically active participants (10 men and 10 women) performed 5 repetitions at 60% (5 repetition maximum) in each of the evaluated exercises. The EMG amplitude was calculated in percentage of the maximum voluntary contraction. The Monopodal Squat exercise showed a higher EMG activity (p ≤ 0.001) in relation to the Lateral Step-Up and Forward Lunge exercises in all of the evaluated muscles (d > 0.6) except for the rectus femoris. The three exercises showed significantly higher EMG activity in all of the muscles that were evaluated in the concentric phase in relation to the eccentric one. In the three evaluated exercises, vastus lateralis and vastus medialis showed the highest EMG activity, followed by gluteus medius and gluteus maximus. The Monopodal Squat, Forward Lunge and Lateral Step-Up exercises not only are recommended for their rehabilitation purposes but also should be recommended for performance objectives and strength improvement in the lower limbs.
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Affiliation(s)
- José M. Muyor
- Laboratory of Kinesiology Biomechanics and Ergonomics (KIBIOMER Lab.), Research Central Services, University of Almería, Almería, Spain
- Health Research Centre University of Almería, Almería, Spain
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7
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Phomsoupha M, Deslauriers S, Tanneau M, Ibrahime S. Vertical ground reactions of two types of lunges according to foot axis. Comput Methods Biomech Biomed Engin 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/10255842.2020.1714958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Phomsoupha
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - S. Deslauriers
- Laboratoire de Mécanique Physique, University of Bordeaux, Talence, France
| | - M. Tanneau
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Laboratory MOVE (EA 6314), University of Poitiers, Poitiers, France
| | - S. Ibrahime
- Laboratoire TEC, University of Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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Forman DA, Forman GN, Button DC, Holmes MWR. THERABAND® CLX gold reduces knee-width index and range of motion during overhead, barbell squatting. Sports Biomech 2018; 20:198-212. [PMID: 30526370 DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1537371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the influence of the TherabandTM CLX gold band on lower-limb muscle activity and kinematics during an overhead barbell squat. Participants performed two sets (band and no-band) of 12 repetitions of overhead barbell squats at 25% bodyweight. Three-dimensional kinematics were measured using motion capture with rigid bodies placed bilaterally on the foot, shank, thigh and thorax. Electromyography was collected from seven, bilateral muscles of the lower-limb and was unchanged for all muscles between conditions. Medial knee collapse was calculated using a knee-width index (KWI) ratio of the distance between the lateral epicondyles of the femur and the lateral malleoli. Average KWI was smaller during the band condition for the concentric (No band: 0.99 ± 0.05, Band: 0.97 ± 0.06, p < 0.05) and eccentric phases (No band: 1.00 ± 0.06, Band: 0.97 ± 0.05, p < 0.05). KWI was significantly smaller with the use of the TherabandTM CLX. As the gold band is the strongest of the CLX offerings, any benefit of increased proprioception may have been lost due to the high resistance of the band. Further research examining the dose-response of elastic band resistance to knee alignment may be needed to inform proper exercise prescription.
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Affiliation(s)
- Davis A Forman
- Faculty of Science, University of Ontario Institute of Technology , Oshawa, ON, Canada
| | - Garrick N Forman
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON, Canada
| | - Duane C Button
- School of Human Kinetics and Recreation, Memorial University , St. John's, NL, Canada
| | - Michael W R Holmes
- Department of Kinesiology, Faculty of Applied Health Sciences, Brock University , St. Catharines, ON, Canada
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Hegyi A, Csala D, Péter A, Finni T, Cronin NJ. High‐density electromyography activity in various hamstring exercises. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29:34-43. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2018] [Revised: 09/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/12/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- András Hegyi
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Dániel Csala
- Department of Biomechanics University of Physical Education Budapest Hungary
| | - Annamária Péter
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Taija Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyvaskyla Finland
| | - Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyvaskyla Finland
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Park D, Lee JH, Kang TW, Cynn HS. Effects of a 4-Week Self-Ankle Mobilization with Movement Intervention on Ankle Passive Range of Motion, Balance, Gait, and Activities of Daily Living in Patients with Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Study. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:3451-3459. [PMID: 30193809 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2018.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2018] [Revised: 07/14/2018] [Accepted: 08/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
