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Ciornei SG, Ucar O, Lopes G, Cenariu M. Editorial: Perspectives in the biotechnology of artificial insemination in ruminants. Front Vet Sci 2024; 11:1376794. [PMID: 38476169 PMCID: PMC10927756 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2024.1376794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2024] [Accepted: 02/16/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Affiliation(s)
| | - Omer Ucar
- Milas Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Muğla Sıtkı Koçman University, Muğla, Türkiye
| | - Graça Lopes
- School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences (ICBAS), University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Mihai Cenariu
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Agricultural Sciences and Veterinary Medicine of Cluj-Napoca, Cluj-Napoca, Romania
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Borş A, Borş SI, Floriștean VC. Mastitis impact on high-yielding dairy farm's reproduction and net present value. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1345782. [PMID: 38260189 PMCID: PMC10800613 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1345782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2023] [Accepted: 12/19/2023] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
Poor udder health can have a negative impact on milk production and reproductive performance, which reduces the net present value (NPV) of dairy farms. The aim of this study is therefore to investigate the relationship between clinical mastitis and NPV and the financial impact of impaired reproductive function. For this purpose, 473 dairy cows were included in our study, 146 cows with clinical mastitis (CM group) and 327 clinically healthy cows (CH group) from a high-yielding dairy farm in Romania, milking approximately 780 dairy cows with an average milk production of 46 kg milk/day. We found that, in contrast to CH cows, CM cows had a significantly lower conception rate at first service (58.2% vs. 41.7%, p < 0.05), third service (45.3% vs. 30.2%, p < 0.05), and total services (49.2% vs. 36.4%, p < 0.05). However, this positive effect was not observed for the average days open, which were significantly lower in CM cows than in CH cows (112 ± 4.3 days vs. 142 ± 3.1 days, p < 0.05). The fact that the non-pregnant CH cows had higher somatic cell counts (>400,000 SCC/mL) in their milk around artificial insemination (AI) and 1 month earlier than the pregnant cows (<250,000 SCC/ml) supports the idea that poor uterine health affects the reproductive activity of high-yielding cows. However, by using the UW-DairyRepro$ decision support tool, we found that despite the impairment of reproductive function in dairy cows, the largest negative impacts on NPV are still the cost of milk loss (US$14,439.4/farm/year) and treatment costs (US$4,380/farm/year). We considered the costs associated with poor reproductive function in the CM group (US$3,577/farm/year) as an additional cost of mastitis. Finally, it appears that the impact of mastitis on reproduction is associated with a lower chance of conception than it is with a daily risk of services.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alina Borş
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Silviu-Ionuț Borş
- Research and Development Station for Cattle Breeding Dancu, Iaşi, Romania
| | - Viorel-Cezar Floriștean
- Department of Public Health, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, “Ion Ionescu de la Brad” Iasi University of Life Sciences, Iaşi, Romania
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Serbetci I, González-Grajales LA, Herrera C, Ibanescu I, Tekin M, Melean M, Magata F, Malama E, Bollwein H, Scarlet D. Impact of negative energy balance and postpartum diseases during the transition period on oocyte quality and embryonic development in dairy cows. Front Vet Sci 2024; 10:1328700. [PMID: 38249554 PMCID: PMC10797029 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2023.1328700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/23/2024] Open
Abstract
Transition period is a critical time for dairy cows because a large proportion of clinical and subclinical diseases are observed in the first month after parturition. Occurrence of negative energy balance is associated with depressed immunity and these conditions can affect oocyte quality and further embryonic development. The aim of this study was to assess the effects of negative energy balance-associated disorders on in vitro embryo production (IVP) in dairy cattle. We hypothesized that subclinical metabolic and/or inflammatory disorders have a negative effect on oocyte developmental competence and morphokinetic parameters of the resulting embryos. The study was conducted on 30 lactating Holstein-Friesian cows which were assigned into four groups: healthy (HEAL, n = 6), metabolic disease (META, n = 8), inflammatory disease (INFL, n = 8), or combined metabolic and inflammatory disease (COMB, n = 8). Ovum pick-up (OPU) was performed twice weekly on all cows over a period of four weeks (n = 8 OPU sessions/cow) starting on the fifth week postpartum, and the collected oocytes were subjected to routine IVP. Donor's health status did not affect the number of oocytes/OPU or the recovery rate (p > 0.05). The number of quality 1 oocytes collected from INFL and COMB cows was lower compared to HEAL cows (p < 0.05). Also, the percentage of quality 1 embryos was reduced in META and COMB compared to HEAL cows (p < 0.05). Cleavage, blastocyst and hatching rates were similar among groups (p > 0.05). Presence of disease did not affect the time required by zygotes to reach specific developmental stages, as recorded by means of time-lapse monitoring. Nevertheless, there was a higher probability of direct cleavage after IVF in oocytes of COMB cows compared to those of HEAL cows (p < 0.05). In conclusion, oocytes and embryos derived from dairy cows diagnosed with subclinical metabolic and/or inflammatory diseases during the transition period showed reduced quality but similar developmental potential and morphokinetics when compared to healthy cows. These results shed light on the consequences of subclinical disease on embryonic development in dairy cows which might be important for embryo transfer programs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Idil Serbetci
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Carolina Herrera
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Iulian Ibanescu
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Muhittin Tekin
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Manuel Melean
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Fumie Magata
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Agricultural and Life Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Eleni Malama
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Heinrich Bollwein
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dragos Scarlet
- Clinic of Reproductive Medicine, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
- Institute of Veterinary Anatomy, Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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Gayathri SL, Bhakat M, Mohanty TK. Short milking tube thermogram analysis: an indicator of mastitis in Murrah buffaloes. Trop Anim Health Prod 2023; 56:5. [PMID: 38055070 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-023-03853-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/27/2023] [Indexed: 12/07/2023]
Abstract
In the present study, thermal images of the short milking tube of the milking machine representing four udder quarters independently attached to a milking animal, along with pre-milking and post-milking udder and teat thermograms, were taken using a hand-held digital infrared thermal camera (DarviDTL007) during morning milking of lactating Murrah buffaloes (n = 132) to assess the mastitis status. California mastitis test (CMT) and somatic cell count (SCC) of milk samples were carried out to screen the udder quarters as healthy, subclinical (SCM), and clinical mastitis (CM). The thermograms revealed an increase (p < 0.05) of 2.19 and 3.72ºC in the mean values of short milking tube (SMT) surface temperature among SCM and CM quarters compared to healthy quarters, respectively. The mean values of udder skin surface temperature (USST) for pre-milking, milking, and post-milking of SCM and CM compared to healthy quarters showed an increase (p < 0.05) of 2.17, 1.96, and 1.61ºC and 3.11, 2.88, and 2.73ºC, respectively. Similarly, compared to healthy quarters, the mean values of teat skin surface temperature (TSST) for pre-milking and post-milking of SCM and CM showed an increase (p < 0.05) of 2.12 and 1.66ºC and 3.07 and 2.45ºC, respectively. Also, CMT and SCC results showed a strong positive correlation (r = 0.68-0.91, p < 0.01) with all the thermographic parameters. Thus, thermograms of SMT alone can be used as an efficient detection tool in assessing SCM among Murrah buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Gayathri
- Artificial Breeding Research Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
| | - M Bhakat
- Artificial Breeding Research Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India.
| | - T K Mohanty
- Artificial Breeding Research Centre, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132001, Haryana, India
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Ibrahim N, Regassa F, Yilma T, Tolosa T. Impact of subclinical mastitis on uterine health, reproductive performances and hormonal profile of Zebu × Friesian crossbred dairy cows in and around Jimma town dairy farms, Ethiopia. Heliyon 2023; 9:e16793. [PMID: 37303553 PMCID: PMC10250799 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e16793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
A longitudinal observational study was carried out from January 2020 to July 2021 to assess the impact of subclinical mastitis (SCM) on reproductive performance and its association with uterine health of crossbred dairy cows. The California Mastitis Test (CMT) and cytobrush technique were used to screen subclinical mastitis and subclinical endometritis, respectively. Milk samples positive for subclinical mastitis were subjected to bacteriological analysis. Data from 84 clinically healthy cows collected and analyzed. The present study revealed a prevalence of subclinical mastitis of 51.2% (43 of 84). The mean days from calving to first service interval were significantly longer in subclinical mastitis positive cows than negative (control) cows (120.51 ± 24.5 and 85.15 ± 28.3, respectively) (P < 0.05). The mean number of services per conception was significantly higher in positive cows (2.51 ± 0.83) than in negative cows (1.59 ± 0.81) (P < 0.05). Lower conception and pregnancy rates at first services were observed in subclinical mastitis cows. Risk factors analysis revealed that prevalence of subclinical mastitis significantly differed with the parity and body condition score (P < 0.05). The current study revealed that subclinical mastitis was significantly and directly associated with subclinical endometritis (P < 0.05). Subclinical mastitis significantly decreased (P = 0.000) progesterone concentrations and increased (P = 0.001) the cortisol concentrations. Staphylococcus aureus were the most predominant bacterial isolates from subclinical mastitic milk, followed by coagulase negative staphylococci (CNS) and streptococci. This study concludes a high prevalence of subclinical mastitis caused by Staphylococcus aureus could inflict harmful effects on reproductive performance of dairy cows, emphasizing the relevance of mastitis control programs in dairy farms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fekadu Regassa
- Addis Abeba University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Ethiopia
| | - Tefera Yilma
- Addis Abeba University College of Veterinary Medicine and Agriculture, Ethiopia
| | - Tadele Tolosa
- Jimma University, School of Veterinary Medicine, Ethiopia
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Cheng Z, McLaughlin DL, Little MW, Ferris C, Salavati M, Ingvartsen KL, Crowe MA, Wathes DC. Proportion of Concentrate in the Diet of Early Lactation Dairy Cows Has Contrasting Effects on Circulating Leukocyte Global Transcriptomic Profiles, Health and Fertility According to Parity. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 24:ijms24010039. [PMID: 36613482 PMCID: PMC9820068 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24010039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2022] [Revised: 12/15/2022] [Accepted: 12/16/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The functionality of circulating leukocytes in dairy cows is suppressed after calving, with negative energy balance as a risk factor. Leukocyte transcriptomic profiles were compared separately in 44 multiparous (MP) and 18 primiparous (PP) Holstein-Friesian cows receiving diets differing in concentrate proportion to test whether immune dysfunction could be mitigated by appropriate nutrition. After calving, cows were offered either (1) low concentrate (LC); (2) medium concentrate (MC) or (3) high concentrate (HC) diets with proportions of concentrate to grass silage of 30%:70%, 50%:50% and 70%:30%, respectively. Cow phenotype data collected included circulating metabolites, milk yield and health and fertility records. RNA sequencing of circulating leukocytes at 14 days in milk was performed. The HC diet improved energy balance in both age groups. There were more differentially expressed genes in PP than MP cows (460 vs. 173, HC vs. LC comparison) with few overlaps. The MP cows on the LC diet showed upregulation of the complement and coagulation cascade and innate immune defence mechanisms against pathogens and had a trend of more cases of mastitis and poorer fertility. In contrast, the PP cows on the HC diet showed greater immune responses based on both gene expression and phenotypic data and longer interval of calving to conception. The leukocytes of MP and PP cows therefore responded differentially to the diets between age, nutrient supply and immunity affecting their health and subsequent fertility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhangrui Cheng
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
- Correspondence:
| | - Danielle L. McLaughlin
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
| | - Mark W. Little
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Conrad Ferris
- Agri-Food and Biosciences Institute, Belfast BT9 5PX, UK
| | - Mazdak Salavati
- The Roslin Institute, Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, Easter Bush Campus, The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH25 9RG, UK
| | - Klaus L. Ingvartsen
- Department of Animal and Veterinary Science, Aarhus University, 8000 Tjele, Denmark
| | - Mark A. Crowe
- School of Veterinary Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, D04 V1W8 Dublin, Ireland
| | - D. Claire Wathes
- Department of Pathobiology and Population Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Hatfield AL9 7TA, UK
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Mastitis: Impact of Dry Period, Pathogens, and Immune Responses on Etiopathogenesis of Disease and its Association with Periparturient Diseases. DAIRY 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/dairy3040061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastitis is an inflammation of the mammary gland initiated by pathogenic bacteria. In fact, mastitis is the second most important reason for the culling of cows from dairy herds, after infertility. In this review we focus on various forms of mastitis, including subclinical and clinical mastitis. We also stress the importance of the dry-off period as an important time when pathogenic bacteria might start their insult to the mammary gland. An important part of the review is the negative effects of mastitis on milk production and composition, as well as economic consequences for dairy farms. The two most important groups of bacteria that are involved in infection of the udder, Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, are also discussed. Although all cows have both innate and adaptive immunity against most pathogens, some are more susceptible to the disease than others. That is why we summarize the most important components of innate and adaptive immunity so that the reader understands the specific immune responses of the udder to pathogenic bacteria. One of the most important sections of this review is interrelationship of mastitis with other diseases, especially retained placenta, metritis and endometritis, ketosis, and laminitis. Is mastitis the cause or the consequence of this disease? Finally, the review concludes with treatment and preventive approaches to mastitis.
