1
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Liu M, He L. Dietary cysteine and methionine promote peroxisome elevation and fat loss by induction of CG33474 expression in Drosophila adipose tissue. Cell Mol Life Sci 2024; 81:190. [PMID: 38649521 PMCID: PMC11035426 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-024-05226-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2023] [Revised: 03/13/2024] [Accepted: 04/03/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
The high-protein diet (HPD) has emerged as a potent dietary approach to curb obesity. Peroxisome, a highly malleable organelle, adapts to nutritional changes to maintain homeostasis by remodeling its structure, composition, and quantity. However, the impact of HPD on peroxisomes and the underlying mechanism remains elusive. Using Drosophila melanogaster as a model system, we discovered that HPD specifically increases peroxisome levels within the adipose tissues. This HPD-induced peroxisome elevation is attributed to cysteine and methionine by triggering the expression of CG33474, a fly homolog of mammalian PEX11G. Both the overexpression of Drosophila CG33474 and human PEX11G result in increased peroxisome size. In addition, cysteine and methionine diets both reduce lipid contents, a process that depends on the presence of CG33474. Furthermore, CG33474 stimulates the breakdown of neutral lipids in a cell-autonomous manner. Moreover, the expression of CG33474 triggered by cysteine and methionine requires TOR signaling. Finally, we found that CG33474 promotes inter-organelle contacts between peroxisomes and lipid droplets (LDs), which might be a potential mechanism for CG33474-induced fat loss. In summary, our findings demonstrate that CG33474/PEX11G may serve as an essential molecular bridge linking HPD to peroxisome dynamics and lipid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meng Liu
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China
| | - Li He
- The First Affiliated Hospital of USTC, Division of Life Sciences and Medicine, University of Science and Technology of China, Hefei, 230027, China.
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2
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Wang Z, Su C, Zhang Y, Shangguan S, Wang R, Su J. Key enzymes involved in the utilization of fatty acids by Saccharomyces cerevisiae: a review. Front Microbiol 2024; 14:1294182. [PMID: 38274755 PMCID: PMC10808364 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1294182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2023] [Accepted: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a eukaryotic organism with a clear genetic background and mature gene operating system; in addition, it exhibits environmental tolerance. Therefore, S. cerevisiae is one of the most commonly used organisms for the synthesis of biological chemicals. The investigation of fatty acid catabolism in S. cerevisiae is crucial for the synthesis and accumulation of fatty acids and their derivatives, with β-oxidation being the predominant pathway responsible for fatty acid metabolism in this organism, occurring primarily within peroxisomes. The latest research has revealed distinct variations in β-oxidation among different fatty acids, primarily attributed to substrate preferences and disparities in the metabolic regulation of key enzymes involved in the S. cerevisiae fatty acid metabolic pathway. The synthesis of lipids, on the other hand, represents another crucial metabolic pathway for fatty acids. The present paper provides a comprehensive review of recent research on the key factors influencing the efficiency of fatty acid utilization, encompassing β-oxidation and lipid synthesis pathways. Additionally, we discuss various approaches for modifying β-oxidation to enhance the synthesis of fatty acids and their derivatives in S. cerevisiae, aiming to offer theoretical support and serve as a valuable reference for future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoyun Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Chunli Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Yisang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Sifan Shangguan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Ruiming Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
| | - Jing Su
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Material and Green Papermaking (LBMP), Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, Shandong, China
- Key Laboratory of Shandong Microbial Engineering, Qilu University of Technology (Shandong Academy of Sciences), Jinan, Shandong, China
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3
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Lei JH, Sun TF, Feng MG, Ying SH. Functional insights of three RING-finger peroxins in the life cycle of the insect pathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Curr Genet 2023; 69:267-276. [PMID: 37910177 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-023-01275-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/22/2023] [Accepted: 10/24/2023] [Indexed: 11/03/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes play important roles in fungal physiological processes. The RING-finger complex consists of peroxins Pex2, Pex10, and Pex12 and is essential for recycling of receptors responsible for peroxisomal targeting of matrix proteins. In this study, these three peroxins were functionally characterized in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana (Bb). These three peroxins are associated with peroxisomes, in which BbPex2 interacted with BbPex10 and BbPex12. Ablation of these peroxins did not completely block the peroxisome biogenesis, but abolish peroxisomal targeting of matrix proteins via both PTS1 and PTS2 pathways. Three disruptants displayed different phenotypic defects in growth on nutrients and under stress conditions, but have similar defects in acetyl-CoA biosynthesis, development, and virulence. Strikingly, BbPex10 played a less important role in fungal growth on tested nutrients than other two peroxins; whereas, BbPex2 performed a less important contribution to fungal growth under stresses. This investigation reinforces the peroxisomal roles in the lifecycle of entomopathogenic fungi and highlights the unequal functions of different peroxins in peroxisomal biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jia-Hui Lei
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ting-Fei Sun
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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4
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Jovanovic Gasovic S, Dietrich D, Gläser L, Cao P, Kohlstedt M, Wittmann C. Multi-omics view of recombinant Yarrowia lipolytica: Enhanced ketogenic amino acid catabolism increases polyketide-synthase-driven docosahexaenoic production to high selectivity at the gram scale. Metab Eng 2023; 80:45-65. [PMID: 37683719 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymben.2023.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 09/04/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
DHA is a marine PUFA of commercial value, given its multiple health benefits. The worldwide emerging shortage in DHA supply has increased interest in microbial cell factories that can provide the compound de novo. In this regard, the present work aimed to improve DHA production in the oleaginous yeast strain Y. lipolytica Af4, which synthetized the PUFA via a heterologous myxobacterial polyketide synthase (PKS)-like gene cluster. As starting point, we used transcriptomics, metabolomics, and 13C-based metabolic pathway profiling to study the cellular dynamics of Y. lipolytica Af4. The shift from the growth to the stationary DHA-production phase was associated with fundamental changes in carbon core metabolism, including a strong upregulation of the PUFA gene cluster, as well as an increase in citrate and fatty acid degradation. At the same time, the intracellular levels of the two DHA precursors acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA dropped by up to 98% into the picomolar range. Interestingly, the degradation pathways for the ketogenic amino acids l-lysine, l-leucine, and l-isoleucine were transcriptionally activated, presumably to provide extra acetyl-CoA. Supplementation with small amounts of these amino acids at the beginning of the DHA production phase beneficially increased the intracellular CoA-ester pools and boosted the DHA titer by almost 40%. Isotopic 13C-tracer studies revealed that the supplements were efficiently directed toward intracellular CoA-esters and DHA. Hereby, l-lysine was found to be most efficient, as it enabled long-term activation, due to storage within the vacuole and continuous breakdown. The novel strategy enabled DHA production in Y. lipolytica at the gram scale for the first time. DHA was produced at a high selectivity (27% of total fatty acids) and free of the structurally similar PUFA DPA, which facilitates purification for high-value medical applications that require API-grade DHA. The assembled multi-omics picture of the central metabolism of Y. lipolytica provides valuable insights into this important yeast. Beyond our work, the enhanced catabolism of ketogenic amino acids seems promising for the overproduction of other compounds in Y. lipolytica, whose synthesis is limited by the availability of CoA ester precursors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Demian Dietrich
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Lars Gläser
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Germany
| | - Peng Cao
- Institute of Systems Biotechnology, Saarland University, Germany
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5
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Lin HY, Feng MG, Ying SH. Phosphorylation modification orchestrates the functionalities of peroxin 14 in filamentous entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. Fungal Biol 2023; 127:1284-1290. [PMID: 37821150 DOI: 10.1016/j.funbio.2023.08.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Accepted: 08/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
Peroxin 14 (Pex14) is a component of the receptor-docking complex at peroxisomal membrane. However, its post translation modification remains largely unknown in filamentous fungi. In this study, we characterized two phosphorylation sites (S54 and T262) in Beauveria bassiana Pex14 (BbPex14). Two phosphorylation sites are dispensable for the BbPex14 role as a peroxin. The BbPex14 roles in conidiation and blastospore formation are dependent on two phosphorylation sites, and blastospore formation is more dependent on phosphorylation modification of two sites. Two phosphorylation sites differentially contribute to pexophagy during conidiation and under stress, in which the site T262 is indispensable. Evidently, the phosphorylation modification expands the functionalities of BbPex14. This study improves our understandings of the complex regulatory mechanisms underlying organellar biology in the filamentous fungi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hai-Yan Lin
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Ming-Guang Feng
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China
| | - Sheng-Hua Ying
- Institute of Microbiology, College of Life Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, 310058, China.
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6
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Abstract
Peroxisomes are involved in a multitude of metabolic and catabolic pathways, as well as the innate immune system. Their dysfunction is linked to severe peroxisome-specific diseases, as well as cancer and neurodegenerative diseases. To ensure the ability of peroxisomes to fulfill their many roles in the organism, more than 100 different proteins are post-translationally imported into the peroxisomal membrane and matrix, and their functionality must be closely monitored. In this Review, we briefly discuss the import of peroxisomal membrane proteins, and we emphasize an updated view of both classical and alternative peroxisomal matrix protein import pathways. We highlight different quality control pathways that ensure the degradation of dysfunctional peroxisomal proteins. Finally, we compare peroxisomal matrix protein import with other systems that transport folded proteins across membranes, in particular the twin-arginine translocation (Tat) system and the nuclear pore.
