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Matsuura Y, Kaizuka K, Inoue YH. Essential Role of COPII Proteins in Maintaining the Contractile Ring Anchoring to the Plasma Membrane during Cytokinesis in Drosophila Male Meiosis. Int J Mol Sci 2024; 25:4526. [PMID: 38674111 PMCID: PMC11050551 DOI: 10.3390/ijms25084526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2024] [Revised: 04/16/2024] [Accepted: 04/17/2024] [Indexed: 04/28/2024] Open
Abstract
Coatomer Protein Complex-II (COPII) mediates anterograde vesicle transport from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the Golgi apparatus. Here, we report that the COPII coatomer complex is constructed dependent on a small GTPase, Sar1, in spermatocytes before and during Drosophila male meiosis. COPII-containing foci co-localized with transitional endoplasmic reticulum (tER)-Golgi units. They showed dynamic distribution along astral microtubules and accumulated around the spindle pole, but they were not localized on the cleavage furrow (CF) sites. The depletion of the four COPII coatomer subunits, Sec16, or Sar1 that regulate COPII assembly resulted in multinucleated cell production after meiosis, suggesting that cytokinesis failed in both or either of the meiotic divisions. Although contractile actomyosin and anilloseptin rings were formed once plasma membrane ingression was initiated, they were frequently removed from the plasma membrane during furrowing. We explored the factors conveyed toward the CF sites in the membrane via COPII-mediated vesicles. DE-cadherin-containing vesicles were formed depending on Sar1 and were accumulated in the cleavage sites. Furthermore, COPII depletion inhibited de novo plasma membrane insertion. These findings suggest that COPII vesicles supply the factors essential for the anchoring and/or constriction of the contractile rings at cleavage sites during male meiosis in Drosophila.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Matsuura
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Mastugasaki, Kyoto 606-0962, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.K.)
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0962, Japan
| | - Kana Kaizuka
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Mastugasaki, Kyoto 606-0962, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.K.)
| | - Yoshihiro H. Inoue
- Biomedical Research Center, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Mastugasaki, Kyoto 606-0962, Japan; (Y.M.); (K.K.)
- Graduate School of Science and Technology, Kyoto Institute of Technology, Matsugasaki, Sakyo, Kyoto 606-0962, Japan
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Pushpa K, Dagar S, Kumar H, Pathak D, Mylavarapu SVS. The exocyst complex regulates C. elegans germline stem cell proliferation by controlling membrane Notch levels. Development 2021; 148:271155. [PMID: 34338279 DOI: 10.1242/dev.196345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 06/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The conserved exocyst complex regulates plasma membrane-directed vesicle fusion in eukaryotes. However, its role in stem cell proliferation has not been reported. Germline stem cell (GSC) proliferation in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans is regulated by conserved Notch signaling. Here, we reveal that the exocyst complex regulates C. elegans GSC proliferation by modulating Notch signaling cell autonomously. Notch membrane density is asymmetrically maintained on GSCs. Knockdown of exocyst complex subunits or of the exocyst-interacting GTPases Rab5 and Rab11 leads to Notch redistribution from the GSC-niche interface to the cytoplasm, suggesting defects in plasma membrane Notch deposition. The anterior polarity (aPar) protein Par6 is required for GSC proliferation, and for maintaining niche-facing membrane levels of Notch and the exocyst complex. The exocyst complex biochemically interacts with the aPar regulator Par5 (14-3-3ζ) and Notch in C. elegans and human cells. Exocyst components are required for Notch plasma membrane localization and signaling in mammalian cells. Our study uncovers a possibly conserved requirement of the exocyst complex in regulating GSC proliferation and in maintaining optimal membrane Notch levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kumari Pushpa
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Sunayana Dagar
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India
| | - Harsh Kumar
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
| | - Diksha Pathak
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India
| | - Sivaram V S Mylavarapu
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, 3rd Milestone Faridabad-Gurgaon Expressway, Faridabad, Haryana 121001, India.,Kalinga Institute of Industrial Technology, Bhubaneswar, Odisha 751024, India.,Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal, Karnataka 576104, India
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3
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Wu S, Fu J, Dong Y, Yi Q, Lu D, Wang W, Qi Y, Yu R, Zhou X. GOLPH3 promotes glioma progression via facilitating JAK2-STAT3 pathway activation. J Neurooncol 2018; 139:269-279. [PMID: 29713848 DOI: 10.1007/s11060-018-2884-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 04/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Our recent work reported that GOLPH3 promotes glioma progression via inhibiting endocytosis and degradation of EGFR. The current study aimed to explore the potential regulating mechanism of GOLPH3 on JAK2-STAT3 signaling, a downstream effector of EGFR, in glioma progression. METHODS The expression of JAK2, STAT3 and GOLPH3 in glioma tissues was detected by western blotting, tissue microarray and immunohistochemistry. The U251 and U87 cells with GOLPH3 down-regulation or over-expression were generated by lentivirus system. The effects of GOLPH3 on the activity of JAK2 and STAT3 were detected by western blotting and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Co-immunoprecipitation was used to detect the association of GOLPH3 with JAK2 and STAT3. Cell proliferation was detected by CCK8 and EdU assay. RESULTS The level of JAK2, STAT3 and GOLPH3 were significantly up-regulated and exhibited pairwise correlation in human glioma tissues. The level of p-JAK2 and p-STAT3, as well as the mRNA and protein levels of cyclin D1 and c-myc, two target genes of STAT3, decreased after GOLPH3 down-regulation, while they increased after GOLPH3 over-expression both in U251 and U87 cells. Interestingly, GOLPH3, JAK2 and STAT3 existed in the same protein complex and GOLPH3 affected the interaction of JAK2 and STAT3. Importantly, down-regulation of STAT3 partially abolished cell proliferation induced by GOLPH3 over-expression. CONCLUSIONS GOLPH3 may act as a scaffold protein to regulate JAK2-STAT3 interaction and then its activation, which therefore mediates the effect of GOLPH3 on cell proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishuang Wu
