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Rana H, Truong NR, Johnson B, Baharlou H, Herbert JJ, Kandasamy S, Goddard R, Cohen RC, Wines M, Nasr N, Harman AN, Bertram KM, Sandgren KJ, Cunningham AL. Herpes simplex virus spreads rapidly in human foreskin, partly driven by chemokine-induced redistribution of Nectin-1 on keratinocytes. PLoS Pathog 2024; 20:e1012267. [PMID: 38857290 PMCID: PMC11164381 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1012267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
HSV infects keratinocytes in the epidermis of skin via nectin-1. We established a human foreskin explant infection model to investigate HSV entry and spread. HSV1 entry could only be achieved by the topical application of virus via high density microarray projections (HD-MAPs) to the epidermis, which penetrated beyond one third of its thickness, simulating in vivo microtrauma. Rapid lateral spread of HSV1 to a mean of 13 keratinocytes wide occurred after 24 hours and free virus particles were observed between keratinocytes, consistent with an intercellular route of spread. Nectin-1 staining was markedly decreased in foci of infection in the epidermis and in the human keratinocyte HaCaT cell line. Nectin-1 was redistributed, at the protein level, in adjacent uninfected cells surrounding infection, inducible by CCL3, IL-8 (or CXCL8), and possibly CXCL10 and IL-6, thus facilitating spread. These findings provide the first insights into HSV1 entry and spread in human inner foreskin in situ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hafsa Rana
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Naomi R. Truong
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Blake Johnson
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Heeva Baharlou
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jason J. Herbert
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | | | - Robert Goddard
- Research and Development, Vaxxas Pty Ltd., Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Ralph C. Cohen
- University of Sydney and Australian National University, Children’s Hospital at Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Michael Wines
- Urology, Sydney Adventist Hospital, Wahroonga, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Najla Nasr
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew N. Harman
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kirstie M. Bertram
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Kerrie J. Sandgren
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Anthony L. Cunningham
- The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
- Faculty of Medicine and Health, The University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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Zhang X, Li J, Tang G, Wang Z, Guo Q, Guo Q, Qin Q, Fan Y. The prevalence and factors of willingness to accept circumcision among MSM in Maanshan City, China. AIDS Care 2024; 36:752-761. [PMID: 38266488 DOI: 10.1080/09540121.2023.2299664] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2023] [Accepted: 12/18/2023] [Indexed: 01/26/2024]
Abstract
To investigate the prevalence of male circumcision and the willingness to undergo male circumcision and influencing factors among MSM in Maanshan City, we conducted a cross-sectional study from June 2016 to December 2019. Respondent-driven sampling (RDS) was used to recruit participants. Influential factors of willingness to accept circumcision were identified by a multivariable logistic regression model. The multivariable logistic regression model revealed that five variables were independent influential factors for willingness to participate. The factors include that used condoms during last anal intercourse (OR = 1.87, 95% CI:1.03-3.41, P = 0.04), sex with female sex partners (OR = 0.499, 95% CI:0.298-0.860, P = 0.012, level of education (junior college: OR = 0.413, 95% CI:0.200-0.854, P = 0.017; bachelor's degree or higher: OR = 0.442, 95% CI:0.208-0.938, P = 0.033), condom use during oral sex in the last six months (OR = 4.20, 95% CI:1.47-12.0, P = 0.007) and level of knowledge of PrEP (OR = 5.09, 95% CI:1.39-18.7, P = 0.014). Given the willingness of MSM to accept circumcision was low in China, establishing a proper understanding of circumcision is essential if it is to be used as a strategy to prevent HIV infection among MSM. Therefore, publicity and education on the operation should be strengthened to increase the willingness to undergo male circumcision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinhong Zhang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Jianwei Li
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Gan Tang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Ziwei Wang
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qian Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qisheng Guo
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
| | - Qirong Qin
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Ma'anshan Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Ma'anshan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinguang Fan
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, School of Public Health, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
- Anhui Province Key Laboratory of Major Autoimmune Diseases, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, People's Republic of China
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3
