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Buser DP, Spang A. Protein sorting from endosomes to the TGN. Front Cell Dev Biol 2023; 11:1140605. [PMID: 36895788 PMCID: PMC9988951 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2023.1140605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2023] [Accepted: 02/09/2023] [Indexed: 02/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Retrograde transport from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network is essential for recycling of protein and lipid cargoes to counterbalance anterograde membrane traffic. Protein cargo subjected to retrograde traffic include lysosomal acid-hydrolase receptors, SNARE proteins, processing enzymes, nutrient transporters, a variety of other transmembrane proteins, and some extracellular non-host proteins such as viral, plant, and bacterial toxins. Efficient delivery of these protein cargo molecules depends on sorting machineries selectively recognizing and concentrating them for their directed retrograde transport from endosomal compartments. In this review, we outline the different retrograde transport pathways governed by various sorting machineries involved in endosome-to-TGN transport. In addition, we discuss how this transport route can be analyzed experimentally.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anne Spang
- Biozentrum, University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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2
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Enhanced oral absorption of teriparatide with therapeutic potential for management of osteoporosis. J Control Release 2022; 349:502-519. [PMID: 35835400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.07.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a system for oral delivery of recombinant human parathyroid hormone [rhPTH(1-34); teriparatide (TRP)] was developed to enhance oral absorption and to demonstrate an equivalent therapeutic effect to that of subcutaneous (SC) TRP injection. The solid oral formulation of TRP was prepared by electrostatic complexation with l-lysine-linked deoxycholic acid (LDA) and deoxycholic acid (DA) at a molar ratio of 1:5:7 in the aqueous dispersion of non-ionic n-dodecyl-β-d-maltoside (DM) at a 1:15 weight ratio, followed by freeze-drying the dispersal, yielding TRP(1:5:7)-15. As expected, TRP(1:5:7)-15 showed a 414% increase in permeability across the Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 cell monolayer, resulting in a 13.0-fold greater oral bioavailability compared with free TRP. In addition, the intestinal transport mechanisms in the presence of specific inhibitors of clathrin-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and bile acid transporters revealed 44.4%, 28.7%, and 51.2% decreases in transport, respectively, confirming that these routes play crucial roles in the permeation of TRP in TRP(1:5:7)-15. Notably, this formulation showed similar activation of the release of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) compared with TRP, suggesting equivalent efficacy in the parathyroid hormone receptor-adenylate cyclase system of osteosarcoma cells. Furthermore, oral TRP(1:5:7)-15 (equivalent to 0.4 mg/kg TRP) demonstrated increases in bone mineral density (36.9%) and trabecular thickness (31.3%) compared with untreated glucocorticoid-induced osteoporotic mice. Moreover, the elevated levels of biomarkers of bone formation, including osteocalcin, were also comparable with those after SC injection of TRP (0.02 mg/kg). These findings suggest that TRP(1:5:7)-15 can be used as an effective oral therapy for the management of osteoporosis.
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3
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Sex-dependent effect of aging on calcium signaling and expression of TRPM2 and CRAC channels in human neutrophils. Hum Immunol 2022; 83:645-655. [PMID: 35660323 DOI: 10.1016/j.humimm.2022.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2022] [Accepted: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
The vulnerability of older adults to bacterial infections has been associated with age-related changes in neutrophils. We analyzed the consequences of aging on calcium (Ca2+) mobilization and TRPM2 and CRAC channels expression in human neutrophils. The percentages of granulocytes, mature neutrophils, and neutrophil precursors were equivalent between young and older adults. However, neutrophil chemotaxis towards IL-8, C5a, or fMLP was lower in older adults of both sexes. Interestingly, a stronger Ca2+ transient followed by an identical Ca2+ influx to IL-8 was observed in older adult females. In addition, the Ca2+ response to LPS was delayed and prolonged in neutrophils of older adult males. There was no significant difference in Ca2+ response to fMLP, C5a, or store-operated Ca2+ entry in the older adults. There were also no differences in the expression of CXCR2, CD88, FPLR1, and TLR4. Interestingly, TRPM2- and ORAI1-mRNA expression was lower in neutrophils of older adults, mainly in females. Both channels were detected intracellularly in the neutrophils. TRPM2 was in late endosomes in young adults and in lysosomes in older adult neutrophils. In summary, defective neutrophil chemotaxis in aging seemed not to stem from alterations in Ca2+ signals; nevertheless, the low TRPM2 and ORAI1 expression may affect other functions.
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Wagner K, Smylla TK, Lampe M, Krieg J, Huber A. Phospholipase D and retromer promote recycling of TRPL ion channel via the endoplasmic reticulum. Traffic 2021; 23:42-62. [PMID: 34719094 DOI: 10.1111/tra.12824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2021] [Revised: 10/20/2021] [Accepted: 10/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Plasma membrane protein trafficking is of fundamental importance for cell function and cell integrity of neurons and includes regulated protein recycling. In this work, we report a novel role of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) for protein recycling as discovered in trafficking studies of the ion channel TRPL in photoreceptor cells of Drosophila. TRPL is located within the rhabdomeric membrane from where it is endocytosed upon light stimulation and stored in the cell body. Conventional immunohistochemistry as well as stimulated emission depletion super-resolution microscopy revealed TRPL storage at the ER after illumination, suggesting an unusual recycling route of TRPL. Our results also imply that both phospholipase D (PLD) and retromer complex are required for correct recycling of TRPL to the rhabdomeric membrane. Loss of PLD activity in PLD3.1 mutants results in enhanced degradation of TRPL. In the retromer mutant vps35MH20 , TRPL is trapped in a Rab5-positive compartment. Evidenced by epistatic analysis in the double mutant PLD3.1 vps35MH20 , PLD activity precedes retromer function. We propose a model in which PLD and retromer function play key roles in the transport of TRPL to an ER enriched compartment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krystina Wagner
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Thomas K Smylla
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Marko Lampe
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Advanced Light Microscopy Core Facility, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jana Krieg
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Stuttgart, Germany
| | - Armin Huber
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Hohenheim, Institute of Biology, Stuttgart, Germany
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5
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Xing L, Zheng Y, Yu Y, Wu R, Liu X, Zhou R, Huang Y. Complying with the physiological functions of Golgi apparatus for secretory exocytosis facilitated oral absorption of protein drugs. J Mater Chem B 2021; 9:1707-1718. [PMID: 33496710 DOI: 10.1039/d0tb02848g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Intestinal epithelial cells are the primary biological barriers for orally administrated nano-formulations and the delivered protein drugs. Thereinto, besides the cellular uptake, intracellular trafficking pathway and the related exocytosis are of great importance to the trans-epithelial transport of drug-loaded NPs. Herein, inspired by the physiological functions of Golgi apparatus for secreting proteins out of cells, Golgi localization-related amino acid l-cysteine (Cys) was modified on the surface of NPs to see whether and how this modification could guide the Golgi pathway-related transport and facilitate the exocytosis of drug-loaded NPs. Meanwhile, cell-penetrating peptide octa-arginine (R8) was co-modified to increase the cellular uptake. The proportion of R8 and Cys modification was explored to get the best effect of endocytosis and exocytosis of NPs. As a result, 25%R8 + 75%Cys NPs with most Cys modification showed efficient transcytosis with the highest transcytosis/endocytosis ratio (0.87). Interestingly, exocytosis mechanism studies indicated that they trafficked through the Golgi secretory pathway and bypassed lysosomes due to Cys modification. The detailed Golgi position mechanism studies further suggested that the thiol group from Cys was important for mediating Golgi transport. In particular, competitive inhibition studies demonstrated that Cys-modified NPs were more conducive to their exocytosis after being transported through the Golgi secretory pathway. We proved that cargos transported via Golgi apparatus tended to be trafficked out of the cells and avoid degradation, which contributed to the transcytosis of 25%R8 + 75%Cys NPs in vitro. Inspiringly, compared with unmodified NPs, 25%R8 + 75%Cys NPs also exhibited promoted intestinal penetration and oral absorption in vivo. Oral delivery of insulin-loaded 25%R8 + 75%Cys NPs showed stronger hypoglycemic effects in diabetic rats. In summary, this work provides a strategy for complying with the physiological functions of Golgi apparatus for secreting to facilitate the exocytosis of NPs, thus further improving the oral absorption of loaded protein drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liyun Xing
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yaxian Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yinglan Yu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Ruinan Wu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Xi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Rui Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug-Targeting and Drug Delivery System of the Education Ministry and Sichuan Province, Sichuan Engineering Laboratory for Plant-Sourced Drug and Sichuan Research Center for Drug Precision Industrial Technology, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu 610041, China.
