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DeBlauw JA, Stein JA, Blackman C, Haas M, Makle S, Echevarria I, Edmonds R, Ives SJ. Heart rate variability of elite female rowers in preparation for and during the national selection regattas: a pilot study on the relation to on water performance. Front Sports Act Living 2023; 5:1245788. [PMID: 37691642 PMCID: PMC10483281 DOI: 10.3389/fspor.2023.1245788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 08/08/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Elite athletes require a delicate balance of physiological and psychological stress and recovery-essential for achieving optimal performance. Monitoring heart rate variability (HRV) provides a non-invasive estimation of both physiological and psychological stress levels, offering potentially valuable insights into health, performance, and adaptability. Previous studies, primarily conducted on male participants, have shown an association between HRV and performance in the context of rowing training. However, given the rigorous nature of rowing training, it is crucial to investigate HRV in elite rowers, particularly during the U.S. national selection regattas (NSR). Purpose To comprehensively analyze elite female rowers, evaluating acute changes in HRV and subjective psychometrics during the NSR. Methods Five elite female rowers (26 ± 2 years, 180 ± 8 cm, 82 ± 8 kg, 19 ± 6%fat) were recruited and tracked prior to and during NSR I and II. Morning HRV measures were completed using photoplethysmography (HRV4training) along with self-reported levels of fatigue, soreness, rating of perceived exertion, mentally energy and physical condition. Results Significant decreases were observed in log transformed root-mean square of successive differences (LnRMSSD; p = 0.0014) and fatigue (p = 0.01) from pre-to-during NSR, while mental energy (p = 0.01), physical condition (p = 0.01), and motivation (p = 0.006) significantly increased. These psychometric measures returned to pre-NSR levels, at post-NSR (all p < 0.05), though HRV remained slightly suppressed. NSR on-water performance was not correlated to LnRMSSD or the change in LnRMSSD (p > 0.05). Discussion HRV and psychometric measures are sensitive to the stress of elite rowing competition in females. However, HRV was not associated with on-water rowing performance during an elite rowing competition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A. DeBlauw
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Jesse A. Stein
- Oak Ridge Institute for Science and Education, Belcamp, MD, United States
- United States Army Research Institute of Environmental Medicine, Natick, MA, United States
| | - Carolyn Blackman
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Melissa Haas
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Seraya Makle
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Isis Echevarria
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
| | - Rohan Edmonds
- Department of Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stephen J. Ives
- Department of Health and Human Physiological Sciences, Skidmore College, Saratoga Springs, NY, United States
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Cardoso AS, Klein L, Harden L, Costa RR, Kruel LFM. Heart rate profile and heart rate variability in volleyball athletes: a systematic review with meta-analyses. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2022. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742021021620] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucas Klein
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Luan Harden
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil
| | - Rochelle Rocha Costa
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil; Faculdade de Educação Física, Brasil
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Souza HCD, Philbois SV, Veiga AC, Aguilar BA. Heart Rate Variability and Cardiovascular Fitness: What We Know so Far. Vasc Health Risk Manag 2021; 17:701-711. [PMID: 34803382 PMCID: PMC8598208 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s279322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/05/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Fluctuation analysis in intervals between heartbeats provides important indices related to autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV). These indices are considered predictors of morbidity and mortality as they are frequently altered in patients with chronic degenerative diseases, especially in those with cardiovascular and metabolic diseases. Similarly, a reduction in HRV is common with aging. In all cases, cardiovascular fitness is often reduced to below the predicted values. In turn, increases in cardiovascular fitness through regular physical exercise, especially aerobic exercise, represent an important therapeutic tool capable of promoting positive adjustments in cardiac autonomic modulation. These adjustments are characterized by reduced sympathetic modulatory influence and/or increased vagal modulatory influence on the heart, increasing the HRV. Therefore, several methodological tools have been used to assess the degree of impairment of autonomic modulation and the therapeutic effects of physical exercise. In contrast, establishment of strict protocols in experimental design is a main challenge in establishing HRV analysis as a robust parameter for evaluating cardiovascular homeostasis. Thus, this review aimed to contribute to the understanding of autonomic modulation of HRV and its relationship with cardiovascular fitness, highlighting the advances made thus far, the applicability of analysis tools, and the confounding factors observed frequently.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hugo Celso Dutra Souza