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Prodger JL, Galiwango RM, Tobian AAR, Park D, Liu CM, Kaul R. How Does Voluntary Medical Male Circumcision Reduce HIV Risk? Curr HIV/AIDS Rep 2022; 19:484-490. [PMID: 36308579 PMCID: PMC9617235 DOI: 10.1007/s11904-022-00634-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/05/2022] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Voluntary medical male circumcision (VMMC) is a surgical procedure that reduces HIV acquisition risk by almost two-thirds. However, global implementation is lagging, in part due to VMMC hesitancy. A better understanding of the mechanism(s) by which this procedure protects against HIV may increase acceptance of VMMC as an HIV risk reduction approach among health care providers and their clients. RECENT FINDINGS HIV acquisition in the uncircumcised penis occurs preferentially across the inner foreskin tissues, due to increased susceptibility that is linked to elevated inflammatory cytokine levels in the sub-preputial space and an increased tissue density of HIV-susceptible CD4 + T cells. Inflammation can be caused by sexually transmitted infections, but is more commonly induced by specific anaerobic components of the penile microbiome. Circumcision protects by both directly removing the susceptible tissues of the inner foreskin, and by inducing a less inflammatory residual penile microbiome. VMMC reduces HIV susceptibility by removing susceptible penile tissues, and also through impacts on the penile immune and microbial milieu. Understanding these mechanisms may not only increase VMMC acceptability and reinvigorate global VMMC programs, but may also lead to non-surgical HIV prevention approaches focused on penile immunology and/or microbiota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Prodger
- Departments of Microbiology and Immunology and Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Schulich School of Medicine and Dentistry, Western University, London, ON, N6A 5C1, Canada
| | | | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, 21205, USA
| | - Daniel Park
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Cindy M Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, Milken Institute School of Public Health, George Washington University, Washington, DC, 20052, USA
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Medical Sciences Building Rm. 6356, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, ON, M5S 1A8, Canada.
- University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada.
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4
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Morris BJ, Moreton S, Krieger JN, Klausner JD. Infant Circumcision for Sexually Transmitted Infection Risk Reduction Globally. GLOBAL HEALTH: SCIENCE AND PRACTICE 2022; 10:GHSP-D-21-00811. [PMID: 36041835 PMCID: PMC9426975 DOI: 10.9745/ghsp-d-21-00811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Population-based studies in high-income countries have failed to find that male circumcision protects against sexually transmitted infections. Using evidence from several sources, we show that male circumcision does protect against HIV during insertive intercourse for men who have sex with men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia.
| | | | - John N Krieger
- Department of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- Department of Medicine, Population and Public Health Sciences, Keck School of Medicine of the University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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5
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Circumcision as an Intervening Strategy against HIV Acquisition in the Male Genital Tract. Pathogens 2021; 10:pathogens10070806. [PMID: 34201976 PMCID: PMC8308621 DOI: 10.3390/pathogens10070806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Unsafe sex with HIV-infected individuals remains a major route for HIV transmission, and protective strategies, such as the distribution of free condoms and pre-or post-prophylaxis medication, have failed to control the spread of HIV, particularly in resource-limited settings and high HIV prevalence areas. An additional key strategy for HIV prevention is voluntary male circumcision (MC). International health organizations (e.g., the World Health Organization, UNAIDS) have recommended this strategy on a larger scale, however, there is a general lack of public understanding about how MC effectively protects against HIV infection. This review aims to discuss the acquisition of HIV through the male genital tract and explain how and why circumcised men are more protected from HIV infection during sexual activity than uncircumcised men who are at higher risk of HIV acquisition.
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6
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Gartner MJ, Roche M, Churchill MJ, Gorry PR, Flynn JK. Understanding the mechanisms driving the spread of subtype C HIV-1. EBioMedicine 2020; 53:102682. [PMID: 32114391 PMCID: PMC7047180 DOI: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2020.102682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) subtype C (C-HIV) is the most prevalent form of HIV-1 globally, accounting for approximately 50% of infections worldwide. C-HIV is the predominant and near-exclusive subtype in the low resource regions of India and Southern Africa. Given the vast diversity of HIV-1 subtypes, it is curious as to why C-HIV constitutes such a large proportion of global infections. This enriched prevalence may be due to phenotypic differences between C-HIV isolates and other viral strains that permit enhanced transmission efficiency or, pathogenicity, or might due to the socio-demographics of the regions where C-HIV is endemic. Here, we compare the mechanisms of C-HIV pathogenesis to less prominent HIV-1 subtypes, including viral genetic and phenotypic characteristics, and host genetic variability, to understand whether evolutionary factors drove C-HIV to predominance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Gartner
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Michael Roche
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Melissa J Churchill
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; Department of Microbiology, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Paul R Gorry
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia.
| | - Jacqueline K Flynn
- School of Health and Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia; The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, University of Melbourne and Royal Melbourne Hospital, Melbourne, Australia; School of Clinical Sciences at Monash Health, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia.