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Affiliation(s)
- Markus Rudowitz
- Systems Biochemistry , Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Systems Biochemistry , Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801 Bochum, Germany
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7
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Nishio J, Takahashi Y, Kasahara M, Takeda Y, Kikuma T. AeiA is a novel autophagy-related protein that promotes peroxisome degradation by pexophagy in Aspergillus oryzae. FEBS Lett 2023; 597:608-617. [PMID: 36700830 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.14589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2022] [Revised: 01/11/2023] [Accepted: 01/15/2023] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is classified into nonselective and selective autophagy, depending on the specificity of substrate degradation. In the filamentous fungus Aspergillus oryzae, selective autophagy, which includes pexophagy and mitophagy, has been observed. However, the molecular mechanism underlying selective autophagy in filamentous fungi remains unclear. Here, we identified a novel protein that interacts with the autophagy-related protein Atg8 in A. oryzae, named AoAtg8-interacting protein A (AeiA). AeiA was localized to AoAtg8-positive autophagic membrane structures and peroxisomes. Moreover, peroxisomal trafficking into the vacuole was reduced in AeiA disruptants. Taken together, AeiA is a novel selective autophagy-related protein that contributes to pexophagy in A. oryzae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joichiro Nishio
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yoshiaki Takahashi
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Masahiro Kasahara
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Yoichi Takeda
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
| | - Takashi Kikuma
- Department of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Japan
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8
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Peroxin Pex14/17 Is Required for Trap Formation, and Plays Pleiotropic Roles in Mycelial Development, Stress Response, and Secondary Metabolism in Arthrobotrys oligospora. mSphere 2023; 8:e0001223. [PMID: 36786584 PMCID: PMC10117088 DOI: 10.1128/msphere.00012-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The peroxins encoded by PEX genes involved in peroxisome biogenesis play a crucial role in cellular metabolism and pathogenicity in fungi. Herein, we characterized a filamentous fungus-specific peroxin Pex14/17 in the Arthrobotrys oligospora, a representative species of nematode-trapping fungi. The deletion of AoPEX14/17 resulted in a remarkable reduction in mycelial growth, conidia yield, trap formation, and pathogenicity. Compared with the wild-type strain, the ΔAopex14/17 mutant exhibited more lipid droplet and reactive oxygen species accumulation accompanied with a significant decrease in fatty acid utilization and tolerance to oxidative stress. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that AoPEX14/17 was involved in the regulation of metabolism, genetic information processing, environmental information processing, and cellular processes. In subcellular morphology, the deletion of AoPEX14/17 resulted in a decrease in the number of cell nuclei, autophagosomes, and Woronin bodies. Metabolic profile analysis showed that AoPex14/17 affects the biosynthesis of secondary metabolites. Yeast two-hybrid assay revealed that AoPex14/17 interacted with AoPex14 but not with AoPex13. Taken together, our results suggest that Pex14/17 is the main factor for modulating growth, development, and pathogenicity in A. oligospora. IMPORTANCE Peroxisome biogenesis genes (PEX) play an important role in growth, development, and pathogenicity in pathogenic fungi. However, the roles of PEX genes remain largely unknown in nematode-trapping (NT) fungi. Here, we provide direct evidence that AoPex14/17 regulates mycelial growth, conidiation, trap formation, autophagy, endocytosis, catalase activity, stress response to oxidants, lipid metabolism, and reactive oxygen species production. Transcriptome analysis and metabolic profile suggested that AoPex14/17 is involved in multiple cellular processes and the regulation of secondary metabolism. Therefore, our study extends the functions of PEX genes, which helps to elucidate the mechanism of organelle development and trap formation in NT fungi and lays the foundation for the development of efficient nematode biocontrol agents.
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Interconnected Set of Enzymes Provide Lysine Biosynthetic Intermediates and Ornithine Derivatives as Key Precursors for the Biosynthesis of Bioactive Secondary Metabolites. Antibiotics (Basel) 2023; 12:antibiotics12010159. [PMID: 36671360 PMCID: PMC9854754 DOI: 10.3390/antibiotics12010159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2022] [Revised: 01/08/2023] [Accepted: 01/09/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Bacteria, filamentous fungi, and plants synthesize thousands of secondary metabolites with important biological and pharmacological activities. The biosynthesis of these metabolites is performed by networks of complex enzymes such as non-ribosomal peptide synthetases, polyketide synthases, and terpenoid biosynthetic enzymes. The efficient production of these metabolites is dependent upon the supply of precursors that arise from primary metabolism. In the last decades, an impressive array of biosynthetic enzymes that provide specific precursors and intermediates leading to secondary metabolites biosynthesis has been reported. Suitable knowledge of the elaborated pathways that synthesize these precursors or intermediates is essential for advancing chemical biology and the production of natural or semisynthetic biological products. Two of the more prolific routes that provide key precursors in the biosynthesis of antitumor, immunosuppressant, antifungal, or antibacterial compounds are the lysine and ornithine pathways, which are involved in the biosynthesis of β-lactams and other non-ribosomal peptides, and bacterial and fungal siderophores. Detailed analysis of the molecular genetics and biochemistry of the enzyme system shows that they are formed by closely related components. Particularly the focus of this study is on molecular genetics and the enzymatic steps that lead to the formation of intermediates of the lysine pathway, such as α-aminoadipic acid, saccharopine, pipecolic acid, and related compounds, and of ornithine-derived molecules, such as N5-Acetyl-N5-Hydroxyornithine and N5-anhydromevalonyl-N5-hydroxyornithine, which are precursors of siderophores. We provide evidence that shows interesting functional relationships between the genes encoding the enzymes that synthesize these products. This information will contribute to a better understanding of the possibilities of advancing the industrial applications of synthetic biology.
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Deori NM, Nagotu S. Peroxisome biogenesis and inter-organelle communication: an indispensable role for Pex11 and Pex30 family proteins in yeast. Curr Genet 2022; 68:537-550. [PMID: 36242632 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-022-01254-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 08/29/2022] [Accepted: 08/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are highly dynamic organelles present in most eukaryotic cells. They also play an important role in human health and the optimum functioning of cells. An extensive repertoire of proteins is associated with the biogenesis and function of these organelles. Two protein families that are involved in regulating peroxisome number in a cell directly or indirectly are Pex11 and Pex30. Interestingly, these proteins are also reported to regulate the contact sites between peroxisomes and other cell organelles such as mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum and lipid droplets. In this manuscript, we review our current knowledge of the role of these proteins in peroxisome biogenesis in various yeast species. Further, we also discuss in detail the role of these protein families in the regulation of inter-organelle contacts in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nayan Moni Deori
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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11
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Bittner E, Stehlik T, Freitag J. Sharing the wealth: The versatility of proteins targeted to peroxisomes and other organelles. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:934331. [PMID: 36225313 PMCID: PMC9549241 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.934331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2022] [Accepted: 07/27/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are eukaryotic organelles with critical functions in cellular energy and lipid metabolism. Depending on the organism, cell type, and developmental stage, they are involved in numerous other metabolic and regulatory pathways. Many peroxisomal functions require factors also relevant to other cellular compartments. Here, we review proteins shared by peroxisomes and at least one different site within the cell. We discuss the mechanisms to achieve dual targeting, their regulation, and functional consequences. Characterization of dual targeting is fundamental to understand how peroxisomes are integrated into the metabolic and regulatory circuits of eukaryotic cells.
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Li L, Yu MX, Guo J, Hao ZN, Zhang Z, Lu ZQ, Wang JY, Zhu XM, Wang YL, Chen J, Sun GC, Lin FC. The peroxins BcPex8, BcPex10, and BcPex12 are required for the development and pathogenicity of Botrytis cinerea. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:962500. [PMID: 36147853 PMCID: PMC9488000 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.962500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2022] [Accepted: 08/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes have been proved playing roles in infection of several plant pathogens. Although the contribution of a portion of peroxins in pathogenicity was demonstrated, most of them are undocumented in fungi, especially, Botrytis cinerea. The homologs of Pex8, Pex10, and Pex12 in B. cinerea were functionally characterized in this work using gene disruption strategies. Compared with the wild-type strain (WT), the Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 mutants exhibited significant reduction in melanin production, fatty acid utilization, and decreased tolerance to high osmotic pressure and reactive oxygen species (ROS). The mycelial growth and conidiation of were significantly inhibited in Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 strains. The mycelial growth rates of Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 were reduced by 32, 35, and 34%, respectively, compared with WT and ectopic transformant (ET), and the conidiation was reduced by approximately 89, 27, and 88%, respectively. The conidial germination, germ tube elongation, and the formation of initiate infection structures (IFSs) were also reduced by the deletion of the genes. The pathogenicity was tested on the leaves of tobacco and strawberry, and fruits of tomato. On the leaves of tobacco and strawberry, the Δbcpex8, Δbcpex10, and Δbcpex12 mutants could not induce necrotic lesions, and the lesions on tomato fruits infected with the mutants were significantly reduced than those of the wide type. The results indicated that BcPEX8, BcPEX10, and BcPEX12 are indispensable for the development and pathogenicity of B. cinerea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Meng-xue Yu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jian Guo
- College of Food and Health, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhong-na Hao
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zi-qi Lu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, College of Advanced Agricultural Sciences, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jiao-yu Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- *Correspondence: Jiao-yu Wang,
| | - Xue-ming Zhu
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yan-li Wang
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- College of Forestry and Biotechnology, Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Guo-Chang Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
- Guo-Chang Sun,
| | - Fu-cheng Lin
- State Key Laboratory for Managing Biotic and Chemical Treats to the Quality and Safety of Agro-Products, Institute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Hangzhou, China
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13
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Insights into the Structure and Function of the Pex1/Pex6 AAA-ATPase in Peroxisome Homeostasis. Cells 2022; 11:cells11132067. [PMID: 35805150 PMCID: PMC9265785 DOI: 10.3390/cells11132067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2022] [Revised: 06/25/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The AAA-ATPases Pex1 and Pex6 are required for the formation and maintenance of peroxisomes, membrane-bound organelles that harbor enzymes for specialized metabolism. Together, Pex1 and Pex6 form a heterohexameric AAA-ATPase capable of unfolding substrate proteins via processive threading through a central pore. Here, we review the proposed roles for Pex1/Pex6 in peroxisome biogenesis and degradation, discussing how the unfolding of potential substrates contributes to peroxisome homeostasis. We also consider how advances in cryo-EM, computational structure prediction, and mechanisms of related ATPases are improving our understanding of how Pex1/Pex6 converts ATP hydrolysis into mechanical force. Since mutations in PEX1 and PEX6 cause the majority of known cases of peroxisome biogenesis disorders such as Zellweger syndrome, insights into Pex1/Pex6 structure and function are important for understanding peroxisomes in human health and disease.