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6
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Enhanced antitumor efficacy of bile acid-lipid complex-anchored docetaxel nanoemulsion via oral metronomic scheduling. J Control Release 2020; 328:368-394. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2020] [Revised: 08/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/31/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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7
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Jha SK, Han HS, Subedi L, Pangeni R, Chung JY, Kweon S, Choi JU, Byun Y, Kim YH, Park JW. Enhanced oral bioavailability of an etoposide multiple nanoemulsion incorporating a deoxycholic acid derivative-lipid complex. Drug Deliv 2020; 27:1501-1513. [PMID: 33107339 PMCID: PMC7594851 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2020.1837293] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, a system for oral delivery of etoposide (ETP) was designed to avoid the problems associated with low and variable bioavailability of a commercially available ETP emulsion comprised of polyethylene glycol, glycerol, and citric acid anhydrous. ETP was complexed with low-molecular-weight methylcellulose (ETP/LMC) and loaded into a water-in-oil-in-water multiple nanoemulsion to formulate an ETP/LMC-nanoemulsion (ELNE). To further enhance the oral bioavailability, an ionic complex formed by anionic lipid 1,2-didecanoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphate (sodium salt) and cationic Nα-deoxycholyl-l-lysyl-methylester was incorporated into ELNE, yielding ELNE#7. As expected, ELNE#7 showed 4.07- and 2.25-fold increases in artificial membrane and Caco-2/HT29-MTX-E12 permeability (Papp), respectively, resulting in 224% greater oral bioavailability compared with the commercially available ETP emulsion. In contrast, inhibition of clathrin- and caveola-mediated endocytosis, macropinocytosis, and bile acid transporters by chlorpromazine, genistein, amiloride, and actinomycin D in Caco-2/HT-29-MTX-E12 monolayers reduced the Papp by 45.0%, 20.5%, 28.8%, and 31.1%, respectively. These findings suggest that these routes play important roles in enhancing the oral absorption of ELNE#7. In addition, our mechanistic study suggested that P-glycoprotein did not have an inhibitory effect on the permeation of ELNE#7. Notably, ELNE#7 showed significantly enhanced toxicity in LLC and A549 cells compared with ETP-E. These observations support the improved oral absorption of ETP in ELNE#7, suggesting that it is a better alternative than ETP emulsion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saurav Kumar Jha
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Hee-Soo Han
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, BK 21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Laxman Subedi
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Rudra Pangeni
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Republic of Korea
| | - Jee Young Chung
- Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seho Kweon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Uk Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Chonnam National University, Gwangju, Republic of Korea
| | - Youngro Byun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yong-Hee Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Institute for Bioengineering and Biopharmaceutical Research, BK 21 Plus Future Biopharmaceutical Human Resources Training and Research Team, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.,Department of Bioengineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Biomedicine, Health & Life Convergence Sciences, BK21 Four, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Republic of Korea.,College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Republic of Korea
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Han B, Xie W, Zhang Y, Zhou S, Yang J, Wang R, Sun Y, Wang X, Xu J, Chen D, Wang Y, Lu J, Ning F, Shen F, Liu M, Cai H, Xin H, Lu W, Zhang X. The influx/efflux mechanisms of d-peptide ligand of nAChRs across the blood-brain barrier and its therapeutic value in treating glioma. J Control Release 2020; 327:384-396. [PMID: 32791079 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2020] [Revised: 08/04/2020] [Accepted: 08/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A d-peptide ligand of the nicotine acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs), termed DCDX, enables drug delivery to the brain when incorporated into liposomes and has shown promise as a nanocarrier for treating brain diseases. However, few reports have described the mechanisms whereby DCDX-modified liposomes traverse the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Here, we studied the molecular mechanisms enabling DCDX (and its associated liposomes) to cross an in vitro BBB using a simulated cerebral endothelium monolayer formed by brain capillary endothelial cells (bEnd.3 cells). We also examined the mechanisms whereby DCDX-modified liposomes cross the BBB in vivo using the brain efflux-index method. Transport of DCDX and its modified liposomes was dominantly mediated via the lipid raft/caveolae endocytic pathway. Both the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex participated in delivering DCDX-modified liposomes to the plasma membrane (PM). DCDX-modified liposomes also participated in the endosome/lysosome pathway (with high-efficiency BBB crossing observed in vitro), while competing for the ER/Golgi/PM pathway. In addition, nAChR α7 did not promote the transportation of DCDX-modified liposomes in vivo or in vitro, as assessed with α7-knockout mice and by performing α-bungarotoxin (α-Bgt) binding-competition experiments. P-glycoprotein (P-gp) was identified as the main efflux transporter across the BBB, in vivo and in vitro. Using a xenograft nude mouse model of human glioblastoma multiforme, blocking the efflux function of P-gp with verapamil enhanced the therapeutic efficiency of DCDX-modified liposomes that were formulated with doxorubicin against glioblastoma. The findings of this study reveal novel mechanisms underlying crossing of the BBB by DCDX-modified liposomes, suggesting that DCDX-modified liposomes can potentially serve as a powerful therapeutic tool for treating glioma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Xie
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yanxia Zhang
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Shilin Zhou
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiahong Yang
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Ruifeng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuqing Sun
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoyi Wang
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Xu
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Dawei Chen
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinhang Wang
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Jiasheng Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Fengling Ning
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Fuming Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, Shanghai Tenth People's Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 200072, People's Republic of China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Cai
- Renal Division, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Hong Xin
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Weiyue Lu
- Key Laboratory of Smart Drug Delivery Ministry of Education, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xuemei Zhang
- Minhang Hospital & Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, Fudan University, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China.
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Choi JU, Maharjan R, Pangeni R, Jha SK, Lee NK, Kweon S, Lee HK, Chang KY, Choi YK, Park JW, Byun Y. Modulating tumor immunity by metronomic dosing of oxaliplatin incorporated in multiple oral nanoemulsion. J Control Release 2020; 322:13-30. [PMID: 32169534 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2020.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2019] [Revised: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 03/09/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
In this study, a system for oral delivery of oxaliplatin (OXA) was prepared for metronomic chemotherapy to enhance antitumor efficacy and modulate tumor immunity. OXA was complexed with Nα-deoxycholyl-l-lysyl-methylester (DCK) (OXA/DCK) and formulated as a nanoemulsion (OXA/DCK-NE). OXA/DCK-NE showed 3.35-fold increased permeability across a Caco-2 cell monolayer, resulting in 1.73-fold higher oral bioavailability than free OXA. In addition, treatment of the B16F10.OVA cell line with OXA/DCK-NE resulted in successful upregulation of immunogenic cell death (ICD) markers both in vitro and in vivo. In a B16F10.OVA tumor-bearing mouse model, treatment with OXA/DCK-NE substantially impeded tumor growth by 63.9 ± 13.3% compared to the control group, which was also greater than the intravenous (IV) OXA group. Moreover, treatment with a combination of oral OXA/DCK-NE and anti-programmed cell death protein-1 (αPD-1) antibody resulted in 78.3 ± 9.67% greater inhibition compared to controls. More important, OXA/DCK-NE alone had immunomodulatory effects, such as enhancement of tumor antigen uptake, activation of dendritic cells in tumor-draining lymph nodes, and augmentation of both the population and function of immune effector cells in tumor tissue as well as in the spleen; no such effects were seen in the OXA IV group. These observations provide a rationale for combining oral metronomic OXA with immunotherapy to elicit synergistic antitumor effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Uk Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruby Maharjan
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Rudra Pangeni
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Saurav Kumar Jha
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Na Kyeong Lee
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Seho Kweon
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Ha Kyeong Lee
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Jin Woo Park
- College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Muan-gun, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea.