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7
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Gray CM, O’Hagan KL, Lorenzo-Redondo R, Olivier AJ, Amu S, Chigorimbo-Murefu N, Harryparsad R, Sebaa S, Maziya L, Dietrich J, Otwombe K, Martinson N, Ferrian S, Mkhize NN, Lewis DA, Lang D, Carias AM, Jaspan HB, Wilson DPK, McGilvray M, Cianci GC, Anderson MR, Dinh MH, Williamson AL, Passmore JAS, Chiodi F, Hope TJ. Impact of chemokine C-C ligand 27, foreskin anatomy and sexually transmitted infections on HIV-1 target cell availability in adolescent South African males. Mucosal Immunol 2020; 13:118-127. [PMID: 31619762 PMCID: PMC6914668 DOI: 10.1038/s41385-019-0209-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2018] [Revised: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 09/08/2019] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
We compared outer and inner foreskin tissue from adolescent males undergoing medical male circumcision to better understand signals that increase HIV target cell availability in the foreskin. We measured chemokine gene expression and the impact of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) on the density and location of T and Langerhans cells. Chemokine C-C ligand 27 (CCL27) was expressed 6.94-fold higher in the inner foreskin when compared with the outer foreskin. We show that the density of CD4+CCR5+ cells/mm2 was higher in the epithelium of the inner foreskin, regardless of STI status, in parallel with higher CCL27 gene expression. In the presence of STIs, there were higher numbers of CD4+CCR5+ cells/mm2 cells in the sub-stratum of the outer and inner foreskin with concurrently higher number of CD207+ Langerhans cells (LC) in both tissues, with the latter cells being closer to the keratin surface of the outer FS in the presence of an STI. When we tested the ability of exogenous CCL27 to induce T-cell migration in foreskin tissue, CD4 + T cells were able to relocate to the inner foreskin epithelium in response. We provide novel insight into the impact CCL27 and STIs on immune and HIV-1 target cell changes in the foreskin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clive M. Gray
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa ,0000 0004 0630 4574grid.416657.7National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Kyle L. O’Hagan
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ramon Lorenzo-Redondo
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Division of Infectious Diseases, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60011 USA
| | - Abraham J. Olivier
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Sylvie Amu
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology at Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Nyaradzo Chigorimbo-Murefu
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Rushil Harryparsad
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Shorok Sebaa
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Lungile Maziya
- 0000 0004 0576 7753grid.414386.cDepartment of Internal Medicine, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | - Janan Dietrich
- 0000 0004 1937 1135grid.11951.3dPerinatal HIV Research Unit, SAMRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Kennedy Otwombe
- 0000 0004 1937 1135grid.11951.3dPerinatal HIV Research Unit, SAMRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Neil Martinson
- 0000 0004 1937 1135grid.11951.3dPerinatal HIV Research Unit, SAMRC Soweto Matlosana Collaborating Centre for HIV/AIDS and TB, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Selena Ferrian
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Nonhlanhla N. Mkhize
- National Institute for Communicable Diseases, Sandringham, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - David A. Lewis
- 0000 0004 1936 834Xgrid.1013.3Westmead Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine and Health & Marie Bashir Institute for Infectious Diseases and Biosecurity, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Dirk Lang
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDepartment of Human Biology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Ann M. Carias
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Heather B. Jaspan
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Immunology, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa ,0000 0000 9026 4165grid.240741.4Seattle Children’s Research Institute and University of Washington Departments of Pediatrics and Global Health, Seattle, WA USA
| | - Douglas P. K. Wilson
- 0000 0004 0576 7753grid.414386.cDepartment of Internal Medicine, Edendale Hospital, Pietermaritzburg, South Africa
| | | | - Gianguido C. Cianci
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Meegan R. Anderson
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Minh H. Dinh
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
| | - Anna-Lise Williamson
- 0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Jo-Ann S. Passmore
- 0000 0004 0630 4574grid.416657.7National Health Laboratory Service, Cape Town, South Africa ,0000 0004 1937 1151grid.7836.aDivision of Virology, Institute of Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, Department of Pathology, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Francesca Chiodi
- 0000 0004 1937 0626grid.4714.6Department of Microbiology, Tumor and Cell Biology at Biomedicum, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Thomas J. Hope