GOAL To compare the effects of a 4-week self-ankle mobilization with movement training program with those of self-ankle mobilization with movement with a 10° inclined board in patients with chronic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS A randomized controlled assessor-blind trial was conducted. The patients were randomized into 2 arms. Subjects were 28 chronic stroke patients with hemiplegia. Both arms attended standard rehabilitation therapy for 30 minutes per session. In addition, self-ankle mobilization with movement and self-ankle mobilization with movement with a 10° inclined board trainings were performed 3 times per week for 4 weeks. Ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion, static balance ability, Berg balance scale, gait parameters (walking speed, cadence, and step length), and activities of daily living were used to assess changes in motor function after training. FINDINGS After 4 weeks of training, all dependent variables were significantly improved in both arms as compared with their baseline values. Furthermore, relative to the self-ankle mobilization with movement arm, the self-ankle mobilization with movement with a 10° inclined board arm demonstrated significantly improved ankle dorsiflexion passive range of motion, static balance ability, gait speed, cadence, and affected-side step length. CONCLUSIONS Our results support the hypothesis that self-ankle mobilization with movement with a 10° inclined board combined with standard rehabilitation was superior to self-ankle mobilization with movement combined with standard rehabilitation with respect to the improvement in motor function in the patients with chronic stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donghwan Park
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji-Hyun Lee
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Tae-Woo Kang
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Heon-Seock Cynn
- Department of Physical Therapy, Graduate School, Yonsei University, Wonju, Gangwon-do, Republic of Korea.
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Nielsen MH, Lund JN, Lam WK, Kersting UG. Differences in impact characteristics, joint kinetics and measurement reliability between forehand and backhand forward badminton lunges. Sports Biomech 2018; 19:547-560. [DOI: 10.1080/14763141.2018.1501086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Morten Hauge Nielsen
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Jan Noergaard Lund
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
| | - Wing-Kai Lam
- Li Ning Sports Science Research Center, Li Ning (China) Sports Goods Co., Ltd, Beijing, China
- Department of Kinesiology, Shenyang Sport University, Shenyang, China
| | - Uwe Gustav Kersting
- Department of Health Science and Technology, Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark
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13
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Automatic Myotendinous Junction Tracking in Ultrasound Images with Phase-Based Segmentation. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:3697835. [PMID: 29750152 PMCID: PMC5884232 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3697835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Displacement of the myotendinous junction (MTJ) obtained by ultrasound imaging is crucial to quantify the interactive length changes of muscles and tendons for understanding the mechanics and pathological conditions of the muscle-tendon unit during motion. However, the lack of a reliable automatic measurement method restricts its application in human motion analysis. This paper presents an automated measurement of MTJ displacement using prior knowledge on tendinous tissues and MTJ, precluding the influence of nontendinous components on the estimation of MTJ displacement. It is based on the perception of tendinous features from musculoskeletal ultrasound images using Radon transform and thresholding methods, with information about the symmetric measures obtained from phase congruency. The displacement of MTJ is achieved by tracking manually marked points on tendinous tissues with the Lucas-Kanade optical flow algorithm applied over the segmented MTJ region. The performance of this method was evaluated on ultrasound images of the gastrocnemius obtained from 10 healthy subjects (26.0 ± 2.9 years of age). Waveform similarity between the manual and automatic measurements was assessed by calculating the overall similarity with the coefficient of multiple correlation (CMC). In vivo experiments demonstrated that MTJ tracking with the proposed method (CMC = 0.97 ± 0.02) was more consistent with the manual measurements than existing optical flow tracking methods (CMC = 0.79 ± 0.11). This study demonstrated that the proposed method was robust to the interference of nontendinous components, resulting in a more reliable measurement of MTJ displacement, which may facilitate further research and applications related to the architectural change of muscles and tendons.
