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Carreño A, Fontdecaba E, Izquierdo A, Enciso O, Daunis-i-Estadella P, Mateu-Figueras G, Palarea-Albaladejo J, Gascon M, Vendrell C, Lloveras M, San J, Gómez S, Minuto S, Lloret J. Blue prescription: A pilot study of health benefits for oncological patients of a short program of activities involving the sea. Heliyon 2023; 9:e17713. [PMID: 37483694 PMCID: PMC10362171 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e17713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2022] [Revised: 06/12/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Performing outdoor activities in blue spaces can help improve human health and mental well-being by reducing stress and promoting social relationships. The number of people surviving cancer has increased globally to experience this disease as a life-changing and chronic condition with physical and psychosocial symptoms that have negative impacts on their quality of life. While there has been a growth of programs in green spaces to meet the needs of cancer patients, such as follow-up post-treatment care, support groups and physical activity programs, very few studies have examined the effects of activities involving the sea for the health and well-being of oncology patients. This is the first study to evaluate whether different outdoor activities in blue spaces can benefit oncological patients' physical and mental health using smartwatches, sphygmomanometers and Profile of Mood States (POMS) questionnaires. We assessed changes in blood pressure, heart rate, sleep quality and mental health of 16 patients after twelve sessions of three different activities (walking, beach and snorkelling) and four sessions of a control activity. While no significant differences between activities were observed in terms of the data gathered by the smartwatches, a gradient of positive results for human mental health was observed towards exposure to a blue space, assessed through POMS questionnaires. Results show that exposure to blue spaces contributes to tension and anger reduction and improves the vigour mood state of oncology patients. No significant increases in patients' heart rate were recorded after the beach and snorkelling activities, with results similar to the control activity, suggesting that the contribution may be to participants' relaxation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arnau Carreño
- Sea Health, Oceans and Human Health Chair, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Eva Fontdecaba
- Medicina de Familia, CAP Castelló D’Empúries, Donostia-San Sebastian, Spain
| | - Angel Izquierdo
- Institut Català D'Oncologia, Hospital de Girona Dr. Josep Trueta, Avinguda de França S/n, 17007, Girona, Spain
| | - Olga Enciso
- Medicina de Familia, CAP Tossa de Mar, Corporació de Salut Del Maresme I La Selva, Girona, Spain
| | - Pepus Daunis-i-Estadella
- Dept. of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | - Gloria Mateu-Figueras
- Dept. of Computer Science, Applied Mathematics and Statistics, University of Girona, Girona, Spain
| | | | - Mireia Gascon
- Barcelona Institute for Global Health (ISGlobal), Barcelona Biomedical Research Park (PRBB) Doctor Aiguader, 88 08003, Barcelona, Spain
- Universitat Pompeu Fabra (UPF), Barcelona, Spain
- CIBER Epidemiología y Salud Pública (CIBERESP), Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - Joan San
- Sea Health, Oceans and Human Health Chair, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Sílvia Gómez
- Dep. Social Anthropology, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Building B-Campus UAB, 08193, Bellaterra, (Cerdanyola Del Vallès) Barcelona, Spain
| | - Stefania Minuto
- Sea Health, Oceans and Human Health Chair, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
| | - Josep Lloret
- Sea Health, Oceans and Human Health Chair, Institute of Aquatic Ecology, University of Girona, C/ Maria Aurèlia Capmany 69, 17003, Girona, Spain
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Malinowski KS, Wierzba TH, Neary JP, Winklewski PJ, Wszędybył-Winklewska M. Resting Heart Rate Affects Heart Response to Cold-Water Face Immersion Associated with Apnea. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:869. [PMID: 37372152 DOI: 10.3390/biology12060869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 06/14/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023]
Abstract
The regular cardiac response to immersion of the face in cold water is reduction in heart rate (HR). The highly individualized and unpredictable course of the cardiodepressive response prompted us to investigate the relationship between the cardiac response to face immersion and the resting HR. The research was conducted with 65 healthy volunteers (37 women and 28 men) with an average age of 21.13 years (20-27 years) and a BMI of 21.49 kg/m2 (16.60-28.98). The face-immersion test consisted of stopping breathing after maximum inhaling and voluntarily immersing the face in cold water (8-10 °C) for as long as possible. Measurements included determination of minimum, average, and maximum HR at rest and minimum and maximum HR during the cold-water face-immersion test. The results indicate a strong relationship between the cardiodepressive reaction of the immersion of the face and the minimum HR before the test, as well as a relationship between the maximum HR during the test and the maximum HR at rest. The results also indicate a strong influence of neurogenic HR regulation on the described relationships. The parameters of the basal HR can, therefore, be used as prognostic indicators of the course of the cardiac response of the immersion test.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof S Malinowski
- Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Tomasz H Wierzba
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - J Patrick Neary
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Paweł J Winklewski
- Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Wszędybył-Winklewska
- Department of Neurophysiology, Neuropsychology and Neuroinformatics, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 76-200 Slupsk, Poland
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Malinowski KS, Wierzba TH, Neary JP, Winklewski PJ, Wszędybył-Winklewska M. Heart Rate Variability at Rest Predicts Heart Response to Simulated Diving. BIOLOGY 2023; 12:biology12010125. [PMID: 36671817 PMCID: PMC9856132 DOI: 10.3390/biology12010125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2022] [Revised: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 01/11/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
A characteristic feature of the cardiac response to diving is the uncertainty in predicting individual course. The aim of the study was to determine whether resting regulatory heart rate determinants assessed before diving may be predictors of cardiac response in a simulated diving test. The research was conducted with 65 healthy volunteers (37 women and 28 men) with an average age of 21.13 years (20-27 years) and a BMI of 21.49 kg/m2 (16.60-28.98). The simulated diving test consisted of stopping breathing after maximum inhaling and voluntarily immersing the face in water (8-10 °C) for as long as possible. The measurements included heart rate variability (HRV) analysis before diving and determination of the course of the cardiac response to diving-minimum and maximum heart rate (HR). The results indicate that minimum HR during diving (MIN_div) is dependent on the short-term HRV measures, which proves the strong influence of the parasympathetic system on the MIN_div. The lack of dependence of MIN_div on short-term HRV in women may be associated with differences in neurogenic HR regulation in women and men. In conclusion, cardiac response to simulated diving is strictly dependent on the autonomic regulation of the heart rhythm under resting conditions. The course of the cardiac response to diving and its relationship with resting HRV appears to be gender dependent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krzysztof S. Malinowski
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-58-349-15-20
| | - Tomasz H. Wierzba
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
| | - J. Patrick Neary
- Faculty of Kinesiology & Health Studies, University of Regina, Regina, SK S4S 0A2, Canada
| | - Paweł J. Winklewski
- Department of Human Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Medical University of Gdansk, 80-210 Gdansk, Poland
- Institute of Health Sciences, Pomeranian University of Slupsk, 76-200 Slupsk, Poland
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Guimard A, Joulia F, Prieur F, Poszalczyk G, Helme K, Lhuissier FJ. Exponential Relationship Between Maximal Apnea Duration and Exercise Intensity in Non-apnea Trained Individuals. Front Physiol 2022; 12:815824. [PMID: 35145428 PMCID: PMC8821942 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.815824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2021] [Accepted: 12/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well known that the duration of apnea is longer in static than in dynamic conditions, but the impact of exercise intensity on the apnea duration needs to be investigated. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between apnea duration and exercise intensity, and the associated metabolic parameters. Ten healthy active young non-apnea trained (NAT) men participated in this study. During the first visit, they carried out a maximum static apnea (SA) and a maximal progressive cycle exercise to evaluate the power output achieved at peak oxygen uptake (PVO2peak). During the second visit, they performed four randomized dynamic apneas (DAs) at 20, 30, 40, and 50% of PVO2peak (P20, P30, P40, and P50) preceded by 4 min of exercise without apnea. Duration of apnea, heart rate (HR), arterial oxygen saturation (SpO2), blood lactate concentration [La], rating of perceived exertion (RPE), and subjective feeling were recorded. Apnea duration was significantly higher during SA (68.1 ± 23.6 s) compared with DA. Apnea duration at P20 (35.6 ± 11.7 s) was higher compared with P30 (25.6 ± 6.3 s), P40 (19.2 ± 6.7 s), and P50 (16.9 ± 2.5 s). The relationship between apnea duration and exercise intensity followed an exponential function (y = 56.388e-0.025 x ). SA as DA performed at P20 and P30 induces a bradycardia. Apnea induces an SpO2 decrease which is higher during DA (-10%) compared with SA (-4.4%). The decreases of SPO2 recorded during DA do not differ despite the increase in exercise intensity. An increase of [La] was observed in P30 and P40 conditions. RPE and subjective feeling remained unchanged whatever the apnea conditions might be. These results suggest that the DA performed at 30% of VO2peak could be the best compromise between apnea duration and exercise intensity. Then, DA training at low intensity could be added to aerobic training since, despite the moderate hypoxia, it is sufficient to induce and increase [La] generally observed during high-intensity training.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Guimard
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Hypoxie et Poumon, H&P, INSERM, UMR 1272, Bobigny, France.,Département STAPS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Fabrice Joulia