| | - Youngro Byun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Pangeni R, Jha SK, Maharjan R, Choi JU, Chang KY, Choi YK, Byun Y, Park JW. Intestinal transport mechanism and in vivo anticancer efficacy of a solid oral formulation incorporating an ion-pairing complex of pemetrexed with deoxycholic acid derivative. Int J Nanomedicine 2019; 14:6339-6356. [PMID: 31496690 PMCID: PMC6690926 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s209722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The rational combination of immunotherapy with standard chemotherapy shows synergistic clinical activities in cancer treatment. In the present study, an oral powder formulation of pemetrexed (PMX) was developed to enhance intestinal membrane permeability and investigate its application in metronomic chemotherapy in combination with immunotherapy. Methods PMX was ionically complexed with a bile acid derivative (Nα-deoxycholyl-l-lysyl-methylester; DCK) as a permeation enhancer and mixed with dispersing agents, such as poloxamer 188 (P188) and Labrasol, to form an amorphous oral powder formulation of PMX/DCK (PMX/DCK-OP). Results The apparent permeability (Papp) of PMX/DCK-OP across a Caco-2 cell monolayer was 2.46- and 8.26-fold greater than that of PMX/DCK and free PMX, respectively, which may have been due to the specific interaction of DCK with bile acid transporters, as well as the alteration of membrane fluidity due to Labrasol and P188. Furthermore, inhibition of bile acid transporters by actinomycin D in Caco-2 cell monolayers decreased the Papp of PMX/DCK-OP by 75.4%, suggesting a predominant role of bile acid transporters in the intestinal absorption of PMX/DCK-OP. In addition, caveola/lipid raft-dependent endocytosis, macropinocytosis, passive diffusion, and paracellular transport mechanisms significantly influenced the permeation of PMX/DCK-OP through the intestinal membrane. Therefore, the oral bioavailability of PMX/DCK-OP in rats was 19.8%±6.93%, which was 294% higher than that of oral PMX. Moreover, an in vivo anticancer efficacy study in B16F10 cell-bearing mice treated with a combination of oral PMX/DCK-OP and intraperitoneal anti-PD1 exhibited significant suppression of tumor growth, and the tumor volume was maximally inhibited by 2.03- and 3.16-fold compared to the oral PMX/DCK-OP and control groups, respectively. Conclusion These findings indicated the therapeutic potential of a combination of low-dose oral chemotherapy and immunotherapy for synergistic anticancer efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rudra Pangeni
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Saurav Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
| | - Ruby Maharjan
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jeong Uk Choi
- Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | | | | | - Youngro Byun
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Biopharmaceutical Science, Graduate School of Convergence Science and Technology, College of Pharmacy, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Woo Park
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy and Natural Medicine Research Institute, Mokpo National University, Jeonnam 58554, Republic of Korea
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Patel S, Kim J, Herrera M, Mukherjee A, Kabanov AV, Sahay G. Brief update on endocytosis of nanomedicines. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2019; 144:90-111. [PMID: 31419450 PMCID: PMC6986687 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2019.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 227] [Impact Index Per Article: 45.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 08/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The complexity of nanoscale interactions between biomaterials and cells has limited the realization of the ultimate vision of nanotechnology in diagnostics and therapeutics. As such, significant effort has been devoted to advancing our understanding of the biophysical interactions of the myriad nanoparticles. Endocytosis of nanomedicine has drawn tremendous interest in the last decade. Here, we highlight the ever-present barriers to efficient intracellular delivery of nanoparticles as well as the current advances and strategies deployed to breach these barriers. We also introduce new barriers that have been largely overlooked such as the glycocalyx and macromolecular crowding. Additionally, we draw attention to the potential complications arising from the disruption of the newly discovered functions of the lysosomes. Novel strategies of exploiting the inherent intracellular defects in disease states to enhance delivery and the use of exosomes for bioanalytics and drug delivery are explored. Furthermore, we discuss the advances in imaging techniques like electron microscopy, super resolution fluorescence microscopy, and single particle tracking which have been instrumental in our growing understanding of intracellular pathways and nanoparticle trafficking. Finally, we advocate for the push towards more intravital analysis of nanoparticle transport phenomena using the multitude of techniques available to us. Unraveling the underlying mechanisms governing the cellular barriers to delivery and biological interactions of nanoparticles will guide the innovations capable of breaching these barriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddharth Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Jeonghwan Kim
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Marco Herrera
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Anindit Mukherjee
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA
| | - Alexander V Kabanov
- Center for Nanotechnology in Drug Delivery and Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599, USA; Laboratory of Chemical Design of Bionanomaterials, Faculty of Chemistry, M.V. Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119992, Russia.
| | - Gaurav Sahay
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Oregon State University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Oregon Health and Science University, Robertson Life Science Building, 2730 SW Moody Avenue, Portland, OR 97201, USA.
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12
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Huang QY, Lai XN, Qian XL, Lv LC, Li J, Duan J, Xiao XH, Xiong LX. Cdc42: A Novel Regulator of Insulin Secretion and Diabetes-Associated Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20010179. [PMID: 30621321 PMCID: PMC6337499 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20010179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2018] [Revised: 12/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/29/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cdc42, a member of the Rho GTPases family, is involved in the regulation of several cellular functions including cell cycle progression, survival, transcription, actin cytoskeleton organization and membrane trafficking. Diabetes is a chronic and metabolic disease, characterized as glycometabolism disorder induced by insulin deficiency related to β cell dysfunction and peripheral insulin resistance (IR). Diabetes could cause many complications including diabetic nephropathy (DN), diabetic retinopathy and diabetic foot. Furthermore, hyperglycemia can promote tumor progression and increase the risk of malignant cancers. In this review, we summarized the regulation of Cdc42 in insulin secretion and diabetes-associated diseases. Organized researches indicate that Cdc42 is a crucial member during the progression of diabetes, and Cdc42 not only participates in the process of insulin synthesis but also regulates the insulin granule mobilization and cell membrane exocytosis via activating a series of downstream factors. Besides, several studies have demonstrated Cdc42 as participating in the pathogenesis of IR and DN and even contributing to promote cancer cell proliferation, survival, invasion, migration, and metastasis under hyperglycemia. Through the current review, we hope to cast light on the mechanism of Cdc42 in diabetes and associated diseases and provide new ideas for clinical diagnosis, treatment, and prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Yuan Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Xing-Ning Lai
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Xian-Ling Qian
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Lin-Chen Lv
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Jun Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Jing Duan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Xing-Hua Xiao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
| | - Li-Xia Xiong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Medical College, Nanchang University, Jiangxi Province Key Laboratory of Tumor Pathogenesis and Molecular Pathology, 461 Bayi Road, Nanchang 330006, China.
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13
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Amino acids stimulate the endosome-to-Golgi trafficking through Ragulator and small GTPase Arl5. Nat Commun 2018; 9:4987. [PMID: 30478271 PMCID: PMC6255761 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07444-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 10/31/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The endosome-to-Golgi or endocytic retrograde trafficking pathway is an important post-Golgi recycling route. Here we show that amino acids (AAs) can stimulate the retrograde trafficking and regulate the cell surface localization of certain Golgi membrane proteins. By testing components of the AA-stimulated mTORC1 signaling pathway, we demonstrate that SLC38A9, v-ATPase and Ragulator, but not Rag GTPases and mTORC1, are essential for the AA-stimulated trafficking. Arl5, an ARF-like family small GTPase, interacts with Ragulator in an AA-regulated manner and both Arl5 and its effector, the Golgi-associated retrograde protein complex (GARP), are required for the AA-stimulated trafficking. We have therefore identified a mechanistic connection between the nutrient signaling and the retrograde trafficking pathway, whereby SLC38A9 and v-ATPase sense AA-sufficiency and Ragulator might function as a guanine nucleotide exchange factor to activate Arl5, which, together with GARP, a tethering factor, probably facilitates the endosome-to-Golgi trafficking. Amino acid levels are known to regulate anabolic and catabolic pathways. Here, the authors report that amino acids also affect membrane trafficking by stimulating endosome-to-Golgi retrograde trafficking and regulating cell surface localization of certain Golgi proteins through Ragulator and Arl5.
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14
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Koubek EJ, Weissenrieder JS, Neighbors JD, Hohl RJ. Schweinfurthins: Lipid Modulators with Promising Anticancer Activity. Lipids 2018; 53:767-784. [DOI: 10.1002/lipd.12088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/30/2018] [Accepted: 08/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Emily J. Koubek
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State Cancer Institute; The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey; Hershey PA 17033 USA
| | - Jillian S. Weissenrieder
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology; The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey; Hershey PA 17033 USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Neighbors
- Departments of Pharmacology and Medicine; The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey; Hershey PA 17033 USA
| | - Raymond J. Hohl
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, The Pennsylvania State Cancer Institute; The Pennsylvania State College of Medicine, 500 University Drive Hershey; Hershey PA 17033 USA
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15
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Papillomaviruses and Endocytic Trafficking. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19092619. [PMID: 30181457 PMCID: PMC6163501 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19092619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Revised: 08/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/29/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Endocytic trafficking plays a major role in transport of incoming human papillomavirus (HPVs) from plasma membrane to the trans Golgi network (TGN) and ultimately into the nucleus. During this infectious entry, several cellular sorting factors are recruited by the viral capsid protein L2, which plays a critical role in ensuring successful transport of the L2/viral DNA complex to the nucleus. Later in the infection cycle, two viral oncoproteins, E5 and E6, have also been shown to modulate different aspects of endocytic transport pathways. In this review, we highlight how HPV makes use of and perturbs normal endocytic transport pathways, firstly to achieve infectious virus entry, secondly to produce productive infection and the completion of the viral life cycle and, finally, on rare occasions, to bring about the development of malignancy.