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Stella Vieira Philbois
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Catarine Veiga
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Bruno Augusto Aguilar
- Department of Health Science, Ribeirão Preto Medical School of University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
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Monitoring training in women's volleyball: Supine or seated heart rate variability? Physiol Behav 2021; 240:113537. [PMID: 34331956 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2021.113537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 07/03/2021] [Accepted: 07/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to examine changes in resting heart rate variability, submaximal exercising heart rate (HRex), countermovement-jump height (CMJ), perceptual wellbeing, and internal load throughout preparatory training in elite women's volleyball players. We also aimed to determine which HRV measurement position (supine vs. seated) provided greater associations with the various markers of training adaptation. Thirteen players (age = 25.8 ± 3.0 years, height = 178.1 ± 6.7 cm, weight = 69.7 ± 7.6 kg) were monitored throughout four successive training camps preceding the Asia Cup. Daily measures of the root-mean square of successive differences were used to calculate the mean (LnRMSSDM) and coefficient of variation (LnRMSSDCV) for each camp. Averages were also determined for Hooper's Index and session ratings of perceived exertion (sRPE). HRex and CMJ were tested at the start of each camp. RESULTS: Seated LnRMSSDCV, HRex, CMJ, and sRPE increased at camp 3 (p < 0.05), then reverted to values similar to camp 2. Changes in seated LnRMSSDM were associated with changes in HRex (r = -0.68 to -0.71, p < 0.05). Occasional associations (p < 0.05) were observed between LnRMSSDCV and Hooper's Index (r = 0.59) and CMJ (r = -0.57), and changes in HRex (r = 0.69) and HRR (r = -0.62). CONCLUSIONS: A reduced cardiorespiratory response to a standardized submaximal workload was associated with increased seated LnRMSSDM. Higher seated LnRMSSDCV was observed in response to increased sRPE and was often associated with decrements in various status markers. Seated LnRMSSD provided more associations with indicators of training adaptation than supine measures.
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Araújo MK, Barros RCM, Menezes Junior ADS. PHYSICAL TRAINING IN ATHLETES: ANALYSIS OF CARDIAC AUTONOMIC MODULATION. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2021. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-8692202127012020_0004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Cardiac autonomic modulation (CAM) is a result of the balance between the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems. This interaction results in heart rate variation (HRV), analyzed by specific electrocardiographic parameters. These parameters are modified by the practice of physical activity, indicating better cardiac conditioning. Objectives To evaluate the cardiac autonomic modulation of athletes of the XXVIII Ecological Walk at two separate times during their period of physical training. Also, to link the practice of physical activity with stress reduction in these individuals. Methods 24-hour Holter exams were performed at two times (before and after a 2-month period of non-standard physical training), and the results were analyzed using the software programs Epi-Info 7 and BioEstat 5.0. Inferential analysis was performed by the nonparametric Shapiro-Wilk test. Statistical significance was assigned to p values less than 0.05, with 95% confidence interval (95% CI). Results The sample was mostly male (n = 14; 77.78%), with a mean age of 49.55 years. No individual trained for less than 60 days; most (47.06%) trained for 151-200 days, with walking being the predominant modality (64.71%). No statistically significant difference was found in the parameters HRV pNN50 (p = 0.18), rMSSD (p = 0.14) or HF (p = 0.117) after the evaluated training period. Conclusions Participants who are longtime sportsmen and physically active showed parasympathetic saturation, therefore, they did not show significant changes in HRV. Also, low levels of stress were observed in those who practiced physical activity. Level of evidence II; Prognosis Study.