- Center for Cardiovascular and Nutrition Research (C2VN), INSERM 1263, INRAE 1260, Aix Marseille Université, Marseille, France.,UFR STAPS, Toulon, France
| | - Fabrice Prieur
- Université Paris-Saclay, CIAMS, Orsay, France.,Université d'Orléans, CIAMS, Orléans, France
| | - Gauthier Poszalczyk
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Hypoxie et Poumon, H&P, INSERM, UMR 1272, Bobigny, France.,Département STAPS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - Kader Helme
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Hypoxie et Poumon, H&P, INSERM, UMR 1272, Bobigny, France.,Département STAPS, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Bobigny, France
| | - François J Lhuissier
- Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, Hypoxie et Poumon, H&P, INSERM, UMR 1272, Bobigny, France.,Assistance Publique - Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpitaux Universitaires Paris Seine-Saint-Denis, Hôpital Jean Verdier, Médecine de l'Exercice et du Sport, Bondy, France
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Kuypers K, Martherus T, Lamberska T, Dekker J, Hooper SB, Te Pas AB. Reflexes that impact spontaneous breathing of preterm infants at birth: a narrative review. Arch Dis Child Fetal Neonatal Ed 2020; 105:675-679. [PMID: 32350064 DOI: 10.1136/archdischild-2020-318915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Revised: 03/17/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Some neural circuits within infants are not fully developed at birth, especially in preterm infants. Therefore, it is unclear whether reflexes that affect breathing may or may not be activated during the neonatal stabilisation at birth. Both sensory reflexes (eg, tactile stimulation) and non-invasive ventilation (NIV) can promote spontaneous breathing at birth, but the application of NIV can also compromise breathing by inducing facial reflexes that inhibit spontaneous breathing. Applying an interface could provoke the trigeminocardiac reflex (TCR) by stimulating the trigeminal nerve resulting in apnoea and a reduction in heart rate. Similarly, airflow within the nasopharynx can elicit the TCR and/or laryngeal chemoreflex (LCR), resulting in glottal closure and ineffective ventilation, whereas providing pressure via inflations could stimulate multiple receptors that affect breathing. Stimulating the fast adapting pulmonary receptors may activate Head's paradoxical reflex to stimulate spontaneous breathing. In contrast, stimulating the slow adapting pulmonary receptors or laryngeal receptors could induce the Hering-Breuer inflation reflex or LCR, respectively, and thereby inhibit spontaneous breathing. As clinicians are most often unaware that starting primary care might affect the breathing they intend to support, this narrative review summarises the currently available evidence on (vagally mediated) reflexes that might promote or inhibit spontaneous breathing at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristel Kuypers
- Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tessa Martherus
- Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Tereza Lamberska
- Neonatology, General University Hospital in Prague, Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Janneke Dekker
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Stuart B Hooper
- The Ritchie Centre, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Arjan B Te Pas
- Neonatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Panneton WM, Gan Q. The Mammalian Diving Response: Inroads to Its Neural Control. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:524. [PMID: 32581683 PMCID: PMC7290049 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.00524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2020] [Accepted: 04/27/2020] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammalian diving response (DR) is a remarkable behavior that was first formally studied by Laurence Irving and Per Scholander in the late 1930s. The DR is called such because it is most prominent in marine mammals such as seals, whales, and dolphins, but nevertheless is found in all mammals studied. It consists generally of breathing cessation (apnea), a dramatic slowing of heart rate (bradycardia), and an increase in peripheral vasoconstriction. The DR is thought to conserve vital oxygen stores and thus maintain life by directing perfusion to the two organs most essential for life-the heart and the brain. The DR is important, not only for its dramatic power over autonomic function, but also because it alters normal homeostatic reflexes such as the baroreceptor reflex and respiratory chemoreceptor reflex. The neurons driving the reflex circuits for the DR are contained within the medulla and spinal cord since the response remains after the brainstem transection at the pontomedullary junction. Neuroanatomical and physiological data suggesting brainstem areas important for the apnea, bradycardia, and peripheral vasoconstriction induced by underwater submersion are reviewed. Defining the brainstem circuit for the DR may open broad avenues for understanding the mechanisms of suprabulbar control of autonomic function in general, as well as implicate its role in some clinical states. Knowledge of the proposed diving circuit should facilitate studies on elite human divers performing breath-holding dives as well as investigations on sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS), stroke, migraine headache, and arrhythmias. We have speculated that the DR is the most powerful autonomic reflex known.
