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Gasser B, Frey WO, Valdivieso P, Scherr J, Spörri J, Flück M. Association of Gene Variants with Seasonal Variation in Muscle Strength and Aerobic Capacity in Elite Skiers. Genes (Basel) 2023; 14:1165. [PMID: 37372345 PMCID: PMC10298717 DOI: 10.3390/genes14061165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background: The training of elite skiers follows a systematic seasonal periodization with a preparation period, when anaerobic muscle strength, aerobic capacity, and cardio-metabolic recovery are specifically conditioned to provide extra capacity for developing ski-specific physical fitness in the subsequent competition period. We hypothesized that periodization-induced alterations in muscle and metabolic performance demonstrate important variability, which in part is explained by gene-associated factors in association with sex and age. Methods: A total of 34 elite skiers (20.4 ± 3.1 years, 19 women, 15 men) underwent exhaustive cardiopulmonary exercise and isokinetic strength testing before and after the preparation and subsequent competition periods of the World Cup skiing seasons 2015-2018. Biometric data were recorded, and frequent polymorphisms in five fitness genes, ACE-I/D (rs1799752), TNC (rs2104772), ACTN3 (rs1815739), and PTK2 (rs7460, rs7843014), were determined with specific PCR reactions on collected DNA. Relative percentage changes of cardio-pulmonary and skeletal muscle metabolism and performance over the two seasonal periods were calculated for 160 data points and subjected to analysis of variance (ANOVA) to identify hypothesized and novel associations between performance alterations and the five respective genotypes and determine the influence of age × sex. A threshold of 0.1 for the effect size (h2) was deemed appropriate to identify relevant associations and motivate a post hoc test to localize effects. Results: The preparation and competition periods produced antidromic functional changes, the extent of which varied with increasing importance for anaerobic strength, aerobic performance, cardio-metabolic efficiency, and cardio-metabolic/muscle recovery. Only peak RER (-14%), but not anaerobic strength and peak aerobic performance, and parameters characterizing cardio-metabolic efficiency, differed between the first and last studied skiing seasons because improvements over the preparation period were mostly lost over the competition period. A number of functional parameters demonstrated associations of variability in periodic changes with a given genotype, and this was considerably influenced by athlete "age", but not "sex". This concerned age-dependent associations between periodic changes in muscle-related parameters, such as anaerobic strength for low and high angular velocities of extension and flexion and blood lactate concentration, with rs1799752 and rs2104772, whose gene products relate to sarcopenia. By contrast, the variance in period-dependent changes in body mass and peak VO2 with rs1799752 and rs2104772, respectively, was independent of age. Likely, the variance in periodic changes in the reliance of aerobic performance on lactate, oxygen uptake, and heart rate was associated with rs1815739 independent of age. These associations manifested at the post hoc level in genotype-associated differences in critical performance parameters. ACTN3 T-allele carriers demonstrated, compared to non-carriers, largely different periodic changes in the muscle-associated parameters of aerobic metabolism during exhaustive exercise, including blood lactate and respiration exchange ratio. The homozygous T-allele carriers of rs2104772 demonstrated the largest changes in extension strength at low angular velocity during the preparation period. Conclusions: Physiological characteristics of performance in skiing athletes undergo training period-dependent seasonal alterations the extent of which is largest for muscle metabolism-related parameters. Genotype associations for the variability in changes of aerobic metabolism-associated power output during exhaustive exercise and anaerobic peak power over the preparation and competition period motivate personalized training regimes. This may help to predict and maximize the benefit of physical conditioning of elite skiers based on chronological characteristics and the polymorphisms of the ACTN3, ACE, and TNC genes investigated here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benedikt Gasser
- Department of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Paola Valdivieso
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Balgrist Campus, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland;
| | - Johannes Scherr
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.S.); (J.S.)
| | - Jörg Spörri
- University Centre for Prevention and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland; (J.S.); (J.S.)