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiale Fu
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yu Dong
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinghao Yi
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Dong Lu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Weibing Wang
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanhua Qi
- The Graduate School, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.,Emergency Center of the Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rutong Yu
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiuping Zhou
- Institute of Nervous System Diseases, Xuzhou Medical University, 84 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China. .,Brain Hospital, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, 99 West Huai-hai Road, Xuzhou, 221002, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Ca 2+ Signalling and Membrane Dynamics During Cytokinesis in Animal Cells. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2017; 981:389-412. [PMID: 29594869 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-55858-5_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/26/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the role of Ca2+ signalling as a possible regulator of the combinatorial processes that result in the separation of the daughter cells during cytokinesis, extend back almost a 100 years. One of the key processes required for the successful completion of cytokinesis in animal cells (especially in the large holoblastically and meroblastically dividing embryonic cells of a number of amphibian and fish species), is the dynamic remodelling of the plasma membrane. Ca2+ signalling was subsequently demonstrated to regulate various different aspects of cytokinesis in animal cells, and so here we focus specifically on the role of Ca2+ signalling in the remodelling of the plasma membrane. We begin by providing a brief history of the animal models used and the research accomplished by the early twentieth century investigators, with regards to this aspect of animal cell cytokinesis. We then review the most recent progress made (i.e., in the last 10 years), which has significantly advanced our current understanding on the role of cytokinetic Ca2+ signalling in membrane remodelling. To this end, we initially summarize what is currently known about the Ca2+ transients generated during animal cell cytokinesis, and then we describe the latest findings regarding the source of Ca2+ generating these transients. Finally, we review the current evidence about the possible targets of the different cytokinetic Ca2+ transients with a particular emphasis on those that either directly or indirectly affect plasma membrane dynamics. With regards to the latter, we discuss the possible role of the early Ca2+ signalling events in the deformation of the plasma membrane at the start of cytokinesis (i.e., during furrow positioning), as well as the role of the subsequent Ca2+ signals in the trafficking and fusion of vesicles, which help to remodel the plasma membrane during the final stages of cell division. As it is becoming clear that each of the cytokinetic Ca2+ transients might have multiple, integrated targets, deciphering the precise role of each transient represents a significant (and ongoing) challenge.
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Xia L, Gu W, Zhang M, Chang YN, Chen K, Bai X, Yu L, Li J, Li S, Xing G. Endocytosed nanoparticles hold endosomes and stimulate binucleated cells formation. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:63. [PMID: 27899122 PMCID: PMC5127043 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0173-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Accepted: 11/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Nanotechnology developed rapidly in cellular diagnosis and treatment, the endocytic system was an important pathway for targeting cell. In the research of developing macrophages as drug carriers or important therapeutic targets, an interesting phenomenon, internalized nanoparticles induced to form binucleated macrophages, was found although the particles dose did not cause obvious cytotoxicity. Results Under 25 μg/ml, internalized 30 nm polystyrene beads(30 nm Ps nanoparticles) induced the formation of binucleated macrophages when they entered into endosomes via the endocytic pathway. These internalized 30 nm Ps nanoparticles (25 μg/ml) and 30 nm Au-NPs (1.575 ng/ml) also induced markedly rise of binucleated cell rates in A549, HePG-2 and HCT116. This endosome, aggregated anionic polystyrene particles were dispersed and bound on inner membrane, was induced to form a large vesicle-like structure (LVLS). This phenomenon blocked transport of the particles from the endosome to lysosome and therefore restricted endosomal membrane trafficking through the transport vesicles. Early endosome antigen-1 and Ras-related protein-11 expressions were upregulated; however, the localized distributions of these pivotal proteins were altered. We hypothesized that these LVLS were held by the internalized and dispersed particles decreasing the amount of cell membrane available to support the completion of cytokinesis. In addition, altered distributions of pivotal proteins prevented transfer vesicles from fusion and hampered the separation of daughter cells. Conclusions 30 nm Ps nanoparticles induced formation of LVLS, blocked the vesicle transport in endocytic system and the distributions of regular proteins required in cytokinesis which led to binucleated cells of macrophages. Markedly raised binucleated rate was also observed in human lung adenocarcinoma epithelial cell line(A549), human hepatoma cell line(HePG-2) and human colorectal cancer cell line(HCT116) treated by 30 nm Ps nanoparticles and Au-NPs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12989-016-0173-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Xia
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Weihong Gu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Mingyi Zhang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Ya-Nan Chang
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Kui Chen
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Xue Bai
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Lai Yu
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Juan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China
| | - Shan Li
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China. .,School of Bioscience & Bioengineering, South China University of Technology (SCUT), Guangzhou, 510006, China.
| | - Gengmei Xing
- CAS Key Laboratory for Biomedical Effects of Nanomaterial & Nanosafety, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Science (CAS), Beijing, 100049, China.