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14
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Peroxins in Peroxisomal Receptor Export System Contribute to Development, Stress Response, and Virulence of Insect Pathogenic Fungus Beauveria bassiana. J Fungi (Basel) 2022; 8:jof8060622. [PMID: 35736105 PMCID: PMC9224678 DOI: 10.3390/jof8060622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2022] [Revised: 06/02/2022] [Accepted: 06/07/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In filamentous fungi, recycling of receptors responsible for protein targeting to peroxisomes depends on the receptor export system (RES), which consists of peroxins Pex1, Pex6, and Pex26. This study seeks to functionally characterize these peroxins in the entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. BbPex1, BbPex6, and BbPex26 are associated with peroxisomes and interact with each other. The loss of these peroxins did not completely abolish the peroxisome biogenesis. Three peroxins were all absolutely required for PTS1 pathway; however, only BbPex6 and BbPex26 were required for protein translocation via PTS2 pathway. Three gene disruption mutants displayed the similar phenotypic defects in assimilation of nutrients (e.g., fatty acid, protein, and chitin), stress response (e.g., oxidative and osmotic stress), and virulence. Notably, all disruptant displayed significantly enhanced sensitivity to linoleic acid, a polyunsaturated fatty acid. This study reinforces the essential roles of the peroxisome in the lifecycle of entomopathogenic fungi and highlights peroxisomal roles in combating the host defense system.
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15
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Falter C, Reumann S. The essential role of fungal peroxisomes in plant infection. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2022; 23:781-794. [PMID: 35001508 PMCID: PMC9104257 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.13180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Several filamentous fungi are ecologically and economically important plant pathogens that infect a broad variety of crops. They cause high annual yield losses and contaminate seeds and fruits with mycotoxins. Not only powerful infection structures and detrimental toxins, but also cell organelles, such as peroxisomes, play important roles in plant infection. In this review, we summarize recent research results that revealed novel peroxisomal functions of filamentous fungi and highlight the importance of peroxisomes for infection of host plants. Central for fungal virulence are two primary metabolic pathways, fatty acid β-oxidation and the glyoxylate cycle, both of which are required to produce energy, acetyl-CoA, and carbohydrates. These are ultimately needed for the synthesis of cell wall polymers and for turgor generation in infection structures. Most novel results stem from different routes of secondary metabolism and demonstrate that peroxisomes produce important precursors and house various enzymes needed for toxin production and melanization of appressoria. All these peroxisomal functions in fungal virulence might represent elegant targets for improved crop protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Falter
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection BiologyInstitute of Plant Science and MicrobiologyUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
| | - Sigrun Reumann
- Plant Biochemistry and Infection BiologyInstitute of Plant Science and MicrobiologyUniversität HamburgHamburgGermany
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16
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Ast J, Bäcker N, Bittner E, Martorana D, Ahmad H, Bölker M, Freitag J. Two Pex5 Proteins With Different Cargo Specificity Are Critical for Peroxisome Function in Ustilago maydis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:858084. [PMID: 35646929 PMCID: PMC9133605 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.858084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are dynamic multipurpose organelles with a major function in fatty acid oxidation and breakdown of hydrogen peroxide. Many proteins destined for the peroxisomal matrix contain a C-terminal peroxisomal targeting signal type 1 (PTS1), which is recognized by tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) proteins of the Pex5 family. Various species express at least two different Pex5 proteins, but how this contributes to protein import and organelle function is not fully understood. Here, we analyzed truncated and chimeric variants of two Pex5 proteins, Pex5a and Pex5b, from the fungus Ustilago maydis. Both proteins are required for optimal growth on oleic acid-containing medium. The N-terminal domain (NTD) of Pex5b is critical for import of all investigated peroxisomal matrix proteins including PTS2 proteins and at least one protein without a canonical PTS. In contrast, the NTD of Pex5a is not sufficient for translocation of peroxisomal matrix proteins. In the presence of Pex5b, however, specific cargo can be imported via this domain of Pex5a. The TPR domains of Pex5a and Pex5b differ in their affinity to variations of the PTS1 motif and thus can mediate import of different subsets of matrix proteins. Together, our data reveal that U. maydis employs versatile targeting modules to control peroxisome function. These findings will promote our understanding of peroxisomal protein import also in other biological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Ast
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Institute of Metabolism and Systems Research (IMSR), and Centre of Membrane Proteins and Receptors (COMPARE), University of Birmingham, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Nils Bäcker
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Elena Bittner
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | | | - Humda Ahmad
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Michael Bölker
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- Center for Synthetic Microbiology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Johannes Freitag
- Department of Biology, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
- *Correspondence: Johannes Freitag,
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17
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Fierro F, Vaca I, Castillo NI, García-Rico RO, Chávez R. Penicillium chrysogenum, a Vintage Model with a Cutting-Edge Profile in Biotechnology. Microorganisms 2022; 10:microorganisms10030573. [PMID: 35336148 PMCID: PMC8954384 DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms10030573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2021] [Revised: 02/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/17/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The discovery of penicillin entailed a decisive breakthrough in medicine. No other medical advance has ever had the same impact in the clinical practise. The fungus Penicillium chrysogenum (reclassified as P. rubens) has been used for industrial production of penicillin ever since the forties of the past century; industrial biotechnology developed hand in hand with it, and currently P. chrysogenum is a thoroughly studied model for secondary metabolite production and regulation. In addition to its role as penicillin producer, recent synthetic biology advances have put P. chrysogenum on the path to become a cell factory for the production of metabolites with biotechnological interest. In this review, we tell the history of P. chrysogenum, from the discovery of penicillin and the first isolation of strains with high production capacity to the most recent research advances with the fungus. We will describe how classical strain improvement programs achieved the goal of increasing production and how the development of different molecular tools allowed further improvements. The discovery of the penicillin gene cluster, the origin of the penicillin genes, the regulation of penicillin production, and a compilation of other P. chrysogenum secondary metabolites will also be covered and updated in this work.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Fierro
- Departamento de Biotecnología, Universidad Autónoma Metropolitana-Unidad Iztapalapa, Ciudad de México 09340, Mexico
- Correspondence:
| | - Inmaculada Vaca
- Departamento de Química, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad de Chile, Santiago 7800003, Chile;
| | - Nancy I. Castillo
- Grupo de Investigación en Ciencias Biológicas y Químicas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Antonio Nariño, Bogotá 110231, Colombia;
| | - Ramón Ovidio García-Rico
- Grupo de Investigación GIMBIO, Departamento De Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Básicas, Universidad de Pamplona, Pamplona 543050, Colombia;
| | - Renato Chávez
- Departamento de Biología, Facultad de Química y Biología, Universidad de Santiago de Chile, Santiago 9170020, Chile;
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18
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Liu Y, Wang Z, Cui Z, Qi Q, Hou J. Progress and perspectives for microbial production of farnesene. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2022; 347:126682. [PMID: 35007732 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2022.126682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2021] [Revised: 12/30/2021] [Accepted: 01/02/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Farnesene is increasingly used in industry, agriculture, and other fields due to its unique and excellent properties, necessitating its efficient synthesis. Microbial synthesis is an ideal farnesene production method. Recently, researchers have used several strategies to optimize the production performance of microorganisms. This review summarized these strategies, including regulation of farnesene synthesis pathways, and proposed some emerging tools and methods in stain engineering. Meanwhile, new farnesene biosynthetic pathways and effective farnesene production from cheap or waste substrates were emphatically introduced. Finally, future farnesene biosynthesis challenges were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yinghang Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhaoxuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Zhiyong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Qingsheng Qi
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China
| | - Jin Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, PR China.