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8
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Pinedo PJ, Manríquez D, Ciarletta C, Azocar J, De Vries A. Association between body condition score fluctuations and pregnancy loss in Holstein cows. J Anim Sci 2022; 100:skac266. [PMID: 35973819 PMCID: PMC9584153 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skac266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 08/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to characterize the associations between body condition score (BCS) and BCS change (∆BCS), determined by an automated camera system during early lactation and close to artificial insemination (AI), and the subsequent pregnancy loss (PL) in Holstein cows. A secondary objective was to determine the impact of disease on PL, considering multiple time periods relative to AI. Data from 9,430 lactations in 6,884 Holstein cows in a commercial dairy operation located in Colorado, USA were included in this retrospective observational study. Cows were subject to first AI at about 80 DIM (primiparous) and 60 DIM (multiparous), following a double OvSynch protocol. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed via transrectal ultrasonography on day 32 ± 3 after AI and reconfirmed on day 80 ± 3 after AI. Cameras mounted on the sorting gate at each exit (n = 2) of the milking parlor generated BCS on a five-point scale with 0.1 increments. The BCS at calving (BCS1), 21 DIM (BCS21), 56 DIM (BCS56), AI resulting in pregnancy (BCSAI), and 90 d post AI (BCSAI90) were selected for the analyses and subsequently categorized as low (≤ lower quartile), moderate (interquartile range), and high (≥ upper quartile). Changes in BCS were calculated by periods of interest as change from calving to 21 DIM; change from calving to 56 DIM; change from 56 DIM to AI; and change from AI to 90 d post AI and assigned into categories to facilitate the analysis. Data were examined using logistic regression, considering parity category, season at calving and AI, DIM at AI, milk yield up to 60 DIM, and occurrence of disease as covariables. The logistic regression analyses indicated that the odds of PL were greater in cows in the low BCS category relative to cows in the high BCS category at 56 DIM (OR 95% CI = 1.41 [1.12-1.79]), AI (1.31 [1.05-1.65]), and 90 d post AI (1.38 [1.10-1.74]). Likewise, cows with large loss in BCS between calving and 21 DIM (1.46 [1.10-1.94]) and loss in BCS between AI and 90 d post AI (1.44 [1.15-1.81]) had greater odds of PL compared with cows with no loss of BCS within the same period. Occurrence of disease at all the time periods considered in the analysis had a consistent detrimental impact on maintenance of the pregnancy, supporting the concept that pre and postconceptional disease affects embryonic survival. Overall, low BCS, more pronounced reductions in BCS occurring closer to AI, and occurrence of disease resulted in greater PL in this Holstein population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pablo J Pinedo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Diego Manríquez
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | - Cassandra Ciarletta
- Department of Animal Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
| | | | - Albert De Vries
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32611, USA
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Honerlagen H, Reyer H, Segelke D, Müller CBM, Prahl MC, Ponsuksili S, Trakooljul N, Reinsch N, Kuhla B, Wimmers K. Ruminal background of predisposed milk urea (MU) concentration in Holsteins. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:939711. [PMID: 36177471 PMCID: PMC9513179 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.939711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2022] [Accepted: 07/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Efforts to reduce nitrogen (N) emissions are currently based on the optimization of dietary- N supply at average herd N requirements. The implementation of the considerable individual differences and predispositions in N- use efficiency and N- excretion in breeding programs is hampered by the difficulty of data collection. Cow individual milk urea (MU) concentration has been proposed as an easy-to-measure surrogate trait, but recent studies questioned its predictive power. Therefore, a deeper understanding of the biological mechanisms underlying predisposed higher (HMUg) or lower (LMUg) MU concentration in dairy cows is needed. Considering the complex N- metabolism in ruminants, the distinction between HMUg and LMUg could be based on differences in (i) the rumen microbial community, (ii) the host-specific transcription processes in the rumen villi, and (iii) the host-microbe interaction in the rumen. Therefore, rumen fluid and rumen epithelial samples from 10 HMUg and 10 LMUg cows were analyzed by 16S sequencing and HiSeq sequencing. In addition, the effect of dietary-N reduction on ruminal shifts was investigated in a second step. In total, 10 differentially abundant genera (DAG) were identified between HMUg and LMUg cows, elucidating greater abundances of ureolytic Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-002 and Ruminococcaceae_unclassified in LMUg animals and enhanced occurrences of Butyvibrio in HMUg cows. Differential expression analysis revealed genes of the bovine Major Histocompatibility Complex (BOLA genes) as well as MX1, ISG15, and PRSS2 displaying candidates of MU predisposition that further attributed to enhanced immune system activities in LMUg cows. A number of significant correlations between microbial genera and host transcript abundances were uncovered, including strikingly positive correlations of BOLA-DRA transcripts with Roseburia and Lachnospiraceae family abundances that might constitute particularly prominent microbial-host interplays of MU predisposition. The reduction of feed-N was followed by 18 DAG in HMUg and 19 DAG in LMUg, depicting pronounced interest on Shuttleworthia, which displayed controversial adaption in HMUg and LMUg cows. Lowering feed-N further elicited massive downregulation of immune response and energy metabolism pathways in LMUg. Considering breeding selection strategies, this study attributed information content to MU about predisposed ruminal N-utilization in Holstein-Friesians.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hanne Honerlagen
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Henry Reyer
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Dierck Segelke
- IT-Solutions for Animal Production, Vereinigte Informationssysteme Tierhaltung w.V. (vit), Verden, Germany
| | - Carolin Beatrix Maria Müller
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Marie Christin Prahl
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Siriluck Ponsuksili
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Nares Trakooljul
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Norbert Reinsch
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genetics and Biometry, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Björn Kuhla
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Nutritional Physiology “Oskar Kellner”, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - Klaus Wimmers
- Research Institute for Farm Animal Biology (FBN), Institute of Genome Biology, Dummerstorf, Germany
- Faculty of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, University of Rostock, Rostock, Germany
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SUGIYAMA M, WATANABE M, SONOBE T, KIBE R, KOYAMA S, KATAOKA Y. Efficacy of antimicrobial therapy for bovine acute <i>Klebsiella pneumoniae </i>mastitis. J Vet Med Sci 2022; 84:1023-1028. [PMID: 35675974 PMCID: PMC9353081 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.21-0617] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this retrospective study was to assess the efficacy of antimicrobial therapy for bovine acute Klebsiella pneumoniae mastitis. We evaluated data from cattle
in Ehime, Japan, with naturally occurring acute mastitis due to K. pneumoniae (n=208) or Escherichia coli (n=201). Survival was significantly shorter in
cattle with acute K. pneumoniae mastitis (median, 76 days) compared with the disease caused by E. coli (median 464 days). In 2004–2008, because both species
were highly susceptible to cefazolin, cases of K. pneumoniae and E. coli mastitis were treated solely with cefazolin, yielding clinical cure rates of 52.8%
for K. pneumoniae and 86.0% for E. coli. However, since 2009, the efficacy of treatment of K. pneumoniae mastitis with cefazolin alone has
decreased. When cefazolin administered on the first disease day led to clinical improvement, treatment with cefazolin was continued. However, when cefazolin administered on the first disease
day failed to yield clinical improvement, the antibiotic was switched to a fluoroquinolone on the second day, resulting in cure rates of 76.7% for K. pneumoniae and 80.0%
for E. coli. These findings suggest that, when the first-line drug (e.g., cefazolin) is ineffective, promptly changing to a second-line drug (e.g., a fluoroquinolone)
increases the cure rate for bovine K. pneumoniae mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Ryoko KIBE
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Shuichi KOYAMA
- Department of Internal Medicine, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
| | - Yasushi KATAOKA
- Department of Veterinary Microbiology, Nippon Veterinary and Life Science University
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11
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Garcia-Pintos C, Riet-Correa F, Menchaca A. Effect of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccine on Pregnancy Failure in Beef Cows. Front Vet Sci 2021; 8:761304. [PMID: 34869734 PMCID: PMC8633299 DOI: 10.3389/fvets.2021.761304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
This study evaluates whether the foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) vaccination increases pregnancy failures in Bos taurus beef cows. A total of 3,379 cows were assigned to two experimental groups to receive (n = 1,722) or not receive (n = 1,657) a FMD vaccine (commercial preparation containing FMD virus, O1 Campos and A24 Cruzeiro) at different gestational age. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed by ultrasonography at vaccination time (Day 0), and the cows were classified by days of pregnancy as follows: (a) <29 days after mating (presumed pregnant cows, n = 778), (b) between 30 and 44 days of pregnancy (n = 1,100), (c) 45 and 59 days of pregnancy (n = 553), and (d) between 60 and 90 days of pregnancy (n = 948). Pregnancy failure was determined 30 days after vaccination by a second ultrasound examination. Cows that were vaccinated within 29 days after mating had a 7.8% greater pregnancy failure rate than non-vaccinated cows (44.1%, 163/370 vs. 36.3%, 148/408, respectively; P <0.05). Cows vaccinated between 30 and 44 days of gestation had a pregnancy failure rate greater than non-vaccinated cows (4.9%, 28/576 vs. 2.5%, 13/524, respectively; P <0.05). When cows received the vaccine between days 45 and 90 of gestation no differences in pregnancy failure were observed (0.8%, 6/776 vs. 1.2%, 9/725, respectively; P = NS). Body temperature and local adverse reactions to vaccine inoculation were recorded in a subset of 152 multiparous cows. Hyperthermia (>39.5°C) was detected on Day 1 or 2 in 28.0% (21/75) of vaccinated vs. 7.8% (6/77) of non-vaccinated cows (P <0.01). Local adverse reaction to the FMD vaccine inoculation increased from 0.0% (0/75) on Day 0, to 15.7% (11/75) on Day 4, and 38.7% (29/75) on Day 10 (P <0.01). On Day 30 local reaction was detected in 10.5% (34/323) and fell to 2.2% on Day 60 (7/323) post vaccination (P <0.01). In conclusion, FMD vaccine increases pregnancy failure when it is administered before 45 days of gestation, an effect that was associated with hyperthermia and local adverse reaction. No effect on pregnancy failure was found when vaccination was performed after 45 days of gestation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camila Garcia-Pintos
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Montevideo, Uruguay
| | - Franklin Riet-Correa
- Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Programa de Pós-graduação em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos, Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, Brazil
| | - Alejo Menchaca
- Instituto de Reproducción Animal Uruguay, Fundación IRAUy, Montevideo, Uruguay.,Plataforma de Salud Animal, Instituto Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Montevideo, Uruguay
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12
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Factors influencing embryo quantity and quality in donor cows from Latvian Blue, Latvian Brown, and Danish Red breeds at risk in Latvia. Livest Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.livsci.2021.104739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Increased Ruminoreticular Temperature and Body Activity after Foot-and-Mouth Vaccination in Pregnant Hanwoo ( Bos taurus coreanae) Cows. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9111227. [PMID: 34835159 PMCID: PMC8624786 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9111227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 10/16/2021] [Accepted: 10/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
How does vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) affect pregnant cows? Vaccination is the most effective method of preventing the spread of FMD, but it is linked to sporadic side effects, such as abortion and premature birth, which result in economic loss. In this study, ruminoreticular temperature and body activity were measured before and after FMD vaccination using a ruminoreticular biocapsule sensor in Hanwoo cows at different stages of pregnancy. Compared to the unvaccinated groups, the ruminoreticular temperature increased 12 h after vaccination in the vaccinated groups. This increase in temperature is significantly correlated to vaccination. Compared to the nonpregnant and early pregnancy groups, the ruminoreticular temperature of the late pregnancy group increased sharply by more than 40 °C. Moreover, in nonpregnant and early pregnancy groups, a rapid increase in body activity was observed after FMD vaccinations. Of the 73 pregnant vaccinated cows in the study, a total of five cases had side effects (four abortions and one premature birth). Therefore, changes in the ruminoreticular temperature and activity in pregnant cows can be used as raw data to further clarify the association of FMD vaccination with the loss of a fetus and possibly predict abortion, miscarriage, and premature birth following FMD vaccination.