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14
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Hegyi A, Péter A, Finni T, Cronin NJ. Region-dependent hamstrings activity in Nordic hamstring exercise and stiff-leg deadlift defined with high-density electromyography. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2017; 28:992-1000. [PMID: 29143379 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/06/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Recent studies suggest region-specific metabolic activity in hamstring muscles during injury prevention exercises, but the neural representation of this phenomenon is unknown. The aim of this study was to examine whether regional differences are evident in the activity of biceps femoris long head (BFlh) and semitendinosus (ST) muscles during two common injury prevention exercises. Twelve male participants without a history of hamstring injury performed the Nordic hamstring exercise (NHE) and stiff-leg deadlift (SDL) while BFlh and ST activities were recorded with high-density electromyography (HD-EMG). Normalized activity was calculated from the distal, middle, and proximal regions in the eccentric phase of each exercise. In NHE, ST overall activity was substantially higher than in BFlh (d = 1.06 ± 0.45), compared to trivial differences between muscles in SDL (d = 0.19 ± 0.34). Regional differences were found in NHE for both muscles, with different proximal-distal patterns: The distal region showed the lowest activity level in ST (regional differences, d range = 0.55-1.41) but the highest activity level in BFlh (regional differences, d range = 0.38-1.25). In SDL, regional differences were smaller in both muscles (d range = 0.29-0.67 and 0.16-0.63 in ST and BFlh, respectively) than in NHE. The use of HD-EMG in hamstrings revealed heterogeneous hamstrings activity during typical injury prevention exercises. High-density EMG might be useful in future studies to provide a comprehensive overview of hamstring muscle activity in other exercises and high-injury risk tasks.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Hegyi
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - A Péter
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - T Finni
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
| | - N J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyvaskyla, Jyvaskyla, Finland
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Schellenberg F, Taylor WR, Lorenzetti S. Towards evidence based strength training: a comparison of muscle forces during deadlifts, goodmornings and split squats. BMC Sports Sci Med Rehabil 2017; 9:13. [PMID: 28725437 PMCID: PMC5513080 DOI: 10.1186/s13102-017-0077-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND To ensure an efficient and targeted adaptation with low injury risk during strength exercises, knowledge of the participant specific internal loading conditions is essential. The goal of this study was to calculate the lower limb muscles forces during the strength exercises deadlifts, goodmornings and splits squats by means of musculoskeletal simulation. METHODS 11 participants were assessed performing 10 different variations of split squats by varying the step length as well as the maximal frontal tibia angle, and 13 participants were measured performing deadlift and goodmorning exercises. Using individualised musculoskeletal models, forces of the Quadriceps (four parts), Hamstrings (four parts) and m. gluteus maximus (three parts) were computed. RESULTS Deadlifts resulted highest loading for the Quadriceps, especially for the vasti (18-34 N/kg), but not for the rectus femoris (8-10 N/kg), which exhibited its greatest loading during split squats (13-27 N/kg) in the rear limb. Hamstrings were loaded isometrically during goodmornings but dynamically during deadlifts. For the m. gluteus maximus, the highest loading was observed during split squats in the front limb (up to 25 N/kg), while deadlifts produced increasingly, large loading over large ranges of motion in hip and knee. CONCLUSIONS Acting muscle forces vary between exercises, execution form and joint angle. For all examined muscles, deadlifts produced considerable loading over large ranges of motion, while split squats seem to be highly dependent upon exercise variation. This study provides key information to design strength-training programs with respect to loading conditions and ranges of motion of lower extremity muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florian Schellenberg
- Institute for Biomechanics, HCP H 16.3, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - William R Taylor
- Institute for Biomechanics, HCP H 16.3, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Silvio Lorenzetti
- Institute for Biomechanics, HCP H 16.3, ETH Zurich, Leopold-Ruzicka-Weg 4, 8093 Zürich, Switzerland
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Effects of Talocrural Mobilization with Movement on Ankle Strength, Mobility, and Weight-Bearing Ability in Hemiplegic Patients with Chronic Stroke: A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2016; 26:169-176. [PMID: 27765557 DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2016.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2016] [Revised: 08/25/2016] [Accepted: 09/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE In general, adequate movement of the ankle joint is known to play an important role in functional activities. Stroke survivors frequently have limited range of motion of the ankle, leading to dysfunctional weight transfer toward the paretic lower limb during standing or gait. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of talocrural mobilization with movement (MWM) on ankle strength, dorsiflexion passive range of motion (DF-PROM), and weight-bearing ability on the paretic limb during standing or gait in stroke patients with limited ankle dorsiflexion. METHODS Twenty-six participants with chronic hemiplegia (>6 months post stroke) were divided into 2 groups: MWM group (n = 13) and control group (n = 13). Both groups attended conventional physiotherapy sessions 3 times a week for 5 weeks. Additionally, the MWM group underwent talocrural MWM 3 times a week for 5 weeks. Isokinetic ankle strength, DF-PROM, and weight-bearing ability measures included the limit of stability (LOS); gait parameters were evaluated before and after interventions. RESULTS Plantarflexors peak torque and DF-PROM significantly increased in the MWM group. In addition, forward and forward-paretic direction LOS significantly increased in the MWM group. Paretic direction LOS, single-limb support phase of the paretic limb significantly increased and double limb support phase significantly decreased within the MWM group. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that talocrural MWM has an augmented effect on ankle strength, mobility, and weight-bearing ability in chronic stroke patients with limited ankle motion when added to conventional therapy.