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19
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Carmichael RE, Schrader M. Determinants of Peroxisome Membrane Dynamics. Front Physiol 2022; 13:834411. [PMID: 35185625 PMCID: PMC8853631 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.834411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Organelles within the cell are highly dynamic entities, requiring dramatic morphological changes to support their function and maintenance. As a result, organelle membranes are also highly dynamic, adapting to a range of topologies as the organelle changes shape. In particular, peroxisomes—small, ubiquitous organelles involved in lipid metabolism and reactive oxygen species homeostasis—display a striking plasticity, for example, during the growth and division process by which they proliferate. During this process, the membrane of an existing peroxisome elongates to form a tubule, which then constricts and ultimately undergoes scission to generate new peroxisomes. Dysfunction of this plasticity leads to diseases with developmental and neurological phenotypes, highlighting the importance of peroxisome dynamics for healthy cell function. What controls the dynamics of peroxisomal membranes, and how this influences the dynamics of the peroxisomes themselves, is just beginning to be understood. In this review, we consider how the composition, biophysical properties, and protein-lipid interactions of peroxisomal membranes impacts on their dynamics, and in turn on the biogenesis and function of peroxisomes. In particular, we focus on the effect of the peroxin PEX11 on the peroxisome membrane, and its function as a major regulator of growth and division. Understanding the roles and regulation of peroxisomal membrane dynamics necessitates a multidisciplinary approach, encompassing knowledge across a range of model species and a number of fields including lipid biochemistry, biophysics and computational biology. Here, we present an integrated overview of our current understanding of the determinants of peroxisome membrane dynamics, and reflect on the outstanding questions still remaining to be solved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruth E Carmichael
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
| | - Michael Schrader
- College of Life and Environmental Sciences, Biosciences, University of Exeter, Exeter, United Kingdom
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20
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Gao K, Yang M, Li B, Chen R, Dong J, Liu Q, Gao Z, Guo X, Deng X. Molecular response mechanisms of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.) to the toxicity of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazole chloride based on transcriptome analysis of midguts and silk glands. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 227:112915. [PMID: 34687943 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2021.112915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/30/2021] [Accepted: 10/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
In a previous study, silkworm larvae were used as a novel model to assess the biotoxicity of ILs, which showed that ILs could cause significant physiological and biochemical changes in midguts and silk glands of the larvae, and result in the death of larvae. In order to investigate the toxicity of 1-octyl-3-methylimidazole chloride ([C8mim]Cl) to the larvae at molecular level, RNA-sequencing technology was used to construct transcriptomic profiles of midguts and silk glands in this work. Results showed that a lot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were effectively screened out through bioinformatics software based on the transcriptome data and reference genome. To give more detail, 5118 and 2211 DEGs (926 and 822 DEGs) were obtained in the midguts (silk glands) when the larvae were exposed to [C8mim]Cl for 6 and 12 h, respectively, relative to the controls. In addition, gene ontology (GO) analysis suggested that the DEGs could be divided into three categories (i.e., biological process, cellular component, and molecular function), and were involved in multiple organelle functions and complex biological processes. Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG) analysis showed that the DEGs were enriched in a variety of pathways, such as signal transduction, apoptosis, glycolysis, peroxisome, autophagy, hippo signaling pathway, arginine and proline metabolism. Results of quantitative real-time PCR and histopathological observation indicated that molecular mechanism of the larvae against [C8mim]Cl toxicology may be attributed to cell apoptosis regulation via both the mitochondrial pathway and the death receptor-initiated pathway. Thus, these results provided useful data for exploring the toxicity of ILs to insects at molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kun Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Mengting Yang
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Bin Li
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Runzhen Chen
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Jingwei Dong
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiaoqiao Liu
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng Gao
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xijie Guo
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiangyuan Deng
- College of Biotechnology, Jiangsu University of Science and Technology, Zhenjiang 212100, People's Republic of China.
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21
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Zhang L, Liu C, Wang M, Tao Y, Liang Y, Yu J. Peroxin FgPEX22-Like Is Involved in FgPEX4 Tethering and Fusarium graminearum Pathogenicity. Front Microbiol 2021; 12:756292. [PMID: 34956121 PMCID: PMC8702864 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.756292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2021] [Accepted: 10/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential organelles that play important roles in a variety of biological processes in eukaryotic cells. To understand the synthesis of peroxisomes comprehensively, we identified the gene FgPEX22-like, encoding FgPEX22-like, a peroxin, in Fusarium graminearum. Our results showed that although FgPEX22-like was notably different from other peroxins (PEX) in Saccharomyces cerevisiae, it contained a predicted PEX4-binding site and interacted with FgPEX4 as a rivet protein of FgPEX4. To functionally characterize the roles of FgPEX22-like in F. graminearum, we performed homologous recombination to construct a deletion mutant (ΔPEX22-like). Analysis of the mutant showed that FgPEX22-like was essential for sexual and asexual reproduction, fatty acid utilization, pathogenicity, and production of the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol. Deletion of FgPEX22-like also led to increased production of lipid droplets and decreased elimination of reactive oxygen species. In addition, FgPEX22-like was required for the biogenesis of Woronin bodies. Taken together, our data demonstrate that FgPEX22-like is a peroxin in F. graminearum that interacts with PEX4 by anchoring PEX4 at the peroxisomal membrane and contributes to the peroxisome function in F. graminearum.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Jinfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai’an, China
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22
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Pex7 selectively imports PTS2 target proteins to peroxisomes and is required for anthracnose disease development in Colletotrichum scovillei. Fungal Genet Biol 2021; 157:103636. [PMID: 34742890 DOI: 10.1016/j.fgb.2021.103636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2021] [Revised: 10/29/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pex7 is a shuttling receptor that imports matrix proteins with a type 2 peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS2) to peroxisomes. The Pex7-mediated PTS2 protein import contributes to crucial metabolic processes such as the fatty acid β-oxidation and glucose metabolism in a number of fungi, but cellular roles of Pex7 between the import of PTS2 target proteins and metabolic processes have not been fully understood. In this study, we investigated the functional roles of CsPex7, a homolog of the yeast Pex7, by targeted gene deletion in the pepper anthracnose fungus Colletotrichum scovillei. CsPex7 was required for carbon source utilization, scavenging of reactive oxygen species, conidial production, and disease development in C. scovillei. The expression of fluorescently tagged PTS2 signal of hexokinases and 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases showed that peroxisomal localization of the hexokinase CsGlk1 PTS2 is dependent on CsPex7, but those of the 3-ketoacyl-CoA thiolases are independent on CsPex7. In addition, GFP-tagged CsPex7 proteins were intensely localized to the peroxisomes on glucose-containing media, indicating a role of CsPex7 in glucose utilization. Collectively, these findings indicate that CsPex7 selectively recognizes specific PTS2 signal for import of PTS2-containing proteins to peroxisomes, thereby mediating peroxisomal targeting efficiency of PTS2-containing proteins in C. scovillei. On pepper fruits, the ΔCspex7 mutant exhibited significantly reduced virulence, in which excessive accumulation of hydrogen peroxide was observed in the pepper cells. We think the reduced virulence results from the abnormality in hydrogen peroxide metabolism of the ΔCspex7 mutant. Our findings provide insight into the cellular roles of CsPex7 in PTS2 protein import system.
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23
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Infant T, Deb R, Ghose S, Nagotu S. Post-translational modifications of proteins associated with yeast peroxisome membrane: An essential mode of regulatory mechanism. Genes Cells 2021; 26:843-860. [PMID: 34472666 PMCID: PMC9291962 DOI: 10.1111/gtc.12892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2021] [Revised: 08/21/2021] [Accepted: 08/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are single membrane‐bound organelles important for the optimum functioning of eukaryotic cells. Seminal discoveries in the field of peroxisomes are made using yeast as a model. Several proteins required for the biogenesis and function of peroxisomes are identified to date. As with proteins involved in other major cellular pathways, peroxisomal proteins are also subjected to regulatory post‐translational modifications. Identification, characterization and mapping of these modifications to specific amino acid residues on proteins are critical toward understanding their functional significance. Several studies have tried to identify post‐translational modifications of peroxisomal proteins and determine their impact on peroxisome structure and function. In this manuscript, we provide an overview of the various post‐translational modifications that govern the peroxisome dynamics in yeast.
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Affiliation(s)
- Terence Infant
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Rachayeeta Deb
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Suchetana Ghose
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
| | - Shirisha Nagotu
- Organelle Biology and Cellular Ageing Lab, Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Guwahati, India
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24
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Jansen RLM, Santana-Molina C, van den Noort M, Devos DP, van der Klei IJ. Comparative Genomics of Peroxisome Biogenesis Proteins: Making Sense of the PEX Proteins. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:654163. [PMID: 34095119 PMCID: PMC8172628 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.654163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2021] [Accepted: 04/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PEX genes encode proteins involved in peroxisome biogenesis and proliferation. Using a comparative genomics approach, we clarify the evolutionary relationships between the 37 known PEX proteins in a representative set of eukaryotes, including all common model organisms, pathogenic unicellular eukaryotes and human. A large number of previously unknown PEX orthologs were identified. We analyzed all PEX proteins, their conservation and domain architecture and defined the core set of PEX proteins that is required to make a peroxisome. The molecular processes in peroxisome biogenesis in different organisms were put into context, showing that peroxisomes are not static organelles in eukaryotic evolution. Organisms that lack peroxisomes still contain a few PEX proteins, which probably play a role in alternative processes. Finally, the relationships between PEX proteins of two large families, the Pex11 and Pex23 families, were analyzed, thereby contributing to the understanding of their complicated and sometimes incorrect nomenclature. We provide an exhaustive overview of this important eukaryotic organelle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renate L M Jansen