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14
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Ranasinghe RMSBK, Deshapriya RMC, Abeygunawardana DI, Rahularaj R, Dematawewa CMB. Subclinical mastitis in dairy cows in major milk-producing areas of Sri Lanka: Prevalence, associated risk factors, and effects on reproduction. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:12900-12911. [PMID: 34482972 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2021-20223] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Compared with clinical mastitis, the subclinical form of mastitis (SCM) is more common and thought to cause more economic losses to the dairy industry. The current study aimed to investigate the prevalence, risk factors of SCM, and effects on reproduction of dairy cows in major milk-producing areas of Sri Lanka. A total of 1,357 cows of selected farms in 3 regions were examined in the study. California Mastitis Test was conducted for individual cows, and a score of 2 or more for any quarter without any clinical symptoms and abnormalities in milk was considered as positive for SCM. Samples from infected animals were collected and subjected to bacteriological analysis. A pretested questionnaire was used to collect data on individual cows and herds. Risk factors associated with SCM were analyzed using binary logistic regression in generalized linear mixed models. The effect of SCM on calving to conception interval and days from calving to artificial insemination were analyzed by survival analysis using Cox's proportional hazards regression and Kaplan-Meier survival function estimates, respectively. A Poisson regression model was run to determine the effect of SCM on number of artificial inseminations per conception. The prevalence of SCM was 57.5, 11.8, and 45.5% in the regions A, B, and C, respectively. The most common pathogen was Staphylococcus aureus, with 87.1, 56.5, and 92.3% in the regions A, B, and C, respectively. Logistic regression analysis showed that parity, farming system, milking area, region, and herd significantly affect the prevalence of SCM. Subclinical mastitis during the pre-breeding period was associated with 14% increase in the chance of having a greater number of artificial inseminations per conception. Likewise, median days from calving to artificial insemination was longer in cows with SCM compared with normal cows (79 and 64 d, respectively). Therefore, SCM affected the inseminated proportion of studied cows. However, SCM was not associated with the calving to conception interval. The results revealed that the cow factors and milk hygiene play a significant role in the prevalence of SCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- R M S B K Ranasinghe
- Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka.
| | - R M C Deshapriya
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - D I Abeygunawardana
- Department of Livestock and Avian Sciences, Faculty of Livestock, Fisheries and Nutrition, Wayamba University of Sri Lanka, Makandura, Gonawila (NWP), 60170, Sri Lanka
| | - R Rahularaj
- Postgraduate Institute of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - C M B Dematawewa
- Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, 20400, Sri Lanka
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15
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Solano-Suárez G, Caixeta LS, Masic A, Manríquez D, Hatamoto-Zervoudakis L, Paudyal S, Velasquez-Munoz A, Velez J, Pinedo PJ. Effect of peripartal administration of mycobacterium cell wall fraction on health and fertility of Holstein cows under organic-certified management. J Anim Sci 2021; 99:6360969. [PMID: 34468760 DOI: 10.1093/jas/skab191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of peripartal administration of a commercially available nonspecific immune stimulant (mycobacterium cell wall fraction; MCWF [Amplimune, NovaVive Inc., Napanee, ON, Canada]) on the incidence of disease during early lactation and subsequent fertility of dairy cows. A second objective was to characterize the dynamics of circulating white blood cells (WBC) and metabolic markers following treatment administration. Cows in an United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) organic-certified dairy herd were blocked by parity and, based on sequential calving dates, randomly assigned to receive two injections (5 mL s.c.) of either a placebo (saline solution) as a control (CON; n = 71) or MCWF (n = 65) at enrollment (7 d before expected calving) and within 24 h after calving. Blood samples were collected from a subsample of the study population (MCWF = 16; CON = 18) for WBC count at enrollment, at day 2 post enrollment, and at days 1, 3, 7, and 14 after calving. Serum fatty acids, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and Ca concentrations were determined at days 1 and 7 postpartum (MCWF = 21; CON = 21). Main outcome variables included incidence risk of peripartal and early lactation health disorders and pregnancy at first artificial insemination (AI), at 100, and at 150 days in milk (DIM). In addition, the average daily milk yield up to 90 DIM and death and live culling before 305 DIM were compared. Treatment effects were assessed using multivariable logistic regression, time-to-event analyses, and repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). A treatment effect on the incidence risk of some of the health disorders in the study was established. Incidence risk of metritis and clinical mastitis <28 DIM was smaller in MCWF than in CON cows (36.9% vs. 50.7% and 6.3% vs. 19.7%, respectively). On the contrary, the incidence risk of respiratory disease <28 DIM was smaller in CON (0%) than in MCWF (7.7%). Reproductive performance of multiparous cows was affected by MCWF administration: pregnancy at first AI and pregnancy at 100 and 150 DIM were greater in MCWF than in CON (35.6% vs. 19.2%; 51.1% vs. 25.0%; and 64.4% vs. 40.4%, respectively). Overall, median intervals from calving to pregnancy were 90 vs. 121 d in MCWF and CON cows, respectively. No treatment effects on the dynamics of circulating WBC or in postpartum metabolic status were established. No differences for milk yield or for the proportion of cows that survived up to 305 DIM were determined, although cows in MCWF left the herd earlier than cows in CON. In conclusion, incidence risks of metritis and mastitis in early lactation were smaller in cows receiving MCWF, whereas the incidence risk of respiratory disease was smaller in CON. Fertility significantly improved in MCWF compared with CON cows. As this study was performed in an organic-certified dairy, specific health and reproductive management practices may affect the external validity of the current findings.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gilberto Solano-Suárez
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Luciano S Caixeta
- Department of Veterinary Population Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Minnesota, St Paul, MN 55108, USA
| | | | - Diego Manríquez
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Luciana Hatamoto-Zervoudakis
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Sushil Paudyal
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Ana Velasquez-Munoz
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
| | - Juan Velez
- Aurora Organic Farms, Platteville, CO 80651, USA
| | - Pablo J Pinedo
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agricultural Sciences, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 80521, USA
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16
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Wang N, Zhou C, Basang W, Zhu Y, Wang X, Li C, Chen L, Zhou X. Mechanisms by which mastitis affects reproduction in dairy cow: A review. Reprod Domest Anim 2021; 56:1165-1175. [PMID: 34008236 DOI: 10.1111/rda.13953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 05/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Reproductive performance is a key factor in determining the profitability of dairy farm, which is affected by many factors such as environment and diseases. Mastitis is a common and important disease, which has caused huge economic losses to the dairy industries worldwide. Mammary gland infection causes immune responses, resulting in the abnormal secretion of cytokines and hormones and abnormal function of the reproductive system such as the ovary, corpus luteum, uterus and embryo. Cows with mastitis have delayed oestrus, decreased pregnancy rate and increased risk of abortion. The adverse effects of mastitis on reproductive performance are affected by many factors, such as occurrence time, pathogen and cow factors. This paper primarily reviews the progress in the effects and mechanisms of mastitis on reproductive performance, with emphasis on maternal transcriptome, genomic analysis, epigenetic modification, microbiota, inflammatory regulation and immune evasion mechanism of mastitis, aiming to provide directions for the prevention and control of mastitis in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nan Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Changhai Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Wangdui Basang
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa Tibet, China
| | - Yanbin Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Hulless Barley and Yak Germplasm Resources and Genetic Improvement, Lhasa Tibet, China
| | - Xin Wang
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Chunjin Li
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Lu Chen
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
| | - Xu Zhou
- College of Animal Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, Jilin, China
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17
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Effect of Foot-and-Mouth Disease Vaccination on Acute Phase Immune Response and Anovulation in Hanwoo ( Bos taurus coreanae). Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9050419. [PMID: 33922252 PMCID: PMC8145626 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9050419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease is the most common method for preventing the spread of the disease; the negative effects include miscarriage, early embryo death, lower milk production, and decreased growth of fattening cattle. Therefore, in this study, we analyze the side effects of vaccination by determining the acute immune response and ovulation rate after vaccinating cows for foot-and-mouth disease. The test axis was synchronized with ovulation using 100 Hanwoo (Bos taurus coreanae) cows from the Gyeongsangbuk-do Livestock Research Institute; only individuals with estrus confirmed by ovarian ultrasound were used for the test. All test axes were artificially inseminated 21 days after the previous estrus date. The control group was administered 0.9% normal saline, the negative control was injected intramuscularly with lipopolysaccharide (LPS; 0.5 µg/kg), and the test group was administered a foot-and-mouth disease virus vaccine (FMDV vaccine; bioaftogen, O and A serotypes, inactivated vaccine) 2, 9, and 16 days before artificial insemination. White blood cells and neutrophils increased significantly 1 day after vaccination, and body temperature in the rumen increased for 16 h after vaccination. Ovulation was detected 1 day after artificial fertilization by ovarian ultrasound. The ovulation rates were as follows: control 89%, LPS 60%, FMDV vaccine (-2 d) 50%, FMDV vaccine (-9 d) 75%, and FMDV vaccine (-16 d) 75%. In particular, the FMDV vaccine (-2 d) test group confirmed that ovulation was delayed for 4 days after artificial insemination. In addition, it was confirmed that it took 9 days after inoculation for the plasma contents of haptoglobin and serum amyloid A to recover to the normal range as the main acute immune response factors. The conception rate of the FMDV vaccine (-2 d) group was 20%, which was significantly lower than that of the other test groups.
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18
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Tomazi T, Tomazi ACCH, Silva JCC, Bringhenti L, Bravo MLMC, Rodrigues MX, Bicalho RC. Immunization with a novel recombinant protein (YidR) reduced the risk of clinical mastitis caused by Klebsiella spp. and decreased milk losses and culling risk after Escherichia coli infections. J Dairy Sci 2021; 104:4787-4802. [PMID: 33612238 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 11/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the protective efficacy of a novel recombinant subunit vaccine containing the protein YidR (rYidR) against clinical mastitis (CM) caused by Klebsiella spp. and Escherichia coli. Given that E. coli infection is known to cause metritis, we also evaluated the effect of rYidR vaccination on the incidence of metritis and conception at the first artificial insemination. Retained placenta and abortion incidence, milk production and composition, and serological responses to specific antigens were also evaluated. In total, 3,107 cows were blocked by parity and randomly allocated into 1 of 3 treatment groups: experimental recombinant subunit vaccine containing the YidR protein (rYidR); commercial vaccine composed of Klebsiella pneumoniae siderophore receptors and porin protein (Kleb-SRP; KlebVax, Epitopix, Willmar, MN); and sterile water adjuvanted with aluminum hydroxide (20%; placebo). Vaccinations were performed at the dry-off for cows, and at 223 ± 3 d of pregnancy for pre-fresh heifers. A second administration was given at 21 ± 3 d after the first injection. Vaccination with rYidR significantly reduced the incidence of CM caused by Klebsiella spp. (3.2%) when compared with the placebo (5.1%) group. No difference was observed on risk of Klebsiella CM between Kleb-SRP (5.9%) and placebo groups. Cows in the rYidR group that experienced E. coli CM had a lower risk of death or culling (12.5%) compared with the Kleb-SRP (27.6%) and placebo groups (27.8%). Furthermore, among cows that developed E. coli CM, rYidR-immunized cows produced more milk than did cows in the placebo and Kleb-SRP groups. Regardless of CM occurrence, rYidR-immunized cows tended to have higher milk production up to the eighth month of lactation than cows in the other groups. No significant effect of treatment was observed on the overall incidence of abortion and metritis; however, the risk of retained placenta tended to be lower for the rYidR group (4.7%) compared with the placebo group (6.7%). In addition, primiparous cows in the rYidR group had the highest conception risk at the first artificial insemination (48.3%) compared with the placebo (39.5%) group, and no significant difference was observed when the Kleb-SRP (40.1%) group was compared with the placebo group. Generally, higher antibody serum titers (IgM and IgG) were observed for the immunized groups compared with the placebo. In conclusion, the rYidR vaccine reduced the risk of CM caused by Klebsiella spp. and the mortality or culling of cows with E. coli infections. Other benefits of the novel vaccine include maintenance of milk production after CM caused by E. coli, and higher conception risk at the first service in primiparous cows compared with cows in the placebo and Kleb-SRP groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - A C C H Tomazi
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - J C C Silva
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - L Bringhenti
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - M L M C Bravo
- Departamento de Agroindústria, Alimentos e Nutrição, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Piracicaba, Sao Paulo, Brazil 13418-900; Escuela Ingeniería Agroindustrial, Faculdad Ciencias Agrarias, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Chota, Chota, Cajamarca, Peru 06121
| | - M X Rodrigues
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401
| | - R C Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Diagnostic Sciences, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY 14853-6401.