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16
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Makaraci P, Delgado Cruz M, McDermott H, Nguyen V, Highfill C, Kim K. Yeast dynamin and Ypt6 function in parallel for the endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of Snc1. Cell Biol Int 2018; 43:1137-1151. [PMID: 30080296 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.11042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Protein recycling is an important cellular process required for cell homeostasis. Results from prior studies have shown that vacuolar sorting protein-1 (Vps1), a dynamin homolog in yeast, is implicated in protein recycling from the endosome to the trans-Golgi Network (TGN). However, the function of Vps1 in relation to Ypt6, a master GTPase in the recycling pathway, remains unknown. The present study reveals that Vps1 physically interacts with Ypt6 if at least one of them is full-length. We found that overexpression of full-length Vps1, but not GTP hydrolysis-defective Vps1 mutants, is sufficient to rescue abnormal phenotypes of Snc1 distribution provoked by the loss of Ypt6, and vice versa. This suggests that Vps1 and Ypt6 function in parallel pathways instead of in a sequential pathway and that GTP binding/hydrolysis of Vps1 is required for proper traffic of Snc1 toward the TGN. Additionally, we identified two novel Vps1-binding partners, Vti1 and Snc2, which function for the endosome-derived vesicle fusion at the TGN. Taken together, the present study demonstrates that Vps1 plays a role in later stages of the endosome-to-TGN traffic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Makaraci
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901S National, Springfield, MO, 65807, USA
| | | | - Hyoeun McDermott
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901S National, Springfield, MO, 65807, USA
| | | | - Chad Highfill
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901S National, Springfield, MO, 65807, USA.,Genetics Program, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, 27695, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901S National, Springfield, MO, 65807, USA
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17
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Zhao Y, Gao H, He J, Jiang C, Lu J, Zhang W, Yang H, Liu J. Co-delivery of LOX-1 siRNA and statin to endothelial cells and macrophages in the atherosclerotic lesions by a dual-targeting core-shell nanoplatform: A dual cell therapy to regress plaques. J Control Release 2018; 283:241-260. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2018.05.041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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18
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Qu X, Zou Y, He C, Zhou Y, Jin Y, Deng Y, Wang Z, Li X, Zhou Y, Liu Y. Improved intestinal absorption of paclitaxel by mixed micelles self-assembled from vitamin E succinate-based amphiphilic polymers and their transcellular transport mechanism and intracellular trafficking routes. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:210-225. [PMID: 29313392 PMCID: PMC6058530 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2017.1419513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
To ensure that antitumor drugs can be effectively transported across intestinal barrier and then quickly released in tumor cells, mixed polymeric micelles (Mix-PMs) were designed and fabricated by combining poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline)-vitamin E succinate (PEOz-VES) with TPGS1000 for enhancing intestinal absorption of paclitaxel. PEOz-VES exhibited an extremely low critical micelle concentration and negligible cytotoxicity. The Mix-PMs were characterized to have about 20 nm in diameter, uniform spherical morphology, high drug-loading content and sustained drug release profile with a retained pH-sensitivity. The results of the transport through Caco-2 cell monolayers and intestinal absorption revealed that Mix-PMs displayed higher transcellular transport efficiency compared with PEOz-VES micelles and Taxol®. The possible mechanism of transcellular transport for Mix-PMs was elucidated to be mainly through clathrin- and caveolae/lipid rafts-mediated transcytosis. Confocal laser scanning micrographs revealed that late endosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and mitochondria were all involved in intracellular trafficking of Mix-PMs. The proteins involved in transcytosis of Mix-PMs and finally excreted were unraveled for the first time by the analysis of proteins in the basolateral media according to the proteomics method. Consequently, the fabricated mixed polymeric micelles may have great potential in enhancing intestinal absorption and accelerating drug release in tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyou Qu
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Yang Zou
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Chuyu He
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Yuanhang Zhou
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Yao Jin
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Yunqiang Deng
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Ziqi Wang
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Xinru Li
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Yanxia Zhou
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
| | - Yan Liu
- a Beijing Key Laboratory of Molecular Pharmaceutics and New Drug Delivery Systems , School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University , Beijing , China
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19
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Woodman S, Trousdale C, Conover J, Kim K. Yeast membrane lipid imbalance leads to trafficking defects toward the Golgi. Cell Biol Int 2018; 42:890-902. [PMID: 29500884 DOI: 10.1002/cbin.10956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Protein recycling is an essential cellular process involving endocytosis, intracellular trafficking, and exocytosis. In mammalian systems membrane lipids, including cholesterol, sphingolipids, and phospholipids, play a pivotal role in protein recycling. To address this role in budding yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, we utilized GFP-Snc1, a v-SNARE protein serving as a fluorescent marker for faithfully reporting the recycling pathway. Here we demonstrate results that display moderate to significant GFP-Snc1 recycling defects upon overexpression or inactivation of phospholipid, ergosterol, and sphingolipid biosynthesis enzymes, indicating that the homeostasis of membrane lipid levels is prerequisite for proper protein recycling. By using a truncated version of GFP-Snc1 that cannot be recycled from the plasma membrane, we determined that abnormalities in Snc1 localization in membrane lipid overexpression or underexpression mutants are not due to defects in the synthetic/secretory pathway, but rather in the intracellular trafficking pathway. We found that membrane lipid imbalance resulted in an accumulation of the late endosome marker Vps10-GFP, indicating trafficking from the endosomes to the Golgi may be being hindered, preventing recycling to the plasma membrane. To elucidate the possible mechanism for this trafficking hindrance, we stained the actin cytoskeleton, then quantified the percentage of cells with visible actin cables. Compared to wild-type cells, membrane lipid mutant cells exhibited lower levels of actin cables, indicating the actin cytoskeleton is disrupted upon membrane lipid imbalance. Taken together, our results show that impairment of proper recycling may be due to disruption of the actin cytoskeleton, which causes trafficking hindrance between the endosomes and Golgi.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Woodman
- Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, Missouri
| | - Christopher Trousdale
- Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, Missouri.,Washington University in St. Louis, 1 Brookings Dr., St. Louis, Missouri
| | - Justin Conover
- Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, Missouri.,Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, Missouri.,Iowa State University, Ames, Iowa
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20
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Makaraci P, Kim K. trans-Golgi network-bound cargo traffic. Eur J Cell Biol 2018; 97:137-149. [PMID: 29398202 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2018.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cargo following the retrograde trafficking are sorted at endosomes to be targeted the trans-Golgi network (TGN), a central receiving organelle. Though molecular requirements and their interaction networks have been somewhat established, the complete understanding of the intricate nature of their action mechanisms in every step of the retrograde traffic pathway remains unachieved. This review focuses on elucidating known functions of key regulators, including scission factors at the endosome and tethering/fusion mediators at the receiving dock, TGN, as well as a diverse range of cargo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pelin Makaraci
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65807, USA
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National Ave., Springfield, MO 65807, USA.