- 0000 0001 2299 3507grid.16753.36Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL USA
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Real F, Sennepin A, Ganor Y, Schmitt A, Bomsel M. Live Imaging of HIV-1 Transfer across T Cell Virological Synapse to Epithelial Cells that Promotes Stromal Macrophage Infection. Cell Rep 2019; 23:1794-1805. [PMID: 29742434 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2018.04.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Revised: 02/20/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
During sexual intercourse, HIV-1 crosses epithelial barriers composing the genital mucosa, a poorly understood feature that requires an HIV-1-infected cell vectoring efficient mucosal HIV-1 entry. Therefore, urethral mucosa comprising a polarized epithelium and a stroma composed of fibroblasts and macrophages were reconstructed in vitro. Using this system, we demonstrate by live imaging that efficient HIV-1 transmission to stromal macrophages depends on cell-mediated transfer of the virus through virological synapses formed between HIV-1-infected CD4+ T cells and the epithelial cell mucosal surface. We visualized HIV-1 translocation through mucosal epithelial cells via transcytosis in regions where virological synapses occurred. In turn, interleukin-13 is secreted and HIV-1 targets macrophages, which develop a latent state of infection reversed by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) activation. The live observation of virological synapse formation reported herein is key in the design of vaccines and antiretroviral therapies aimed at blocking HIV-1 access to cellular reservoirs in genital mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Real
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, 3I Department, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Alexis Sennepin
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, 3I Department, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Yonatan Ganor
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, 3I Department, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- Electron Microscopy Facility, Cochin Institute, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV and Mucosal Immunity, 3I Department, Institut Cochin, Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75014 Paris, France; CNRS, UMR8104, 75014 Paris, France; INSERM, U1016, Institut Cochin, 75014 Paris, France.
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9
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Haid B, Reider D, Nägele F, Spinoit AF, Pechriggl E, Romani N, Fritsch H, Oswald J. Langerhans cells in hypospadias: an analysis of Langerin (CD207) and HLA-DR on epidermal sheets and full thickness skin sections. BMC Urol 2019; 19:114. [PMID: 31718599 PMCID: PMC6852928 DOI: 10.1186/s12894-019-0551-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypospadias are among the most common genital malformations. Langerhans Cells (LCs) play a pivotal role in HIV and HPV infection. The migration of LC precursors to skin coincides with the embryonic period of hypospadias development and genetic alterations leading to the formation of hypospadias impact the development of ectodermally derived tissues. We hypothesized that this might be associated with a difference in frequency or morphology of epidermal and dermal LCs in hypospadias patients. METHODS A total of 43 patients from two centers were prospectively included into this study after parental consent and ethics approval. Epidermal and dermal sheets were prepared from skin samples of 26 patients with hypospadias, 13 patients without penile malformations and 4 patients with penile malformations other than hypospadias. Immunofluorescence staining of sheets was performed with anti-HLA-DR-FITC and anti-CD207/Langerin-A594 antibodies. Skin sections from 11 patients without penile malformation and 11 patients with hypospadias were stained for Langerin. Frequencies as well as morphology and distribution of epidermal and dermal LCs on sheets and sections were microscopically evaluated. Cell counts were compared by unpaired t-tests. RESULTS There was no difference in frequency of epidermal LCs, Neither on sheets (873 ± 61 vs. 940 ± 84LCs/mm2, p = 0.522) nor on sections (32 ± 3 vs. 30 ± 2LCs/mm2, p = 0.697). Likewise, the frequency of dermal LCs (5,9 ± 0,9 vs. 7.5 ± 1.3LCs/mm2, p = 0.329) was comparable between patients with hypospadias and without penile malformation. No differences became apparent in subgroup analyses, comparing distal to proximal hypospadias (p = 0.949), younger and older boys (p = 0.818) or considering topical dihydrotestosterone treatment prior to surgery (p = 0.08). The morphology of the LCs was not different comparing hypospadias patients with boys without penile malformations. CONCLUSIONS LCs are present in similar frequencies and with a comparable morphology and distribution in patients with hypospadias as compared to children without penile malformations. This suggests that patients with hypospadias are not different from patients with normal penile development considering this particular compartment of their skin immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Haid
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, Ordensklinikum Linz, Seilerstätte 4, 4020, Linz, Austria. .,Department of Urology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Marchioninistraße 15, 81367, Munich, Germany.