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19
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Schabmeyer ST, Kneidl AM, Schneider JK, Kirsch S, Zablotski Y, Petzl W, Weber F, Zerbe H, Meyerholz MM. Concentration-Dependent Type 1 Interferon-Induced Regulation of MX1 and FABP3 in Bovine Endometrial Explants. Animals (Basel) 2021; 11:262. [PMID: 33494350 PMCID: PMC7912598 DOI: 10.3390/ani11020262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
The inadequate maternal recognition of embryonic interferon τ (IFNτ) might explain subfertility in cattle. This study aimed at modeling the inducibility of type 1 interferon receptor subunits 1/2 (IFNAR1/2), mimicking competition between IFNτ and infection-associated interferon α (IFNα), and simulating type 1 interferon pathways in vitro. Endometrial explants (n = 728 from n = 26 healthy uteri) were collected at the abattoir, challenged with IFNτ and/or IFNα in different concentrations, and incubated for 24 h. Gene expression analysis confirmed the inducibility of IFNAR1/2 within this model, it being most prominent in IFNAR2 with 10 ng/mL IFNα (p = 0.001). The upregulation of interferon-induced GTP-binding protein (MX1, classical pathway) was higher in explants treated with 300 ng/mL compared to 10 ng/mL IFNτ (p < 0.0001), whereas the non‑classical candidate fatty acid binding protein 3 (FABP3) exhibited significant downregulation comparing 300 ng/mL to 10 ng/mL IFNτ. The comparison of explants challenged with IFNτ + IFNα indicated the competition of IFNτ and IFNα downstream of the regulatory factors. In conclusion, using this well-defined explant model, interactions between infection-associated signals and IFNτ were indicated. This model can be applied to verify these findings and to mimic and explore the embryo-maternal contact zone in more detail.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Marie Margarete Meyerholz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory and Herd Health Services, Centre for Clinical Veterinary Medicine Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, 85764 Oberschleissheim, Germany; (S.T.S.); (A.M.K.); (J.K.S.); (S.K.); (Y.Z.); (W.P.); (F.W.); (H.Z.)
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20
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Samardžija M, Lojkić M, Maćešić N, Valpotić H, Butković I, Šavorić J, Žura Žaja I, Leiner D, Đuričić D, Marković F, Kočila P, Vidas Z, Gerenčer M, Kaštelan A, Milovanović A, Lazarević M, Rukavina D, Valpotić I. Reproductive immunology in viviparous mammals: evolutionary paradox of interactions among immune mechanisms and autologous or allogeneic gametes and semiallogeneic foetuses. Vet Q 2020; 40:353-383. [PMID: 33198593 PMCID: PMC7755402 DOI: 10.1080/01652176.2020.1852336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2020] [Revised: 11/12/2020] [Accepted: 11/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Literally, reproductive immunology was born in bovine on-farm reproduction where seminal experiments intended for developing methods for embryo transfer in cattle were performed. Actually, these experiments led to two of major concepts and fundamental principles of reproductive immunology using the bovine species as a model for biomedical research, namely the concept of acquired immunological tolerance and the paradox of the semiallogeneic bovine foetus whereby such organism can develop within an immunologically competent host. Peter Medawar, a scientist who together with Frank Macfarlande Burnet shared the 1960 Nobel Prize in physiology or medicine for discovery of acquired immunological tolerance, while studying dizygotic cattle twins, thereby giving birth to reproductive immunology. Also, these findings significantly influenced development of organ transplants and showed that using farm animals as models for studying transplantation immunology had general relevance for mammalian biology and health including those of humans. However, the interest for further research of the fascinating maternal immune influences on pregnancy and perinatal outcomes and of the prevention and treatment of immunologically mediated reproductive disorders in viviparous mammals of veterinary relevance by veterinary immunologists and reproductive clinicians have been very scarce regarding the application of nonspecific immunomodulatory agents for prevention and treatment of subfertility and infertility in pigs and cattle, but still broadening knowledge in this area and hold great potential for improving such therapy in the future. The aim of the current overview is to provide up-to-date information and explaining/translating relevant immunology phenomena into veterinary practice for specialists and scientists/clinicians in reproduction of animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. Samardžija
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Reproduction of Animals, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - M. Lojkić
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Reproduction of Animals, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - N. Maćešić
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Reproduction of Animals, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - H. Valpotić
- Department for Animal Nutrition and Dietetics, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I. Butković
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Reproduction of Animals, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - J. Šavorić
- Clinic for Obstetrics and Reproduction of Animals, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - I. Žura Žaja
- Department for Physiology and Radiobiology, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - D. Leiner
- Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embriology, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | | | | | - P. Kočila
- Animal Feed Factory, Čakovec, Croatia
| | - Z. Vidas
- Faculty of Medicine, Department of Urology, Josip Juraj Strossmayer University of Osijek, Osijek, Croatia
| | - M. Gerenčer
- Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - A. Kaštelan
- Department of Reproduction, Veterinary Scientific Institute, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - A. Milovanović
- Department for Physiology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - M. Lazarević
- Department of Cellular Immunology, Baxter Hyland Immuno, Vienna, Austria
| | - D. Rukavina
- Department of Reproduction, Veterinary Scientific Institute, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - I. Valpotić
- Department of Biology, Veterinary Faculty University of Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
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21
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Protective Effect of Hydroxytyrosol on LPS-Induced Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Bovine Endometrial Epithelial Cell Line. Vet Sci 2020; 7:vetsci7040161. [PMID: 33114084 PMCID: PMC7712648 DOI: 10.3390/vetsci7040161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 10/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine endometritis is a serious pathogen-induced infectious disease that affects the physiological processes of estrus, pregnancy and the postpartum condition. The inflamed endometrium responds by activating an inflammatory intracellular signaling cascade that leads to increased expression of proinflammatory cytokines and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oxidative stress is closely related to several pathological conditions in perinatal dairy cows and play a key role in tissue damage. Hydroxytyrosol (HT), a natural phenolic alcohol with a strong antioxidant activity, displayed a wide range of biological effect. The aim of this study was to evaluate the protective effects of HT in an in vitro model of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced inflammation in bovine uterine endometrial cells. Our results showed that HT had a significant protective effect in LPS-induced inflammation and oxidative stress. HT was also able to increase the capacity of endogenous antioxidant systems through the up-regulation of the NRF2 pathway. Furthermore, HT restored the tight junction protein expressions. In conclusion, our results showed the protective effects of HT in LPS-stimulated BEND cells. Therefore, the results of this study suggest an important protective role of HT in the treatment and prevention of uterine pathologies in dairy cows.
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22
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Edelhoff INF, Pereira MHC, Bromfield JJ, Vasconcelos JLM, Santos JEP. Inflammatory diseases in dairy cows: Risk factors and associations with pregnancy after embryo transfer. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:11970-11987. [PMID: 33010915 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2020-19070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2020] [Accepted: 07/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The objectives of the present prospective cohort study were to identify risk factors for inflammatory diseases in Holstein-Gyr crossbred dairy cows and characterize the associations of those diseases with pregnancy per embryo transfer (ET). Diseases were diagnosed in the first 60 d postpartum in 252 primiparous and 481 multiparous cows. Uterine diseases (UTD) included retained placenta, metritis, clinical endometritis, and subclinical endometritis. Nonuterine diseases (NUTD) included mastitis, lameness, pneumonia, and displaced abomasum. Blood was sampled on d 0, 1, and 2 postpartum and analyzed for concentrations of haptoglobin, fatty acids, total Ca (tCa), P, and Mg, and again on d 8 postpartum and analyzed for concentration of β-hydroxybutyrate. The association between concentrations of metabolites in serum and inflammatory diseases was determined. Cows received a timed ET program starting 28 ± 3 d postpartum with first ET at 46 ± 3 d postpartum using fresh in vitro-produced embryos. Pregnancy was diagnosed on d 31 and 59 of presumptive gestation. Overall, 63.3% of the cows were diagnosed with UTD and 20.6% with NUTD. The risk factors for UTD included season of calving, parity group, calving problems, days with subclinical hypocalcemia, and serum concentrations of haptoglobin and Mg, whereas the risk factors for NUTD were parity group and serum Mg concentration. Cows that developed UTD had increased concentrations of haptoglobin on d 2 and fatty acids on d 1 and 2, and reduced concentrations of tCa on d 1 and 2 and of P and Mg on d 2 postpartum compared with cows without UTD. Cows that developed NUTD had increased concentrations of fatty acids on d 0 to 2 postpartum, and decreased concentrations of tCa and P on d 0 and 1, and of Mg on d 1 and 2 postpartum compared with cows without NUTD. Cows that developed NUTD had a 340-kg reduction in milk yield in the first 60 d postpartum. Inflammatory diseases were associated with lesser body condition score and increased loss of body condition in the first 70 d postpartum. Maintenance of pregnancy after ET was reduced in UTD cows following the first (41.7 vs. 25.4%) or all ET (46.4 vs. 36.2%), whereas maintenance of pregnancy was reduced in NUTD cows only at the second ET (39.0 vs 25.9%). The reduced pregnancy maintenance in UTD cows combined with a reduced 21-d service rate (61.9 vs. 54.8%) decreased the 21-d cycle pregnancy rate (28.6 vs. 19.9%) and the hazard of pregnancy to 300 d postpartum by 35%, resulting in an extra 32 d open. In conclusion, inflammatory diseases depressed fertility in dairy cows receiving ET, with the greatest impact observed in UTD cows. This suggests that local inflammation of the uterus impairs maintenance of pregnancy in dairy cows following ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- I N F Edelhoff
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil 18168
| | - M H C Pereira
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil 18168
| | - J J Bromfield
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611
| | - J L M Vasconcelos
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, Brazil 18168
| | - J E P Santos
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611; DH Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611.
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23
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Rocha CC, da Silva Andrade SC, de Melo GD, Motta IG, Coutinho LL, Gonella-Diaza AM, Binelli M, Pugliesi G. Early pregnancy-induced transcripts in peripheral blood immune cells in Bos indicus heifers. Sci Rep 2020; 10:13733. [PMID: 32792605 PMCID: PMC7426272 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-70616-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2020] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Immune cells play a central role in early pregnancy establishment in cattle. We aimed to: (1) discover novel early-pregnancy-induced genes in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC); and (2) characterize the temporal pattern of early-pregnancy-induced transcription of select genes in PBMC and peripheral blood polymorphonuclear cells (PMN). Beef heifers were artificially inseminated on D0 and pregnancies were diagnosed on D28. On D10, 14, 16, 18, and 20, blood was collected for isolation of PBMC and PMN from heifers that were retrospectively classified as pregnant (P) or non-pregnant (NP). PBMC samples from D18 were submitted to RNAseq and 220 genes were differentially expressed between pregnant (P) and non-pregnant (NP) heifers. The temporal abundance of 20 transcripts was compared between P and NP, both in PBMC and PMN. In PBMC, pregnancy stimulated transcription of IFI6, RSAD2, IFI44, IFITM2, CLEC3B, OAS2, TNFSF13B, DMKN and LGALS3BP as early as D18. Expression of IFI44, RSAD2, OAS2, LGALS3BP, IFI6 and C1R in PMN was stimulated in the P group from D18. The novel early-pregnancy induced genes discovered in beef heifers will allow both the understanding of the role of immune cells during the pre-attachment period and the development of technologies to detect early pregnancies in beef cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Constantino Rocha
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Dalmaso de Melo
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Igor Garcia Motta
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Luiz Lehmann Coutinho
- Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology, School of Agriculture Luiz de Queiroz, University of São Paulo, Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Angela Maria Gonella-Diaza
- North Florida Research and Education Center, Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, Marianna, FL, USA
| | - Mario Binelli
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Guilherme Pugliesi
- Department of Animal Reproduction, School of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga, São Paulo, Brazil.