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Sousa DFD, Eustaquio JMJ, Marocolo M, Mota GR, Barbosa Neto O. CARDIAC AUTONOMIC ALTERATIONS IN DIFFERENT TACTICAL PROFILES OF BRAZILIAN JIU JITSU. REV BRAS MED ESPORTE 2020. [DOI: 10.1590/1517-869220202603216617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT Introduction Brazilian Jiu Jitsu (BJJ) is an individual sport, characterized by intermittent body movements aimed at the submission (defeat) of the opponent. The sport involves two tactical profiles of fighters: the guard (GG) and the passer (PG), which present potential differences in relation to anthropometric patterns and cardiac autonomic modulation. Objectives To evaluate the effects of different BJJ fighting styles on cardiac autonomic modulation. Methods Twelve PG-style athletes and 12 GG-style athletes, both male, with mean ages of 30.4 ± 1.9 and 30.6 ± 1.3 years, respectively, participated in the study. The following measurements were taken at rest: anthropometric profile, body composition and hemodynamic parameters (blood pressure [BP], basal heart rate [HR] and heart rate variability [HRV], the latter through linear and nonlinear analysis). Results The PG fighters had higher waist and hip circumference diameters compared to the GG fighters (p <0.05). There were no differences regarding baseline hemodynamic parameters of HR and BP. Total HRV as well as parasympathetic modulation indices in both the time and frequency domains were significantly lower in the GG fighters than in the PG fighters (p <0.05). In contrast, the sympathovagal modulation markers in the frequency domain, and the sympathovagal index, were higher in GG than in PG (p <0.05). The SD1 index of nonlinear analysis was lower in the GG fighters than in the PG (p <0.05). Conclusion In general, guardian style fighters have lower vagal modulation and cardiac sympathetic hyperactivity at rest, compared to passing fighters. Level of evidence IV; Case series.
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de Freitas VH, Ramos SP, Bara-Filho MG, Freitas DG, Coimbra DR, Cecchini R, Guarnier FA, Nakamura FY. Effect of Cold Water Immersion Performed on Successive Days on Physical Performance, Muscle Damage, and Inflammatory, Hormonal, and Oxidative Stress Markers in Volleyball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:502-513. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mascarin RB, De Andrade VL, Barbieri RA, Loures JP, Kalva-Filho CA, Papoti M. Dynamics of Recovery of Physiological Parameters After a Small-Sided Game in Women Soccer Players. Front Physiol 2018; 9:887. [PMID: 30050459 PMCID: PMC6050376 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.00887] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose: Training methods based on small-sided game (SSG) seem to promote physiological and tactical benefits for soccer players as they present characteristics more specific to the game. Thus, the main objective of the present study was to analyze the hormonal, biochemical, and autonomic parameters in an acute manner and the recovery dynamics (up to 72 h after) in a SSG. Methods: Thirteen professional female soccer players participated in the study (18.8 ± 0.8 years, body mass 59.4 ± 6.2 kg, and height 1.68 ± 0.05 m). During and after the SSG session (4 min × 4 min separated by 3 min of passive interval and 120 m2 coverage per player), autonomic modulation was analyzed in the time and frequency domains using heart rate variability, and blood samples (5 ml) were collected before (0 h) and after (10 min and 24, 48, 72 h) the SSG for biochemical and hormonal analysis. Results: The SSG induced an increase effect for LF (low frequency) (92,52%; Very likely increase) and a decrease effect for HF (high frequency) values (-65,72%; Very likely decrease), after 10 min of recovery. The LF/HF increase after 10 min of recovery (386,21%; Very likely increase). The RMSSD (square root of the mean squared differences of the successive N-N intervals) and pNN50 (measure of the number of adjacent NN intervals which differ by more than 50 ms) values presented a decrease effect 10 min after SSG (61,38%; Very likely decrease and-90%; Very likely decrease). The CK (creatine kinase) values presented no changes 10 min after SSG. The LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) values presented an increase effect 10 min after the SSG (19,22%; Likely increase). Both testosterone and cortisol concentrations presented the same behavior after SSG, where no alterations were observed with after 10 min (<0,37%; Most likely trivial). Conclusion: The SSG promoted significant cardiovascular stress that was restored within the first 24 h of recovery. Parasympathetic parameters continued to increase while sympathetic parameters declined significantly during the 72 h of recovery. In addition, the reduced game did not alter biochemical or hormonal responses during the 72 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafaela B Mascarin
- Post Graduate in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Physiotherapy Department, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Vitor L De Andrade
- Post Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Bioscience Institute, Physical Education Department, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rio Claro, Brazil