| | - Daniela Reider
- Department for Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Felix Nägele
- Section for clinical and functional Anatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Müllerstraße 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Anne-Françoise Spinoit
- Department of Urology, University Clinic Gent, Corneel Heymanslaan 10, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - Elisabeth Pechriggl
- Department of Plastic, Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Medical University Innsbruck, Innerkoflerstraße 1, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Nikolaus Romani
- Department for Dermatology and Venereology, Medical University Innsbruck, Anichstraße 35, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Helga Fritsch
- Section for clinical and functional Anatomy, Medical University Innsbruck, Müllerstraße 59, 6020, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Josef Oswald
- Department of Pediatric Urology, Hospital of the Sisters of Charity, Ordensklinikum Linz, Seilerstätte 4, 4020, Linz, Austria
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10
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Morris BJ, Moreton S, Krieger JN. Critical evaluation of arguments opposing male circumcision: A systematic review. J Evid Based Med 2019; 12:263-290. [PMID: 31496128 PMCID: PMC6899915 DOI: 10.1111/jebm.12361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 05/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To systematically evaluate evidence against male circumcision (MC). METHODS We searched PubMed, Google Scholar, EMBASE and Cochrane databases. RESULTS Database searches retrieved 297 publications for inclusion. Bibliographies of these yielded 101 more. After evaluation we found: Claims that MC carries high risk were contradicted by low frequency of adverse events that were virtually all minor and easily treated with complete resolution. Claims that MC causes psychological harm were contradicted by studies finding no such harm. Claims that MC impairs sexual function and pleasure were contradicted by high-quality studies finding no adverse effect. Claims disputing the medical benefits of MC were contradicted by a large body of high-quality evidence indicating protection against a wide range of infections, dermatological conditions, and genital cancers in males and the female sexual partners of men. Risk-benefit analyses reported that benefits exceed risks by 100-200 to 1. To maximize benefits and minimize risks, the evidence supported early infant MC rather than arguments that the procedure should be delayed until males are old enough to decide for themselves. Claims that MC of minors is unethical were contradicted by balanced evaluations of ethical issues supporting the rights of children to be provided with low-risk, high-benefit interventions such as MC for better health. Expert evaluations of case-law supported the legality of MC of minors. Other data demonstrated that early infant MC is cost-saving to health systems. CONCLUSIONS Arguments opposing MC are supported mostly by low-quality evidence and opinion, and are contradicted by strong scientific evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- School of Medical SciencesUniversity of SydneySydneyNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | - John N Krieger
- Department of UrologyUniversity of Washington School of MedicineSeattleWashington
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11
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Rhodes JW, Tong O, Harman AN, Turville SG. Human Dendritic Cell Subsets, Ontogeny, and Impact on HIV Infection. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1088. [PMID: 31156637 PMCID: PMC6532592 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) play important roles in orchestrating host immunity against invading pathogens, representing one of the first responders to infection by mucosal invaders. From their discovery by Ralph Steinman in the 1970s followed shortly after with descriptions of their in vivo diversity and distribution by Derek Hart, we are still continuing to progressively elucidate the spectrum of DCs present in various anatomical compartments. With the power of high-dimensional approaches such as single-cell sequencing and multiparameter cytometry, recent studies have shed new light on the identities and functions of DC subtypes. Notable examples include the reclassification of plasmacytoid DCs as purely interferon-producing cells and re-evaluation of intestinal conventional DCs and macrophages as derived from monocyte precursors. Collectively, these observations have changed how we view these cells not only in steady-state immunity but also during disease and infection. In this review, we will discuss the current landscape of DCs and their ontogeny, and how this influences our understanding of their roles during HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jake William Rhodes
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Orion Tong
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Andrew Nicholas Harman
- Centre for Virus Research, The Westmead Institute for Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Discipline of Applied Medical Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Stuart Grant Turville
- University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.,Kirby Institute, Kensington, NSW, Australia