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24
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Effects of clinical mastitis and puerperal diseases on reproductive efficiency of dairy cows. Trop Anim Health Prod 2020; 52:3061-3068. [PMID: 32572855 DOI: 10.1007/s11250-020-02326-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Accepted: 06/12/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of clinical mastitis (CM) occurring before or after the first AI postpartum, and puerperal diseases (PD) on the pregnancy per artificial insemination (P/AI), number of AI/conception, and days open (DO) of two different dairy herds (Girolando and Holstein). The CM, PD (retained placenta and metritis), and reproductive data were collected from two dairy farms throughout 1 year. Both farms were located in the southern region of Minas Gerais State, Brazil. One herd was composed of Girolando cows and the other of Holstein cows. Cows were inseminated after estrus detection or submitted to timed AI. Only CM cases (clots in milk accompanied or not by udder inflammation) that occurred before or after first AI postpartum (from calving until 35 days after the first AI) were considered. There were no effects of CM, PD, or both diseases on the reproductive efficiency of the Girolando herd. In the Holstein herd, a reduce P/AI and prolonged DO were verified for those affected by ≥ 2 CM cases. Holstein cows with CM also required more inseminations to become pregnant. A decrease in the P/AI and an increase in the number of AI/conception and DO were observed in cows of the Holstein herd that developed only CM, only PD, and for those diagnosed with both diseases. In summary, considering that some management differences exist between the two dairy farms, CM occurrence (before or after the first AI postpartum) and puerperal diseases negatively affected the reproductive efficiency of the Holstein herd. However, these diseases did not compromise the reproductive efficiency of the Girolando herd.
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25
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Sire contribution to pregnancy loss in different periods of embryonic and fetal development of beef cows. Theriogenology 2020; 154:84-91. [PMID: 32535394 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2020] [Revised: 04/07/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of service sire on pregnancy results during different periods of embryonic and fetal development. Angus cows (n = 658) were timed artificially inseminated (TAI) on day 0 after synchronization of estrus using one of eight Angus sires. Estrus expression prior to TAI was evaluated using estrus breeding indicators. Blood samples were collected on days 0, 24 and 31 for quantification of circulating pregnancy-associated glycoprotein (PAG). Pregnancy was diagnosed at day 24 based on blood-based test, and on days 31 and 60 by transrectal ultrasonography to determine early embryonic mortality (EEM; between days 24 and 31) and late embryonic/early fetal mortality (LEM; between days 31 and 60). Sires were retrospectively classified according to the amount of pregnancy loss in each evaluated interval. Overall EEM was 5.54%, with values ranging from 1.8 to 11.7% among sires, whereas LEM was 6.7% with values ranging from 2.3 to 12.6% among sires. Individual sires had different phenotypes in regard to pregnancy loss during different developmental periods, indicating the importance of evaluating multiple milestones of embryonic development when classifying sire fertility. No difference (P ≥ 0.05) was observed in serum concentrations of PAG in cows bred with sires of different phenotypes. Pregnancy rate by sire was also influenced by estrus expression. Sires with a greater number of cows pregnant without estrus expression, had similar incidence of early (P = 0.71) but greater incidence of late embryonic mortality (P = 0.05). These results are significant to characterize sire contribution to pregnancy maintenance and establishment in beef cows and to serve as basis of studies to identify markers to improve sire fertility evaluation.
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26
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Dalanezi FM, Joaquim SF, Guimarães FF, Guerra ST, Lopes BC, Schmidt EMS, Cerri RLA, Langoni H. Influence of pathogens causing clinical mastitis on reproductive variables of dairy cows. J Dairy Sci 2020; 103:3648-3655. [PMID: 32089296 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In dairy cattle, mastitis is a disease of the mammary gland caused by pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, and algae. Mastitis causes economic losses to dairy farms as well as public health concerns. The reproductive efficiency of commercial dairy herds has important implications for the economic success of dairy operations and is strongly associated with the health status of cows. Mastitis has previously been linked with decreased fertility of dairy cows, but the effect of specific pathogens on the severity of fertility reduction is still unclear. In this study, cows diagnosed with mastitis caused by major pathogens (Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus agalactiae, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella spp., Mycoplasma spp., and environmental Streptococcus) needed more artificial inseminations (AI) than did cows with mastitis caused by minor pathogens (coagulase-negative Staphylococcus and Corynebacterium spp.) and healthy cows. Cows diagnosed with mastitis, independent of what pathogen was causing mastitis, had more days open compared with nonmastitic cows. The percentage of cows that successfully established pregnancy at first AI was greater for the control group than for the major pathogens group but not significantly different from the minor pathogens group. Pregnancy loss was lower in the control group than in the major pathogens group; however, there was no difference compared with the minor pathogen group. Mastitis caused by gram-negative bacteria decreased the percentage of pregnancy per first AI and increased days open and pregnancy loss compared with the control group. Cows with mastitis caused by gram-positive bacteria also had increased days open compared with control cows. This study shows that different mastitis-causing bacteria can affect the fertility of cows differently. Mastitis events caused by major pathogens and gram-negative bacteria were associated with the greatest decrease in reproductive efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- F M Dalanezi
- Faculty of Medicine Veterinary and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18168-681, Brazil
| | - S F Joaquim
- Faculty of Medicine Veterinary and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18168-681, Brazil
| | - F F Guimarães
- Faculty of Medicine Veterinary and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18168-681, Brazil
| | - S T Guerra
- Faculty of Medicine Veterinary and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18168-681, Brazil
| | - B C Lopes
- Faculty of Medicine Veterinary and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18168-681, Brazil
| | - E M S Schmidt
- Faculty of Medicine Veterinary and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Clinical Science, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18168-681, Brazil
| | - R L A Cerri
- Faculty of Land and Food Systems, Applied Animal Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - H Langoni
- Faculty of Medicine Veterinary and Animal Science, Department of Veterinary Hygiene and Public Health, São Paulo State University (UNESP), Botucatu, SP 18168-681, Brazil.
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27
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Rohmeier L, Petzl W, Koy M, Eickhoff T, Hülsebusch A, Jander S, Macias L, Heimes A, Engelmann S, Hoedemaker M, Seyfert HM, Kühn C, Schuberth HJ, Zerbe H, Meyerholz MM. In vivo model to study the impact of genetic variation on clinical outcome of mastitis in uniparous dairy cows. BMC Vet Res 2020; 16:33. [PMID: 32005239 PMCID: PMC6995066 DOI: 10.1186/s12917-020-2251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 01/20/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background In dairy herds, mastitis causes detrimental economic losses. Genetic selection offers a sustainable tool to select animals with reduced susceptibility towards postpartum diseases. Studying underlying mechanisms is important to assess the physiological processes that cause differences between selected haplotypes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to establish an in vivo infection model to study the impact of selecting for alternative paternal haplotypes in a particular genomic region on cattle chromosome 18 for mastitis susceptibility under defined conditions in uniparous dairy cows. Results At the start of pathogen challenge, no significant differences between the favorable (Q) and unfavorable (q) haplotypes were detected. Intramammary infection (IMI) with Staphylococcus aureus 1027 (S. aureus, n = 24, 96 h) or Escherichia coli 1303 (E. coli, n = 12, 24 h) was successfully induced in all uniparous cows. This finding was confirmed by clinical signs of mastitis and repeated recovery of the respective pathogen from milk samples of challenged quarters in each animal. After S. aureus challenge, Q-uniparous cows showed lower somatic cell counts 24 h and 36 h after challenge (P < 0.05), lower bacterial shedding in milk 12 h after challenge (P < 0.01) and a minor decrease in total milk yield 12 h and 24 h after challenge (P < 0.01) compared to q-uniparous cows. Conclusion An in vivo infection model to study the impact of genetic selection for mastitis susceptibility under defined conditions in uniparous dairy cows was successfully established and revealed significant differences between the two genetically selected haplotype groups. This result might explain their differences in susceptibility towards IMI. These clinical findings form the basis for further in-depth molecular analysis to clarify the underlying genetic mechanisms for mastitis resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Rohmeier
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory Clinic and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany.,Clinic for Swine, Small Ruminants, Forensic Medicine and Ambulatory Service, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - W Petzl
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory Clinic and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - M Koy
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany.,Clinic for Poultry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg, 17 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - T Eickhoff
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - A Hülsebusch
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - S Jander
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - L Macias
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory Clinic and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - A Heimes
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - S Engelmann
- Technical University Braunschweig, Institute for Microbiology, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany.,Helmholtz Center for Infection Research, Microbial Proteomics, Inhoffenstrasse 7, 38124, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - M Hoedemaker
- Clinic for Cattle, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bischofsholer Damm 15, 30173, Hannover, Germany
| | - H M Seyfert
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany
| | - C Kühn
- Leibniz Institute for Farm Animal Biology, Genome Biology, Wilhelm-Stahl-Allee 2, 18196, Dummerstorf, Germany.,Agricultural and Environmental Faculty, University Rostock, Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 6, 18059, Rostock, Germany
| | - H J Schuberth
- Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany
| | - H Zerbe
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory Clinic and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany
| | - M M Meyerholz
- Clinic for Ruminants with Ambulatory Clinic and Herd Health Services, Center for Clinical Veterinary Medicine, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Sonnenstrasse 16, 85764, Oberschleissheim, Germany. .,Immunology Unit, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover Foundation, Bünteweg 2, 30559, Hannover, Germany.
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28
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Combined effect of mastitis and parity on pregnancy loss in lactating Holstein cows. Theriogenology 2019; 143:57-63. [PMID: 31837631 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2019] [Revised: 12/04/2019] [Accepted: 12/06/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The main objective of this study was to examine the combined effect of mastitis and parity on pregnancy loss (PL) in lactating Holstein cows. A secondary objective was to estimate the cost of mastitis including that of PL attributable to mastitis. A total of 1,774 lactation periods from 1,047 Holstein cows with different parities from one dairy farm were included in a matched case-control study. All study cows were diagnosed pregnant by transrectal ultrasonography on day 33 after timed artificial insemination (TAI). Case cows (n = 222 lactations) were those later diagnosed non-pregnant by transrectal palpation on day 47 or 75 after TAI. Control cows (n = 1,552 lactations) were those confirmed pregnant by transrectal palpation on day 75 after TAI. Case cows were matched with eligible controls according to year of calving and calving-to-conception interval (CCI) ± 3 days. Cows with different parities were classified as exposed to subclinical mastitis (somatic cell score (SCS) > 4.5 in at least one Dairy Herd Improvement Association (DHIA) test day) or clinical mastitis (with or without evidence of subclinical mastitis) during two exposure periods: 1-42 days before breeding or 1-75 days during gestation (1 to PL diagnosis day in case cows, or 1-75 day in control cows). Conditional logistic regression was used to model the odds of PL as a function of previous exposure to mastitis in different parities. Cost of PL attributable to mastitis ($/case) among cows with mastitis was estimated based on attributable risk calculated in the epidemiologic analysis. We observed a higher than expected combined effect between exposure to mastitis (subclinical or clinical) before breeding and parity 3 or ≥ 4, and during gestation and parity ≥ 4 on PL. The cost of PL attributable to mastitis was highest ($196/case) in cows in parity ≥ 4 affected with clinical mastitis during gestation. Overall, study results indicate the impact of mastitis on PL is higher in older cows (parity ≥ 3). Dairy farmers and attending veterinarians can consider the combined effect of mastitis and parity when evaluating causes for PL and strategies for optimizing reproductive performance in dairy cows.