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21
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Transport mechanism of lipid covered saquinavir pure drug nanoparticles in intestinal epithelium. J Control Release 2018; 269:159-170. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2017] [Revised: 11/04/2017] [Accepted: 11/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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22
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Li Q, Xia D, Tao J, Shen A, He Y, Gan Y, Wang C. Self-Assembled Core-Shell-Type Lipid-Polymer Hybrid Nanoparticles: Intracellular Trafficking and Relevance for Oral Absorption. J Pharm Sci 2017; 106:3120-3130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.xphs.2017.05.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 04/30/2017] [Accepted: 05/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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23
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Pan X, Zaarur N, Singh M, Morin P, Kandror KV. Sortilin and retromer mediate retrograde transport of Glut4 in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Mol Biol Cell 2017; 28:1667-1675. [PMID: 28450454 PMCID: PMC5469609 DOI: 10.1091/mbc.e16-11-0777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sortilin is a multiligand sorting receptor responsible for the anterograde transport of lysosomal enzymes and substrates. Here we demonstrate that sortilin is also involved in retrograde protein traffic. In cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes, sortilin together with retromer rescues Glut4 from degradation in lysosomes and retrieves it to the TGN, where insulin--responsive vesicles are formed. Mechanistically, the luminal Vps10p domain of sortilin interacts with the first luminal loop of Glut4, and the cytoplasmic tail of sortilin binds to retromer. Ablation of the retromer does not affect insulin signaling but decreases the stability of sortilin and Glut4 and blocks their entry into the small vesicular carriers. As a result, Glut4 cannot reach the insulin-responsive compartment, and insulin-stimulated glucose uptake in adipocytes is suppressed. We suggest that sortilin- and retromer-mediated Glut4 retrieval from endosomes may represent a step in the Glut4 pathway vulnerable to the development of insulin resistance and diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Pan
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Nava Zaarur
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Maneet Singh
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Peter Morin
- Edith Nourse Rogers Memorial Veterans Hospital, Bedford, MA 01730
| | - Konstantin V Kandror
- Department of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118
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24
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Silva E, Barreiros L, Segundo MA, Costa Lima SA, Reis S. Cellular interactions of a lipid-based nanocarrier model with human keratinocytes: Unravelling transport mechanisms. Acta Biomater 2017; 53:439-449. [PMID: 28119111 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.01.057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Knowledge of delivery system transport through epidermal cell monolayer is vital to improve skin permeation and bioavailability. Recently, nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have gained great attention for transdermal delivery due to their biocompatibility, high drug payload, occlusive properties and skin hydration effect. However, the nanocarriers transport related mechanisms in epidermal epithelial cells are not yet understood. In this research, the internalization and transport pathways of the NLCs across the epidermal epithelial cell monolayer (HaCaT cells) were investigated. The 250nm sized witepsol/miglyol NLCs, prepared by hot homogenization had reduced cytotoxicity and no effect on the integrity of cell membrane in human HaCaT keratinocytes. The internalization was time-, concentration- and energy-dependent, and the uptake of NLCs was a vesicle-mediated process by macropinocytosis and clathrin-mediated pathways. 3% of NLCs were found at the apical membrane side of the HaCaT monolayer through exocytosis mechanism. Additionally, the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and microtubules played crucial roles in the transport of NLCs out of HaCaT cells. NLCs were transported intact across the human keratinocytes monolayer, without disturbing the tight junction's structure. From the transcytosis data only approximately 12% of the internalized NLCs were passed from the apical to the basolateral side. The transcytosis of NLCs throughout the HaCaT cell monolayer towards the basolateral membrane side requires the involvement of the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and microtubules. Our findings may contribute to a systematic understanding of NLCs transport across epidermal epithelial cell monolayers and their optimization for clinical transdermal application. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Transdermal drug delivery is a challenging and growing area of clinical application. Lipid nanoparticles such as nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs) have gained wide interest for transdermal drug delivery. However these nanocarriers' interactions with epidermal epithelial barrier are yet unknown. Unveiling the mechanisms involved in NLCs transport across the epidermal epithelial monolayers will contribute with valuable information to achieve enhanced skin permeability, superior bioavailability and consequently improved therapeutic effect. With our present work we could certainly provide researchers and clinicians guidance for the design of optimized transdermal delivery systems, based on the nanomaterials and biological interactions.
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25
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Saimani U, Kim K. Traffic from the endosome towards trans-Golgi network. Eur J Cell Biol 2017; 96:198-205. [PMID: 28256269 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejcb.2017.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2016] [Revised: 01/24/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Retrograde passage of a transport carrier entails cargo sorting at the endosome, generation of a cargo-laden carrier and its movement along cytoskeletal tracks towards trans-Golgi network (TGN), tethering at the TGN, and fusion with the Golgi membrane. Significant advances have been made in understanding this traffic system, revealing molecular requirements in each step and the functional connection between them as well as biomedical implication of the dysregulation of those important traffic factors. This review focuses on describing up-to-date action mechanisms for retrograde transport from the endosomal system to the TGN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uma Saimani
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65807, United States
| | - Kyoungtae Kim
- Department of Biology, Missouri State University, 901 S National, Springfield, MO 65807, United States.
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26
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Abstract
Sorting internalized proteins and lipids back to the cell surface controls the supply of molecules throughout the cell and regulates integral membrane protein activity at the surface. One central process in mammalian cells is the transit of cargo from endosomes back to the plasma membrane (PM) directly, along a route that bypasses retrograde movement to the Golgi. Despite recognition of this pathway for decades we are only beginning to understand the machinery controlling this overall process. The budding yeastSaccharomyces cerevisiae, a stalwart genetic system, has been routinely used to identify fundamental proteins and their modes of action in conserved trafficking pathways. However, the study of cell surface recycling from endosomes in yeast is hampered by difficulties that obscure visualization of the pathway. Here we briefly discuss how recycling is likely a more prevalent process in yeast than is widely appreciated and how tools might be built to better study the pathway.
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27
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Progida C, Bakke O. Bidirectional traffic between the Golgi and the endosomes - machineries and regulation. J Cell Sci 2016; 129:3971-3982. [PMID: 27802132 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.185702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The bidirectional transport between the Golgi complex and the endocytic pathway has to be finely regulated in order to ensure the proper delivery of newly synthetized lysosomal enzymes and the return of sorting receptors from degradative compartments. The high complexity of these routes has led to experimental difficulties in properly dissecting and separating the different pathways. As a consequence, several models have been proposed during the past decades. However, recent advances in our understanding of endosomal dynamics have helped to unify these different views. We provide here an overview of the current insights into the transport routes between Golgi and endosomes in mammalian cells. The focus of the Commentary is on the key molecules involved in the trafficking pathways between these intracellular compartments, such as Rab proteins and sorting receptors, and their regulation. A proper understanding of the bidirectional traffic between the Golgi complex and the endolysosomal system is of uttermost importance, as several studies have demonstrated that mutations in the factors involved in these transport pathways result in various pathologies, in particular lysosome-associated diseases and diverse neurological disorders, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | - Oddmund Bakke
- Department of Biosciences, Centre for Immune Regulation, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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Fan W, Xia D, Zhu Q, Hu L, Gan Y. Intracellular transport of nanocarriers across the intestinal epithelium. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:856-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Luo JW, Zhang ZR, Gong T, Fu Y. One-step self-assembled nanomicelles for improving the oral bioavailability of nimodipine. Int J Nanomedicine 2016; 11:1051-65. [PMID: 27042060 PMCID: PMC4801194 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s97834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Our study aimed to develop a self-assembled nanomicelle for oral administration of nimodipine (NIM) with poor water solubility. Using Solutol(®) HS15, the NIM-loaded self-assembled nanomicelles displayed a near-spherical morphology with a narrow size distribution of 12.57 ± 0.21 nm (polydispersity index =0.071 ± 0.011). Compared with Nimotop(®) (NIM tablets), the intestinal absorption of NIM from NIM nanomicelle in rats was improved by 3.13- and 2.25-fold in duodenum and jejunum at 1 hour after oral administration. The cellular transport of NIM nanomicelle in Caco-2 cell monolayers was significantly enhanced compared to that of Nimotop(®). Regarding the transport pathways, clathrin, lipid raft/caveolae, and macropinocytosis mediated the cell uptake of NIM nanomicelles, while P-glycoprotein and endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi complex (ER/Golgi) pathways were involved in exocytosis. Pharmacokinetic studies in our research laboratory have showed that the area under the plasma concentration-time curve (AUC0-∞) of NIM nanomicelles was 3.72-fold that of Nimotop(®) via oral administration in rats. Moreover, the NIM concentration in the brain from NIM nanomicelles was dramatically improved. Therefore, Solutol(®) HS15-based self-assembled nanomicelles represent a promising delivery system to enhance the oral bioavailability of NIM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing-Wen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhi-Rong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Gong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yao Fu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery Systems, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan, People's Republic of China
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Chai GH, Xu Y, Chen SQ, Cheng B, Hu FQ, You J, Du YZ, Yuan H. Transport Mechanisms of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles across Caco-2 Cell Monolayers and their Related Cytotoxicology. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2016; 8:5929-5940. [PMID: 26860241 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.6b00821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have been extensively investigated and demonstrated to be a potential nanocarriers for improving oral bioavailability of many drugs. However, the molecular mechanisms related to this discovery are not yet understood. Here, the molecular transport mechanisms of the SLNs crossing simulative intestinal epithelial cell monolayers (Caco-2 cell monolayers) were studied. The cytotoxicology results of the SLNs in Caco-2 cells demonstrated that the nanoparticles had low cytotoxicity, had no effect on the integrity of the cell membrane, did not induce oxidative stress, and could significantly reduce cell membrane fluidity. The endocytosis of the SLNs was time-dependent, and their delivery was energy-dependent. For the first time, the transport of the SLNs was directly verified to be a vesicle-mediated process. The internalization of the SLNs was mediated by macropinocytosis pathway and clathrin- and caveolae (or lipid raft)-related routes. Transferrin-related endosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), and Golgi apparatus were confirmed to be the main destinations of the SLNs in Caco-2 cells. As for the transport of the SLNs in Caco-2 cell monolayers, the results demonstrated that the SLNs transported to the basolateral side were intact, and the transport of the nanoparticles did not destroy the structure of tight junctions. The transcytosis of the SLNs across the Caco-2 cell monolayer was demonstrated to be mediated by the same routes as that in the endocytosis study. The ER, Golgi apparatus, and microtubules were confirmed to be important for the transport of the SLNs to both the basolateral and apical membrane sides. This study provides a more thoroughly understand of SLNs transportation crossing intestinal epithelial cell monolayers and could be beneficial for the fabrication of SLNs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hong Chai
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yingke Xu
- Key Laboratory of Biomedical Engineering of Ministry of Education, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Zhejiang University , Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Shao-Qing Chen
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Bolin Cheng
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Fu-Qiang Hu
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Jian You
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Yong-Zhong Du
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
| | - Hong Yuan
- Institute of Pharmaceutics, Zhejiang University , 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, China
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Abstract
Electron microscopy has enlarged the visual horizons of the morphological alterations in Alzheimer's disease (AD). Study of the mitochondria and Golgi apparatus in early cases of AD revealed the principal role that these important organelles play in the drama of pathogenic dialog of AD, substantially affecting energy production and supply, and protein trafficking in neurons and glia. In addition, study of the morphological alterations of the dendritic arbor, dendritic spines and neuronal synapses, which are associated with mitochondrial damage, may reasonably interpret the clinical phenomena of the irreversible decline of the mental faculties and an individual's personality changes. Electron microscopy also reveals the involvement of microvascular alterations in the etiopathogenic background of AD.