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Carlos Santana-Molina
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Marco van den Noort
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
| | - Damien P Devos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ida J van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands
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25
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Paixão FRS, Huarte-Bonnet C, Ribeiro-Silva CDS, Mascarin GM, Fernandes ÉKK, Pedrini N. Tolerance to Abiotic Factors of Microsclerotia and Mycelial Pellets From Metarhizium robertsii, and Molecular and Ultrastructural Changes During Microsclerotial Differentiation. FRONTIERS IN FUNGAL BIOLOGY 2021; 2:654737. [PMID: 37744155 PMCID: PMC10512246 DOI: 10.3389/ffunb.2021.654737] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2021] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 09/26/2023]
Abstract
Metarhizium species fungi are able to produce resistant structures termed microsclerotia, formed by compact and melanized threads of hyphae. These propagules are tolerant to desiccation and produce infective conidia; thus, they are promising candidates to use in biological control programs. In this study, we investigated the tolerance to both ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation and heat of microsclerotia of Metarhizium robertsii strain ARSEF 2575. We also adapted the liquid medium and culture conditions to obtain mycelial pellets from the same isolate in order to compare these characteristics between both types of propagules. We followed the peroxisome biogenesis and studied the oxidative stress during differentiation from conidia to microsclerotia by transmission electron microscopy after staining with a peroxidase activity marker and by the expression pattern of genes potentially involved in these processes. We found that despite their twice smaller size, microsclerotia exhibited higher dry biomass, yield, and conidial productivity than mycelial pellets, both with and without UV-B and heat stresses. From the 16 genes measured, we found an induction after 96-h differentiation in the oxidative stress marker genes MrcatA, MrcatP, and Mrgpx; the peroxisome biogenesis factors Mrpex5 and Mrpex14/17; and the photoprotection genes Mrlac1 and Mrlac2; and Mrlac3. We concluded that an oxidative stress scenario is induced during microsclerotia differentiation in M. robertsii and confirmed that because of its tolerance to desiccation, heat, and UV-B, this fungal structure could be an excellent candidate for use in biological control of pests under tropical and subtropical climates where heat and UV radiation are detrimental to entomopathogenic fungi survival and persistence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Flávia R. S. Paixão
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | - Carla Huarte-Bonnet
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
| | | | - Gabriel M. Mascarin
- Laboratório de Microbiologia Ambiental, Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária–Embrapa Meio Ambiente, Jaguariúna, Brazil
| | - Éverton K. K. Fernandes
- Instituto de Patologia Tropical e Saúde Pública, Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, Brazil
| | - Nicolás Pedrini
- Instituto de Investigaciones Bioquímicas de La Plata, Centro Científico Tecnológico La Plata Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas–Universidad Nacional de La Plata, La Plata, Argentina
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26
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Bürgi J, Ekal L, Wilmanns M. Versatile allosteric properties in Pex5-like tetratricopeptide repeat proteins to induce diverse downstream function. Traffic 2021; 22:140-152. [PMID: 33580581 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2020] [Revised: 01/30/2021] [Accepted: 02/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Proteins composed of tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) arrays belong to the α-solenoid tandem-repeat family that have unique properties in terms of their overall conformational flexibility and ability to bind to multiple protein ligands. The peroxisomal matrix protein import receptor Pex5 comprises two TPR triplets that recognize protein cargos with a specific C-terminal Peroxisomal Targeting Signal (PTS) 1 motif. Import of PTS1-containing protein cargos into peroxisomes through a transient pore is mainly driven by allosteric binding, coupling and release mechanisms, without a need for external energy. A very similar TPR architecture is found in the functionally unrelated TRIP8b, a regulator of the hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) ion channel. TRIP8b binds to the HCN ion channel via a C-terminal sequence motif that is nearly identical to the PTS1 motif of Pex5 receptor cargos. Pex5, Pex5-related Pex9, and TRIP8b also share a less conserved N-terminal domain. This domain provides a second protein cargo-binding site and plays a distinct role in allosteric coupling of initial cargo loading by PTS1 motif-mediated interactions and different downstream functional readouts. The data reviewed here highlight the overarching role of molecular allostery in driving the diverse functions of TPR array proteins, which could form a model for other α-solenoid tandem-repeat proteins involved in translocation processes across membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérôme Bürgi
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Lakhan Ekal
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Matthias Wilmanns
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Hamburg Unit, Hamburg, Germany.,University Hamburg Clinical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
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Wang Z, Feng J, Jiang Y, Xu X, Xu L, Zhou Q, Huang B. MrPEX33 is involved in infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity of Metarhizium robertsii. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:1079-1090. [PMID: 33443633 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-11071-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2020] [Revised: 12/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes, being indispensable organelles, play an important role in different biological processes in eukaryotes. PEX33, a filamentous fungus-specific peroxin of the docking machinery of peroxisomes, is involved in the virulence and development of other fungal pathogens. However, it is not clear whether PEX33 is necessary for the pathogenicity and development of an insect pathogenic fungus. In the present study, we report the presence of homologs of PEX33, namely MrPEX33 (MAA_05331), in the entomopathogenic fungus, Metarhizium robertsii. An M. robertsii transgenic strain expressing the fusion protein with MrPEX33-GFP and mCherry-PTS1 showed that MrPEX33 localizes to peroxisomes. The results also demonstrated that MrPEX33 is involved in the peroxisomal import pathway by peroxisomal targeting signals. Targeted gene deletion of MrPEX33 led to a significant decline in the asexual sporulation capacity, which was accompanied by downregulation of several conidiation-associated genes, such as wetA, abaA, and brlA. More importantly, our bioassay results showed that the virulence of ∆MrPEX33 mutants, against Galleria mellonella through cuticle infection, was greatly reduced. This was further accompanied by a significant drop in appressorium formation and cuticle penetration. Additionally, ∆MrPEX33 mutants showed a significant decrease in tolerance to cell wall integrity and oxidative stress. Taken together, our results suggest that MrPEX33 is involved in the cuticle infection-related morphogenesis and pathogenicity. KEY POINTS: • MrPEX33 is a specific peroxin of the docking machinery of peroxisomes. • MrPEX33 localizes to peroxisomes and is involved in the import of matrix proteins. • MrPEX33 is involved in the pathogenicity associated with cuticle infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangxun Wang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Jianyu Feng
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Yuanyuan Jiang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Xiuzhen Xu
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Liuyi Xu
- Key Laboratory of State Forestry Administration on Prevention and Control of Pine Wood Nematode Disease, Anhui Academy of Forestry, Hefei, 230088, China
| | - Quan Zhou
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.,Key Laboratory of Biology and Sustainable Management of Plant Diseases and Pests of Anhui Higher Education Institutes, School of Plant Protection, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China
| | - Bo Huang
- Anhui Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Pest Control, Anhui Agricultural University, Hefei, 230036, China.
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González-Robles A, González-Lázaro M, Lagunes-Guillén AE, Omaña-Molina M, Lares-Jiménez LF, Lares-Villa F, Martínez-Palomo A. Ultrastructural, Cytochemical, and Comparative Genomic Evidence of Peroxisomes in Three Genera of Pathogenic Free-Living Amoebae, Including the First Morphological Data for the Presence of This Organelle in Heteroloboseans. Genome Biol Evol 2020; 12:1734-1750. [PMID: 32602891 PMCID: PMC7549135 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evaa129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes perform various metabolic processes that are primarily related to the elimination of reactive oxygen species and oxidative lipid metabolism. These organelles are present in all major eukaryotic lineages, nevertheless, information regarding the presence of peroxisomes in opportunistic parasitic protozoa is scarce and in many cases it is still unknown whether these organisms have peroxisomes at all. Here, we performed ultrastructural, cytochemical, and bioinformatic studies to investigate the presence of peroxisomes in three genera of free-living amoebae from two different taxonomic groups that are known to cause fatal infections in humans. By transmission electron microscopy, round structures with a granular content limited by a single membrane were observed in Acanthamoeba castellanii, Acanthamoeba griffini, Acanthamoeba polyphaga, Acanthamoeba royreba, Balamuthia mandrillaris (Amoebozoa), and Naegleria fowleri (Heterolobosea). Further confirmation for the presence of peroxisomes was obtained by treating trophozoites in situ with diaminobenzidine and hydrogen peroxide, which showed positive reaction products for the presence of catalase. We then performed comparative genomic analyses to identify predicted peroxin homologues in these organisms. Our results demonstrate that a complete set of peroxins-which are essential for peroxisome biogenesis, proliferation, and protein import-are present in all of these amoebae. Likewise, our in silico analyses allowed us to identify a complete set of peroxins in Naegleria lovaniensis and three novel peroxin homologues in Naegleria gruberi. Thus, our results indicate that peroxisomes are present in these three genera of free-living amoebae and that they have a similar peroxin complement despite belonging to different evolutionary lineages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arturo González-Robles
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Mónica González-Lázaro
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Anel Edith Lagunes-Guillén
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
| | - Maritza Omaña-Molina
- Facultad de Estudios Superiores Iztacala, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Tlanepantla, Estado de México, Mexico
| | - Luis Fernando Lares-Jiménez
- Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Fernando Lares-Villa
- Departamento de Ciencias Agronómicas y Veterinarias, Instituto Tecnológico de Sonora, Ciudad Obregón, Sonora, Mexico
| | - Adolfo Martínez-Palomo
- Departamento de Infectómica y Patogénesis Molecular, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del IPN, Ciudad de México, Mexico
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29
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Wu F, de Boer R, Krikken AM, Akşit A, Bordin N, Devos DP, van der Klei IJ. Pex24 and Pex32 are required to tether peroxisomes to the ER for organelle biogenesis, positioning and segregation in yeast. J Cell Sci 2020; 133:jcs246983. [PMID: 32665322 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.246983] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 07/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The yeast Hansenula polymorpha contains four members of the Pex23 family of peroxins, which characteristically contain a DysF domain. Here we show that all four H. polymorpha Pex23 family proteins localize to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Pex24 and Pex32, but not Pex23 and Pex29, predominantly accumulate at peroxisome-ER contacts. Upon deletion of PEX24 or PEX32 - and to a much lesser extent, of PEX23 or PEX29 - peroxisome-ER contacts are lost, concomitant with defects in peroxisomal matrix protein import, membrane growth, and organelle proliferation, positioning and segregation. These defects are suppressed by the introduction of an artificial peroxisome-ER tether, indicating that Pex24 and Pex32 contribute to tethering of peroxisomes to the ER. Accumulation of Pex32 at these contact sites is lost in cells lacking the peroxisomal membrane protein Pex11, in conjunction with disruption of the contacts. This indicates that Pex11 contributes to Pex32-dependent peroxisome-ER contact formation. The absence of Pex32 has no major effect on pre-peroxisomal vesicles that occur in pex3 atg1 deletion cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wu