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29
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Lucy MC. Stress, strain, and pregnancy outcome in postpartum cows. Anim Reprod 2019; 16:455-464. [PMID: 32435289 PMCID: PMC7234163 DOI: 10.21451/1984-3143-ar2019-0063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2019] [Accepted: 07/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress affects the productivity and fertility of cattle. Stress causes strain and individual animals experience different amounts of strain in response to the same amount of stress. The amount of strain determines the impact of stress on fertility. Typical stresses experienced by cattle include environmental, disease, production, nutritional, and psychological. The effect of stress on the reproductive system is mediated by body temperature (heat stress), energy metabolites and metabolic hormones (production and nutritional stresses), the functionality of the hypothalamus-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis and (or) the activation of the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis. The strain that occurs in response to stress affects uterine health, oocyte quality, ovarian function, and the developmental capacity of the conceptus. Cows that have less strain in response to a given stress will be more fertile. The goal for future management and genetic selection in farm animals is to reduce production stress, manage the remaining strain, and genetically select cattle with minimal strain in response to stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew C. Lucy
- Division of Animal Sciences, University of Missouri, Animal Science Research Center, Columbia, MO, USA.
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30
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Roth Z, Dvir A, Furman O, Lavon Y, Kalo D, Leitner G, Wolfenson D. Oocyte maturation in plasma or follicular fluid obtained from lipopolysaccharide-treated cows disrupts its developmental competence. Theriogenology 2019; 141:120-127. [PMID: 31536861 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.09.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2019] [Revised: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 09/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Mastitis has deleterious effects on ovarian function and reproductive performance. We studied the association between plasma or follicular fluid (FF) obtained from endotoxin-induced mastitic cows, and oocyte developmental competence. Lactating Holstein cows were synchronized using the Ovsynch protocol. On Day 6 of the synchronized cycle, an additional PGF2α dose was administered, and either Escherichia coli endotoxin (LPS, 10 μg; n = 3 cows) or saline (n = 3 cows) was administered to one udder quarter per cow, 36 h later. Milk samples were collected and rectal temperatures recorded. Cows treated with LPS showed a typical transient increase in body temperature (40.3 °C ± 0.4), whereas cows treated with saline maintained normal body temperature (38.9 °C ± 0.04). A higher (P < 0.05) somatic cell count was recorded for cows treated with LPS. Plasma samples were collected and FF was aspirated from the preovulatory follicles by transvaginal ultrasound probe, 6 h after LPS administration. Radioimmunoassay was performed on plasma samples to determine estradiol and cortisol concentrations. Either FF or plasma was further used as maturation medium. In the first experiment, oocytes were matured in TCM-199 (Control) or in FF aspirated from cows treated with saline (FF-Saline) or LPS (FF-LPS). Cleavage rate to the 2- to 4-cell stage embryo did not differ among groups. However, the proportion of developed blastocysts on Day 7 postfertilization in the FF-LPS group tended to be lower for that in FF-Saline and was lower (P < 0.05) than that in the Control groups (10.6 vs. 22.4 and 24.4%, respectively). In the second experiment, oocytes were matured in TCM-199 (Control), or in plasma obtained from cows treated with saline (Plasma-Saline) or LPS (Plasma-LPS). Similar to the FF findings, cleavage rate did not differ among groups; however, the proportion of developing blastocysts tended to be lower in the Plasma-LPS group than in the Plasma-Saline group and was lower (P < 0.05) from that in the Control group (11.0 vs. 25.5 and 34.7%, respectively). The proportion of apoptotic cells per blastocyst, determined by TUNEL assay, did not differ among the experimental groups. The findings shed light on the mechanism by which mastitis induces a disruption in oocyte developmental competence. Further studies are required to clarify whether the negative effect on oocyte developmental competence is a result of LPS, by itself, or due to elevation of secondary inflammatory agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Roth
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel.
| | - Ayala Dvir
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Ori Furman
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Yaniv Lavon
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Dorit Kalo
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
| | - Gabriel Leitner
- Mastitis Laboratory, The Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - David Wolfenson
- Department of Animal Sciences, Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University, Rehovot, 76100, Israel
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31
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Lavon Y, Leitner G, Kressel Y, Ezra E, Wolfenson D. Comparing effects of bovine Streptococcus and Escherichia coli mastitis on impaired reproductive performance. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:10587-10598. [PMID: 31477304 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2019-16673] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2019] [Accepted: 07/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
In 2 epidemiological studies, we evaluated the effect of mastitis induced by gram-positive Streptococcus and gram-negative Escherichia coli on impaired reproductive performance in lactating Holstein cows. In the first study, 52,202 cows from 178 dairy farms throughout Israel were divided into groups based on infection before first artificial insemination (AI) with Streptococcus or E. coli, 3 groups with elevated somatic cell count (SCC) without infection by those pathogens [low SCC (200-400) × 103 cell/mL; medium SCC (401-1,000) × 103 cell/mL; high SCC, >1,000 × 103 cell/mL], and uninfected controls. Pregnancy per first AI (P/1stAI) and pregnancy rate at 300 d in milk (PREG 300) were analyzed by the GLIMMIX procedure (SAS); number of AI per pregnancy (AI/P), days open, and rest days (calving to first AI) were analyzed by the MIXED procedure (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). Values of P/1stAI were similarly low for Streptococcus and E. coli (27-28%) versus 42% in controls; PREG 300 was lower for Streptococcus (76%) than for E. coli (79%) versus 88% for uninfected controls and a mean 83% for the elevated SCC groups. Days open and number of AI/P were higher than in controls and similar in Streptococcus and E. coli groups. The second study included 778 cows on 6 dairy farms; the cows were infected before first AI by Streptococcus or E. coli or uninfected. Resumption of cyclicity was determined by an automated activity-monitoring system, and data were sorted by time of infection before or after cyclicity resumed. The Streptococcus group had lower P/1stAI before and after cyclicity (26 and 27%, respectively) than the E. coli group (31 and 34%, respectively) and uninfected controls (42%). Notably, PREG 300 in the Streptococcus group before (73%) and after (67%) cyclicity was much lower than for the E. coli group (85 and 93%, respectively) and the controls (95%). A marked rise in day of cyclicity resumption (∼80 d) was observed in cows that were infected early on. Number of AI/P was higher in the mastitic groups than in uninfected controls. Uterine disease postpartum, although more prevalent among Streptococcus cows, did not substantially alter the larger reduction in P/1stAI and PREG 300 in Streptococcus versus E. coli cows. Thus, long-term Streptococcus-induced mastitis disrupted fertility more than short-term acute E. coli-induced mastitis, resulting in a much higher percentage of Streptococcus cows in late lactation that did not conceive due to reproduction failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Lavon
- Israel Cattle Breeders' Association, Caesarea 38900, Israel.
| | - G Leitner
- Mastitis Laboratory, the Veterinary Institute, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel
| | - Y Kressel
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - E Ezra
- Israel Cattle Breeders' Association, Caesarea 38900, Israel
| | - D Wolfenson
- Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, the Hebrew University, Rehovot 76100, Israel
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Remnant J, Green MJ, Huxley J, Hirst-Beecham J, Jones R, Roberts G, Hudson CD. Association of lameness and mastitis with return-to-service oestrus detection in the dairy cow. Vet Rec 2019; 185:442. [PMID: 31431521 DOI: 10.1136/vr.105535] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2019] [Revised: 07/29/2019] [Accepted: 08/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Oestrus detection is an important part of maintaining efficient reproductive performance in dairy herds. Both lameness and mastitis are common diseases of dairy cows that may impact oestrus detection. A set of data from 28 herds identified as having good recording of clinical mastitis and lameness incidents was used for the study. Logistic regression was used to identify associations between disease episodes within 100 days of insemination and changes in the probability of reinsemination at either 18-24 or 19-26 days after an unsuccessful insemination. Population attributable risk was calculated to understand the impact these diseases may have at a herd level. Lameness 0-28 days after the first insemination of the interval decreased the odds of a reinsemination at an appropriate time by approximately 20 per cent. Clinical mastitis 1-28 days prior to the first insemination of the interval increased the odds of reinsemination at the expected time by approximately 20 per cent. The associations were similar for either interservice interval outcome. Population attributable risk suggested that the effect of these diseases on the probability of reinsemination at the expected time at a population level would likely be extremely small.
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Affiliation(s)
- John Remnant
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Martin J Green
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Jon Huxley
- School of Veterinary Science, Massey University, Palmerston North, New Zealand
| | - James Hirst-Beecham
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | - Rhys Jones
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
| | | | - Chris David Hudson
- School of Veterinary Medicine and Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK
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Dolecheck KA, García-Guerra A, Moraes LE. Quantifying the effects of mastitis on the reproductive performance of dairy cows: A meta-analysis. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:8454-8477. [PMID: 31229281 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to conduct a meta-analysis to quantitatively characterize the effects of mastitis on the reproductive performance of dairy cows as well as to identify factors that interact with this relationship. A total of 29 publications were identified that contributed 24, 41, 27, 38, and 13 trial results to the meta-analysis of how mastitis is related to time to first service (TFS), days open (DO), services per conception (SPC), pregnancies per insemination at first service (FSP/AI) and pregnancy loss (PL), respectively. The meta-analyses were conducted using multilevel linear mixed-effects models. Overall, high levels of heterogeneity were present and meta-regression models only explained a small amount of heterogeneity. Results suggest that cows with mastitis pre-first insemination experience, on average, an additional 13.29 d to first service [95% confidence interval (CI): 6.64, 19.95] when compared with cows with no mastitis in the same time period. Moreover, in relation to cows with no mastitis in the same time period, 22.34 additional DO (95% CI: 12.89, 31.79) were estimated, on average, for cows with clinical mastitis at pre-insemination leading to conception. Additionally, 32.41 added DO (95% CI: 20.58, 44.25) were estimated, on average, for cows with clinical mastitis at pre- or post-insemination leading to conception compared with cows with no mastitis in the same time period. Finally, 20.03 additional DO (95% CI: 3.11, 36.95) were estimated, on average, for cows with subclinical mastitis pre- or post-insemination leading to conception compared with cows with no mastitis in the same time period. Effect size estimates from the meta-regression models for SPC, in relation to cows with no mastitis in the same time period, suggest that, on average, SPC increases by 0.46 inseminations (95% CI: 0.30, 0.62) for a cow experiencing mastitis pre-insemination leading to conception. When mastitis occurs either pre- or post-insemination leading to conception, SPC is expected to increase, on average, by 0.72 inseminations (95% CI: 0.48, 0.95) compared with cows with no mastitis in the same time period. The estimated effect sizes for FSP/AI suggest a risk ratio of conceiving at first insemination of 0.90 (95% CI: 0.82, 0.99) for cows with mastitis diagnosed pre-first insemination with respect to cows with no mastitis in the same time period, and a risk ratio of 0.79 (95% CI: 0.72, 0.86) for cows diagnosed with mastitis either pre- or post-first insemination with respect to cows with no mastitis in the same time period. Publication bias was identified in 4 of the meta-analysis models (TFS, DO, SPC, and FSCR), but no influential trials were identified in any models; the reliability of the meta-analysis results should be interpreted carefully keeping these limitations in mind. Further meta-regression analysis would be valuable as additional studies are published that report other potential sources of heterogeneity.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Dolecheck
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - A García-Guerra
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
| | - L E Moraes
- Department of Animal Sciences, The Ohio State University, Columbus 43210.