- Sports Medical Research Group, Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Flück
- Department of Sport, Physical Activity and Health, University of Basel, 4052 Basel, Switzerland
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Balgrist Campus, University of Zurich, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland;
- Department of Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport—BASPO, 2532 Magglingen, Switzerland
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Pahlavani HA. Exercise-induced signaling pathways to counteracting cardiac apoptotic processes. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:950927. [PMID: 36036015 PMCID: PMC9403089 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.950927] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Accepted: 07/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular diseases are the most common cause of death in the world. One of the major causes of cardiac death is excessive apoptosis. However, multiple pathways through moderate exercise can reduce myocardial apoptosis. After moderate exercise, the expression of anti-apoptotic proteins such as IGF-1, IGF-1R, p-PI3K, p-Akt, ERK-1/2, SIRT3, PGC-1α, and Bcl-2 increases in the heart. While apoptotic proteins such as PTEN, PHLPP-1, GSK-3, JNK, P38MAPK, and FOXO are reduced in the heart. Exercise-induced mechanical stress activates the β and α5 integrins and subsequently, focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation activates the Akt/mTORC1 and ERK-1/2 pathways, leading to an anti-apoptotic response. One of the reasons for the decrease in exercise-induced apoptosis is the decrease in Fas-ligand protein, Fas-death receptor, TNF-α receptor, Fas-associated death domain (FADD), caspase-8, and caspase-3. In addition, after exercise mitochondrial-dependent apoptotic factors such as Bid, t-Bid, Bad, p-Bad, Bak, cytochrome c, and caspase-9 are reduced. These changes lead to a reduction in oxidative damage, a reduction in infarct size, a reduction in cardiac apoptosis, and an increase in myocardial function. After exercising in the heart, the levels of RhoA, ROCK1, Rac1, and ROCK2 decrease, while the levels of PKCε, PKCδ, and PKCɑ are activated to regulate calcium and prevent mPTP perforation. Exercise has an anti-apoptotic effect on heart failure by increasing the PKA-Akt-eNOS and FSTL1-USP10-Notch1 pathways, reducing the negative effects of CaMKIIδ, and increasing the calcineurin/NFAT pathway. Exercise plays a protective role in the heart by increasing HSP20, HSP27, HSP40, HSP70, HSP72, and HSP90 along with increasing JAK2 and STAT3 phosphorylation. However, research on exercise and factors such as Pim-1, Notch, and FAK in cardiac apoptosis is scarce, so further research is needed. Future research is recommended to discover more anti-apoptotic pathways. It is also recommended to study the synergistic effect of exercise with gene therapy, dietary supplements, and cell therapy for future research.
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Niederseer D, Walser R, Schmied C, Dela F, Gräni C, Bohm P, Müller E, Niebauer J. Effects of a 12-Week Recreational Skiing Program on Cardio-Pulmonary Fitness in the Elderly: Results from the Salzburg Skiing in the Elderly Study (SASES). INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2021; 18:ijerph182111378. [PMID: 34769896 PMCID: PMC8583387 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph182111378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2021] [Revised: 10/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To investigate whether recreational alpine skiing in the elderly can improve cardio-pulmonary fitness. DESIGN Randomized controlled study with pre-post repeated measurements. METHODS A total of 48 elderly participants (60-76 years) were randomly assigned to either participate in a 12-week guided recreational skiing program (intervention group, IG, average of 28.5 ± 2.6 skiing days) or to continue a sedentary ski-free lifestyle (control group, CG). Cardio-pulmonary exercise testing (CPET) and pulmonary function testing were performed in both groups before (PRE) and after (POST) the intervention/control period to compare parameters PRE vs. POST CPET. RESULTS At baseline, IG and CG did not differ significantly with respect to CPET and pulmonary function parameters. At POST, several measures of maximal exercise capacity and breathing economy were significantly improved in IG as compared to CG: maximal oxygen capacity (IG: 33.8 ± 7.9; CG: 28.7 ± 5.9 mL/min/kg; p = 0.030), maximal carbon dioxide production (IG: 36.2 ± 7.7; CG: 31.8 ± 6.5 mL/min/kg; p = 0.05), maximal oxygen pulse (IG: 16.8 ± 4.2; CG: 13.2 ± 4 mL/heart beat; p = 0.010), maximal minute ventilation (IG: 96.8 ± 17.8; CG: 81.3 ± 21.9 l/min; p = 0.025), and maximal metabolic equivalent of task (METs, IG: 9.65 ± 2.26; CG: 8.19 ± 1.68 METs; p = 0.029). Except for oxygen pulse, these significant changes could also be observed at the anaerobic threshold. Maximal heart rate and pulmonary function parameters remained essentially unchanged. CONCLUSION Regular recreational skiing improves cardio-pulmonary fitness along with breathing economy and thus can contribute to a heart-healthy lifestyle for the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Niederseer
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.W.); (C.S.); (P.B.)
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +41-(0)44-253-94-71; Fax: +41-(0)44-255-44-01
| | - Roman Walser
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.W.); (C.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Christian Schmied
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.W.); (C.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Flemming Dela
- Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg-Frederiksberg University Hospital, DK-2400NV Copenhagen, Denmark;
- Xlab, Department of Biomedicine, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200N Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Christoph Gräni
- Department of Cardiology, Bern University Hospital, 3010 Bern, Switzerland;
| | - Philipp Bohm
- Department of Cardiology, University Heart Center, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland; (R.W.); (C.S.); (P.B.)