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Affiliation(s)
- W. Michael Panneton
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
| | - Qi Gan
- Department of Pharmacological and Physiological Science, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
- Department of Pediatrics, School of Medicine, Saint Louis University, St. Louis, MO, United States
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Costalat G, Godin B, Balmain BN, Moreau C, Brotherton E, Billaut F, Lemaitre F. Autonomic regulation of the heart and arrhythmogenesis in trained breath-hold divers. Eur J Sport Sci 2020; 21:439-449. [PMID: 32223533 DOI: 10.1080/17461391.2020.1749313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
AbstractBreath-hold divers are known to develop cardiac autonomic changes and brady-arrthymias during prolonged breath-holding (BH). The effects of BH-induced hypoxemia were investigated upon both cardiac autonomic status and arrhythmogenesis by comparing breath-hold divers (BHDs) to non-divers (NDs). Eighteen participants (9 BHDs, 9 NDs) performed a maximal voluntary BH with face immersion. BHDs were asked to perform an additional BH at water surface to increase the degree of hypoxemia. Beat-to-beat changes in heart rate (HR), short-term fractal scaling exponent (DFAα1), the number of arrhythmic events [premature ventricular contractions (PVCs), premature atrial contractions (PACs)] and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were recorded during and immediately following BH. The corrected QT-intervals (QTc) were analyzed pre- and post-acute BH. A regression-based model was used to split BH into a normoxic (NX) and a hypoxemic phase (HX). During the HX phase of BH, BHDs showed a progressive decrease in DFAα1 during BH with face immersion (p < 0.01) and BH with whole-body immersion (p < 0.01) whereas NDs did not (p > 0.05). In addition, BHDs had more arrhythmic events during the HX of BH with whole-body immersion when compared to the corresponding NX phase (5.9 ± 6.7 vs 0.4 ± 1.3; p < 0.05; respectively). The number of PVCs was negatively correlated with SpO2 during BH with whole-body immersion (r = -0.72; p < 0.05). The hypoxemic stage of voluntary BH is concomitant with significant cardiac autonomic changes toward a synergistic sympathetic and parasympathetic stimulation. Co-activation led ultimately to increased bradycardic response and cardiac electrophysiological disturbances.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Costalat
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, APERE laboratory, EA 3300, University of Picardie Jules Verne, France
| | | | - Bryce N Balmain
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Clara Moreau
- CHU Sainte Justine - Brain and Child Development, University of Montreal, Canada
| | - Emily Brotherton
- School of Allied Health Sciences, Griffith University, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia
| | - Francois Billaut
- Département de kinésiologie, Faculté de Médecine, Université Laval, Québec, Canada
| | - Frederic Lemaitre
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, CETAPS laboratory, EA 3832, Normandy University, France
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Bierens JJLM, Lunetta P, Tipton M, Warner DS. Physiology Of Drowning: A Review. Physiology (Bethesda) 2017; 31:147-66. [PMID: 26889019 DOI: 10.1152/physiol.00002.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Drowning physiology relates to two different events: immersion (upper airway above water) and submersion (upper airway under water). Immersion involves integrated cardiorespiratory responses to skin and deep body temperature, including cold shock, physical incapacitation, and hypovolemia, as precursors of collapse and submersion. The physiology of submersion includes fear of drowning, diving response, autonomic conflict, upper airway reflexes, water aspiration and swallowing, emesis, and electrolyte disorders. Submersion outcome is determined by cardiac, pulmonary, and neurological injury. Knowledge of drowning physiology is scarce. Better understanding may identify methods to improve survival, particularly related to hot-water immersion, cold shock, cold-induced physical incapacitation, and fear of drowning.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Philippe Lunetta
- Department of Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Mike Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Extreme Environments Laboratory, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom; and
| | - David S Warner
- Departments of Anesthesiology, Neurobiology and Surgery, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, North Carolina