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DeBruhl H, Albertson R, Swider Z, Sullivan W. Rop, the Sec1/Munc18 homolog in Drosophila, is required for furrow ingression and stable cell shape during cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2015; 129:430-43. [PMID: 26631487 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.179200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Physically separating daughter cells during cytokinesis requires contraction of an actin-myosin ring and vesicle-mediated membrane addition at the cleavage furrow. To identify vesicle trafficking proteins that function in cytokinesis, we screened deficiencies and mutations of candidate genes by live imaging the mitotic domains of the Drosophila embryo. In embryos homozygous for some of these deficiencies, we observed several cytokinesis phenotypes, including slow furrow ingression and increased membrane blebbing. We also found that cytokinesis required the Sec1/Munc18 homolog Rop, which interacts with syntaxin and mediates exocytosis at the plasma membrane. In a temperature-sensitive Rop mutant (Rop(TS)), the contractile ring disassembled during furrow ingression, indicating that maintenance of the ring required vesicle addition. Furthermore, in some dividing Rop(TS) cells, the shape of the daughter cells became unstable, causing cytokinesis failure. These results further highlight the importance of vesicle trafficking in animal cytokinesis and show that vesicle fusion influences cell shape during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heather DeBruhl
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | | | - Zachary Swider
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
| | - William Sullivan
- Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA 95064, USA
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Giansanti MG, Vanderleest TE, Jewett CE, Sechi S, Frappaolo A, Fabian L, Robinett CC, Brill JA, Loerke D, Fuller MT, Blankenship JT. Exocyst-Dependent Membrane Addition Is Required for Anaphase Cell Elongation and Cytokinesis in Drosophila. PLoS Genet 2015; 11:e1005632. [PMID: 26528720 PMCID: PMC4631508 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1005632] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Mitotic and cytokinetic processes harness cell machinery to drive chromosomal segregation and the physical separation of dividing cells. Here, we investigate the functional requirements for exocyst complex function during cell division in vivo, and demonstrate a common mechanism that directs anaphase cell elongation and cleavage furrow progression during cell division. We show that onion rings (onr) and funnel cakes (fun) encode the Drosophila homologs of the Exo84 and Sec8 exocyst subunits, respectively. In onr and fun mutant cells, contractile ring proteins are recruited to the equatorial region of dividing spermatocytes. However, cytokinesis is disrupted early in furrow ingression, leading to cytokinesis failure. We use high temporal and spatial resolution confocal imaging with automated computational analysis to quantitatively compare wild-type versus onr and fun mutant cells. These results demonstrate that anaphase cell elongation is grossly disrupted in cells that are compromised in exocyst complex function. Additionally, we observe that the increase in cell surface area in wild type peaks a few minutes into cytokinesis, and that onr and fun mutant cells have a greatly reduced rate of surface area growth specifically during cell division. Analysis by transmission electron microscopy reveals a massive build-up of cytoplasmic astral membrane and loss of normal Golgi architecture in onr and fun spermatocytes, suggesting that exocyst complex is required for proper vesicular trafficking through these compartments. Moreover, recruitment of the small GTPase Rab11 and the PITP Giotto to the cleavage site depends on wild-type function of the exocyst subunits Exo84 and Sec8. Finally, we show that the exocyst subunit Sec5 coimmunoprecipitates with Rab11. Our results are consistent with the exocyst complex mediating an essential, coordinated increase in cell surface area that potentiates anaphase cell elongation and cleavage furrow ingression. The cell shape changes that underlie cell division are some of the most fundamental changes in cell morphology. Here, we show that a common membrane trafficking pathway is required for both the cell lengthening that occurs during anaphase, and the physical separation of a cell into two equal daughter cells. We measure and define the periods of surface area increase during cell division in Drosophila male germline cells, and demonstrate that subunits of the exocyst tethering complex are required for this process. Invagination of the cleavage furrow fails at an early stage in exocyst mutant spermatocytes, suggesting that membrane addition is part of the initial ingression mechanism. In the absence of exocyst complex function, vesicular trafficking pathways are disrupted, leading to enlarged cytoplasmic membrane stores, and disruption of Golgi architecture. In addition, a vesicular Rab protein, Rab11, biochemically associates with the exocyst complex subunit Sec5. These results suggest that remodeling of the plasma membrane and targeted increases in surface area are an active part of the fundamental mechanisms that permit eukaryotic cell division to occur.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Italy
- * E-mail: (MGG), (JTB)
| | | | - Cayla E. Jewett
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Stefano Sechi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Frappaolo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, Roma, Italy
| | - Lacramioara Fabian
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Carmen C. Robinett
- Janelia Research Campus, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Ashburn, Virginia, United States of America
| | - Julie A. Brill
- Cell Biology Program, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
- Department of Molecular Genetics, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Dinah Loerke
- Department of Physics, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Margaret T. Fuller
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, United States of America
| | - J. Todd Blankenship
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MGG), (JTB)
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Kettle E, Page SL, Morgan GP, Malladi CS, Wong CL, Boadle RA, Marsh BJ, Robinson PJ, Chircop M. A Cholesterol-Dependent Endocytic Mechanism Generates Midbody Tubules During Cytokinesis. Traffic 2015; 16:1174-92. [DOI: 10.1111/tra.12328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Revised: 08/24/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emma Kettle
- Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Sydney; 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Scott L. Page
- Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Sydney; 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Garry P. Morgan
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Queensland Bioscience Precinct; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Chandra S. Malladi
- Department of Molecular Physiology, School of Medicine; University of Western Sydney; Penrith NSW 2751 Australia
| | - Chin L. Wong
- Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Sydney; 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Ross A. Boadle
- Westmead Millennium Institute for Medical Research; 176 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Brad J. Marsh
- Institute for Molecular Biosciences, Queensland Bioscience Precinct; The University of Queensland; Brisbane Queensland 4072 Australia
| | - Phillip J. Robinson
- Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Sydney; 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
| | - Megan Chircop
- Children's Medical Research Institute; The University of Sydney; 214 Hawkesbury Road Westmead NSW 2145 Australia
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Cota CD, Davidson B. Mitotic Membrane Turnover Coordinates Differential Induction of the Heart Progenitor Lineage. Dev Cell 2015; 34:505-19. [PMID: 26300448 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2014] [Revised: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In response to microenvironmental cues, embryonic cells form adhesive signaling compartments that influence survival and patterning. Dividing cells detach from the surrounding matrix and initiate extensive membrane remodeling, but the in vivo impact of mitosis on adhesion-dependent signaling remains poorly characterized. We investigate in vivo signaling dynamics using the invertebrate chordate, Ciona intestinalis. In Ciona, matrix adhesion polarizes fibroblast growth factor (FGF)-dependent heart progenitor induction. Here, we show that adhesion inhibits mitotic FGF receptor internalization, leading to receptor enrichment along adherent membranes. Targeted disruption of matrix adhesion promotes uniform FGF receptor internalization and degradation while enhanced adhesion suppresses degradation. Chimeric analysis indicates that integrin β chain-specific impacts on induction are dictated by distinct internalization motifs. We also found that matrix adhesion impacts receptor enrichment through Caveolin-rich membrane domains. These results redefine the relationship between cell division and adhesive signaling, revealing how mitotic membrane turnover orchestrates adhesion-dependent signal polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina D Cota
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA
| | - Brad Davidson
- Department of Biology, Swarthmore College, Swarthmore, PA 19081, USA.