| | - Erich Müller
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
| | - Josef Niebauer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University Salzburg, 5020 Salzburg, Austria;
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Burtscher M, Federolf PA, Nachbauer W, Kopp M. Potential Health Benefits From Downhill Skiing. Front Physiol 2019; 9:1924. [PMID: 30692936 PMCID: PMC6340074 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/20/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Downhill skiing represents one of the most popular winter sports worldwide. Whereas a plethora of studies dealt with the risk of injury and death associated with downhill skiing, data on its favorable health effects are scarce. A more comprehensive overview on such effects might emerge from a multidisciplinary perspective. Methods: A literature search has been performed to identify original articles on downhill/alpine skiing interventions or questionnaire-based evaluation of skiing effects and the assessment of health effects (cardiorespiratory, neurophysiological, musculoskeletal, psycho-social). Results and Discussion: A total of 21 original articles dealing with potentially favorable health effects resulting from downhill skiing were included in this review. Results indicate that downhill skiing, especially when performed on a regular basis, may contribute to healthy aging by its association with a healthier life style including higher levels of physical activity. Several other mechanisms suggest further favorable health effects of downhill skiing in response to specific challenges and adaptations in the musculo-skeletal and postural control systems, to exposures to cold temperatures and intermittent hypoxia, and/or emotional and social benefits from outdoor recreation. However, reliable data corroborating these mechanisms is scarce.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Burtscher
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Peter A Federolf
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Werner Nachbauer
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Martin Kopp
- Department of Sport Science, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
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Dela F, Finkenzeller T, Ingersen A, Pötzelsberger B, Müller E. Trajectories of cardio-metabolic health in successful aging. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2018; 29 Suppl 1:44-51. [PMID: 30570171 DOI: 10.1111/sms.13370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Revised: 10/21/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O2max ) and muscle mass decrease with age. The loss of cardiorespiratory fitness and muscle strength is accelerated with physical inactivity and has well-documented consequences for morbidity and all-cause mortality. Participation in exercise training programs will improve one or more of the cardio-metabolic risk factors, but the long-term effects of such programs are questionable. Here, we re-examined 25 old (72 ± 4 years.) men and women who considered him/herself as "success-full agers" and were participants in a 3-month alpine skiing training program 6 years earlier. The program focused on healthy aging and included health questionnaires, measurement of lipids and glycemic parameters in blood and a VO2max test. Thirteen and 12 subjects were in the intervention (IG) and the control group (CG), respectively. In response to the training program, subjects improved their cardio-metabolic risk factors. However, after 6 years all positive effects had disappeared. Approximately 80% of the subjects had total cholesterol and LDL cholesterol above and HDL cholesterol below the recommended values, but these subjects remained the most metabolically deteriorated, including an increase in fasting glucose concentrations. We conclude that people seem to follow their individual trajectory in terms of cardio-metabolic risk factors, and participation in a relatively short lasting exercise training program with emphasis on healthy aging does not change that. Long-lasting change in lifestyle probably requires a continued attentional focus, goal setting, and feedback.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flemming Dela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark.,Department of Geriatrics, Bispebjerg University Hospital, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas Finkenzeller
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Arthur Ingersen
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Xlab, Center for Healthy Aging, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Birgit Pötzelsberger
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Erich Müller
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
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Franchi MV, Ruoss S, Valdivieso P, Mitchell KW, Smith K, Atherton PJ, Narici MV, Flück M. Regional regulation of focal adhesion kinase after concentric and eccentric loading is related to remodelling of human skeletal muscle. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 223:e13056. [PMID: 29438584 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
AIMS We assessed focal adhesion kinase (FAK) response to concentric (CON) vs eccentric (ECC) resistance training (RT) at two vastus lateralis (VL) sites, and the relationships between FAK, muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and morphological remodelling. METHODS Six young males trained both legs unilaterally 3 times/week for 8 weeks; one leg performed CON RT, the contralateral performed ECC RT. Muscle biopsies were collected after training from VL mid-belly (MID) and distal (distal) sites at 0, 4, 8 weeks. Focal adhesion kinase content and activation were evaluated by immunoblotting. MPS was assessed by deuterium oxide tracer; morphological adaptations were evaluated by ultrasound and DXA. RESULTS pY397-FAK 8 weeks levels were ~4-fold greater after ECC at the distal site compared to CON (P < .05); pY397FAK to total FAK ratio was greater in ECC vs CON at 4 (~2.2-fold, P < .05) and 8 weeks (~9-fold, P < .001) at the distal site. Meta-vinculin was found transiently increased at 4 weeks at the distal site only after ECC RT. ECC presented greater fascicle length (Lf) increases (10.5% vs 4%), whereas CON showed greater in pennation angle (PA) changes (12.3% vs 2.1%). MPS did not differ between exercise types or muscle sites at all time points. distal pY397-FAK and pY397-FAK/FAK values correlated to changes in Lf at 8 weeks (r = .76, P < .01 and r = .66, P < .05 respectively). CONCLUSION Focal adhesion kinase phosphorylation was greater at 8 weeks after ECC RT and was muscle region-specific. FAK activity correlated to contraction-dependent architectural remodelling, suggesting a potential role of FAK in orienting muscle structural changes in response to distinct mechanical stimuli.