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Fagoni N, Taboni A, Vinetti G, Bottarelli S, Moia C, Bringard A, Ferretti G. Alveolar gas composition during maximal and interrupted apnoeas in ambient air and pure oxygen. Respir Physiol Neurobiol 2016; 235:45-51. [PMID: 27721037 DOI: 10.1016/j.resp.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We tested the hypothesis that the alveolar gas composition at the transition between the steady phase II (φ2) and the dynamic phase III (φ3) of the cardiovascular response to apnoea may lay on the physiological breaking point curve (Lin et al., 1974). METHODS Twelve elite divers performed maximal and φ2-interrupted apnoeas, in air and pure oxygen. We recorded beat-by-beat arterial blood pressure and heart rate; we measured alveolar oxygen and carbon dioxide pressures (PAO2 and PACO2, respectively) before and after apnoeas; we calculated the PACO2 difference between the end and the beginning of apnoeas (ΔPACO2). RESULTS Cardiovascular responses to apnoea were similar compared to previous studies. PAO2 and PACO2 at the end of φ2-interrupted apnoeas, corresponded to those reported at the physiological breaking point. For maximal apnoeas, PACO2 was less than reported by Lin et al. (1974). ΔPACO2 was higher in oxygen than in air. CONCLUSIONS The transition between φ2 and φ3 corresponds indeed to the physiological breaking point. We attribute this transition to ΔPACO2, rather than the absolute PACO2 values, both in air and oxygen apnoeas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nazzareno Fagoni
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Italy; Dipartimento di Specialità Medico-chirurgiche, Scienze Radiologiche e Sanità Pubblica, Università di Brescia, Italy.
| | - Anna Taboni
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali, Università di Brescia, Italy
| | - Giovanni Vinetti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Cliniche e Sperimentali, Università di Brescia, Italy
| | - Sara Bottarelli
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Italy
| | - Christian Moia
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Genève, Switzerland
| | - Aurélién Bringard
- Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Genève, Switzerland
| | - Guido Ferretti
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare e Traslazionale, Università di Brescia, Italy; Département des Neurosciences Fondamentales, Université de Genève, Switzerland
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Alkan N. Critical Analysis and Alternative Explanations for Effects of Apnea on the Timing of Motor Representations. TIMING & TIME PERCEPTION 2015. [DOI: 10.1163/22134468-03002050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This commentary is designed to provide an analysis of issues pertinent to the investigation of the effects of the temporary cessation of breathing (apnea), particularly during water immersion or diving, and its effects on time estimation in general and the timing of motor representation in particular. In addition, this analysis provides alternative explanations of certain unexpected findings reported by Di Rienzo et al. (2014) pertaining to apnea and interval timing. The perspective and guidance that this commentary provides on the relationship between apnea and time estimation is especially relevant considering the scarcity of experimental and clinical studies examining these variables.
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11
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Loss of consciousness via oculocardiac reflex during deep breath-hold diving. A case report. Int J Cardiol 2015; 193:56-7. [PMID: 26005177 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2015.05.054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Costalat G, Pichon A, Joulia F, Lemaître F. Modeling the diving bradycardia: Toward an "oxygen-conserving breaking point"? Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:1475-84. [PMID: 25691132 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3129-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Although it has been demonstrated that the exponential decay model fits the heart rate (HR) kinetics in short static breath holding (BH), this model might be inaccurate when BH is maintained for several minutes. The aim of this study was to build a new meaningful model to quantify HR kinetics during prolonged static BH. METHODS Nonlinear regression analysis was used to build a model able to quantify the beat-to-beat HR reduction kinetics observed in prolonged static BH performed both in air and in immersed condition by 11 trained breath-hold divers. Dynamic changes in cardiac autonomic regulation through heart rate variability indices [root mean square of successive difference of R-R intervals (RMSSD); short-term fractal scaling exponent: (DFAα1)] and peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2) were also analyzed to strengthen the model. RESULTS The tri-phasic model showed a sharp exponential drop in HR immediately followed by a slight linear rise up until a breaking point preceding a linear drop in HR. The breaking points had similar level of SpO2 whether in air or in immersed condition (95.1 ± 2.1 vs. 95.2 ± 3.0 %, respectively; P = 0.49), and the subsequent linear drop in HR was concomitant with a shift in cardiac autonomic regulation in air (RMSSD: +109.0 ± 47.8 %; P < 0.001; DFAα1: -18.0 ± 17.4 %; P < 0.05) and in immersion (RMSSD: +112.6 ± 55.8 %; P < 0.001; DFAα1: -26.0 ± 12 %; P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In addition to accurately fitting the HR kinetics, the most striking finding is an "oxygen-conserving breaking point" highlighted by the model, which might be interpreted as unique adaptive feature against hypoxic damages in the human diving bradycardia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Costalat