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Ofori J, Freeman J, Logan A, Rapson R, Zajieck J, Hobart J, Marsden J. An investigation of commonly prescribed stretches of the ankle plantarflexors in people with Multiple Sclerosis. Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon) 2016; 37:22-26. [PMID: 27286554 DOI: 10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2016.05.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2015] [Revised: 04/04/2016] [Accepted: 05/18/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Stretches are often prescribed to manage increased limb stiffness in people with Multiple Sclerosis. This study determined the ankle plantarflexor torque magnitude that people with Multiple Sclerosis can apply during four commonly prescribed stretches and determined the relationship between the applied torque and functional ability. METHODS People with Multiple Sclerosis (N=27) were compared to healthy control participants (n=15). Four stretches were investigated; stretching in step standing; using a step; pulling the ankle into dorsiflexion and standing in a frame. Joint position and forces were measured using 3D motion analysis and torque transducers. Baseline ankle strength and stiffness was measured using motor driven ankle perturbations. FINDINGS People with Multiple Sclerosis (N=27) had higher stretch reflex amplitudes and lower strength compared to the control group (n=15). People with Multiple Sclerosis achieved less lengthening of the plantarflexor muscle-tendon complex when stretching but similar ankle torques compared to controls. While stretching people with Multiple Sclerosis showed greater muscle activation in the ankle plantarflexors. Stretches in weight bearing positions produced higher plantarflexor torques. People with Multiple Sclerosis with lower functional ability preferred the more supported stretches (ankle pull and standing frame). INTERPRETATION Stretches in weight bearing positions achieve higher ankle torques but this is in part due to increased postural activity in people with Multiple Sclerosis. Functional ability may limit stretch effectiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ofori
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BH, UK
| | - J Freeman
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BH, UK
| | - A Logan
- Stroke Rehabilitation Unit, Camborne/Redruth Community Hospital, Barncoose Terrace, Redruth TR15 3ER, UK
| | - R Rapson
- Paediatrics and Learning Disabilities, South Devon Healthcare NHS Foundation Trust, Bidwell Brook School, Shinners Bridge, Dartington, TQ9 6JU, UK
| | - J Zajieck
- Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry University of Plymouth, PL6 8BH, UK
| | - J Hobart
- Peninsula College of Medicine and Dentistry University of Plymouth, PL6 8BH, UK
| | - J Marsden
- School of Health Professions, Faculty of Health and Human Sciences, University of Plymouth, PL6 8BH, UK.
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18
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Stastny P, Lehnert M, Zaatar AMZ, Svoboda Z, Xaverova Z. Does the Dumbbell-Carrying Position Change the Muscle Activity in Split Squats and Walking Lunges? J Strength Cond Res 2016; 29:3177-87. [PMID: 25968228 PMCID: PMC4640053 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000000976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Stastny, P, Lehnert, M, Zaatar, AMZ, Svoboda, Z, and Xaverova, Z. Does the dumbbell-carrying position change the muscle activity in split squats and walking lunges? J Strength Cond Res 29(11): 3177–3187, 2015—The forward walking lunge (WL) and split squat (SSq) are similar exercises that have differences in the eccentric phase, and both can be performed in the ipsilateral or contralateral carrying conditions. This study aimed to determine the effects of dumbbell-carrying position on the kinematics and electromyographic (EMG) amplitudes of the gluteus medius (Gmed), vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), and biceps femoris during WLs and SSqs. The resistance-trained (RT) and the non–resistance-trained (NT) groups (both n = 14) performed ipsilateral WLs, contralateral WLs, ipsilateral SSqs, and contralateral SSqs in a randomized order in a simulated training session. The EMG amplitude, expressed as a percentage of the maximal voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC), and the kinematics, expressed as the range of motion (ROM) of the hip and knee, were measured during 5 repetition maximum for both legs. The repeated measure analyses of variance showed significant differences between the RT and NT groups. The NT group showed a smaller knee flexion ROM (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.36) during both types of WLs, whereas the RT group showed a higher eccentric Gmed amplitude (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.46) during all exercises and a higher eccentric VL amplitude (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.63) during contralateral WLs. Further differences were found between contralateral and ipsilateral WLs in both the RT (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.69) and NT groups (p < 0.001, η2 = 0.80), and contralateral WLs resulted in higher eccentric Gmed amplitudes. Contralateral WLs highly activated the Gmed (90% MVIC); therefore, this exercise can increase the Gmed maximal strength. The ipsilateral loading condition did not increase the Gmed or VM activity in the RT or NT group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stastny