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Affiliation(s)
- M V Franchi
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - S Ruoss
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - P Valdivieso
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - K W Mitchell
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - K Smith
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - P J Atherton
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - M V Narici
- MRC-ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing, Royal Derby Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Physiology, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - M Flück
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Valdivieso P, Toigo M, Hoppeler H, Flück M. T/T homozygosity of the tenascin-C gene polymorphism rs2104772 negatively influences exercise-induced angiogenesis. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0174864. [PMID: 28384286 PMCID: PMC5383042 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0174864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanical stress, including blood pressure related factors, up-regulate expression of the pro-angiogenic extracellular matrix protein tenascin-C in skeletal muscle. We hypothesized that increased capillarization of skeletal muscle with the repeated augmentation in perfusion during endurance training is associated with blood vessel-related expression of tenascin-C and would be affected by the single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs2104772, which characterizes the non-synonymous exchange of thymidine (T)-to-adenosine (A) in the amino acid codon 1677 of tenascin-C. METHODS Sixty-one healthy, untrained, male white participants of Swiss descent performed thirty 30-min bouts of endurance exercise on consecutive weekdays using a cycling ergometer. Genotype and training interactions were called significant at Bonferroni-corrected p-value of 5% (repeated measures ANOVA). RESULTS Endurance training increased capillary-to-fiber-ratio (+11%), capillary density (+7%), and mitochondrial volume density (+30%) in m. vastus lateralis. Tenascin-C protein expression in this muscle was confined to arterioles and venules (80% of cases) and increased after training in A-allele carriers. Prior to training, volume densities of subsarcolemmal and myofibrillar mitochondria in m. vastus lateralis muscle were 49% and 18%, respectively, higher in A/A homozygotes relative to T-nucleotide carriers (A/T and T/T). Training specifically increased capillary-to-fiber ratio in A-nucleotide carriers but not in T/T homozygotes. Genotype specific regulation of angiogenesis was reflected by the expression response of 8 angiogenesis-associated transcripts after exercise, and confirmed by training-induced alterations of the shear stress related factors, vimentin and VEGF A. CONCLUSION Our findings provide evidence for a negative influence of T/T homozygosity in rs2104772 on capillary remodeling with endurance exercise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paola Valdivieso
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Toigo
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hans Hoppeler
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Martin Flück
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Anatomy, University of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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Flück M, Ruoss S, Möhl CB, Valdivieso P, Benn MC, von Rechenberg B, Laczko E, Hu J, Wieser K, Meyer DC, Gerber C. Genomic and lipidomic actions of nandrolone on detached rotator cuff muscle in sheep. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2017; 165:382-395. [PMID: 27523963 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 08/05/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Reversal of fatty infiltration of pennate rotator cuff muscle after tendon release is hitherto impossible. The administration of nandrolone starting at the time of tendon release prevents the increase in fat content, but does not revert established fatty infiltration. We hypothesised that tendon release and myotendinous retraction cause alterations in lipid related gene expression leading to fatty muscle infiltration, which can be suppressed by nandrolone through its genomic actions if applied immediately after tendon release. The effects of infraspinatus tendon release and subsequent tendon repair at 16 weeks were studied in six Swiss Alpine sheep. In the interventional groups, 150mg nandrolone was administered weekly after tendon release until sacrifice (N22W, n=6) or starting at the time of repair (N6W, n=6). Infraspinatus volume, composition, expressed transcripts, lipids, and selected proteins were analyzed at baseline, 16 and 22 weeks. Tendon release reduced infraspinatus volume by 22% and increased fat content from 11% to 38%. These changes were not affected by repair. Fatty infiltration was associated with up-regulation of 227 lipid species, and increased levels of the adipocyte differentiation marker PPARG2 (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma 2). Nandrolone abrogated lipid accumulation, halved the loss in fiber area percentage, and up-regulated androgen receptor levels and transcript expression in the N22W but not the N6W group. The results document that nandrolone mitigates muscle-to-fat transformation after tendon release via a general down-regulation of lipid accumulation concomitantly with up-regulated expression of its nuclear receptor and downstream transcripts in skeletal muscle. Reduced responsiveness of retracted muscle to nandrolone as observed in the N6W group is reflected by a down-regulated transcript response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Flück
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland.