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9300CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9300CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen M Krikken
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9300CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arman Akşit
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9300CC Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Nicola Bordin
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera, Km.1, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Damien P Devos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Carretera de Utrera, Km.1, Seville 41013, Spain
| | - Ida J van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, 9300CC Groningen, The Netherlands
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30
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Martín JF. Transport systems, intracellular traffic of intermediates and secretion of β-lactam antibiotics in fungi. Fungal Biol Biotechnol 2020; 7:6. [PMID: 32351700 PMCID: PMC7183595 DOI: 10.1186/s40694-020-00096-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2020] [Accepted: 04/10/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Fungal secondary metabolites are synthesized by complex biosynthetic pathways catalized by enzymes located in different subcellular compartments, thus requiring traffic of precursors and intermediates between them. The β-lactam antibiotics penicillin and cephalosporin C serve as an excellent model to understand the molecular mechanisms that control the subcellular localization of secondary metabolites biosynthetic enzymes. Optimal functioning of the β-lactam biosynthetic enzymes relies on a sophisticated temporal and spatial organization of the enzymes, the intermediates and the final products. The first and second enzymes of the penicillin pathway, ACV synthetase and IPN synthase, in Penicillium chrysogenum and Aspergillus nidulans are cytosolic. In contrast, the last two enzymes of the penicillin pathway, phenylacetyl-CoA ligase and isopenicillin N acyltransferase, are located in peroxisomes working as a tandem at their optimal pH that coincides with the peroxisomes pH. Two MFS transporters, PenM and PaaT have been found to be involved in the import of the intermediates isopenicillin N and phenylacetic acid, respectively, into peroxisomes. Similar compartmentalization of intermediates occurs in Acremonium chrysogenum; two enzymes isopenicillin N-CoA ligase and isopenicillin N-CoA epimerase, that catalyse the conversion of isopenicillin N in penicillin N, are located in peroxisomes. Two genes encoding MFS transporters, cefP and cefM, are located in the early cephalosporin gene cluster. These transporters have been localized in peroxisomes by confocal fluorescence microscopy. A third gene of A. chrysogenum, cefT, encodes an MFS protein, located in the cell membrane involved in the secretion of cephalosporin C, although cefT-disrupted mutants are still able to export cephalosporin by redundant transporters. The secretion of penicillin from peroxisomes to the extracellular medium is still unclear. Attempts have been made to identify a gene encoding the penicillin secretion protein among the 48 ABC-transporters of P. chrysogenum. The highly efficient secretion system that exports penicillin against a concentration gradient may involve active penicillin extrusion systems mediated by vesicles that fuse to the cell membrane. However, there is no correlation of pexophagy with penicillin or cephalosporin formation since inactivation of pexophagy leads to increased penicillin or cephalosporin biosynthesis due to preservation of peroxisomes. The penicillin biosynthesis finding shows that in order to increase biosynthesis of novel secondary metabolites it is essential to adequately target enzymes to organelles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juan F Martín
- Área de Microbiología, Departamento de Biología Molecular, Universidad de León, León, Spain
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31
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Wang JY, Li L, Chai RY, Qiu HP, Zhang Z, Wang YL, Liu XH, Lin FC, Sun GC. Pex13 and Pex14, the key components of the peroxisomal docking complex, are required for peroxisome formation, host infection and pathogenicity-related morphogenesis in Magnaporthe oryzae. Virulence 2020; 10:292-314. [PMID: 30905264 PMCID: PMC6527019 DOI: 10.1080/21505594.2019.1598172] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotic cells that fulfill multiple important metabolisms. Pex13 and Pex14 are key components of the peroxisomal docking complex in yeasts and mammals. In the present work, we functionally characterized the homologues of Pex13 and Pex14 (Mopex13 and Mopex14) in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae. Mopex13 and Mopex14 were peroxisomal membrane distributed and were both essential for the maintenance of Mopex14/17 on the peroxisomal membrane. Mopex13 and Mopex14 interacted with each other, and with Mopex14/17 and peroxisomal matrix protein receptors. Disruption of Mopex13 and Mopex14 resulted in a cytoplasmic distribution of peroxisomal matrix proteins and the Woronin body protein Hex1. In the ultrastructure of Δmopex13 and Δmopex14 cells, peroxisomes were detected on fewer occasions, and the Woronin bodies and related structures were dramatically affected. The Δmopex13 and Δmopex14 mutants were reduced in vegetative growth, conidial generation and mycelial melanization, in addition, Δmopex13 showed reduced conidial germination and appressorial formation and abnomal appressorial morphology. Both Δmopex13 and Δmopex14 were deficient in appressorial turgor and nonpathogenic to their hosts. The infection failures in Δmopex13 and Δmopex14 were also due to their reduced ability to degrade fatty acids and to endure reactive oxygen species and cell wall-disrupting compounds. Additionally, Mopex13 and Mopex14 were required for the sexual reproduction of the fungus. These data indicate that Mopex13 and Mopex14, as key components of the peroxisomal docking complex, are indispensable for peroxisomal biogenesis, fungal development and pathogenicity in the rice blast fungus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiao-Yu Wang
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Ling Li
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China.,b The Key Laboratory for Quality Improvement of Agricultural Products of Zhejiang Province, School of Agricultural and Food Sciences , Zhejiang Agriculture and Forest University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Rong-Yao Chai
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Hai-Ping Qiu
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Yan-Li Wang
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
| | - Xiao-Hong Liu
- c State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Fu-Cheng Lin
- c State Key Laboratory for Rice Biology, Biotechnology Institute , Zhejiang University , Hangzhou , China
| | - Guo-Chang Sun
- a State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease Control, Institute of Plant Protection Microbiology , Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural Sciences , Hangzhou , China
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32
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Singh R, Manivannan S, Krikken AM, de Boer R, Bordin N, Devos DP, van der Klei IJ. Hansenula polymorpha Pex37 is a peroxisomal membrane protein required for organelle fission and segregation. FEBS J 2019; 287:1742-1757. [PMID: 31692262 PMCID: PMC7318627 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Here, we describe a novel peroxin, Pex37, in the yeast Hansenula polymorpha. H. polymorpha Pex37 is a peroxisomal membrane protein, which belongs to a protein family that includes, among others, the Neurospora crassa Woronin body protein Wsc, the human peroxisomal membrane protein PXMP2, the Saccharomyces cerevisiae mitochondrial inner membrane protein Sym1, and its mammalian homologue MPV17. We show that deletion of H. polymorpha PEX37 does not appear to have a significant effect on peroxisome biogenesis or proliferation in cells grown at peroxisome‐inducing growth conditions (methanol). However, the absence of Pex37 results in a reduction in peroxisome numbers and a defect in peroxisome segregation in cells grown at peroxisome‐repressing conditions (glucose). Conversely, overproduction of Pex37 in glucose‐grown cells results in an increase in peroxisome numbers in conjunction with a decrease in their size. The increase in numbers in PEX37‐overexpressing cells depends on the dynamin‐related protein Dnm1. Together our data suggest that Pex37 is involved in peroxisome fission in glucose‐grown cells. Introduction of human PXMP2 in H. polymorpha pex37 cells partially restored the peroxisomal phenotype, indicating that PXMP2 represents a functional homologue of Pex37. H.polymorpha pex37 cells did not show aberrant growth on any of the tested carbon and nitrogen sources that are metabolized by peroxisomal enzymes, suggesting that Pex37 may not fulfill an essential function in transport of these substrates or compounds required for their metabolism across the peroxisomal membrane.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ritika Singh
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Selvambigai Manivannan
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Arjen M Krikken
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
| | - Nicola Bordin
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain.,Structural and Molecular Biology, University College London, UK
| | - Damien P Devos
- Centro Andaluz de Biología del Desarrollo, CSIC, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Ida J van der Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, the Netherlands
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Bhosle SM, Marathe N, Bheri M, Makandar R. Detection of putative pathogenicity and virulence genes of Erysiphe pisi using genome-wide in-silico search and their suppression by er2 mediated resistance in garden pea. Microb Pathog 2019; 136:103680. [PMID: 31442573 DOI: 10.1016/j.micpath.2019.103680] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2018] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Abstract
The biotrophic fungus, Erysiphe pisi is the chief causal agent of powdery mildew disease of garden pea. A genome-wide search using in-silico approach was carried to detect putative pathogenicity and virulence genes of E. pisi, since information about these genes and their interaction with pea is limited. Nineteen putative pathogenicity gene sequences were detected through genome-wide pathogenicity gene-search and confirmed them to be conserved in E. pisi through genomic PCRs. Fifteen of these genes expressed through reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) amplifying expected band size along with fungal and plant specific internal controls. Gene sequencing and annotation revealed them to be Erysiphe-specific. A time course study was carried to monitor expression of nine of these genes through real-time quantitative (qRT)-PCR in Erysiphe-challenged plants of powdery mildew resistant pea genotype, JI-2480 carrying er2 gene and susceptible pea cultivar, Arkel. Expression of these genes was differentially and temporally regulated. They were found mostly related to signaling; cAMP-PKA (cPKA, CRP and AC) and MAPK (MST7) pathways along with MFP, TRE and PEX which are reported pathogenicity factors in other ascomycete members indicating that similar conserved pathways function in E. pisi also. These genes expressed at higher level at initial hours post inoculation (hpi) as early as 6 hpi in Arkel compared to JI-2480 implying them as pathogenicity factors. The elevated level of expression of MFP, TRE, CRP and cPKA gene sequences in E. pisi-challenged JI-2480 genotype at 12 hpi alone suggests these genes to possess a role in avirulence in JI-2480, conferring er2 mediated resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheetal M Bhosle
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Nitinkumar Marathe
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Malathi Bheri
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India
| | - Ragiba Makandar
- Department of Plant Sciences, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Prof. C.R. Rao Road, Gachibowli, Hyderabad, 500046, India.