- Faculty of Physical Culture, Palacky University in Olomouc, Olomouc, Czech Republic
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Stastny P, Tufano JJ, Golas A, Petr M. Strengthening the Gluteus Medius Using Various Bodyweight and Resistance Exercises. Strength Cond J 2016; 38:91-101. [PMID: 27340373 PMCID: PMC4890828 DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
THE GLUTEUS MEDIUS (Gmed) IS AN IMPORTANT MUSCLE AND, IF WEAK, CAN CAUSE KNEE, HIP, OR LOWER-BACK PATHOLOGIES. THIS ARTICLE REVIEWS METHODS OF Gmed STRENGTH ASSESSMENT, PROVIDES EXERCISES THAT TARGET THE Gmed BASED ON ELECTROMYOGRAPHY, PRESENTS HOW TO IMPLEMENT Gmed STRENGTHENING IN HEAVY RESISTANCE TRAINING PROGRAMS, AND EXPLAINS THE IMPORTANCE OF INCLUDING THESE EXERCISES IN THESE PROGRAMS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stastny
- Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - James J Tufano
- Department of Sport, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic;; Department of Exercise and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, WA, Australia
| | - Artur Golas
- Department of Sports Training, The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education, Katowice, Poland; and
| | - Miroslav Petr
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Physical Education and Sport, Charles University in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
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20
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An CM, Won JI. Effects of ankle joint mobilization with movement and weight-bearing exercise on knee strength, ankle range of motion, and gait velocity in patients with stroke: a pilot study. J Phys Ther Sci 2016; 28:689-94. [PMID: 27065565 PMCID: PMC4793035 DOI: 10.1589/jpts.28.689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
[Purpose] The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of ankle joint
mobilization with movement on knee strength, ankle range of motion, and gait velocity,
compared with weight-bearing exercise in stroke patients. [Subjects and Methods] Thirty
subjects with chronic stroke were divided into three groups: MWM (n = 12), WBE (n = 8),
and control (n = 10). All groups attended physical therapy sessions 3 times a week for 5
weeks. Subjects in the MWM group performed mobilization with movement exercises, whilst
participants in the WBE group performed weight-bearing exercises. Knee peak torque, ankle
range of motion, and spatiotemporal gait parameters were evaluated before and after the
interventions. [Results] Knee extensor peak torque increased significantly in both MWM and
WBE groups. However, only the MWM group showed significant improvement in passive and
active ankle range of motion and gait velocity, among the three groups. [Conclusion] Ankle
joint mobilization with movement intervention is more effective than simple weight-bearing
intervention in improving gait speed in stroke patients with limited ankle motion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Man An
- Department of Physical Therapy, Chonbuk National University Hospital, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong-Im Won
- Department of Physical Therapy, College of Medical Science, Jeonju University, Republic of Korea
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21
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Stastny P, Lehnert M, Zaatar A, Svoboda Z, Xaverova Z, Pietraszewski P. The Gluteus Medius Vs. Thigh Muscles Strength Ratio and Their Relation to Electromyography Amplitude During a Farmer's Walk Exercise. J Hum Kinet 2015; 45:157-65. [PMID: 25964819 PMCID: PMC4415828 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2015-0016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The strength ratio between hamstrings and quadriceps (H/Q) is associated with knee injuries as well as hip abductor muscle (HAB) weakness. Sixteen resistance trained men (age, 32.5 ± 4.2 years) performed 5 s maximal isometric contractions at 75° of knee flexion/extension and 15° of hip abduction on a dynamometer. After this isometric test they performed a Farmer’s walk exercise to find out if the muscle strength ratio predicted the electromyography amplitude expressed as a percentage of maximum voluntary isometric contraction (%MVIC). The carried load represented a moderate intensity of 75% of the exercise six repetitions maximum (6RM). Electromyography data from the vastus medialis (VM), vastus lateralis (VL), biceps femoris (BF) and gluteus medius (Gmed) on each leg were collected during the procedure. The groups selected were participants with H/Q ≥ 0.5, HQ < 0.5, HAB/H ≥ 1, HAB/H < 1, HAB/Q ≥ 0.5 and HAB/Q < 0.5. One way ANOVA showed that Gmed activity was significantly greater in the group with HAB/H < 1 (42 ± 14 %MVIC) as compared to HAB/H ≥ 1 (26 ± 10 %MVIC) and HAB/Q < 0.5 (47 ± 19 %MVIC) compared to HAB/Q ≥ 0.5 (26 ± 12 %MVIC). The individuals with HAB/H < 1 were found to have greater activation of their Gmed during the Farmer’s walk exercise. Individuals with HAB/Q < 0.5 had greater activation of the Gmed. Gmed strength ratios predict the muscle involvement when a moderate amount of the external load is used. The Farmer’s walk is recommended as an exercise which can strengthen the gluteus medius, especially for individuals with a HAB/H ratio < 1 and HAB/Q < 0.5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petr Stastny
- Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture, Tr. Miru 115, post. 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
- Corresponding author: Peter Stastny, PhD, Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture, Tr. Miru 115, post. 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic, E-mail:
| | - Michal Lehnert
- Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture, Tr. Miru 115, post. 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Amr Zaatar
- Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture, Tr. Miru 115, post. 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zdenek Svoboda
- Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture, Tr. Miru 115, post. 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Zuzana Xaverova
- Palacky University in Olomouc, Faculty of Physical Culture, Tr. Miru 115, post. 771 11 Olomouc, Czech Republic
| | - Przemysław Pietraszewski
- Department of Theory and Practice of Sport; The Jerzy Kukuczka Academy of Physical Education in Katowice; Poland
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22
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Lin CF, Hua SH, Huang MT, Lee HH, Liao JC. Biomechanical analysis of knee and trunk in badminton players with and without knee pain during backhand diagonal lunges. J Sports Sci 2015; 33:1429-39. [DOI: 10.1080/02640414.2014.990492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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23
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Turner G, Barker K. Exercise Selection to Develop Optimal Explosive Lunge Movements for World-Standard Squash. Strength Cond J 2014. [DOI: 10.1519/ssc.0000000000000065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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24
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Mendiguchia J, Garrues MA, Cronin JB, Contreras B, Malliaropoulos N, Maffulli N, Idoate F. In Response. J Strength Cond Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a882d6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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25
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Bourne M, Opar D, Shield A. To the Editor. J Strength Cond Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e3182a8827c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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26
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Montgomery MM, Shultz SJ, Schmitz RJ, Wideman L, Henson RA. Influence of lean body mass and strength on landing energetics. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2013; 44:2376-83. [PMID: 22811034 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0b013e318268fb2d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Less lean body mass may limit one's ability to produce adequate muscle forces to safely control landing from a jump, thus increasing the risk for injury. The primary objective of this study was to determine the effect of lower extremity lean mass (LELM) and eccentric muscle strength on lower extremity energy absorption (EA) during a drop jump landing. METHODS Seventy athletic subjects (35 men and 35 women) were measured for LELM with dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, maximal eccentric strength of the quadriceps (QuadECC) and hamstrings (HamECC), and lower extremity joint energetics during the initial landing of a drop jump. A mediation analysis examined the extent to which LELM predicted EA at each lower extremity joint (EAHIP, EAKNEE, and EAANK) and subsequently whether these relationships were mediated by each subject's maximal eccentric strength capabilities. RESULTS LELM was a significant predictor of EAKNEE (R = 0.22, P < 0.01) in females but not in males (R = 0.03, P = 0.16). In females, QuadECC was a significant mediator of the effect of LELM on EA at the knee (ab = 179.72, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 10.43-423.42) and ankle (ab = 1.71, 95% CI = [0.16, 3.94]), whereas HamECC was a significant mediator of the relationship between LELM and EAHIP (ab = 4.89, 95% CI = 2.05-8.40). No significant relationships were observed in males. CONCLUSIONS LELM was a significant factor in energetic capabilities for females but not males. For females, this relationship was evident secondary to the stronger underlying relationship between maximal strength and EA. Thus, the maximal eccentric strength capabilities may be a more important determinant of energetic behaviors compared with the available quantity of lean mass alone. More work is needed to investigate these relationships and to reveal the underlying sex-specific mechanisms that determine EA capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa M Montgomery
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Northridge; Northridge, CA 91330-8287, USA.