| | - Severin Ruoss
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christoph B Möhl
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Valdivieso
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Department of Orthopedics, University of Zurich, Balgrist Campus, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario C Benn
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte von Rechenberg
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Endre Laczko
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich (FGCZ), ETH and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Junmin Hu
- Functional Genomics Center Zurich (FGCZ), ETH and University of Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Wieser
- Balgrist University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik C Meyer
- Balgrist University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Christian Gerber
- Balgrist University Hospital, Department of Orthopedics, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gerber C, Meyer DC, Flück M, Benn MC, von Rechenberg B, Wieser K. Anabolic Steroids Reduce Muscle Degeneration Associated With Rotator Cuff Tendon Release in Sheep. Am J Sports Med 2015; 43:2393-400. [PMID: 26304962 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515596411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chronic rotator cuff tendon tearing is associated with irreversible atrophy, fatty infiltration, and interstitial fibrosis of the corresponding muscle. HYPOTHESES Anabolic steroids can prevent musculotendinous degeneration during retraction and/or can reverse these changes after operative repair of the retracted musculotendinous unit in sheep. STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS The infraspinatus tendon was released in 18 alpine sheep. All sheep underwent repair of the retracted musculotendinous unit after 16 weeks and were sacrificed after 22 weeks; 6 sheep served as controls, 6 sheep were treated with weekly intramuscular injection of 150 mg of nandrolone decanoate after infraspinatus (ISP) repair (group N6W), and 6 sheep were treated with 150 mg of nandrolone decanoate immediately after tendon release (group N22W). Muscle biopsy specimens were taken before tendon release and after 16 and 22 weeks. Muscle volume and fatty infiltration (on MRI), myotendinous retraction, and muscle density (on computed tomography) were measured immediately after ISP release, after 6 weeks, and before ISP repair and sacrifice. RESULTS Muscle volume on MRI decreased to a mean (±SD) of 80% ± 8% of the original volume after 6 weeks, remained stable at 78% ± 11% after 16 weeks, and decreased further to 69% ± 9% after 22 weeks in the control group. These findings were no different from those in group N22W (72% ± 9% at 6 weeks, 73% ± 6% at 16 weeks, and 67% ± 5% at 22 weeks). Conversely, the N6W group did not show a decrease in ISP volume after repair; this finding differed significantly from the response in the control and N22W groups. Fatty infiltration (on MRI) continuously increased in the control group (12% ± 4% at tendon release, 17% ± 4% after 6 weeks, 50% ± 9% after 16 weeks, and 60% ± 8% after 22 weeks) and the N6W group. However, application of anabolic steroids at the time of tendon release (N22W group) significantly reduced fatty infiltration after 16 (16% ± 5%; P < .001) and 22 weeks (22% ± 7%; P < .001). CONCLUSION In a sheep model of rotator cuff tendon tear, further muscle atrophy can be prevented with the application of anabolic steroids starting immediately after tendon repair. In addition, fatty muscle infiltration can largely be prevented if the steroids are applied immediately after tendon release. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Study findings may lead to the development of treatment strategies to prevent or reduce muscle degeneration caused by rotator cuff tendon tearing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Gerber
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dominik C Meyer
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Martin Flück
- Laboratory for Muscle Plasticity, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Mario C Benn
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Brigitte von Rechenberg
- Musculoskeletal Research Unit, Center for Applied Biotechnology and Molecular Medicine, Equine Department, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Karl Wieser
- Department of Orthopaedics, Balgrist University Hospital, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Graham ZA, Gallagher PM, Cardozo CP. Focal adhesion kinase and its role in skeletal muscle. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2015; 36:305-15. [PMID: 26142360 PMCID: PMC4659753 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-015-9415-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/15/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle has a remarkable ability to respond to different physical stresses. Loading muscle through exercise, either anaerobic or aerobic, can lead to increases in muscle size and function while, conversely, the absence of muscle loading stimulates rapid decreases in size and function. A principal mediator of this load-induced change is focal adhesion kinase (FAK), a downstream non-receptor tyrosine kinase that translates the cytoskeletal stress and strain signals transmitted across the cytoplasmic membrane by integrins to activate multiple anti-apoptotic and cell growth pathways. Changes in FAK expression and phosphorylation have been found to correlate to specific developmental states in myoblast differentiation, muscle fiber formation and muscle size in response to loading and unloading. With the capability to regulate costamere formation, hypertrophy and glucose metabolism, FAK is a molecule with diverse functions that are important in regulating muscle cell health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zachary A Graham
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Christopher P Cardozo
- Center of Excellence for the Medical Consequences of Spinal Cord Injury, James J. Peters Veterans Affairs Medical Center, 130 W. Kingsbridge Rd., Bronx, NY, 10468, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology and Systems Therapeutics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
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Narici M, Conte M, Salvioli S, Franceschi C, Selby A, Dela F, Rieder F, Kösters A, Müller E. Alpine Skiing With total knee ArthroPlasty (ASWAP): impact on molecular and architectural features of musculo-skeletal ageing. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 2:33-9. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12458] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- M. Narici
- MRC ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; Faculty of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - M. Conte