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34
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Chang J, Rachubinski RA. Pex20p functions as the receptor for non‐PTS1/non‐PTS2 acyl‐CoA oxidase import into peroxisomes of the yeast
Yarrowia lipolytica. Traffic 2019; 20:504-515. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12652] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Revised: 04/29/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jinlan Chang
- Department of Cell BiologyUniversity of Alberta Edmonton Alberta Canada
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35
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Zhang L, Liu C, Wang L, Sun S, Liu A, Liang Y, Yu J, Dong H. FgPEX1 and FgPEX10 are required for the maintenance of Woronin bodies and full virulence of Fusarium graminearum. Curr Genet 2019; 65:1383-1396. [PMID: 31111312 DOI: 10.1007/s00294-019-00994-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous single-membrane-bound organelles that perform a variety of biochemical functions in eukaryotic cells. Proteins involved in peroxisomal biogenesis are collectively called peroxins. Currently, functions of most peroxins in phytopathogenic fungi are poorly understood. Here, we report identification of PEX1 and PEX10 in the phytopathogenic fungus, Fusarium graminearum, namely FgPEX1 and FgPEX10, the orthologs of yeast ScPEX1 and ScPEX10. To functionally characterize FgPEX1 and FgPEX10, we constructed deletion mutants of FgPEX1 and FgPEX10 (ΔPEX1 and ΔPEX10) by targeting gene-replacement strategies. Our data demonstrate that both mutants displayed reduced mycelial growth, conidiation, and production of perithecia. Deletion of FgPEX1 and FgPEX10 resulted in a shortage of acetyl-CoA, which is an important reason for the reduced deoxynivalenol production and inhibited virulence of F. graminearum. Moreover, ΔPEX1 and ΔPEX10 showed an increased accumulation of lipid droplets and endogenous reactive oxygen species. In addition, FgPEX1 and FgPEX10 were found to be involved in the maintenance of cell wall integrity and Woronin bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Chunjie Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Lina Wang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Shaohua Sun
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Aixin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Yuancun Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
| | - Jinfeng Yu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China.
| | - Hansong Dong
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Tai'an, 271018, China
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36
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Ruan L, Meng M, Wang C, Hou L. Draft genome sequence of Candida versatilis and osmotolerance analysis in soy sauce fermentation. JOURNAL OF THE SCIENCE OF FOOD AND AGRICULTURE 2019; 99:3168-3175. [PMID: 30537220 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.9532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 11/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The salt-tolerant yeast strain Candida versatilis is usually added to high-salt, liquid-state soy sauce fermentation. The genome of C. versatilis was sequenced in our previous study but the reason for its high-osmolarity ability was not clear. RESULTS The 9.7 Mbp genome of C. versatilis contained 4711 CDS. Candida versatilis was the closest to another yeast, Zygosaccharomyces rouxii, added to soy sauce fermentation. The protein sequence of the whole genome was divided into 4338 groups, accounting for 92.1% of all the predicted protein of C. versatilis using OrthoMCL. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signal pathways, including high osmolarity and cell integrity, were predicted and proved by investigating the expression changes of the key genes CvHOG1, CvGPD1, and CvFPS1 in a high osmotic environment and by testing the variations of intracellular glycerol and extracellular glycerol. CONCLUSION Candida versatilis exhibited strong osmotolerance because it could synthesize intracellular glycerol and absorb glycerol from the environment cooperated with the shut down of glycerol efflux channel in membrane. © 2018 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luchen Ruan
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Cong Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
- College of Food Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, P. R. China
| | - Lihua Hou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, China
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37
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Jansen RLM, Klei IJ. The peroxisome biogenesis factors Pex3 and Pex19: multitasking proteins with disputed functions. FEBS Lett 2019; 593:457-474. [DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13340] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2018] [Revised: 02/06/2019] [Accepted: 02/12/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Renate L. M. Jansen
- Molecular Cell Biology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen The Netherlands
| | - Ida J. Klei
- Molecular Cell Biology Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute University of Groningen The Netherlands
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38
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Pex16 is involved in peroxisome and Woronin body formation in the white koji fungus, Aspergillus luchuensis mut. kawachii. J Biosci Bioeng 2019; 127:85-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/10/2018] [Accepted: 07/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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39
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Barros-Barbosa A, Rodrigues TA, Ferreira MJ, Pedrosa AG, Teixeira NR, Francisco T, Azevedo JE. The intrinsically disordered nature of the peroxisomal protein translocation machinery. FEBS J 2018; 286:24-38. [PMID: 30443986 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Despite having a membrane that is impermeable to all but the smallest of metabolites, peroxisomes acquire their newly synthesized (cytosolic) matrix proteins in an already folded conformation. In some cases, even oligomeric proteins have been reported to translocate the organelle membrane. The protein sorting machinery that accomplishes this feat must be rather flexible and, unsurprisingly, several of its key components have large intrinsically disordered domains. Here, we provide an overview on these domains and their interactions trying to infer their functional roles in this protein sorting pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Barros-Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana G Pedrosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Nélson R Teixeira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Tânia Francisco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
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40
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Barros-Barbosa A, Ferreira MJ, Rodrigues TA, Pedrosa AG, Grou CP, Pinto MP, Fransen M, Francisco T, Azevedo JE. Membrane topologies of PEX13 and PEX14 provide new insights on the mechanism of protein import into peroxisomes. FEBS J 2018; 286:205-222. [PMID: 30414318 DOI: 10.1111/febs.14697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Revised: 10/19/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
PEX13 and PEX14 are two core components of the so-called peroxisomal docking/translocation module, the transmembrane hydrophilic channel through which newly synthesized peroxisomal proteins are translocated into the organelle matrix. The two proteins interact with each other and with PEX5, the peroxisomal matrix protein shuttling receptor, through relatively well characterized domains. However, the topologies of these membrane proteins are still poorly defined. Here, we subjected proteoliposomes containing PEX13 or PEX14 and purified rat liver peroxisomes to protease-protection assays and analyzed the protected protein fragments by mass spectrometry, Edman degradation and western blotting using antibodies directed to specific domains of the proteins. Our results indicate that PEX14 is a bona fide intrinsic membrane protein with a Nin -Cout topology, and that PEX13 adopts a Nout -Cin topology, thus exposing its carboxy-terminal Src homology 3 [SH3] domain into the organelle matrix. These results reconcile several enigmatic findings previously reported on PEX13 and PEX14 and provide new insights into the organization of the peroxisomal protein import machinery. ENZYMES: Trypsin, EC3.4.21.4; Proteinase K, EC3.4.21.64; Tobacco etch virus protease, EC3.4.22.44.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurora Barros-Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Maria J Ferreira
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana G Pedrosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Cláudia P Grou
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Manuel P Pinto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Marc Fransen
- Departement Cellulaire en Moleculaire Geneeskunde, KU Leuven - Universiteit Leuven, Belgium
| | - Tânia Francisco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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41
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Luo M, Zhuang X. Review: Selective degradation of peroxisome by autophagy in plants: Mechanisms, functions, and perspectives. PLANT SCIENCE : AN INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL PLANT BIOLOGY 2018; 274:485-491. [PMID: 30080638 DOI: 10.1016/j.plantsci.2018.06.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2018] [Revised: 06/28/2018] [Accepted: 06/29/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisome, a single-membrane organelle conserved in eukaryotic, is responsible for a series of oxidative reactions with its specific enzymatic components. A counterbalance between peroxisome biogenesis and degradation is crucial for the homeostasis of peroxisomes. One such degradation mechanism, termed pexophagy, is a type of selective autophagic process to deliver the excess/damaged peroxisomes into the vacuole. In plants, pexophagy is involved in the remodeling of seedlings and quality control of peroxisomes. Here, we describe the recent advance in plant pexophagy, with a focus to discuss the key regulators in plants in comparison with those in yeast and mammals, as well as future directions for pexophagy studies in plants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengqian Luo
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China
| | - Xiaohong Zhuang
- Centre for Cell & Developmental Biology, State Key Laboratory of Agrobiotechnology, School of Life Sciences, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, New Territories, Hong Kong, China.