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Leo MD, Bulley S, Bannister JP, Kuruvilla KP, Narayanan D, Jaggar JH. Angiotensin II stimulates internalization and degradation of arterial myocyte plasma membrane BK channels to induce vasoconstriction. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2015; 309:C392-402. [PMID: 26179602 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00127.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2015] [Accepted: 06/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Arterial smooth muscle cells (myocytes) express large-conductance Ca(2+)-activated K(+) (BK) channel α and auxiliary β1 subunits that modulate arterial contractility. In arterial myocytes, β1 subunits are stored within highly mobile rab11A-positive recycling endosomes. In contrast, BKα subunits are primarily plasma membrane-localized. Trafficking pathways for BKα and whether physiological stimuli that regulate arterial contractility alter BKα localization in arterial myocytes are unclear. Here, using biotinylation, immunofluorescence resonance energy transfer (immunoFRET) microscopy, and RNAi-mediated knockdown, we demonstrate that rab4A-positive early endosomes traffic BKα to the plasma membrane in myocytes of resistance-size cerebral arteries. Angiotensin II (ANG II), a vasoconstrictor, reduced both surface and total BKα, an effect blocked by bisindolylmaleimide-II, concanavalin A, and dynasore, protein kinase C (PKC), internalization, and endocytosis inhibitors, respectively. In contrast, ANG II did not reduce BKα mRNA, and sodium nitroprusside, a nitric oxide donor, did not alter surface BKα protein over the same time course. MG132 and bafilomycin A, proteasomal and lysosomal inhibitors, respectively, also inhibited the ANG II-induced reduction in surface and total BKα, resulting in intracellular BKα accumulation. ANG II-mediated BK channel degradation reduced BK currents in isolated myocytes and functional responses to iberiotoxin, a BK channel blocker, and NS1619, a BK activator, in pressurized (60 mmHg) cerebral arteries. These data indicate that rab4A-positive early endosomes traffic BKα to the plasma membrane in arterial myocytes. We also show that ANG II stimulates PKC-dependent BKα internalization and degradation. These data describe a unique mechanism by which ANG II inhibits arterial myocyte BK currents, by reducing surface channel number, to induce vasoconstriction.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Dennis Leo
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Simon Bulley
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - John P Bannister
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Korah P Kuruvilla
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Damodaran Narayanan
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
| | - Jonathan H Jaggar
- Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee
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33
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Bai Z, Grant BD. A TOCA/CDC-42/PAR/WAVE functional module required for retrograde endocytic recycling. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015; 112:E1443-52. [PMID: 25775511 PMCID: PMC4378436 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1418651112] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Endosome-to-Golgi transport is required for the function of many key membrane proteins and lipids, including signaling receptors, small-molecule transporters, and adhesion proteins. The retromer complex is well-known for its role in cargo sorting and vesicle budding from early endosomes, in most cases leading to cargo fusion with the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Transport from recycling endosomes to the TGN has also been reported, but much less is understood about the molecules that mediate this transport step. Here we provide evidence that the F-BAR domain proteins TOCA-1 and TOCA-2 (Transducer of Cdc42 dependent actin assembly), the small GTPase CDC-42 (Cell division control protein 42), associated polarity proteins PAR-6 (Partitioning defective 6) and PKC-3/atypical protein kinase C, and the WAVE actin nucleation complex mediate the transport of MIG-14/Wls and TGN-38/TGN38 cargo proteins from the recycling endosome to the TGN in Caenorhabditis elegans. Our results indicate that CDC-42, the TOCA proteins, and the WAVE component WVE-1 are enriched on RME-1-positive recycling endosomes in the intestine, unlike retromer components that act on early endosomes. Furthermore, we find that retrograde cargo TGN-38 is trapped in early endosomes after depletion of SNX-3 (a retromer component) but is mainly trapped in recycling endosomes after depletion of CDC-42, indicating that the CDC-42-associated complex functions after retromer in a distinct organelle. Thus, we identify a group of interacting proteins that mediate retrograde recycling, and link these proteins to a poorly understood trafficking step, recycling endosome-to-Golgi transport. We also provide evidence for the physiological importance of this pathway in WNT signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyong Bai
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
| | - Barth D Grant
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, Rutgers University, Piscataway, NJ 08854
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34
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Shan W, Zhu X, Liu M, Li L, Zhong J, Sun W, Zhang Z, Huang Y. Overcoming the diffusion barrier of mucus and absorption barrier of epithelium by self-assembled nanoparticles for oral delivery of insulin. ACS NANO 2015; 9:2345-56. [PMID: 25658958 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.5b00028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Nanoparticles (NPs) have demonstrated great potential for the oral delivery of protein drugs that have very limited oral bioavailability. Orally administered NPs could be absorbed by the epithelial tissue only if they successfully permeate through the mucus that covers the epithelium. However, efficient epithelial absorption and mucus permeation require very different surface properties of a nanocarrier. We herein report self-assembled NPs for efficient oral delivery of insulin by facilitating both of these two processes. The NPs possess a nanocomplex core composed of insulin and cell penetrating peptide (CPP), and a dissociable hydrophilic coating of N-(2-hydroxypropyl) methacrylamide copolymer (pHPMA) derivatives. After systematic screening using mucus-secreting epithelial cells, NPs exhibit excellent permeation in mucus due to the "mucus-inert" pHPMA coating, as well as high epithelial absorption mediated by CPP. The investigation of NP behavior shows that the pHPMA molecules gradually dissociate from the NP surface as it permeates through mucus, and the CPP-rich core is revealed in time for subsequent transepithelial transport through the secretory endoplasmic reticulum/Golgi pathway and endocytic recycling pathway. The NPs exhibit 20-fold higher absorption than free insulin on mucus-secreting epithelium cells, and orally administered NPs generate a prominent hypoglycemic response and an increase of the serum insulin concentration in diabetic rats. Our study provides the evidence of using pHPMA as dissociable "mucus-inert" agent to enhance mucus permeation of NPs, and validates a strategy to overcome the multiple absorption barriers using NP platform with dissociable hydrophilic coating and drug-loaded CPP-rich core.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Shan
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Xi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Min Liu
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Lian Li
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Jiaju Zhong
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Wei Sun
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Zhirong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
| | - Yuan Huang
- Key Laboratory of Drug Targeting and Drug Delivery System, Ministry of Education, West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, No. 17, Block 3, Southern Renmin Road, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China
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35
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Bao X, Zheng W, Hata Sugi N, Agarwala KL, Xu Q, Wang Z, Tendyke K, Lee W, Parent L, Li W, Cheng H, Shen Y, Taylor N, Dezso Z, Du H, Kotake Y, Zhao N, Wang J, Postema M, Woodall-Jappe M, Takase Y, Uenaka T, Kingston DGI, Nomoto K. Small molecule schweinfurthins selectively inhibit cancer cell proliferation and mTOR/AKT signaling by interfering with trans-Golgi-network trafficking. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:589-601. [PMID: 25729885 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1019184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural compound schweinfurthins are of considerable interest for novel therapy development because of their selective anti-proliferative activity against human cancer cells. We previously reported the isolation of highly active schweinfurthins E-H, and in the present study, mechanisms of the potent and selective anti-proliferation were investigated. We found that schweinfurthins preferentially inhibited the proliferation of PTEN deficient cancer cells by indirect inhibition of AKT phosphorylation. Mechanistically, schweinfurthins and their analogs arrested trans-Golgi-network trafficking, an intracellular vesicular trafficking system, resulting in the induction of endoplasmic reticulum stress and the suppression of both lipid raft-mediated PI3K activation and mTOR/RheB complex formation, which collectively led to an effective inhibition of mTOR/AKT signaling. The trans-Golgi-network traffic arresting effect of schweinfurthins was associated with their in vitro binding activity to oxysterol-binding proteins that are known to regulate intracellular vesicular trafficking. Moreover, schweinfurthins were found to be highly toxic toward PTEN-deficient B cell lymphoma cells, and displayed 2 orders of magnitude lower activity toward normal human peripheral blood mononuclear cells and primary fibroblasts in vitro. These results revealed a previously unrecognized role of schweinfurthins in regulating trans-Golgi-network trafficking, and linked mechanistically this cellular effect with mTOR/AKT signaling and with cancer cell survival and growth. Our findings suggest the schweinfurthin class of compounds as a novel approach to modulate oncogenic mTOR/AKT signaling for cancer treatment.