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - S. Salvioli
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - C. Franceschi
- Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine; University of Bologna; Bologna Italy
| | - A. Selby
- MRC ARUK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; Faculty of Medicine; University of Nottingham; Nottingham UK
| | - F. Dela
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Xlab - Center for Healthy Aging; University of Copenhagen; Copenhagen Denmark
| | - F. Rieder
- Department of Sport Science and Christian Doppler Laboratory “Biomechanics in Skiing”; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - A. Kösters
- Department of Sport Science and Christian Doppler Laboratory “Biomechanics in Skiing”; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - E. Müller
- Department of Sport Science and Christian Doppler Laboratory “Biomechanics in Skiing”; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
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12
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Pötzelsberger B, Lindinger SJ, Stöggl T, Buchecker M, Müller E. Alpine Skiing With total knee ArthroPlasty (ASWAP): effects on gait asymmetries. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2015; 25 Suppl 2:49-59. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.12484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Pötzelsberger
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - S. J. Lindinger
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - T. Stöggl
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
- Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre; Department of Health Sciences; Mid Sweden University; Östersund Sweden
| | - M. Buchecker
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
| | - E. Müller
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology; University of Salzburg; Salzburg Austria
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13
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van Ginkel S, Amami M, Dela F, Niederseer D, Narici MV, Niebauer J, Scheiber P, Müller E, Flück M. Adjustments of muscle capillarity but not mitochondrial protein with skiing in the elderly. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2014; 25:e360-7. [PMID: 25262765 DOI: 10.1111/sms.12324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Downhill skiing in the elderly increases maximal oxygen uptake (VO2max) and carbohydrate handling, and produces muscle hypertrophy. We hypothesized that adjustments of the cellular components of aerobic glucose combustion in knee extensor muscle, and cardiovascular adjustments, would increase in proportion to VO2max. Nineteen healthy elderly subjects (age 67.5 ± 2.9 years) who completed 28.5 days of guided downhill skiing over 3 months were assessed for anthropometric variables, cardiovascular parameters (heart rate, hematocrit), VO2max, and compared with controls (n = 20). Biopsies of vastus lateralis muscle were analyzed for capillary density and expression of respiratory chain markers (NDUFA9, SDHA, UQCRC1, ATP5A1) and the glucose transporter GLUT4. Statistical significance was assessed with a repeated analysis of variance and Fisher's post-hoc test at a P value of 5%. VO2max increased selectively with ski training (+7 ± 2%). Capillary density (+11 ± 5%) and capillary-to-fiber ratio (12 ± 5%), but not the concentration of metabolic proteins, in vastus lateralis were increased after skiing. Cardiovascular parameters did not change. Fold changes in VO2max and capillary-to-fiber ratio were correlated and were under genetic control by polymorphisms of the regulator of vascular tone, angiotensin converting enzyme. The observations indicate that increased VO2max after recreational downhill ski training is associated with improved capillarity in a mainly recruited muscle group.
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Affiliation(s)
- S van Ginkel
- The Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health (IRM), Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,MOVE Research Institute Amsterdam, Faculty of Human Movement Sciences, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - M Amami
- The Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health (IRM), Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - F Dela
- Xlab, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Center for Healthy Aging, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - D Niederseer
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M V Narici
- The Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health (IRM), Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health, Derby Royal Hospital, University of Nottingham, Derby, UK
| | - J Niebauer
- University Institute of Sports Medicine, Prevention and Rehabilitation, Paracelsus Medical University, Salzburg, Austria
| | - P Scheiber
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - E Müller
- Department of Sport Science and Kinesiology, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - M Flück
- The Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health (IRM), Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK.,Department of Orthopaedics, University Hospital Balgrist, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Early changes in costameric and mitochondrial protein expression with unloading are muscle specific. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:519310. [PMID: 25313365 PMCID: PMC4182083 DOI: 10.1155/2014/519310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
We hypothesised that load-sensitive expression of costameric proteins, which hold the sarcomere in place and position the mitochondria, contributes to the early adaptations of antigravity muscle to unloading and would depend on muscle fibre composition and chymotrypsin activity of the proteasome. Biopsies were obtained from vastus lateralis (VL) and soleus (SOL) muscles of eight men before and after 3 days of unilateral lower limb suspension (ULLS) and subjected to fibre typing and measures for costameric (FAK and FRNK), mitochondrial (NDUFA9, SDHA, UQCRC1, UCP3, and ATP5A1), and MHCI protein and RNA content. Mean cross-sectional area (MCSA) of types I and II muscle fibres in VL and type I fibres in SOL demonstrated a trend for a reduction after ULLS (0.05 ≤ P < 0.10). FAK phosphorylation at tyrosine 397 showed a 20% reduction in VL muscle (P = 0.029). SOL muscle demonstrated a specific reduction in UCP3 content (−23%; P = 0.012). Muscle-specific effects of ULLS were identified for linear relationships between measured proteins, chymotrypsin activity and fibre MCSA. The molecular modifications in costamere turnover and energy homoeostasis identify that aspects of atrophy and fibre transformation are detectable at the protein level in weight-bearing muscles within 3 days of unloading.