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Abstract
The purpose of this study was to compare estimates of gastrocnemius muscle length (GML) obtained using a segmented versus straight-line model in children. Kinematic data were acquired on eleven typically developing children as they walked under the following conditions: normal gait, crouch gait, equinus gait, and crouch with equinus gait. Maximum and minimum GML, and GML change were calculated using two models: straight-line and segmented. A two-way RMANOVA was used to compare GML characteristics. Results indicated that maximum GML and GML change during simulated pathological gait patterns were influenced by model used to calculate gastrocnemius muscle length (interaction: P = .004 and P = .026). Maximum GML was lower in the simulated gait patterns compared with normal gait (P < .001). Maximum GML was higher with the segmented model compared with the straight-line model (P = .030). Using either model, GML change in equinus gait and crouch with equinus gait was lower compared with normal gait (P < .001). Overall, minimum GML estimated with the segmented model was higher compared with the straight-line model (P < .01). The key findings of our study indicate that GML is significantly affected by both gait pattern and method of estimation. The GML estimates tended to be lower with the straight-line model versus the segmented model.
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28
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Cronin NJ, Lichtwark G. The use of ultrasound to study muscle-tendon function in human posture and locomotion. Gait Posture 2013; 37:305-12. [PMID: 22910172 DOI: 10.1016/j.gaitpost.2012.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Revised: 07/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/28/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Analysis of human movement has traditionally relied on measures such as kinematics, kinetics and electromyography. These measures provide valuable information about movement performance and make it possible to draw inferences about muscle and tendon function. Musculoskeletal models are also used frequently to examine the relationship between joint kinematics and muscle-tendon behaviour, and have provided important insights into both healthy and clinical gait. However, muscles interact with compliant tendons during movement, which complicates interpretation of muscle and tendon function based on external measures such as joint kinematics. Accordingly, methods have been developed that enable muscle and tendinous tissues to be imaged in real-time. Ultrasound is among the most popular methods used for this purpose, and has been applied extensively to the study of in vivo muscle and tendon function in a range of human populations and movement contexts. There is a growing body of literature that proposes different measures of muscle and/or tendon function, and these results need to be discussed in light of the technical differences between the measurement techniques. In this review we first outline the various uses of ultrasound to examine human muscle and tendon function, and then summarise ultrasound-based research specifically during locomotion and postural conditions. We then describe some of the many technical issues associated with this method. Methods of data analysis are introduced, including novel automated techniques that improve the efficiency of the analysis process. Finally, possible future directions in musculoskeletal ultrasound research are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Neil J Cronin
- Neuromuscular Research Centre, Department of Biology of Physical Activity, University of Jyväskylä, Finland.
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29
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Mendiguchia J, Garrues MA, Cronin JB, Contreras B, Los Arcos A, Malliaropoulos N, Maffulli N, Idoate F. Nonuniform Changes in MRI Measurements of the Thigh Muscles After Two Hamstring Strengthening Exercises. J Strength Cond Res 2013; 27:574-81. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0b013e31825c2f38] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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30
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Jakobsen MD, Sundstrup E, Andersen CH, Aagaard P, Andersen LL. Muscle activity during leg strengthening exercise using free weights and elastic resistance: effects of ballistic vs controlled contractions. Hum Mov Sci 2012; 32:65-78. [PMID: 23231756 DOI: 10.1016/j.humov.2012.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2011] [Revised: 07/02/2012] [Accepted: 07/03/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The present study's aim was to evaluate muscle activity during leg exercises using elastic vs. isoinertial resistance at different exertion and loading levels, respectively. Twenty-four women and eighteen men aged 26-67 years volunteered to participate in the experiment. Electromyographic (EMG) activity was recorded in nine muscles during a standardized forward lunge movement performed with dumbbells and elastic bands during (1) ballistic vs. controlled exertion, and (2) at low, medium and high loads (33%, 66% and 100% of 10 RM, respectively). The recorded EMG signals were normalized to MVC EMG. Knee joint angle was measured using electronic inclinometers. The following results were obtained. Loading intensity affected EMG amplitude in the order: low<medium<high loads (p<.001). Ballistic contractions always produced greater EMG activity than slow controlled contractions, and for most muscles ballistic contractions with medium load showed similar EMG amplitude as controlled contractions with high load. At flexed knee joint positions with elastic resistance, quadriceps and gluteus EMG amplitude during medium-load ballistic contractions exceeded that recorded during high-load controlled contractions. Quadriceps and gluteus EMG amplitude increased at flexed knee positions. In contrast, hamstrings EMG amplitude remained constant throughout ROM during dumbbell lunge, but increased at more extended knee joint positions during lunges using elastic resistance. Based on these results, it can be concluded that lunges performed using medium-load ballistic muscle contractions may induce similar or even higher leg muscle activity than lunges using high-load slow-speed contractions. Consequently, lunges using elastic resistance appear to be equally effective in inducing high leg muscle activity as traditional lunges using isoinertial resistance.