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Kumar M, Pushpa K, Mylavarapu SVS. Splitting the cell, building the organism: Mechanisms of cell division in metazoan embryos. IUBMB Life 2015; 67:575-87. [PMID: 26173082 PMCID: PMC5937677 DOI: 10.1002/iub.1404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2015] [Accepted: 06/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
The unicellular metazoan zygote undergoes a series of cell divisions that are central to its development into an embryo. Differentiation of embryonic cells leads eventually to the development of a functional adult. Fate specification of pluripotent embryonic cells occurs during the early embryonic cleavage divisions in several animals. Early development is characterized by well-known stages of embryogenesis documented across animals--morulation, blastulation, and morphogenetic processes such as gastrulation, all of which contribute to differentiation and tissue specification. Despite this broad conservation, there exist clearly discernible morphological and functional differences across early embryonic stages in metazoans. Variations in the mitotic mechanisms of early embryonic cell divisions play key roles in governing these gross differences that eventually encode developmental patterns. In this review, we discuss molecular mechanisms of both karyokinesis (nuclear division) and cytokinesis (cytoplasmic separation) during early embryonic divisions. We outline the broadly conserved molecular pathways that operate in these two stages in early embryonic mitoses. In addition, we highlight mechanistic variations in these two stages across different organisms. We finally discuss outstanding questions of interest, answers to which would illuminate the role of divergent mitotic mechanisms in shaping early animal embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Megha Kumar
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Kumari Pushpa
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
| | - Sivaram V. S. Mylavarapu
- Laboratory of Cellular Dynamics, Regional Centre for Biotechnology, NCR Biotech Science Cluster, Faridabad, Haryana, India
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11
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Sechi S, Frappaolo A, Belloni G, Colotti G, Giansanti MG. The multiple cellular functions of the oncoprotein Golgi phosphoprotein 3. Oncotarget 2015; 6:3493-506. [PMID: 25691054 PMCID: PMC4414131 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) protein, a component of Trans-Golgi Network (TGN), has been defined as a "first-in-class Golgi oncoprotein" and characterized as a Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] effector at the Golgi. GOLPH3 is commonly amplified in several solid tumors. Furthermore this protein has been associated with poor prognosis in many cancers. Highly conserved from yeast to humans, GOLPH3 provides an essential function in vesicle trafficking and Golgi structure. Recent data have also implicated this oncoprotein in regulation of cytokinesis, modulation of mitochondrial mass and cellular response to DNA damage. A minute dissection of the molecular pathways that require GOLPH3 protein will be helpful to develop new therapeutic cancer strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Sechi
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Anna Frappaolo
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Giorgio Belloni
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Gianni Colotti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Scienze Biochimiche, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza Università di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
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12
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Abstract
Cell division ends with the physical separation of the two daughter cells, a process known as cytokinesis. This final event ensures that nuclear and cytoplasmic contents are accurately partitioned between the two nascent cells. Cytokinesis is one of the most dramatic changes in cell shape and requires an extensive reorganization of the cell's cytoskeleton. Here, we describe the cytoskeletal structures, factors, and signaling pathways that orchestrate this robust and yet highly dynamic process in animal cells. Finally, we discuss possible future directions in this growing area of cell division research and its implications in human diseases, including cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pier Paolo D'Avino
- Department of Pathology, University of Cambridge, Cambridge CB2 1QP, United Kingdom
| | - Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari c/o Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Università Sapienza di Roma, 00185 Roma, Italy
| | - Mark Petronczki
- Cell Division and Aneuploidy Laboratory, Cancer Research UK-London Research Institute, Clare Hall Laboratories, South Mimms, Hertfordshire EN6 3LD, United Kingdom
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13
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Nabatov AA. The vesicle-associated function of NOD2 as a link between Crohn's disease and mycobacterial infection. Gut Pathog 2015; 7:1. [PMID: 25653718 PMCID: PMC4316803 DOI: 10.1186/s13099-015-0049-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Although Crohn’s disease (CD) etiology remains unclear, a growing body of evidence suggests that CD may include an infectious component, with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) being the most likely candidate for this role. However, the molecular mechanism of the MAP involvement in CD pathogenesis remains unclear. The polymorphism of the NOD2 gene, coding for an intracellular pattern recognition receptor, is a factor of predisposition to mycobacterial infections and CD. Recent findings on NOD2 interactions and functions provide the missing pieces in the puzzle of a NOD2-mediated mechanism common for mycobacterial infections and CD. Implications of these new findings for the development of a better understanding and treatments of CD and mycobacterial infections are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Nabatov
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology, MAASTRO/GROW Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands ; Science Center, Volga Region State Academy of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, 33, Universiade Village, Kazan, 420138 Russia
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14