| | - Ricardo A Barbieri
- Post Graduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - João P Loures
- Post Graduate in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Physiotherapy Department, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Carlos A Kalva-Filho
- Post Graduate in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Physiotherapy Department, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Papoti
- Post Graduate in Rehabilitation and Functional Performance, Physiotherapy Department, Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Movement Sciences, Bioscience Institute, Physical Education Department, São Paulo State University "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Rio Claro, Brazil.,Post Graduate Program in Physical Education and Sport, School of Physical Education and Sport of Ribeirão Preto, Ribeirão Preto, Brazil
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Horta TAG, Bara Filho MG, Coimbra DR, Miranda R, Werneck FZ. Training Load, Physical Performance, Biochemical Markers, and Psychological Stress During a Short Preparatory Period in Brazilian Elite Male Volleyball Players. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 33:3392-3399. [PMID: 29239985 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Horta, TAG, Bara Filho, MG, Coimbra, DR, Miranda, R, and Werneck, FZ. Training load, physical performance, biochemical markers, and psychological stress during a short preparatory period in Brazilian elite male volleyball players. J Strength Cond Res 33(12): 3392-3399, 2019-The aim of this study was to assess the relationship between training load (TL) and physical performance, biochemical markers, and psychological stress during a short preparatory period (SPP) in Brazilian elite male volleyball players. Twelve volleyball players from a team competing in the Brazilian Men's Volleyball Super League were enrolled (26.9 ± 4.6 years). Countermovement jump (CMJ), creatine kinase (CK), testosterone (T), cortisol (Cr), T/Cr ratio, and Recovery and Stress Questionnaire for athletes (RESTQ-Sport) were collected at baseline, after second, fourth, and sixth week. Training load was quantified daily using the rating of perceived exertion. Differences were noted between total weekly training load (TWTL) (F3,33 = 50.907; p = 0.0001), CK (F3,33 = 16.157; p = 0.0001), and T (F3,33 = 3.283; p = 0.03). No differences were seen in CMJ (F3,33 = 1.821; p = 0.16), Cr (F3,33 = 2.409; p = 0.08), or T/Cr ratio (F3,33 = 1.527; p = 0.23). The RESTQ-Sport demonstrated differences between moments in social stress (F3,33 = 2.297; p = 0.04; η = 0.25), success (F3,33 = 4.350; p = 0.01; η = 0.19), general well-being (F3,33 = 4.465; p = 0.01; η = 0.36), and injury (F3,33 = 2.792; p = 0.05; η = 0.62). The results showed a significant correlations of small to moderate magnitude between TWTL and CK (r = 0.32; p = 0.05). In conclusion, a short PP in volleyball leads to increased TL, CK level, and psychological stress. Training load was related with the increase of CK, suggesting muscle damage without increased physical performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago A G Horta
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazi
| | - Maurício G Bara Filho
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazi
| | - Danilo R Coimbra
- Center of Health Sciences and Sports, Department of Physical Education, Santa Catarina State University, Florianópolis, Brazil
| | - Renato Miranda
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of de Juiz de Fora, Juiz de Fora, Brazi
| | - Francisco Z Werneck
- Department of Physical Education, Federal University of Ouro Preto, Ouro Preto, Brazil
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Cruz GH, Orellana JN, Taraco AR, Colmenero BR. Leukocyte Populations are Associated with Heart Rate Variability After a Triathlon. J Hum Kinet 2016; 54:55-63. [PMID: 28031757 PMCID: PMC5187961 DOI: 10.1515/hukin-2016-0036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to analyze cellular immune components and their association with heart rate variability in triathlon athletes. Twelve athletes were included (age 36.41 ± 5.57 years, body mass 81.84 ± 10.97 kg) and blood samples were taken one week before, immediately, at 2 and 48 hours, and one week after competition. Total lymphocytes and their subpopulations, neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils and monocytes were analyzed. At the same time, heart rate variability was recorded for 30 minutes using Polar Team2®. A significant difference between lymphocyte subpopulations and heart rate variability was found in the different study periods. A positive correlation was found between total lymphocytes and rMSSD (r = .736, p <0.05), CD3+ and rMSSD (r = .785, p <0.05), and CD4+ and rMSSD (r = .795, p < 0.05) at the end of the competition. After one week of competition, a negative correlation was found between eosinophils and MRR, SDNN, pNN50, and rMSSD (p <0.01); and basophils and MRR, SDNN, pNN50, and rMSSD (p <0.01); while a positive correlation was found between CD19+ (B cells) and pNN50 (r = .678, p <0.05). Our results suggest that it is possible to predict the effect of training with regard to the athlete's performance.