- CETAPS Laboratory, EA no 3832, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Boulevard Siegfried, Normandie University, Mont Saint-Aignan, France,
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Costalat G, Coquart J, Castres I, Tourny C, Lemaitre F. Hemodynamic adjustments during breath-holding in trained divers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 113:2523-9. [PMID: 23821240 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2690-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Voluntary breath-holding (BH) elicits several hemodynamic changes, but little is known about maximal static immersed-body BH. We hypothesized that the diving reflex would be strengthened with body immersion and would spare more oxygen than maximal dry static BH, resulting in a longer BH duration. METHODS Eleven trained breath-hold divers (BHDs) performed a maximal dry-body BH and a maximal immersed-body BH. Cardiac output (CO), stroke volume (SV), heart rate (HR), left ventricular end-diastolic volume (LVEDV), contractility index (CTI), and ventricular ejection time (VET) were continuously recorded by bio-impedancemetry (PhysioFlow PF-05). Arterial oxygen saturation (SaO2) was assessed with a finger probe oximeter. RESULTS In both conditions, BHDs presented a bi-phasic kinetic for CO and a tri-phasic kinetic for SV and HR. In the first phase of immersed-body BH and dry-body BH, results (mean ± SD) expressed as percentage changes from starting values showed decreased CO (55.9 ± 10.4 vs. 39.3 ± 16.8 %, respectively; p < 0.01 between conditions), due to drops in both SV (24.9 ± 16.2 vs. 9.0 ± 8.5 %, respectively; p < 0.05 between conditions) and HR (39.7 ± 16.7 vs. 33.6 ± 17.0 %, respectively; p < 0.01 between conditions). The second phase was marked by an overall stabilization of hemodynamic variables. In the third one, CO kept stabilizing due to increased SV (17.0 ± 20.2 vs. 10.9 ± 13.8 %, respectively; p < 0.05 between conditions) associated with a second HR drop (14.0 ± 10.0 vs. 12.7 ± 8.9 %, respectively; p < 0.01 between conditions). CONCLUSION This study highlights similar time-course patterns for cardiodynamic variables during dry-body and immersed-body BH, although the phenomenon was more pronounced in the latter condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Costalat
- CETAPS, EA No. 3832, Faculté des Sciences du Sport, Boulevard Siegfried, Université de Rouen, 76130, Mont-Saint-Aignan, France,
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Schipke JD, Cleveland S, Caspers C. Computer-assisted paranasal sinus operation induces diving bradycardia. Am J Otolaryngol 2013; 34:353-4. [PMID: 23332411 DOI: 10.1016/j.amjoto.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2012] [Accepted: 12/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Unintentional mechanical manipulation anywhere in the distribution of the trigeminal nerve might activate a reflexive bradycardia. Neurosurgeons need to bear in mind detrimental consequences on cardiac function. A female patient (53 years) underwent a computer-assisted (CAS), paranasal sinus operation performed under general anesthesia. During left sided CAS and preparation of the sinus ethmoidalis, heart rate significantly fell from 68 to 32 /min, while systolic arterial blood pressure decreased from 105 to 75 mmHg. Continuation of the preparation again decreased heart rate progressing to transient asystole lasting for 15 s. After removal of the instruments, asystole terminated without medical support. As heart rate decreased after renewed insertion of the CAS probe, sinus ethmoidalis surgery was completed after atropine administration. During neurosurgical procedures, the incidence of the reflex varies between 10 and 18%. To the best of our knowledge, we report for the first time on a direct stimulation of the ethmoidal nerve with instruments (CAS probe) during paranasal surgery. Although normally cardioprotective, exaggeration of the diving reflex can be detrimental and has been implicated in cardiorespiratory disorders, including sudden death and the sudden infant death syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen D Schipke
- Research Group Experimental Surgery, University Hospital, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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