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31
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Alkjaer T, Wieland MR, Andersen MS, Simonsen EB, Rasmussen J. Computational modeling of a forward lunge: towards a better understanding of the function of the cruciate ligaments. J Anat 2012; 221:590-7. [PMID: 23057673 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-7580.2012.01569.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
This study investigated the function of the cruciate ligaments during a forward lunge movement. The mechanical roles of the anterior and posterior cruciate ligament (ACL, PCL) during sagittal plane movements, such as forward lunging, are unclear. A forward lunge movement contains a knee joint flexion and extension that is controlled by the quadriceps muscle. The contraction of the quadriceps can cause anterior tibial translation, which may strain the ACL at knee joint positions close to full extension. However, recent findings suggest that it is the PCL rather than the ACL which is strained during forward lunging. Thus, the purpose of the present study was to establish a musculoskeletal model of the forward lunge to computationally investigate the complete mechanical force equilibrium of the tibia during the movement to examine the loading pattern of the cruciate ligaments. A healthy female was selected from a group of healthy subjects who all performed a forward lunge on a force platform, targeting a knee flexion angle of 90°. Skin-markers were placed on anatomical landmarks on the subject and the movement was recorded by five video cameras. The three-dimensional kinematic data describing the forward lunge movement were extracted and used to develop a biomechanical model of the lunge movement. The model comprised two legs including femur, crus, rigid foot segments and the pelvis. Each leg had 35 independent muscle units, which were recruited according to a minimum fatigue criterion. This approach allowed a full understanding of the mechanical equilibrium of the knee joint, which revealed that the PCL had an important stabilizing role in the forward lunge movement. In contrast, the ACL did not have any significant mechanical function during the lunge movement. Furthermore, the results showed that m. gluteus maximus may play a role as a knee stabilizer in addition to the hamstring muscles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tine Alkjaer
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
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Connick MJ, Li FX. The impact of altered task mechanics on timing and duration of eccentric bi-articular muscle contractions during cycling. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2012; 23:223-9. [PMID: 23010605 DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2012.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 08/10/2012] [Accepted: 08/21/2012] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
In order to understand muscle adaptations to altered task mechanics during cycling, this study investigated the impact of altered seat height and cadence on timing and duration of gastrocnemius (GAST), biceps femoris (BF) and vastus lateralis (VL) eccentric contractions and muscle activation patterns, and cycling economy. Ten male cyclists completed 9 × 5 min of cycling at 3 seat heights and 3 cadences. Three-dimensional leg kinematics and muscle activation patterns were recorded to estimate timing of eccentric muscle contractions. Onset, offset and duration of eccentric contractions and, onset, offset and duration of muscle activation were calculated, along with cycling economy. Duration of GAST and VL eccentric contractions decreased with increasing seat height due to earlier offset of eccentric muscle contractions. Duration of BF eccentric contractions significantly increased with seat height due to a later eccentric contraction offset. Offset of GAST and BF muscle activation occurred earlier with increasing cadence. Cycling economy was significantly affected by cadence but not seat height. The results suggest that as a consequence of altered seat height, proprioceptive feedback is used to fine-tune the timing of bi-articular eccentric muscle contractions. These results may have implications for seat height self-selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mark J Connick
- School of Human Movement Studies, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia.
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Peak triceps surae muscle activity is not specific to knee flexion angles during MVIC. J Electromyogr Kinesiol 2011; 21:819-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jelekin.2011.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2010] [Revised: 03/18/2011] [Accepted: 04/30/2011] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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