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Giansanti MG, Sechi S, Frappaolo A, Belloni G, Piergentili R. Cytokinesis in Drosophila male meiosis. SPERMATOGENESIS 2014; 2:185-196. [PMID: 23094234 PMCID: PMC3469441 DOI: 10.4161/spmg.21711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis separates the cytoplasm and the duplicated genome into two daughter cells at the end of cell division. This process must be finely regulated to maintain ploidy and prevent tumor formation. Drosophila male meiosis provides an excellent cell system for investigating cytokinesis. Mutants affecting this process can be easily identified and spermatocytes are large cells particularly suitable for cytological analysis of cytokinetic structures. Over the past decade, the powerful tools of Drosophila genetics and the unique characteristics of this cell system have led researchers to identify molecular players of the cell cleavage machinery and to address important open questions. Although spermatocyte cytokinesis is incomplete, resulting in formation of stable intercellular bridges, the molecular mechanisms are largely conserved in somatic cells. Thus, studies of Drosophila male meiosis will shed new light on the complex cell circuits regulating furrow ingression and substantially further our knowledge of cancer and other human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR; Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Università Sapienza di Roma; Rome, Italy
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15
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Brodsky FM, Sosa RT, Ybe JA, O'Halloran TJ. Unconventional functions for clathrin, ESCRTs, and other endocytic regulators in the cytoskeleton, cell cycle, nucleus, and beyond: links to human disease. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2014; 6:a017004. [PMID: 25183831 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a017004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The roles of clathrin, its regulators, and the ESCRT (endosomal sorting complex required for transport) proteins are well defined in endocytosis. These proteins can also participate in intracellular pathways that are independent of endocytosis and even independent of the membrane trafficking function of these proteins. These nonendocytic functions involve unconventional biochemical interactions for some endocytic regulators, but can also exploit known interactions for nonendocytic functions. The molecular basis for the involvement of endocytic regulators in unconventional functions that influence the cytoskeleton, cell cycle, signaling, and gene regulation are described here. Through these additional functions, endocytic regulators participate in pathways that affect infection, glucose metabolism, development, and cellular transformation, expanding their significance in human health and disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Frances M Brodsky
- Department of Bioengineering and Therapeutic Sciences, Departments of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Microbiology and Immunology, The G.W. Hooper Foundation, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, California 94143-0552
| | - R Thomas Sosa
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1095
| | - Joel A Ybe
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biochemistry, Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana 47405
| | - Theresa J O'Halloran
- Department of Molecular Biosciences, Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology, University of Texas, Austin, Texas 78712-1095
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16
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GOLPH3 is essential for contractile ring formation and Rab11 localization to the cleavage site during cytokinesis in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Genet 2014; 10:e1004305. [PMID: 24786584 PMCID: PMC4006750 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1004305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/28/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The highly conserved Golgi phosphoprotein 3 (GOLPH3) protein has been described as a Phosphatidylinositol 4-phosphate [PI(4)P] effector at the Golgi. GOLPH3 is also known as a potent oncogene, commonly amplified in several human tumors. However, the molecular pathways through which the oncoprotein GOLPH3 acts in malignant transformation are largely unknown. GOLPH3 has never been involved in cytokinesis. Here, we characterize the Drosophila melanogaster homologue of human GOLPH3 during cell division. We show that GOLPH3 accumulates at the cleavage furrow and is required for successful cytokinesis in Drosophila spermatocytes and larval neuroblasts. In premeiotic spermatocytes GOLPH3 protein is required for maintaining the organization of Golgi stacks. In dividing spermatocytes GOLPH3 is essential for both contractile ring and central spindle formation during cytokinesis. Wild type function of GOLPH3 enables maintenance of centralspindlin and Rho1 at cell equator and stabilization of Myosin II and Septin rings. We demonstrate that the molecular mechanism underlying GOLPH3 function in cytokinesis is strictly dependent on the ability of this protein to interact with PI(4)P. Mutations that abolish PI(4)P binding impair recruitment of GOLPH3 to both the Golgi and the cleavage furrow. Moreover telophase cells from mutants with defective GOLPH3-PI(4)P interaction fail to accumulate PI(4)P-and Rab11-associated secretory organelles at the cleavage site. Finally, we show that GOLPH3 protein interacts with components of both cytokinesis and membrane trafficking machineries in Drosophila cells. Based on these results we propose that GOLPH3 acts as a key molecule to coordinate phosphoinositide signaling with actomyosin dynamics and vesicle trafficking during cytokinesis. Because cytokinesis failures have been associated with premalignant disease and cancer, our studies suggest novel insight into molecular circuits involving the oncogene GOLPH3 in cytokinesis. In animal cell cytokinesis, constriction of an actomyosin ring at the equatorial cortex of dividing cells must be finely coordinated with plasma membrane remodeling and vesicle trafficking at the cleavage furrow. Accurate control of these events during cell cleavage is essential for maintaining ploidy and preventing neoplastic transformation. GOLPH3 has been recognized as a potent oncogene, involved in the development of several human tumors. However, the precise roles played by GOLPH3 in tumorigenesis are not yet understood. In this manuscript we demonstrate for the first time the requirement for GOLPH3 for cytokinesis. GOLPH3 protein localizes at the cleavage site of Drosophila dividing cells and is essential for cytokinesis in male meiotic cells and larval neuroblasts. We show that this protein acts as a key molecule in coupling plasma membrane remodeling with actomyosin ring assembly and stability during cytokinesis. Our studies indicate a novel connection between GOLPH3 and the molecular mechanisms of cytokinesis, opening new fields of investigation into the tumor cell biology of this oncogene.