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36
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DiRienzo JM. Uptake and processing of the cytolethal distending toxin by mammalian cells. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:3098-116. [PMID: 25365527 PMCID: PMC4247254 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6113098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Revised: 10/10/2014] [Accepted: 10/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cytolethal distending toxin (Cdt) is a heterotrimeric holotoxin produced by a diverse group of Gram-negative pathogenic bacteria. The Cdts expressed by the members of this group comprise a subclass of the AB toxin superfamily. Some AB toxins have hijacked the retrograde transport pathway, carried out by the Golgi apparatus and endoplasmic reticulum (ER), to translocate to cytosolic targets. Those toxins have been used as tools to decipher the roles of the Golgi and ER in intracellular transport and to develop medically useful delivery reagents. In comparison to the other AB toxins, the Cdt exhibits unique properties, such as translocation to the nucleus, that present specific challenges in understanding the precise molecular details of the trafficking pathway in mammalian cells. The purpose of this review is to present current information about the mechanisms of uptake and translocation of the Cdt in relation to standard concepts of endocytosis and retrograde transport. Studies of the Cdt intoxication process to date have led to the discovery of new translocation pathways and components and most likely will continue to reveal unknown features about the mechanisms by which bacterial proteins target the mammalian cell nucleus. Insight gained from these studies has the potential to contribute to the development of novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph M DiRienzo
- Department of Microbiology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, 240 South 40th Street, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.
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37
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Zhang J, Naslavsky N, Caplan S. EHDs meet the retromer: Complex regulation of retrograde transport. CELLULAR LOGISTICS 2014. [PMID: 23181199 PMCID: PMC3498075 DOI: 10.4161/cl.20582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Retrograde trafficking mediates the transport of endocytic membranes from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). Dysregulation of these pathways can result in multiple ailments, including late-onset Alzheimer disease. One of the key retrograde transport regulators, the retromer complex, is tightly controlled by many factors, including the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain (EHD) proteins. This mini-review focuses on recent findings and discusses the regulation of the retromer complex by EHD proteins and the novel EHD1 interaction partner, Rabankyrin-5 (Rank-5).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Eppley Cancer Center; University of Nebraska Medical Center; Omaha, NE USA
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38
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Chai GH, Hu FQ, Sun J, Du YZ, You J, Yuan H. Transport Pathways of Solid Lipid Nanoparticles Across Madin–Darby Canine Kidney Epithelial Cell Monolayer. Mol Pharm 2014; 11:3716-26. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5004674] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Gui-Hong Chai
- College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fu-Qiang Hu
- College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jihong Sun
- Department
of Radiology, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou 310016, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yong-Zhong Du
- College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian You
- College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
| | - Hong Yuan
- College
of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, 866 Yuhangtang Road, Hangzhou 310058, People’s Republic of China
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39
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Abstract
The endosomal network comprises an interconnected network of membranous compartments whose primary function is to receive, dissociate, and sort cargo that originates from the plasma membrane and the biosynthetic pathway. A major challenge in cell biology is to achieve a thorough molecular description of how this network operates, and in so doing, how defects contribute to the etiology and pathology of human disease. We discuss the increasing body of evidence that implicates an ancient evolutionary conserved complex, termed "retromer," as a master conductor in the complex orchestration of multiple cargo-sorting events within the endosomal network.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Burd
- Department of Cell Biology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut 06520
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40
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Study of GOLPH3: a Potential Stress-Inducible Protein from Golgi Apparatus. Mol Neurobiol 2014; 49:1449-59. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-013-8624-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2013] [Accepted: 12/16/2013] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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41
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Ivanov AI. Pharmacological inhibitors of exocytosis and endocytosis: novel bullets for old targets. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1174:3-18. [PMID: 24947371 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-0944-5_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pharmacological inhibitors of vesicle trafficking possess great promise as valuable analytical tools for the study of a variety of biological processes and as potential therapeutic agents to fight microbial infections and cancer. However, many commonly used trafficking inhibitors are characterized by poor selectivity that diminishes their use in solving basic problems of cell biology or drug development. Recent high-throughput chemical screens intensified the search for novel modulators of vesicle trafficking, and successfully identified a number of small molecules that inhibit exocytosis and endocytosis in different types of mammalian cells. This chapter provides a systematic overview of recently discovered inhibitors of vesicle trafficking. It describes cellular effects and mechanisms of action of novel inhibitors of exocytosis and endocytosis. Furthermore, it pays special attention to the selectivity and possible off-target effects of these inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrei I Ivanov
- Department of Human and Molecular Genetics, VCU Institute of Molecular Medicine, Virginia Commonwealth University, Goodwin Laboratory, 401 College Street, 980035, Richmond, VA, 23298, USA,
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42
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He B, Lin P, Jia Z, Du W, Qu W, Yuan L, Dai W, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhang Q. The transport mechanisms of polymer nanoparticles in Caco-2 epithelial cells. Biomaterials 2013; 34:6082-98. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.04.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 146] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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43
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Chia PZC, Gunn P, Gleeson PA. Cargo trafficking between endosomes and the trans-Golgi network. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:307-15. [PMID: 23851467 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/02/2013] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The retrograde membrane transport pathways from endosomes to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) are now recognized as critical intracellular pathways to recycle and shuttle a selective subgroup of membrane proteins, including sorting receptors, membrane-bound enzymes, transporters, as well as providing an avenue for the intracellular transport of various bacterial toxins. Multiple pathways from endosomes to the TGN have now been defined which differ between the cargo transported and the machinery used. Here, we review advances in these pathways and the requirement for TGN organization, and also discuss the development of unbiased analytical approaches to quantitatively track cargo that use these endosome-to-TGN pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Zhi Cheryl Chia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Bio21 Molecular Science and Biotechnology Institute, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC 3010, Australia
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44
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Zhu X, Kaverina I. Golgi as an MTOC: making microtubules for its own good. Histochem Cell Biol 2013; 140:361-7. [PMID: 23821162 DOI: 10.1007/s00418-013-1119-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
In cells, microtubules (MTs) are nucleated at MT-organizing centers (MTOCs). The centrosome-based MTOCs organize radial MT arrays, which are often not optimal for polarized trafficking. A recently discovered subset of non-centrosomal MTs nucleated at the Golgi has proven to be indispensable for the Golgi organization, post-Golgi trafficking and cell polarity. Here, we summarize the history of this discovery, known molecular prerequisites of MT nucleation at the Golgi and unique functions of Golgi-derived MTs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaodong Zhu
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University Medical Center, Nashville, TN 37232, USA
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45