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Fernandes ACC, Davoodi S, Kaur M, Veira D, Melo LEH, Cerri RLA. Effect of repeated intravenous lipopolysaccharide infusions on systemic inflammatory response and endometrium gene expression in Holstein heifers. J Dairy Sci 2019; 102:3531-3543. [PMID: 30738677 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate the effect of repeated intravenous lipopolysaccharide (LPS) infusions in nonlactating heifers on (1) the systemic proinflammatory state as measured by biomarkers in blood and plasma, and (2) endometrial gene expression of candidate transcripts on d 15 of gestation. Our hypothesis was that target transcripts related to a major functional group would be negatively modified in the preimplantation endometrium by the LPS treatments. In the first experiment (n = 13), a systemic proinflammatory state [defined as increased plasma concentrations of tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and haptoglobin for 2 wk] was established using 2 different sequential LPS infusion protocols. In the second experiment, heifers (n = 22; 11 mo of age) had their time of ovulation synchronized by a modified Ovsynch protocol and were enrolled in 1 of 2 treatments: control (CON; n = 11), which received sterile saline solution i.v., and LPS treatment (LPS; n = 11), submitted to repeated i.v. LPS injections (0.10, 0.25, 0.50, 0.75, 1.00, and 1.25 µg/kg) starting 2 d after artificial insemination (AI; d 0) and then every other day until d 15 after AI. At each LPS injection, rectal temperatures were measured hourly for 6 h. Blood samples were collected from d -1 to d 13 for analyses of progesterone, TNF-α, and haptoglobin in plasma, along with white blood cell (WBC) count and differential analysis. On d 15, endometrium tissue biopsies were taken and kept at -80°C until quantitative real-time PCR analysis of 30 target transcripts related to the immune system, adhesion molecules, and endometrium receptivity. Data were checked for normality and analyzed by repeated-measures ANOVA using PROC UNIVARIATE and PROC MIXED of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC). After each LPS injection, temperature was greater in the first 4 h in the LPS group compared with CON. Both TNF-α and haptoglobin increased in the LPS treatment with a significant treatment by day interaction. Total leukocyte count did not differ between treatments, but the differential count increased for neutrophils, band cells, and monocytes, and decreased for lymphocytes and eosinophils in LPS compared with CON. Progesterone concentrations in plasma did not differ between treatments during the experimental period. Out of 30 target genes analyzed, 3 transcripts were differentially expressed: indoleamine 2,3-dioxygenase (IDO; fold-change = 0.48) and pentraxin-3 (PTX3; fold-change = 0.38) were downregulated, whereas myxovirus-resistance protein (MX1; fold-change = 2.85) was upregulated in the LPS group. Sequential LPS injections were able to induce a prolonged systemic proinflammatory state, but effects on gene expression were limited to transcripts associated with the immune system. These results suggest that a mechanism for subfertility is linked to a proinflammatory state in dairy heifers.
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Affiliation(s)
- A C C Fernandes
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4; Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Recife, Brazil 52171-900
| | - S Davoodi
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - M Kaur
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - D Veira
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4
| | - L E H Melo
- Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Departamento de Medicina Veterinária, Recife, Brazil 52171-900
| | - R L A Cerri
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada V6T 1Z4.
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Guarini AR, Lourenco DAL, Brito LF, Sargolzaei M, Baes CF, Miglior F, Misztal I, Schenkel FS. Genetics and genomics of reproductive disorders in Canadian Holstein cattle. J Dairy Sci 2018; 102:1341-1353. [PMID: 30471913 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-15038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In Canada, reproductive disorders known to affect the profitability of dairy cattle herds have been recorded by producers on a voluntary basis since 2007. Previous studies have shown the feasibility of using producer-recorded health data for genetic evaluations. Despite low heritability estimates and limited availability of phenotypic information, sufficient genetic variation has been observed for those traits to indicate that genetic progress, although slow, can be achieved. Pedigree- and genomic-based analyses were performed on producer-recorded health data of reproductive disorders, including retained placenta (RETP), metritis (METR), and cystic ovaries (CYST) using traditional BLUP and single-step genomic BLUP. Genome-wide association studies and functional analyses were carried out to unravel significant genomic regions and biological pathways, and to better understand the genetic mechanisms underlying RETP, METR, and CYST. Heritability estimates (posterior standard deviation in parentheses) were 0.02 (0.003), 0.01 (0.004), and 0.02 (0.003) for CYST, METR, and RETP, respectively. A moderate to strong genetic correlation of 0.69 (0.102) was found between METR and RETP. Averaged over all traits, sire proof reliabilities increased by approximately 11 percentage points with the incorporation of genomic data using a multiple-trait linear model. Biological pathways and associated genes underlying the studied traits were identified and will contribute to a better understanding of the biology of these 3 health disorders in dairy cattle.
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Affiliation(s)
- A R Guarini
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - D A L Lourenco
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - L F Brito
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - M Sargolzaei
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1; The Semex Alliance, Guelph, ON, Canada N1H 6J2
| | - C F Baes
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1
| | - F Miglior
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1; Canadian Dairy Network, Guelph, ON, Canada N1K 1E5
| | - I Misztal
- Department of Animal and Dairy Science, University of Georgia, Athens 30602
| | - F S Schenkel
- Centre for Genetic Improvement of Livestock, Department of Animal Biosciences, University of Guelph, Guelph, ON, Canada N1G 2W1.
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36
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Campos C, Hartling I, Kaur M, Fernandes A, Santos R, Cerri R. Intramammary infusion of lipopolysaccharide promotes inflammation and alters endometrial gene expression in lactating Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10440-10455. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Eicosanoid pathway expression in bovine endometrial epithelial and stromal cells in response to lipopolysaccharide, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Reprod Biol 2018; 18:390-396. [PMID: 30344089 DOI: 10.1016/j.repbio.2018.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 10/04/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During endometrial inflammation, bovine endometrium responds by increasing the production of pro-inflammatory mediators, such as interleukin 1 beta (IL-1β), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), and eicosanoids. The purpose of this study was to establish and characterize an in vitro model of endometrial inflammation using bovine endometrial epithelial (bEEL) and stromal (bCSC) cell lines. We evaluated the effects of the infectious agent (bacterial lipopolysaccharide; LPS) and pro-inflammatory mediators (IL-1β and TNFα) on eicosanoid biosynthesis pathway gene expression and production by bEEL and bCSC cells. Based on concentration-response experiments, the optimal concentrations for responses were 1 μg/mL LPS, 10 ng/mL IL-1β and 50 ng/mL TNFα. Real-time PCR results show that there was an upregulation of relative mRNA expression of PTGS2 when bEEL and bCSC were treated with LPS, IL-1β and TNFα. An increase in PTGES3 expression was observed when bEEL cells were treated with LPS and IL-1β and PTGES2 when treated with IL-1β. In bCSC cells, FAAH relative mRNA was decreased upon treatments. Rate of production of PGE2, PGF2α, PGE2-EA and PGF2α-EA were also determined using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Our results show that eicosanoid production was increased in both cell lines in response to LPS, IL-1β, and TNFα. We suggest that the characteristics of bEEL and bCSC cell lines mimic the physiological responses found in mammals with endometrial infection, making them excellent in vitro models for intrauterine environment studies.
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Phillips KM, Read CC, Kriese-Anderson LA, Rodning SP, Brandebourg TD, Biase FH, Marks ML, Elmore JB, Stanford MK, Dyce PW. Plasma metabolomic profiles differ at the time of artificial insemination based on pregnancy outcome, in Bos taurus beef heifers. Sci Rep 2018; 8:13196. [PMID: 30181662 PMCID: PMC6123494 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-31605-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2018] [Accepted: 08/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Infertility remains the most prevalent reason for cattle being removed from production environments. We utilized metabolomic profiling to identify metabolites in the blood plasma that may be useful in identifying infertile heifers at the time of artificial insemination (AI). Prior to AI, phenotypic parameters including body condition, weight, and reproductive organ measurements were collected. These were determined not effective at differentiating between fertile and infertile heifers. Analysis of the resulting metabolomic profiles revealed 15 metabolites at significantly different levels (T-test P ≤ 0.05), with seven metabolites having a greater than 2-fold difference (T-test P ≤ 0.05, fold change ≥2, ROC-AUC ≥ 0.80) between infertile and fertile heifers. We further characterized the utility of using the levels of these metabolites in the blood plasma to discriminate between fertile and infertile heifers. Finally, we investigated the potential role inflammation may play by comparing the expression of inflammatory cytokines in the white blood cells of infertile heifers to that of fertile heifers. We found significantly higher expression in infertile heifers of the proinflammatory markers tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNFα), interleukin 6 (IL6), and the C-X-C motif chemokine 5 (CXCL5). Our work offers potentially valuable information regarding the diagnosis of fertility problems in heifers undergoing AI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaitlyn M Phillips
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Casey C Read
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Lisa A Kriese-Anderson
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Soren P Rodning
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Terry D Brandebourg
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | - Fernando H Biase
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA
| | | | | | | | - Paul W Dyce
- Department of Animal Sciences, College of Agriculture, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, 36849, USA.
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Dahl MO, De Vries A, Maunsell FP, Galvao KN, Risco CA, Hernandez JA. Epidemiologic and economic analyses of pregnancy loss attributable to mastitis in primiparous Holstein cows. J Dairy Sci 2018; 101:10142-10150. [PMID: 30146277 DOI: 10.3168/jds.2018-14619] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of the study reported here was to examine the association between pregnancy loss (PL) and previous exposure to clinical or subclinical mastitis before breeding or during gestation in primiparous Holstein cows. A secondary objective was to estimate the cost of clinical mastitis during gestation, including that of PL attributable to mastitis in study cows. A total of 687 primiparous Holstein cows from 1 dairy farm were included in a matched case-control study. Study cows were declared pregnant via ultrasound on d 33 after timed artificial insemination (TAI). Case cows (n = 78) were those diagnosed as nonpregnant by rectal palpation on d 47 or 75 after TAI. Control cows were those confirmed as pregnant by rectal palpation on d 47 and 75 after TAI. Case cows were matched with eligible controls according to year of calving and calving-to-conception interval ±3 d. Cows were assigned to 1 of 3 groups: (1) cows not affected with clinical or subclinical mastitis; (2) cows affected with subclinical mastitis (Dairy Herd Improvement Association somatic cell score >4.5); and (3) cows affected with clinical mastitis during 2 exposure periods, 1 to 42 d before breeding or during gestation (1 to PL diagnosis day for case cows, and 1 to 75 d for control cows). Conditional logistic regression was used to model the odds of PL as a function of previous exposure to mastitis in study cows. Mastitis before breeding was not associated with PL. The odds of PL were 2.21 times greater in cows affected with clinical mastitis during gestation (95% confidence interval = 1.01, 4.83), compared with cows without mastitis, after controlling for breeding type and lameness. The cost of clinical mastitis during gestation was $149, which includes the cost ($27) of PL attributable to mastitis. In conclusion, this study provides evidence that clinical mastitis during gestation can cause PL in primiparous dairy cows leading to economic losses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad O Dahl
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910; Department of Medicine and Preventive Medicine, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Mosul, Mosul, Iraq 41002
| | - Albert De Vries
- Department of Animal Sciences, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910
| | - Fiona P Maunsell
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910
| | - Klibs N Galvao
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910; D. H. Barron Reproductive and Perinatal Biology Research Program, University of Florida, Gainesville 32610
| | - Carlos A Risco
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910; Center for Veterinary Health Sciences, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater 74078-2005
| | - Jorge A Hernandez
- Department of Large Animal Clinical Sciences, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville 32611-0910.