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Paxillin and focal adhesion kinase colocalise in human skeletal muscle and its associated microvasculature. Histochem Cell Biol 2014; 142:245-56. [PMID: 24671495 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-014-1212-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Focal adhesion kinase (FAK) and paxillin are functionally linked hormonal- and mechano-sensitive proteins. We aimed to describe paxillin's subcellular distribution using widefield and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy and test the hypothesis that FAK and paxillin colocalise in human skeletal muscle and its associated microvasculature. Percutaneous muscle biopsies were collected from the m. vastus lateralis of seven healthy males, and 5-μm cryosections were stained with anti-paxillin co-incubated with anti-dystrophin to identify the sarcolemma, anti-myosin heavy chain type I for fibre-type differentiation, anti-dihydropyridine receptor to identify T-tubules, lectin UEA-I to identify the endothelium of microvessels and anti-α-smooth muscle actin to identify vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). Colocalisation of anti-paxillin with anti-dystrophin or anti-FAK was quantified using Pearson's correlation coefficient on confocal microscopy images. Paxillin was primarily present in (sub)sarcolemmal regions of skeletal muscle fibres where it colocalised with dystrophin (r = 0.414 ± 0.026). The (sub)sarcolemmal paxillin immunofluorescence intensity was ~2.4-fold higher than in sarcoplasmic regions (P < 0.001) with sarcoplasmic paxillin immunofluorescence intensity ~10 % higher in type I than in type II fibres (P < 0.01). In some longitudinally orientated fibres, paxillin formed striations that corresponded to the I-band region. Paxillin immunostaining was highest in endothelial and VSMC and distributed heterogeneously in both cell types. FAK and paxillin colocalised at (sub)sarcolemmal regions and within the microvasculature (r = 0.367 ± 0.036). The first images of paxillin in human skeletal muscle suggest paxillin is present in (sub)sarcolemmal and I-band regions of muscle fibres and within the microvascular endothelium and VSMC. Colocalisation of FAK and paxillin supports their suggested role in hormonal and mechano-sensitive signalling.
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Desplanches D, Amami M, Dupré-Aucouturier S, Valdivieso P, Schmutz S, Mueller M, Hoppeler H, Kreis R, Flück M. Hypoxia refines plasticity of mitochondrial respiration to repeated muscle work. Eur J Appl Physiol 2013; 114:405-17. [PMID: 24327174 PMCID: PMC3895187 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-013-2783-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2013] [Accepted: 11/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Purpose We explored whether altered expression of factors tuning mitochondrial metabolism contributes to muscular adaptations with endurance training in the condition of lowered ambient oxygen concentration (hypoxia) and whether these adaptations relate to oxygen transfer as reflected by subsarcolemmal mitochondria and oxygen metabolism in muscle. Methods Male volunteers completed 30 bicycle exercise sessions in normoxia or normobaric hypoxia (4,000 m above sea level) at 65 % of the respective peak aerobic power output. Myoglobin content, basal oxygen consumption, and re-oxygenation rates upon reperfusion after 8 min of arterial occlusion were measured in vastus muscles by magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Biopsies from vastus lateralis muscle, collected pre and post a single exercise bout, and training, were assessed for levels of transcripts and proteins being associated with mitochondrial metabolism. Results Hypoxia specifically lowered the training-induced expression of markers of respiratory complex II and IV (i.e. SDHA and isoform 1 of COX-4; COX4I1) and preserved fibre cross-sectional area. Concomitantly, trends (p < 0.10) were found for a hypoxia-specific reduction in the basal oxygen consumption rate, and improvements in oxygen repletion, and aerobic performance in hypoxia. Repeated exercise in hypoxia promoted the biogenesis of subsarcolemmal mitochondria and this was co-related to expression of isoform 2 of COX-4 with higher oxygen affinity after single exercise, de-oxygenation time and myoglobin content (r ≥ 0.75). Conversely, expression in COX4I1 with training correlated negatively with changes of subsarcolemmal mitochondria (r < −0.82). Conclusion Hypoxia-modulated adjustments of aerobic performance with repeated muscle work are reflected by expressional adaptations within the respiratory chain and modified muscle oxygen metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Desplanches
- Centre de Génétique et de Physiologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire, CNRS UMR 5534, Université Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
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Li R, Narici MV, Erskine RM, Seynnes OR, Rittweger J, Pišot R, Šimunič B, Flück M. Costamere remodeling with muscle loading and unloading in healthy young men. J Anat 2013; 223:525-36. [PMID: 24010829 PMCID: PMC3916893 DOI: 10.1111/joa.12101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Costameres are mechano-sensory sites of focal adhesion in the sarcolemma that provide a structural anchor for myofibrils. Their turnover is regulated by integrin-associated focal adhesion kinase (FAK). We hypothesized that changes in content of costamere components (beta 1 integrin, FAK, meta-vinculin, gamma-vinculin) with increased and reduced loading of human anti-gravity muscle would: (i) relate to changes in muscle size and molecular parameters of muscle size regulation [p70S6K, myosin heavy chain (MHC)1 and MHCIIA]; (ii) correspond to adjustments in activity and expression of FAK, and its negative regulator, FRNK; and (iii) reflect the temporal response to reduced and increased loading. Unloading induced a progressive