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Rocha RERD, Nunes EA, Venera GD. Selective loads periodization attenuates biochemical disturbances and enhances performance in female futsal players during competitive season. MOTRIZ: REVISTA DE EDUCACAO FISICA 2015. [DOI: 10.1590/s1980-65742015000200006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluated the effect of selective loads periodization on physical performance and biochemical parameters in professional female futsal players during competitive season. Twelve elite female futsal players from Kindermann team (Brazil) participated in the study. Variables of physical performance and erythrogram, leukogram, plasma cortisol, plasma immunoglobulin A (IgA) in the beginning of the preparatory period (PP), in the competitive period (CP) and in the final competitive period (FCP) were evaluated. Using selective loads periodization, all variables of physical performance increased (p < .01) during CP and were maintained during FCP (p < .05). White blood cells did not modify during CP and the increase of FCP in 28% remained within normal ranges. Plasma cortisol also increased during CP (p < .01) and was within the normal ranges during FCP. Plasma IgA also was within the normal ranges during CP and FCP. Selective loads periodization is adequate and attends the requirements of the sport during competitive season in female futsal players.
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Sex differences in heart rate variability: a longitudinal study in international elite cross-country skiers. Eur J Appl Physiol 2015; 115:2107-14. [PMID: 26002403 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-015-3190-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/09/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Exercise-related sudden cardiac deaths (SCD) occur with a striking male predominance. A higher sympathetic tone in men has been suggested as risk factor for SCD. Elite athletes have the highest risk for exercise-related SCD. We aimed to analyze the autonomic nervous system of elite cross-country skiers from Norway, Russia and Switzerland in supine position and after orthostatic challenge in various training periods (TP). METHOD Measurements of heart rate variability (HRV) were performed on a weekly basis over 1 year using an orthostatic challenge test with controlled breathing. Main outcome parameters were the high-frequency power in supine position (HFsupine) as marker of cardiac parasympathetic activity and the low-frequency/high-frequency power ratio after orthostatic challenge (LF/HFstand) as marker of cardiac sympathetic activation. Training intensity and duration were recorded daily and expressed as training strain. The training year was divided into three TPs. An average of weekly HRV measurements was calculated for each TP. RESULT Female (n = 19, VO2max 62.0 ± 4.6 ml kg(-1) min(-1), age 25.8 ± 4.3 years) and male (n = 16, VO2max 74.3 ± 6.3 ml kg(-1) min(-1), age 24.4 ± 4.2 years) athletes were included. Training strain was comparable between sexes (all p > 0.05) and changed between TPs (all p < 0.05) while no HRV parameters changed over time. There were no sex differences in HFsupine while the LF/HFstand was significantly higher in male athletes in all TPs. CONCLUSION For a comparable amount of training, male athletes showed constantly higher markers of sympathetic activity after a provocation maneuver. This may explain part of the male predominance in sports-related SCD.