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Koh YQ, Mitchell MD, Almughlliq FB, Vaswani K, Peiris HN. Regulation of inflammatory mediator expression in bovine endometrial cells: effects of lipopolysaccharide, interleukin 1 beta, and tumor necrosis factor alpha. Physiol Rep 2018; 6:e13676. [PMID: 29707922 PMCID: PMC5925570 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13676] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2018] [Revised: 03/19/2018] [Accepted: 03/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
An abnormal uterine environment can influence maternal-fetal communication, conception rate and disrupt normal embryo development, thereby affecting fertility and the reproductive performance of dairy cows. Animal variability means that development of endometrial cell lines with appropriate characteristic are required. We evaluated the effect of an infectious agent (i.e., bacterial lipopolysaccharide; LPS) and proinflammatory mediators (i.e., Interleukin 1 beta; IL-1β, and tumor necrosis factor alpha; TNFα) on inflammatory mediator gene expression and production by bovine endometrial epithelial (bEEL) and stromal (bCSC) cell lines. Expression of CXCL8/IL8, IL1A, IL1B, and IL6 cytokine genes was significantly upregulated in both epithelial and stromal cells when treated with LPS and IL-1β. LPS treatment of epithelial cells (compared with treatment by IL-1β and TNFα) exhibited greater CXCL8/IL8, IL1A, IL1B, and IL6 cytokine gene expression. Whereas, in stromal cells, IL-1β treatment (compared with LPS and TNFα) exhibited greater CXCL8/IL8, IL1A, IL1B, and IL6 cytokine gene expression. Interestingly, bEEL and bCSC cells treated with IL-1β increased IL1B gene expression, suggesting that IL-1β may act unusually in an autocrine-positive feedback loop. Cytokine production was stimulated by these agents in both cell types. We suggest that the characteristics of these two cell lines make them excellent tools for the study of intrauterine environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Qin Koh
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Murray D. Mitchell
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Fatema B. Almughlliq
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Kanchan Vaswani
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
| | - Hassendrini N. Peiris
- University of Queensland Centre for Clinical ResearchFaculty of MedicineThe University of QueenslandBrisbaneQueenslandAustralia
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Subclinical mastitis interferes with ovulation, oocyte and granulosa cell quality in dairy cows. Theriogenology 2018; 119:214-219. [PMID: 30036745 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2018] [Revised: 04/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The objective was to evaluate the effect of mastitis by somatic cell count (SCC) on follicular growth, ovulation, oocytes and cumulus cells quality and on the concentration and size of exosomes in follicular fluid of dairy cows. In the study, crossbred cows (Bos taurus - Holstein x Bos indicus - Gir) were classified for analysis as Control (SCC<200.000 cells/mL) and Mastitis (SCC>400.000 cells/mL) groups. In experiment 1 (follicular dynamics), cows (n = 57) were submitted to ultrasound evaluations every 24 h, from progesterone-releasing-intravaginal-device (PRID) removal (D8) until 48 h later (D10). Thereafter, evaluations were performed every 12 h, until ovulation or up to 96 h after PRID removal. In experiment 2 (oocyte, cumulus complexes, and follicular fluid evaluation), cows (n = 26) were submitted to follicular aspiration (OPU) for oocyte quality and cumulus cells transcript evaluation. The amount of cumulus complexes transcripts (BCL2, BAX, PI3K, PTEN, FOXO3) was determined by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. Moreover, seven days after the OPU session, the dominant follicle was aspirated. Exosomes were isolated from the follicular fluid for evaluation of particle size and concentration. Ovulation rate [Control 77.4% (24/31) and Mastitis 57.7% (15/26); P = 0.09] and viable oocytes rate [Control 59.1% (130/220) and Mastitis 41.9% (125/298); P = 0.01] were higher in Control animals. Additionally, there was a greater number of degenerate oocytes [Control 6.7 ± 1.2 and Mastitis 13.3 ± 5.5; (P = 0.001)] in subclinical mastitis cows. There was greater abundance (P = 0.003) of BAX cumulus cell transcripts and exosome mean (P = 0.03) and mode (P = 0.02) was smaller in subclinical mastitis cows. In conclusion, ovulation rate, oocyte quality, and exosome diameter were smaller in cows with SCC>400.000 cells/mL.
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Juengel JL. How the quest to improve sheep reproduction provided insight into oocyte control of follicular development. J R Soc N Z 2018. [DOI: 10.1080/03036758.2017.1421238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L. Juengel
- Reproduction, Animal Science, AgResearch Ltd, Invermay Agricultural Centre, Mosgiel, New Zealand
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Embryotoxic cytokines—Potential roles in embryo loss and fetal programming. J Reprod Immunol 2018; 125:80-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jri.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2017] [Accepted: 12/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Barbosa LFSP, Oliveira WVC, Pereira MHC, Moreira MB, Vasconcelos CGC, Silper BF, Cerri RLA, Vasconcelos JLM. Somatic cell count and type of intramammary infection impacts fertility from in vitro produced embryo transfer. Theriogenology 2017; 108:291-296. [PMID: 29277069 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2017.12.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/11/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to assess the impact of mastitis-causing bacteria and somatic cell count (SCC) on pregnancy per embryo transfer (P/ET) in Holstein-Gir crossbred (Girolando) lactating dairy cows. Cows (n = 1397) were subjected to a timed-embryo transfer protocol. Milk samples were collected two days before embryo transfer for SCC and bacteriological culture analyses. Pregnancy diagnosis was performed on days 31 and 66 after timed-embryo transfer. The animals were grouped according to the National Mastitis Council recommendations: Gram-positive environmental (EV+), Gram-negative environmental (EV-), Gram-positive contagious (C+), coagulase-negative staphylococci (CNS) and control (no bacterial growth). Additional analysis was made by categorizing bacteria based on degree of pathogenicity (Major or Minor). Bacterial growth reduced P/ET (P < .01) at both 31 and 66 days of gestation. The P/ET was lower (P < .05) at 31 days in EV- (30.1%) and EV+ (29.9%) groups and tended (P = .09) to be lower in the C+ group (36.6%) than the control group (44.0%). The P/ET from the Major group at 31 days of gestation was lower (P = .03) compared with the Minor and control groups (32.1 vs 41.1 vs 43.2%, respectively). Cows with SCC > 400,000 cells/mL had lower P/ET (P < .01) than animals with SCC < 200,000 cells/mL at both 31 (30.4% vs 40.8%) and 66 days (24.7% vs 32.2%) of gestation. Pregnancy loss was not different between bacterial isolates and SCC categories. Elevated SCC significantly reduced P/ET, whereas environmental agents and those with Major pathogenicity yielded the greatest reduction in P/ET.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F S P Barbosa
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, 18168-000, Brazil
| | - W V C Oliveira
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, 18168-000, Brazil
| | - M H C Pereira
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, 18168-000, Brazil
| | | | | | - B F Silper
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - R L A Cerri
- Applied Animal Biology, Faculty of Land and Food Systems, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, V6T 1Z4, Canada
| | - J L M Vasconcelos
- Department of Animal Production, São Paulo State University, Botucatu, 18168-000, Brazil.
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Lim W, Bae H, Bazer FW, Kim SM, Song G. C-C motif chemokine ligand 2 regulates lps-induced inflammation and ER stress to enhance proliferation of bovine endometrial epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2017; 233:3141-3151. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Whasun Lim
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; Catholic Kwandong University; Gangneung Republic of Korea
| | - Hyocheol Bae
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Fuller W. Bazer
- Center for Animal Biotechnology and Genomics and Department of Animal Science; Texas A&M University; College Station Texas
| | - Sung-Man Kim
- Department of Medical Management; Catholic Kwandong University; Gangneung Republic of Korea
| | - Gwonhwa Song
- Institute of Animal Molecular Biotechnology and Department of Biotechnology; College of Life Sciences and Biotechnology; Korea University; Seoul Republic of Korea
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Dahl MO, Maunsell FP, De Vries A, Galvao KN, Risco CA, Hernandez JA. Evidence that mastitis can cause pregnancy loss in dairy cows: A systematic review of observational studies. J Dairy Sci 2017; 100:8322-8329. [DOI: 10.3168/jds.2017-12711] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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The association between subclinical mastitis around calving and reproductive performance in grazing dairy cows. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 185:109-117. [PMID: 28869109 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.08.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of subclinical mastitis (SCM) on calving-to-first-service interval (CFS), calving-to-conception interval (CC), and on the number of services per conception (S/C) in grazing Holstein and Normande cows. Primiparous (n=43) and multiparous (n=165) cows were selected from five dairy herds. Two composite milk samples were aseptically collected from each cow at drying-off, and then every week during the first postpartum month. One sample was used for somatic cell count (SCC), and the other one for bacteriological analysis. Cows were followed up to 300 d after calving. Non-parametric and parametric survival models, and negative binomial regression were used to assess the association between SCM, evaluated by SCC and milk culture, and reproductive indices. Staphylococcus aureus, CNS, and Streptococcus uberis were the most frequent isolated pathogens. Subclinical mastitis in the first month of lactation was not associated with CFS; however, the CC interval was longer in cows with SCM compared to healthy cows, the former also had a higher number of S/C.
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Vasudevan S, Kamat MM, Walusimbi SS, Pate JL, Ott TL. Effects of early pregnancy on uterine lymphocytes and endometrial expression of immune-regulatory molecules in dairy heifers†. Biol Reprod 2017. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
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Kumar N, Manimaran A, Sivaram M, Kumaresan A, Jeyakumar S, Sreela L, Mooventhan P, Rajendran D. Influence of clinical mastitis and its treatment outcome on reproductive performance in crossbred cows: A retrospective study. Vet World 2017; 10:485-492. [PMID: 28620250 PMCID: PMC5465760 DOI: 10.14202/vetworld.2017.485-492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: Evaluation of the effect of clinical mastitis (CM) and its treatment outcome on the reproductive performance in crossbred cows retrospectively. Materials and Methods: Datasets of 835 lactating cows affected with CM during a period of 12 years (2001-2012) were considered for this study. Mastitis treatment related data and reproductive parameters such as days to first detected heat (DTFDH), days to first insemination (DTFI), days open (DO), and number of services per conception (SC) were collected from mastitis treatment and artificial insemination registers, respectively. Data were analyzed by ANOVA using SPSS 20 software. The means were compared with the Duncan’s multiple comparison post-hoc test. Results: CM affected cows had significantly (p<0.05) higher DTFDH, DTFI, DO and SC compared to clinically healthy cows. Cows diagnosed with a single episode of CM had significantly (p<0.05) delayed DTFDH while, DO and SC were significantly higher (p<0.05) in cows diagnosed by multiple episodes of CM. SC was significantly (p<0.05) higher in cows diagnosed with both relapse and recurrence. Severe CM affected cows had significantly (p<0.05) altered reproductive parameters. The reproductive parameters were altered to high extent when CM occurred during the breeding period. Conclusion: CM-affected cows had higher DTFDH, DTFI, DO and SC compared to clinically healthy cows. The negative effects of CM on reproduction parameters were higher when CM occurred during the breeding period.
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Affiliation(s)
- Narender Kumar
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - A Manimaran
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - M Sivaram
- Dairy Economics and Statistics Section, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - A Kumaresan
- Theriogenology Laboratory, Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology & Obstetrics, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - S Jeyakumar
- Livestock Research Centre, Southern Regional Station, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
| | - L Sreela
- Livestock Production and Management Section, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute (NDRI), Karnal - 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - P Mooventhan
- ICAR-National Institute of Biotic Stress Management, Baronda, Raipur - 493 225, Chhattisgarh, India
| | - D Rajendran
- Division of Animal Nutrition, ICAR-National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, Adugodi, Bengaluru - 560 030, Karnataka, India
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Mansour MM, Zeitoun MM, Hussein FM. Mastitis outcomes on pre-ovulatory follicle diameter, estradiol concentrations, subsequent luteal profiles and conception rate in Buffaloes. Anim Reprod Sci 2017; 181:159-166. [PMID: 28442176 DOI: 10.1016/j.anireprosci.2017.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2016] [Revised: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The objectives of this study was to investigate the outcome of mastitis, in its clinical or subclinical forms, on the mean diameter of pre-ovulatory follicle (POF), plasma estradiol concentration on the day of estrus, subsequent luteal profile and subsequent conception rate in buffaloes. Sixty dairy buffalo (Bubalus bubalus) conducted in this study were divided into three groups {healthy (H), n=20; subclinical mastitis (SCM), n=18; and clinical mastitis (CM), n=22}. Ultrasonography of ovaries revealed that mean diameter of POF was larger (P<0.05) in H buffalo (14.35mm) compared to SCM (12.40mm) and CM (10.25mm). Also, plasma estradiol concentration on the day of estrus was higher (P<0.05) in H buffalo compared to SCM and CM counterparts; 34.95 vs. 32.87 and 27.50pg/ml, respectively. Besides, positive correlation was observed between the POF diameter with plasma estradiol concentration in H, SCM and CM buffaloes (r=0.64, 0.74, 0.72 respectively, P<0.05). Moreover, positive correlations (P<0.01) were found on days 9, 12, 16, and 21 post-ovulation between POF diameter and luteal profile. Thus, the conception rate in H buffalo was higher (P<0.05) compared with SCM and CM counterparts; 55% vs. 38.89 and 18.18%, respectively. In conclusion, mastitis in its clinical or subclinical forms disrupts the functioning of the pre-ovulatory follicle on the day of estrus, associated with low follicular estradiol production, resulting in suppression to subsequent luteal profile leading to substantial decrease in pregnancy consequence of buffaloes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohamed Mohsen Mansour
- Department of Animal and Poultry Production, Faculty of Agriculture, Damanhour University, Damanhour, Al-Behirra, Egypt.
| | - Moustafa M Zeitoun
- Department of Animal Production and Breeding, College of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Qassim University, Buriedah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Fekry M Hussein
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Alexandria University, Alexandria, Egypt
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