decline in thickness of human vastus lateralis muscle after 8 and 34 days of bedrest (−4% and −14%, respectively; n = 9), contrasting the increase in muscle thickness after 10 and 27 days of resistance training (+5% and +13%; n = 6). Changes in muscle thickness were correlated with changes in cross-sectional area of type I muscle fibers (r = 0.66) and beta 1 integrin content (r = 0.76) at the mid-point of altered loading. Changes in meta-vinculin and FAK-pY397 content were correlated (r = 0.85) and differed, together with the changes of beta 1 integrin, MHCI, MHCII and p70S6K, between the mid- and end-point of resistance training. By contrast, costamere protein level changes did not differ between time points of bedrest. The findings emphasize the role of FAK-regulated costamere turnover in the load-dependent addition and removal of myofibrils, and argue for two phases of muscle remodeling with resistance training, which do not manifest at the macroscopic level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruowei Li
- Institute for Biomedical Research into Human Movement and Health, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
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Klossner S, Li R, Ruoss S, Durieux AC, Flück M. Quantitative changes in focal adhesion kinase and its inhibitor, FRNK, drive load-dependent expression of costamere components. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2013; 305:R647-57. [PMID: 23904105 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00007.2013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Costameres are mechanosensory sites of focal adhesion in the sarcolemma that reinforce the muscle-fiber composite and provide an anchor for myofibrillogenesis. We hypothesized that elevated content of the integrin-associated regulator of costamere turnover in culture, focal adhesion kinase (FAK), drives changes in costamere component content in antigravity muscle in a load-dependent way in correspondence with altered muscle weight. The content of FAK in soleus muscle being phosphorylated at autoregulatory tyrosine 397 (FAK-pY397) was increased after 20 s of stretch. FAK-pY397 content remained elevated after 24 h of stretch-overload due to upregulated FAK content. Overexpression of FAK in soleus muscle fibers by means of gene electrotransfer increased the β1-integrin (+56%) and meta-vinculin (+88%) content. α7-Integrin (P = 0.46) and γ-vinculin (P = 0.18) content was not altered after FAK overexpression. Co-overexpression of the FAK inhibitor FAK-related nonkinase (FRNK) reduced FAK-pY397 content by 33% and increased the percentage of fast-type fibers that arose in connection with hybrid fibers with gene transfer. Transplantation experiments confirmed the association of FRNK expression with slow-to-fast fiber transformation. Seven days of unloading blunted the elevation of FAK-pY397, β1-integrin, and meta-vinculin content with FAK overexpression, and this was reversed by 1 day of reloading. The results highlight that the expression of components for costameric attachment sites of myofibrils is under load- and fiber type-related control via FAK and its inhibitor FRNK.
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Gouzi F, Maury J, Molinari N, Pomiès P, Mercier J, Préfaut C, Hayot M. Reference values for vastus lateralis fiber size and type in healthy subjects over 40 years old: a systematic review and metaanalysis. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2013; 115:346-54. [PMID: 23558383 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01352.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle atrophy is a major systemic impairment in chronic diseases. Yet its determinants have been hard to identify because a clear research definition has not been agreed upon. The reduction in muscle fiber cross-sectional area (CSA) is a widely acknowledged marker of muscle atrophy, but no reference values for the muscle fiber CSA at the age of the onset of chronic disease have ever been published. Thus, we aimed to systematically review the studies providing data on fiber CSA and fiber type proportion in the vastus lateralis of the quadriceps of healthy subjects (age >40 yr) and then to pool and analyze the data from the selected studies to determine reference values for fiber CSA. We followed the guidelines of the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) and identified 19 studies, including 423 subjects that matched the inclusion criteria. On the basis of fiber type and gender, the mean fiber CSA and the lower limits of normal (LLNs) were (%type I*60) + 1,743 μm(2) and (%type I*60) - 718 μm(2), respectively, for men; and (%type I*70) + 139 μm(2) and (%type I*70) - 1,485 μm(2), respectively, for women. There was no significant heterogeneity among subgroups of fiber type and gender. The pooled type I fiber proportion was 50.3% (LLN = 32.9%). In multivariate analysis, fiber CSA was significantly correlated with Vo2 peak (r = 190.92; P = 0.03), and type I fiber proportion was correlated with age (r = -0.024; P = 0.005), body mass index (r = 0.096; P = 0.005), and Vo2 peak (r = -0.053; P = 0.005). Our metaanalysis of a homogeneous set of studies is the first to provide valuable LLNs for fiber CSA according to fiber type and gender. This analysis will be improved by prospective assessment in well-characterized healthy subjects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fares Gouzi
- CHRU Montpellier, Department of Clinical Physiology, University of Montpellier I and II, Montpellier, France.
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Garatachea N, Fiuza-Luces C, Torres-Luque G, Yvert T, Santiago C, Gómez-Gallego F, Ruiz JR, Lucia A. Single and combined influence of ACE and ACTN3 genotypes on muscle phenotypes in octogenarians. Eur J Appl Physiol 2011; 112:2409-20. [DOI: 10.1007/s00421-011-2217-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2011] [Accepted: 10/17/2011] [Indexed: 10/16/2022]
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