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Salminen A, Kaarniranta K, Kauppinen A, Ojala J, Haapasalo A, Soininen H, Hiltunen M. Impaired autophagy and APP processing in Alzheimer's disease: The potential role of Beclin 1 interactome. Prog Neurobiol 2013; 106-107:33-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2013.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 198] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2013] [Revised: 06/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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46
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Bastin G, Heximer SP. Rab family proteins regulate the endosomal trafficking and function of RGS4. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:21836-49. [PMID: 23733193 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.466888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
RGS4, a heterotrimeric G-protein inhibitor, localizes to plasma membrane (PM) and endosomal compartments. Here, we examined Rab-mediated control of RGS4 internalization and recycling. Wild type and constitutively active Rab5 decreased RGS4 PM levels while increasing its endosomal targeting. Rab5, however, did not appreciably affect the PM localization or function of the M1 muscarinic receptor (M1R)/Gq signaling cascade. RGS4-containing endosomes co-localized with subsets of Rab5-, transferrin receptor-, and Lamp1/Lysotracker-marked compartments suggesting RGS4 traffics through PM recycling or acidified endosome pathways. Rab7 activity promoted TGN association, whereas Rab7(dominant negative) trapped RGS4 in late endosomes. Furthermore, RGS4 was found to co-localize with an endosomal pool marked by Rab11, the protein that mediates recycling/sorting of proteins to the PM. The Cys-12 residue in RGS4 appeared important for its Rab11-mediated trafficking to the PM. Rab11(dominant negative) decreased RGS4 PM levels and increased the number of RGS4-containing endosomes. Inhibition of Rab11 activity decreased RGS4 function as an inhibitor of M1R activity without affecting localization and function of the M1R/Gq signaling complex. Thus, both Rab5 activation and Rab11 inhibition decreased RGS4 function in a manner that is independent from their effects on the localization and function of the M1R/Gq signaling complex. This is the first study to implicate Rab GTPases in the intracellular trafficking of an RGS protein. Thus, Rab GTPases may be novel molecular targets for the selective regulation of M1R-mediated signaling via their specific effects on RGS4 trafficking and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guillaume Bastin
- Department of Physiology, Heart and Stroke/Richard Lewar Centre of Excellence in Cardiovascular Research, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada
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He B, Jia Z, Du W, Yu C, Fan Y, Dai W, Yuan L, Zhang H, Wang X, Wang J, Zhang X, Zhang Q. The transport pathways of polymer nanoparticles in MDCK epithelial cells. Biomaterials 2013; 34:4309-26. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2013.01.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 81] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 01/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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Genome-wide siRNA screen identifies the retromer as a cellular entry factor for human papillomavirus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:7452-7. [PMID: 23569269 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1302164110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Despite major advances in our understanding of many aspects of human papillomavirus (HPV) biology, HPV entry is poorly understood. To identify cellular genes required for HPV entry, we conducted a genome-wide screen for siRNAs that inhibited infection of HeLa cells by HPV16 pseudovirus. Many retrograde transport factors were required for efficient infection, including multiple subunits of the retromer, which initiates retrograde transport from the endosome to the trans-Golgi network (TGN). The retromer has not been previously implicated in virus entry. Furthermore, HPV16 capsid proteins arrive in the TGN/Golgi in a retromer-dependent fashion during entry, and incoming HPV proteins form a stable complex with retromer subunits. We propose that HPV16 directly engages the retromer at the early or late endosome and traffics to the TGN/Golgi via the retrograde pathway during cell entry. These results provide important insights into HPV entry, identify numerous potential antiviral targets, and suggest that the role of the retromer in infection by other viruses should be assessed.
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Vps10 family proteins and the retromer complex in aging-related neurodegeneration and diabetes. J Neurosci 2013; 32:14080-6. [PMID: 23055476 DOI: 10.1523/jneurosci.3359-12.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Members of the vacuolar protein sorting 10 (Vps10) family of receptors (including sortilin, SorL1, SorCS1, SorCS2, and SorCS3) play pleiotropic functions in protein trafficking and intracellular and intercellular signaling in neuronal and non-neuronal cells. Interactions have been documented between Vps10 family members and the retromer coat complex, a key component of the intracellular trafficking apparatus that sorts cargo from the early endosome to the trans-Golgi network. In recent years, genes encoding several members of the Vps10 family of proteins, as well as components of the retromer coat complex, have been implicated as genetic risk factors for sporadic and autosomal dominant forms of neurodegenerative diseases, including Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal lobar degeneration, and Parkinson's disease, with risk for type 2 diabetes mellitus and atherosclerosis. In addition to their functions in protein trafficking, the Vps10 family proteins modulate neurotrophic signaling pathways. Sortilin can impact the intracellular response to brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) by regulating anterograde trafficking of Trk receptors to the synapse and direct control of BDNF levels, while both sortilin and SorCS2 function as cell surface receptors to mediate acute responses to proneurotrophins. This mini-review and symposium will highlight the emerging data from this rapidly growing area of research implicating the Vps10 family of receptors and the retromer in physiological intracellular trafficking signaling by neurotrophins and in the pathogenesis of neurodegeneration.
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Vardarajan BN, Bruesegem SY, Harbour ME, St. George-Hyslop P, Seaman MN, Farrer LA. Identification of Alzheimer disease-associated variants in genes that regulate retromer function. Neurobiol Aging 2012; 33:2231.e15-2231.e30. [PMID: 22673115 PMCID: PMC3391348 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2012.04.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2011] [Revised: 03/13/2012] [Accepted: 04/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The proteolytic processing of amyloid precursor protein (APP) to generate the neurotoxic amyloid β (Aβ) peptide is central to the pathogenesis of Alzheimer disease (AD). The endocytic system mediates the processing of APP by controlling its access to secretases that cleave APP. A key mediator of APP localization is SorL1-a membrane protein that has been genetically linked to AD. The retromer complex is a conserved protein complex required for endosome-to-Golgi retrieval of a number of physiologically important membrane proteins including SorL1. Based on the prior suggestion that endocytosis and retromer sorting pathways might be involved, we hypothesized that variants in other genes in this pathway might also modulate AD risk. Genetic association of AD with 451 polymorphisms in 15 genes encoding retromer or retromer-associated proteins was tested in a Caucasian sample of 8309 AD cases and 7366 cognitively normal elders using individual single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)- and gene-based tests. We obtained significant evidence of association with KIAA1033 (VEGAS p = 0.025), SNX1 (VEGAS p = 0.035), SNX3 (p = 0.0057), and RAB7A (VEGAS p = 0.018). Ten KIAA1033 SNPs were also significantly associated with AD in a group of African Americans (513 AD cases, 504 control subjects). Findings with four significant SNX3 SNPs in the discovery sample were replicated in a community-based sample of Israeli-Arabs (124 AD cases, 142 control subjects). We show that Snx3 and Rab7A proteins interact with the cargo-selective retromer complex through independent mechanisms to regulate the membrane association of retromer and thereby are key mediators of retromer function. These data implicate additional AD risk genes in the retromer pathway and formally demonstrate a direct link between the activity of the retromer complex and the pathogenesis of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Badri N. Vardarajan
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118
| | - Sophia Y. Bruesegem
- University of Cambridge, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Michael E. Harbour
- University of Cambridge, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Peter St. George-Hyslop
- University of Cambridge, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
- Tanz Centre for Research in Neurodegenerative Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King’s College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8
| | - Matthew N.J. Seaman
- University of Cambridge, Departments of Clinical Biochemistry and Clinical Neurosciences, Cambridge Institute for Medical Research, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, CB2 0XY, UK
| | - Lindsay A. Farrer
- Department of Medicine (Biomedical Genetics), Boston University School of Medicine, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118
- Departments of Neurology, Ophthalmology, Genetics & Genomics, Epidemiology, and Biostatistics, Boston University Schools of Medicine and Public Health, 72 East Concord Street, Boston, MA 02118
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