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El Amine N, Kechad A, Jananji S, Hickson GRX. Opposing actions of septins and Sticky on Anillin promote the transition from contractile to midbody ring. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 203:487-504. [PMID: 24217622 PMCID: PMC3824009 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201305053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
During cytokinesis, closure of the actomyosin contractile ring (CR) is coupled to the formation of a midbody ring (MR), through poorly understood mechanisms. Using time-lapse microscopy of Drosophila melanogaster S2 cells, we show that the transition from the CR to the MR proceeds via a previously uncharacterized maturation process that requires opposing mechanisms of removal and retention of the scaffold protein Anillin. The septin cytoskeleton acts on the C terminus of Anillin to locally trim away excess membrane from the late CR/nascent MR via internalization, extrusion, and shedding, whereas the citron kinase Sticky acts on the N terminus of Anillin to retain it at the mature MR. Simultaneous depletion of septins and Sticky not only disrupted MR formation but also caused earlier CR oscillations, uncovering redundant mechanisms of CR stability that can partly explain the essential role of Anillin in this process. Our findings highlight the relatedness of the CR and MR and suggest that membrane removal is coordinated with CR disassembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nour El Amine
- Centre de Cancérologie Charles Bruneau, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Sainte-Justine Centre de Recherche, Montréal, Québec H3T 1C5, Canada
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18
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Onishi M, Ko N, Nishihama R, Pringle JR. Distinct roles of Rho1, Cdc42, and Cyk3 in septum formation and abscission during yeast cytokinesis. J Cell Biol 2013; 202:311-29. [PMID: 23878277 PMCID: PMC3718969 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201302001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2013] [Accepted: 04/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In yeast and animal cytokinesis, the small guanosine triphosphatase (GTPase) Rho1/RhoA has an established role in formation of the contractile actomyosin ring, but its role, if any, during cleavage-furrow ingression and abscission is poorly understood. Through genetic screens in yeast, we found that either activation of Rho1 or inactivation of another small GTPase, Cdc42, promoted secondary septum (SS) formation, which appeared to be responsible for abscission. Consistent with this hypothesis, a dominant-negative Rho1 inhibited SS formation but not cleavage-furrow ingression or the concomitant actomyosin ring constriction. Moreover, Rho1 is temporarily inactivated during cleavage-furrow ingression; this inactivation requires the protein Cyk3, which binds Rho1-guanosine diphosphate via its catalytically inactive transglutaminase-like domain. Thus, unlike the active transglutaminases that activate RhoA, the multidomain protein Cyk3 appears to inhibit activation of Rho1 (and thus SS formation), while simultaneously promoting cleavage-furrow ingression through primary septum formation. This work suggests a general role for the catalytically inactive transglutaminases of fungi and animals, some of which have previously been implicated in cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masayuki Onishi
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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Nabatov AA, Hatzis P, Rouschop KMA, van Diest P, Vooijs M. Hypoxia inducible NOD2 interacts with 3-O-sulfogalactoceramide and regulates vesicular homeostasis. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj 2013; 1830:5277-86. [PMID: 23880069 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbagen.2013.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2013] [Revised: 07/12/2013] [Accepted: 07/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Oxygen sensing in mammalian cells is a conserved signaling pathway regulated by hypoxia inducible factor type 1 (HIF-1). Inadequate oxygen supply (hypoxia) is common to many pathological disorders where autophagy plays an import role. The aim of this study was the identification and characterization of novel HIF-1 target genes that promote autophagy during hypoxia. METHODS Whole genome Chromatin Immune Precipitation from hypoxic HeLa cells was used to identify novel HIF-1 target genes. Hypoxia induced expression and transcription regulation was studied in wild type and HIF-deficient cells. siRNA silencing of candidate genes was used to establish their role during autophagy. Recombinant protein was used for screening immobilized glycosylated lipids to identify potential ligands. RESULTS We identified the Nucleotide Oligomerization Domain 2 (NOD2/CARD15) as a novel HIF-1 target and 3-O-sulfo-galactoceramide (sulfatide) and Mycobacterium sp. specific sulfolipid-1 as the first NOD2 ligands that both compete for binding to NOD2. Loss of NOD2 function impaired autophagy upstream of the autophagy inhibitor chloroquine by reducing the number of acidic vesicles. Inhibition of sulfatide synthesis elicited defects in autophagy similar to the NOD2 loss of function but did not influence NOD2-mediated NF-kB signaling. CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest that the interaction of NOD2 with sulfatide may mediate the balance between autophagy and inflammation in hypoxic cells. GENERAL SIGNIFICANCE These findings may lead to a better understanding of complex inflammatory pathologies like Crohn's disease and tuberculosis where both NOD2 and hypoxia are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexey A Nabatov
- Maastricht Radiation Oncology, MAASTRO/GROW Maastricht University Medical Center+, PO Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
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20
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Yeong FM. Multi-step down-regulation of the secretory pathway in mitosis: a fresh perspective on protein trafficking. Bioessays 2013; 35:462-71. [PMID: 23494566 PMCID: PMC3654163 DOI: 10.1002/bies.201200144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The secretory pathway delivers proteins synthesized at the rough endoplasmic reticulum (RER) to various subcellular locations via the Golgi apparatus. Currently, efforts are focused on understanding the molecular machineries driving individual processes at the RER and Golgi that package, modify and transport proteins. However, studies are routinely performed using non-dividing cells. This obscures the critical issue of how the secretory pathway is affected by cell division. Indeed, several studies have indicated that protein trafficking is down-regulated during mitosis. Moreover, the RER and Golgi apparatus exhibit gross reorganization in mitosis. Here I provide a relatively neglected perspective of how the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK1) could regulate various stages of the secretory pathway. I highlight several aspects of the mitotic control of protein trafficking that remain unresolved and suggest that further studies on how the mitotic CDK1 influences the secretory pathway are necessary to obtain a deeper understanding of protein transport.