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42
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Thomas AS, Krikken AM, de Boer R, Williams C. Hansenula polymorpha Aat2p is targeted to peroxisomes via a novel Pex20p-dependent pathway. FEBS Lett 2018; 592:2466-2475. [PMID: 29924881 PMCID: PMC6099311 DOI: 10.1002/1873-3468.13168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Revised: 05/25/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Saccharomyces cerevisiae Aat2p contains a peroxisomal targeting signal type‐1 and localizes to peroxisomes in oleate‐grown cells, but not in glucose‐grown cells. Here, we have investigated Aat2p from the yeast Hansenula polymorpha, which lacks a recognizable peroxisomal targeting signal. Aat2p tagged with GFP at its C terminus displays a dual cytosol‐peroxisome localization in ethanol‐grown cells. The partial peroxisomal localization of Aat2p persisted in the absence of the classical cycling receptors Pex5p and Pex7p but Aat2p targeting to peroxisomes was reduced in cells deleted for the matrix protein import factors PEX1, PEX2 and PEX13. Furthermore, we demonstrate that Aat2p targeting to peroxisomes requires Pex20p. Together, our data identify a Pex20p‐dependent pathway for targeting Aat2p to peroxisomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ann S Thomas
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjen M Krikken
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Rinse de Boer
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Chris Williams
- Molecular Cell Biology, Groningen Biomolecular Sciences and Biotechnology Institute, University of Groningen, The Netherlands
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43
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Suaste-Olmos F, Zirión-Martínez C, Takano-Rojas H, Peraza-Reyes L. Meiotic development initiation in the fungus Podospora anserina requires the peroxisome receptor export machinery. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2018; 1865:572-586. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2017] [Revised: 12/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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44
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Cho DH, Kim YS, Jo DS, Choe SK, Jo EK. Pexophagy: Molecular Mechanisms and Implications for Health and Diseases. Mol Cells 2018; 41:55-64. [PMID: 29370694 PMCID: PMC5792714 DOI: 10.14348/molcells.2018.2245] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation pathway for large protein aggregates and damaged organelles. Recent studies have indicated that autophagy targets cargoes through a selective degradation pathway called selective autophagy. Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles that are crucial for health and development. Pexophagy is selective autophagy that targets peroxisomes and is essential for the maintenance of homeostasis of peroxisomes, which is necessary in the prevention of various peroxisome-related disorders. However, the mechanisms by which pexophagy is regulated and the key players that induce and modulate pexophagy are largely unknown. In this review, we focus on our current understanding of how pexophagy is induced and regulated, and the selective adaptors involved in mediating pexophagy. Furthermore, we discuss current findings on the roles of pexophagy in physiological and pathological responses, which provide insight into the clinical relevance of pexophagy regulation. Understanding how pexophagy interacts with various biological functions will provide fundamental insights into the function of pexophagy and facilitate the development of novel therapeutics against peroxisomal dysfunction-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong-Hyung Cho
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104,
Korea
| | - Yi Sak Kim
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
| | - Doo Sin Jo
- Graduate School of East-West Medical Science, Kyung Hee University, Yongin 17104,
Korea
| | - Seong-Kyu Choe
- Department of Microbiology and Center for Metabolic Function Regulation, Wonkwang University School of Medicine, Iksan 54538,
Korea
| | - Eun-Kyeong Jo
- Department of Microbiology, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
- Department of Medical Science, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
- Infection Control Convergence Research Center, Chungnam National University School of Medicine, Daejeon 35015,
Korea
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45
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Kalel VC, Erdmann R. Unraveling of the Structure and Function of Peroxisomal Protein Import Machineries. Subcell Biochem 2018; 89:299-321. [PMID: 30378029 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-2233-4_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are dynamic organelles of eukaryotic cells performing a wide range of functions including fatty acid oxidation, peroxide detoxification and ether-lipid synthesis in mammals. Peroxisomes lack their own DNA and therefore have to import proteins post-translationally. Peroxisomes can import folded, co-factor bound and even oligomeric proteins. The involvement of cycling receptors is a special feature of peroxisomal protein import. Complex machineries of peroxin (PEX) proteins mediate peroxisomal matrix and membrane protein import. Identification of PEX genes was dominated by forward genetic techniques in the early 90s. However, recent developments in proteomic techniques has revolutionized the detailed characterization of peroxisomal protein import. Here, we summarize the current knowledge on peroxisomal protein import with emphasis on the contribution of proteomic approaches to our understanding of the composition and function of the peroxisomal protein import machineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal C Kalel
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany.
| | - Ralf Erdmann
- Department of Systems Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Universitätsstr. 150, 44801, Bochum, Germany
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46
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Li L, Wang J, Chen H, Chai R, Zhang Z, Mao X, Qiu H, Jiang H, Wang Y, Sun G. Pex14/17, a filamentous fungus-specific peroxin, is required for the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins and full virulence of Magnaporthe oryzae. MOLECULAR PLANT PATHOLOGY 2017; 18:1238-1252. [PMID: 27571711 PMCID: PMC6638247 DOI: 10.1111/mpp.12487] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2016] [Revised: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/28/2016] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles in eukaryotic cells that fulfil a variety of biochemical functions. The biogenesis of peroxisomes requires a variety of proteins, named peroxins, which are encoded by PEX genes. Pex14/17 is a putative recently identified peroxin, specifically present in filamentous fungal species. Its function in peroxisomal biogenesis is still obscure and its roles in fungal pathogenicity have not yet been documented. Here, we demonstrate the contributions of Pex14/17 in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe oryzae (Mopex14/17) to peroxisomal biogenesis and fungal pathogenicity by targeting gene replacement strategies. Mopex14/17 has properties of both Pex14 and Pex17 with regard to its protein sequence. Mopex14/17 is distributed at the peroxisomal membrane and is essential for efficient peroxisomal targeting of proteins containing peroxisomal targeting signal 1. MoPEX19 deletion leads to the cytoplasmic distribution of Mopex14/17, indicating that the peroxisomal import of Pex14/17 is dependent on Pex19. The knockout mutants of MoPEX14/17 show reduced fatty acid utilization, reactive oxygen species (ROS) degradation and cell wall integrity. Moreover, Δmopex14/17 mutants show delayed conidial generation and appressorial formation, and a reduction in appressorial turgor accumulation and penetration ability in host plants. These defects result in a significant reduction in the virulence of the mutant. These data indicate that MoPEX14/17 plays a crucial role in peroxisome biogenesis and contributes to fungal development and pathogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Li
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
- School of Agricultural and Food SciencesZhejiang Agriculture and Forest UniversityHangzhou311300China
| | - Jiaoyu Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Haili Chen
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Rongyao Chai
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Zhen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Xueqin Mao
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Haiping Qiu
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Hua Jiang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Yanli Wang
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
| | - Guochang Sun
- State Key Laboratory Breeding Base for Zhejiang Sustainable Pest and Disease ControlInstitute of Plant Protection and Microbiology, Zhejiang Academy of Agricultural SciencesHangzhou310021China
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47
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Yuzbasheva EY, Mostova EB, Andreeva NI, Yuzbashev TV, Laptev IA, Sobolevskaya TI, Sineoky SP. Co-expression of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and acyl-CoA binding protein enhances lipid accumulation in the yeast Yarrowia lipolytica. N Biotechnol 2017; 39:18-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2017.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2016] [Revised: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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48
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Wang W, Subramani S. Role of PEX5 ubiquitination in maintaining peroxisome dynamics and homeostasis. Cell Cycle 2017; 16:2037-2045. [PMID: 28933989 PMCID: PMC5731411 DOI: 10.1080/15384101.2017.1376149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 09/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are essential and dynamic organelles that allow cells to rapidly adapt and cope with changing environments and/or physiological conditions by modulation of both peroxisome biogenesis and turnover. Peroxisome biogenesis involves the assembly of peroxisome membranes and the import of peroxisomal matrix proteins. The latter depends on the receptor, PEX5, which recognizes peroxisomal matrix proteins in the cytosol directly or indirectly, and transports them to the peroxisomal lumen. In this review, we discuss the role of PEX5 ubiquitination in both peroxisome biogenesis and turnover, specifically in PEX5 receptor recycling, stability and abundance, as well as its role in pexophagy (autophagic degradation of peroxisomes).
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wang
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Suresh Subramani
- Section of Molecular Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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49
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Colasante C, Chen J, Ahlemeyer B, Bonilla-Martinez R, Karnati S, Baumgart-Vogt E. New insights into the distribution, protein abundance and subcellular localisation of the endogenous peroxisomal biogenesis proteins PEX3 and PEX19 in different organs and cell types of the adult mouse. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0183150. [PMID: 28817674 PMCID: PMC5560687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0183150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Peroxisomes are ubiquitous organelles mainly involved in ROS and lipid metabolism. Their abundance, protein composition and metabolic function vary depending on the cell type and adjust to different intracellular and environmental factors such as oxidative stress or nutrition. The biogenesis and proliferation of these important organelles are regulated by proteins belonging to the peroxin (PEX) family. PEX3, an integral peroxisomal membrane protein, and the cytosolic shuttling receptor PEX19 are thought to be responsible for the early steps of peroxisome biogenesis and assembly of their matrix protein import machinery. Recently, both peroxins were suggested to be also involved in the autophagy of peroxisomes (pexophagy). Despite the fact that distribution and intracellular abundance of these proteins might regulate the turnover of the peroxisomal compartment in a cell type-specific manner, a comprehensive analysis of the endogenous PEX3 and PEX19 distribution in different organs is still missing. In this study, we have therefore generated antibodies against endogenous mouse PEX3 and PEX19 and analysed their abundance and subcellular localisation in various mouse organs, tissues and cell types and compared it to the one of three commonly used peroxisomal markers (PEX14, ABCD3 and catalase). Our results revealed that the abundance of PEX3, PEX19, PEX14, ABCD3 and catalase strongly varies in the analysed organs and cell types, suggesting that peroxisome abundance, biogenesis and matrix protein import are independently regulated. We further found that in some organs, such as heart and skeletal muscle, the majority of the shuttling receptor PEX19 is bound to the peroxisomal membrane and that a strong variability exists in the cell type-specific ratio of cytosol- and peroxisome-associated PEX19. In conclusion, our results indicate that peroxisomes in various cell types are heterogeneous with regards to their matrix, membrane and biogenesis proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Colasante
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Jiangping Chen
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Barbara Ahlemeyer
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Rocio Bonilla-Martinez
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Srikanth Karnati
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Eveline Baumgart-Vogt
- Institute for Anatomy and Cell Biology, Division of Medical Cell Biology, Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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50
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Francisco T, Rodrigues TA, Dias AF, Barros-Barbosa A, Bicho D, Azevedo JE. Protein transport into peroxisomes: Knowns and unknowns. Bioessays 2017; 39. [PMID: 28787099 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201700047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Peroxisomal matrix proteins are synthesized on cytosolic ribosomes and rapidly transported into the organelle by a complex machinery. The data gathered in recent years suggest that this machinery operates through a syringe-like mechanism, in which the shuttling receptor PEX5 - the "plunger" - pushes a newly synthesized protein all the way through a peroxisomal transmembrane protein complex - the "barrel" - into the matrix of the organelle. Notably, insertion of cargo-loaded receptor into the "barrel" is an ATP-independent process, whereas extraction of the receptor back into the cytosol requires its monoubiquitination and the action of ATP-dependent mechanoenzymes. Here, we review the main data behind this model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tânia Francisco
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Tony A Rodrigues
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana F Dias
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Aurora Barros-Barbosa
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Diana Bicho
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Jorge E Azevedo
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde (i3S), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Biologia Molecular e Celular (IBMC), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas de Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
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