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Dutra SGV, Pereira APM, Tezini GCSV, Mazon JH, Martins-Pinge MC, Souza HCD. Cardiac autonomic modulation is determined by gender and is independent of aerobic physical capacity in healthy subjects. PLoS One 2013; 8:e77092. [PMID: 24098577 PMCID: PMC3789672 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0077092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aerobic physical capacity plays an important role in reducing morbidity and mortality rates in subjects with cardiovascular diseases. This action is often related to an improvement in the autonomic modulation of heart rate variability (HRV). However, controversies remain regarding the effects of physical training on cardiac autonomic control in healthy subjects. Therefore, our objective was to investigate whether aerobic capacity interferes with the autonomic modulation of HRV and whether gender differences exist. METHODS Healthy men and women (N=96) were divided into groups according to aerobic capacity: low (VO2: 22-38 ml/kg(-1) min(-1)), moderate (VO2: 38-48 ml/kg(-1) min(-1)) and high (VO2 >48 ml/kg(-1) min(-1).) We evaluated the hemodynamic parameters and body composition. The autonomic modulation of HRV was investigated using spectral analysis. This procedure decomposes the heart rate oscillatory signal into frequency bands: low frequency (LF=0.04-0.15Hz) is mainly related to sympathetic modulation, and high frequency (HF=0.15-0.5Hz) corresponds to vagal modulation. RESULTS Aerobic capacity, regardless of gender, determined lower values of body fat percentage, blood pressure and heart rate. In turn, the spectral analysis of HRV showed that this parameter did not differ when aerobic capacity was considered. However, when the genders were compared, women had lower LF values and higher HF values than the respective groups of men. CONCLUSION The results suggest that aerobic physical capacity does not interfere with HRV modulation; however, the cardiac modulatory balance differs between genders and is characterized by a greater influence of the autonomic vagal component in women and by the sympathetic component in men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina G. V. Dutra
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Ana Paula M. Pereira
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Geisa C. S. V. Tezini
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - José H. Mazon
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Marli C. Martins-Pinge
- Department of Physiological Sciences, State University of Londrina, Londrina, Paraná, Brazil
| | - Hugo C. D. Souza
- Department of Biomechanics, Medicine and Rehabilitation, School of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, São Paulo, Brazil
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Precompetitive assessment of heart rate variability in elite female athletes during play offs. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2013; 34:230-6. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2013] [Accepted: 09/06/2013] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Cardiac Autonomic Adaptations in Elite Spanish Soccer Players During Preseason. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2013; 8:400-9. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.8.4.400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:The purpose of this study was to evaluate changes in autonomic control of heart rate (HR) and fitness in a group of elite soccer players during the preseason.Methods:Eight professional male soccer players competing in the Spanish First Division were evaluated in July (wk 1) and September (wk 8) with night-time HR variability (HRV) over 4 different days, ultra-short-term HR recovery (HRR) during a small-sided-games session, Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery test level 1 (Yo-Yo IR1), and a field test for determination of maximum aerobic speed.Results:Players exhibited a greater HRV and a faster ultra-short-term HRR at wk 8, with the players with a lower HRV at wk 1 exhibiting the greatest improvements at wk 8. However, there were unclear improvements in performance parameters, with maximum HR (HRmax) being reduced over the preseason period. This change in HRmax was correlated with the change in short-term HRV parameters (ρ = 0.829, P = .042). Large correlations were observed among HRV, ultra-short-term HRR, and field performance parameters only at wk 8. Furthermore, the variation (%) of the root-mean-square of successive differences between R-R intervals was increased during the preseason (12.95% ± 15.14% to 29.39% ± 21.93%, P = .013) and significantly correlated (r = .898, P = .006) with Yo-Yo IR1 performance (~2600 ± 786 m) at wk 8.Conclusions:The current results support the appropriateness and practicality of night-time HRV and ultra-short-term HRR for evaluation of autonomic adaptations in professional soccer players, despite the unclear improvements in specific field performance parameters.
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Díaz Gómez MM, Bocanegra Jaramillo OL, Teixeira RR, Espindola FS. Salivary surrogates of plasma nitrite and catecholamines during a 21-week training season in swimmers. PLoS One 2013; 8:e64043. [PMID: 23700456 PMCID: PMC3660304 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0064043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2012] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The collection of samples of saliva is noninvasive and straightforward, which turns saliva into an ideal fluid for monitoring the adaptive response to training. Here, we investigated the response of the salivary proteins alpha-amylase (sAA), chromogranin A (sCgA), and the concentration of total protein (sTP) as well as salivary nitrite (sNO2) in relation to plasma catecholamines and plasma nitrite (pNO2), respectively. The variation in these markers was compared to the intensity and load of training during a 21-week training season in 12 elite swimmers. Overall, the salivary proteins tracked the concentration of plasma adrenaline and were inversely correlated with the training outcomes. No correlations were observed between sNO2 and pNO2. However, sNO2 correlated positively with the intensity and load of training. We argue that the decrease in sympathetic activity is responsible for the decrease in the concentration of proteins throughout the training season. Furthermore, the increase in nitrite is likely to reflect changes in hemodynamics and regulation of vascular tone. The association of the salivary markers with the training outcomes underlines their potential as noninvasive markers of training status in professional athletes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Mauricio Díaz Gómez
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | | | - Renata Roland Teixeira
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
| | - Foued Salmen Espindola
- Institute of Genetics and Biochemistry, Federal University of Uberlandia, Uberlandia, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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