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Affiliation(s)
- Foong May Yeong
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
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21
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Roles for focal adhesion kinase (FAK) in blastomere abscission and vesicle trafficking during cleavage in the sea urchin embryo. Mech Dev 2013; 130:290-303. [PMID: 23313141 DOI: 10.1016/j.mod.2012.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Is focal adhesion kinase (FAK) needed for embryonic cleavage? We find that FAK is expressed during early cleavage divisions of sea urchin embryos as determined by polyclonal antibodies to the Lytechinus variegatus protein. FAK is absent in eggs and zygotes and then cycles in abundance during the first cleavages after fertilization. It is maximal at anaphase, similar to the destruction and synthesis of cyclin proteins. To investigate whether FAK is needed during early cleavage, we interfered with its function by microinjecting eggs with anti-FAK antibodies or with FAK antisense morpholino oligonucleotides. Both treatments led to regression of the cleavage furrow. FAK knockdown with antibodies or morpholino oligonucleotides also resulted in an over-accumulation of endocytic vesicles. Thus, FAK could be restricting endocytosis or increasing exocytosis in localized areas important for abscission. FAK appears to be necessary for successful cleavage. These results are the first to document a functional role for FAK during embryonic cleavage.
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Gudejko HFM, Alford LM, Burgess DR. Polar expansion during cytokinesis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:1000-9. [PMID: 23027735 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Revised: 09/12/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Vesicle trafficking and new membrane addition at the cleavage furrow have been extensively documented. However, less clear is the old idea that expansion at the cell poles occurs during cytokinesis. We find that new membrane is added to the cell poles during anaphase, causing the plasma membrane to expand coincident with the constriction of the contractile ring and may provide a pushing force for membrane ingression at the furrow. This membrane addition occurs earlier during mitosis than membrane addition at the furrow and is dependent on actin and astral microtubules. The membrane that is added at the polar regions is compositionally distinct from the original cell membrane in that it is devoid of GM(1) , a component of lipid rafts. These findings suggest that the growth of the plasma membrane at the cell poles during cell division is not due to stretching as previously thought, but due to the addition of compositionally unique new membrane.
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Giansanti MG, Fuller MT. What Drosophila spermatocytes tell us about the mechanisms underlying cytokinesis. Cytoskeleton (Hoboken) 2012; 69:869-81. [PMID: 22927345 DOI: 10.1002/cm.21063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2012] [Revised: 08/13/2012] [Accepted: 08/17/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Cytokinesis separates the genomic material and organelles of a dividing cell equitably into two physically distinct daughter cells at the end of cell division. This highly choreographed process involves coordinated reorganization and regulated action of the actin and microtubule cytoskeletal systems, an assortment of motor proteins, and membrane trafficking components. Due to their large size, the ease with which exquisite cytological analysis may be performed on them, and the availability of numerous mutants and other genetic tools, Drosophila spermatocytes have provided an excellent system for exploring the mechanistic basis for the temporally programmed and precise spatially localized events of cytokinesis. Mutants defective in male meiotic cytokinesis can be easily identified in forward genetic screens by the production of multinucleate spermatids. In addition, the weak spindle assembly checkpoint in spermatocytes, which causes only a small delay of anaphase onset in the presence of unattached chromosomes, allows investigation of whether gene products required for spindle assembly and chromosome segregation are also involved in cytokinesis. Perhaps due to the large size of spermatocytes and the requirement for two rapid-fire rounds of division without intervening S or growth phases during meiosis, male meiotic mutants have also revealed much about molecular mechanisms underlying new membrane addition during cytokinesis. Finally, cell type-specific differences in the events that set up and complete cytokinesis are emerging from comparison of spermatocytes with cells undergoing mitosis either elsewhere in the organism or in tissue culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Giansanti
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Università Sapienza di Roma, Piazzale A. Moro 5, Roma, Italy.
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Belloni G, Sechi S, Riparbelli MG, Fuller MT, Callaini G, Giansanti MG. Mutations in Cog7 affect Golgi structure, meiotic cytokinesis and sperm development during Drosophila spermatogenesis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:5441-52. [PMID: 22946051 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.108878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The conserved oligomeric Golgi (COG) complex plays essential roles in Golgi function, vesicle trafficking and glycosylation. Deletions in the human COG7 gene are associated with a rare multisystemic congenital disorder of glycosylation that causes mortality within the first year of life. In this paper, we characterise the Drosophila orthologue of COG7 (Cog7). Loss-of-function Cog7 mutants are viable but male sterile. The Cog7 gene product is enriched in the Golgi stacks and in Golgi-derived structures throughout spermatogenesis. Mutations in the Cog7 gene disrupt Golgi architecture and reduce the number of Golgi stacks in primary spermatocytes. During spermiogenesis, loss of the Cog7 protein impairs the assembly of the Golgi-derived acroblast in spermatids and affects axoneme architecture. Similar to the Cog5 homologue, four way stop (Fws), Cog7 enables furrow ingression during cytokinesis. We show that the recruitment of the small GTPase Rab11 and the phosphatidylinositol transfer protein Giotto (Gio) to the cleavage site requires a functioning wild-type Cog7 gene. In addition, Gio coimmunoprecipitates with Cog7 and with Rab11 in the testes. Our results altogether implicate Cog7 as an upstream component in a gio-Rab11 pathway controlling membrane addition during cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Belloni
- Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie Università di Roma Sapienza, P.le A Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Wainman A, Giansanti MG, Goldberg ML, Gatti M. The Drosophila RZZ complex - roles in membrane trafficking and cytokinesis. J Cell Sci 2012; 125:4014-25. [PMID: 22685323 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.099820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The Zw10 protein, in the context of the conserved Rod-Zwilch-Zw10 (RZZ) complex, is a kinetochore component required for proper activity of the spindle assembly checkpoint in both Drosophila and mammals. In mammalian and yeast cells, the Zw10 homologues, together with the conserved RINT1/Tip20p and NAG/Sec39p proteins, form a second complex involved in vesicle transport between Golgi and ER. However, it is currently unknown whether Zw10 and the NAG family member Rod are also involved in Drosophila membrane trafficking. Here we show that Zw10 is enriched at both the Golgi stacks and the ER of Drosophila spermatocytes. Rod is concentrated at the Golgi but not at the ER, whereas Zwilch does not accumulate in any membrane compartment. Mutations in zw10 and RNAi against the Drosophila homologue of RINT1 (rint1) cause strong defects in Golgi morphology and reduce the number of Golgi stacks. Mutations in rod also affect Golgi morphology, whereas zwilch mutants do not exhibit gross Golgi defects. Loss of either Zw10 or Rint1 results in frequent failures of spermatocyte cytokinesis, whereas Rod or Zwilch are not required for this process. Spermatocytes lacking zw10 or rint1 function assemble regular central spindles and acto-myosin rings, but furrow ingression halts prematurely due to defective plasma membrane addition. Collectively, our results suggest that Zw10 and Rint1 cooperate in the ER-Golgi trafficking and in plasma membrane formation during spermatocyte cytokinesis. Our findings further suggest that Rod plays a Golgi-related function that is not required for spermatocyte cytokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan Wainman
- Istituto Pasteur-Fondazione Cenci Bolognetti and Istituto di Biologia e Patologia Molecolari del CNR, Dipartimento di Biologia e Biotecnologie, Sapienza, Università di Roma, P. le A. Moro 5, 00185 Roma, Italy
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Dias M, Blanc C, Thazar-Poulot N, Ben Larbi S, Cosson P, Letourneur F. Dictyostelium ACAP-A is an ArfGAP involved in cytokinesis, cell migration and actin cytoskeleton dynamics. J Cell Sci 2012; 126:756-66. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.113951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ACAPs and ASAPs are Arf-GTPase-activating proteins with BAR, PH, GAP and ankyrin repeat domains and are known to regulate vesicular traffic and actin cytoskeleton dynamics in mammalian cells. The amoeba Dictyostelium has only two proteins with this domain organization instead of six in human, enabling a more precise functional analysis. Genetic invalidation of acapA, resulted in multinucleated cells with cytokinesis defects. Mutant acapA− cells were hardly motile and their multicellular development was significantly delayed. In addition, formation of filopodial protrusions was deficient in these cells. Conversely, re-expression of ACAP-A-GFP resulted in numerous and long filopodia-like protrusions. Mutagenesis studies showed that ACAP-A actin remodeling function was dependent on its ability to activate its substrate, the small GTPase ArfA. Likewise, the expression of a constitutively active ArfA•GTP mutant in wild-type cells led to a significant reduction of filopodia length. Together our data support a role for ACAP-A in the control of the actin cytoskeleton organization and dynamics through an ArfA-dependent mechanism.
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Rueckert C, Haucke V. The oncogenic TBC domain protein USP6/TRE17 regulates cell migration and cytokinesis. Biol Cell 2011; 104:22-33. [PMID: 22188517 DOI: 10.1111/boc.201100108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/27/2011] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND INFORMATION Cancer cells are characterized by their intrinsic ability to rapidly divide and migrate and to invade other tissues. How these processes are regulated at a molecular level is largely unknown. RESULTS Here, we identify the oncogenic TBC (Tre-2/Bub2/Cdc16) domain protein USP6 (also termed TRE17) as a regulator of both cell migration and division. We show that manipulating USP6 expression levels alters the ability of cells to migrate and to divide. Furthermore, we observe that cell proliferation and progression through cytokinesis depend on USP6 expression via a pathway that involves the small GTPase Arf6 and its GTPase-activating protein ACAP1. CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest a model whereby the oncogenic potential of USP6 is linked to its ability to integrate cell migration and cytokinesis by regulating Arf6/ACAP1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine Rueckert
- Institute of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Freie Universität Berlin, Takustraße 6, 14195 Berlin, Germany.
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28
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Chin CF, Bennett AM, Ma WK, Hall MC, Yeong FM. Dependence of Chs2 ER export on dephosphorylation by cytoplasmic Cdc14 ensures that septum formation follows mitosis. Mol Biol Cell 2011; 23:45-58. [PMID: 22072794 PMCID: PMC3248903 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e11-05-0434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Sequestration of Cdc14 from the cytoplasm ensures Chs2 ER retention after MEN activation. The interdependence of chromosome segregation, MEN activation, decrease in mitotic CDK activity, and Cdc14 dispersal provides an effective mechanism for cells to order late mitotic events. Cytokinesis, which leads to the physical separation of two dividing cells, is normally restrained until after nuclear division. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, chitin synthase 2 (Chs2), which lays down the primary septum at the mother–daughter neck, also ensures proper actomyosin ring constriction during cytokinesis. During the metaphase-to-anaphase transition, phosphorylation of Chs2 by the mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk1) retains Chs2 at the endoplasmic reticulum (ER), thereby preventing its translocation to the neck. Upon Cdk1 inactivation at the end of mitosis, Chs2 is exported from the ER and targeted to the neck. The mechanism for triggering Chs2 ER export thus far is unknown. We show here that Chs2 ER export requires the direct reversal of the inhibitory Cdk1 phosphorylation sites by Cdc14 phosphatase, the ultimate effector of the mitotic exit network (MEN). We further show that only Cdc14 liberated by the MEN after completion of chromosome segregation, and not Cdc14 released in early anaphase by the Cdc fourteen early anaphase release pathway, triggers Chs2 ER exit. Presumably, the reduced Cdk1 activity in late mitosis further favors dephosphorylation of Chs2 by Cdc14. Thus, by requiring declining Cdk1 activity and Cdc14 nuclear release for Chs2 ER export, cells ensure that septum formation is contingent upon chromosome separation and exit from mitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheen Fei Chin
- Department of Biochemistry, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore
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