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12
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Rajesh A, Wise L, Hibma M. The role of Langerhans cells in pathologies of the skin. Immunol Cell Biol 2019; 97:700-713. [PMID: 30989674 DOI: 10.1111/imcb.12253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2018] [Revised: 03/07/2019] [Accepted: 04/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) are epidermal immune cells of myeloid origin. Although these cells were primarily thought to play a defensive role in the skin, evidence now indicates a diverse range of LC-mediated effects including the relay of viral antigens in herpes simplex infection, recruitment of eosinophils in atopic dermatitis and promotion of a Th17 response in Candida infection. LCs may have a protective or suppressive function in pathologies of the skin, with differing functions being driven by the skin milieu. Understanding LC function will help guide the development of interventions that modulate these cells for therapeutic benefit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarthi Rajesh
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Lyn Wise
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Merilyn Hibma
- Department of Pathology, Dunedin School of Medicine, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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13
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Tajpara P, Mildner M, Schmidt R, Vierhapper M, Matiasek J, Popow-Kraupp T, Schuster C, Elbe-Bürger A. A Preclinical Model for Studying Herpes Simplex Virus Infection. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:673-682. [PMID: 30414908 PMCID: PMC7100788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.08.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) infections can cause considerable morbidity. Currently, nucleoside analogues such as acyclovir are widely used for treatment. However, HSV infections resistant to these drugs are a clinical problem among immunocompromised patients. To provide more efficient therapy and to counteract resistance, a different class of antiviral compounds has been developed. Pritelivir, a helicase primase inhibitor, represents a promising candidate for improved therapy. Here, we established an HSV-1 infection model on microneedle-pretreated human skin ex vivo. We identified HSV-1–specific histological changes (e.g., cytopathic effects, multinucleated giant cells), down-regulation of nectin-1, nuclear translocation of NF-κB (p65), interferon regulatory factor 3 (IRF3), and signaling of the IFN-inducible protein MxA. Accordingly, this model was used to test the potency of pritelivir compared with the standard drug acyclovir. We discovered that both drugs had a comparable efficacy for inhibiting HSV-1 replication, suggesting that pritelivir could be an alternative therapeutic agent for patients infected with acyclovir-resistant strains. To our knowledge, we present a previously unreported ex vivo HSV-1 infection model with abdominal human skin to test antiviral drugs, thus bridging the gap between in vitro and in vivo drug screening and providing a valuable preclinical platform for HSV research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Poojabahen Tajpara
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Michael Mildner
- Department of Dermatology, Research Division of Biology and Pathobiology of the Skin, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Ralf Schmidt
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martin Vierhapper
- Department of Surgery, Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Johannes Matiasek
- Department of Plastic, Aesthetic and Reconstructive Surgery, St. Josef Hospital, Vienna, Austria
| | - Theresia Popow-Kraupp
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Division of Clinical Virology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Christopher Schuster
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Adelheid Elbe-Bürger
- Department of Dermatology, Division of Immunology, Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria.
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14
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Zhou Z, Xu L, Sennepin A, Federici C, Ganor Y, Tudor D, Damotte D, Barry Delongchamps N, Zerbib M, Bomsel M. The HIV-1 viral synapse signals human foreskin keratinocytes to secrete thymic stromal lymphopoietin facilitating HIV-1 foreskin entry. Mucosal Immunol 2018; 11:158-171. [PMID: 28443609 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2017.23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The complexity of signal transduction resulting from the contact of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1)-infected cells and mucosal cells has hampered our comprehension of HIV-1 mucosal entry. Such process is driven efficiently only by viral synapse contacts, whereas cell-free HIV-1 remains poorly infectious. Using CD4+ T-cells expressing only HIV-1 envelope inoculated on human adult foreskin tissues, we designed methodologies to identify the signals transduced in foreskin keratinocytes following HIV-1-envelope-dependent viral synapse formation. We find that the viral synapse activates the MyD88-independent TLR-4-nuclear factor (NfκB) signaling pathway in keratinocytes and the subsequent secretion of cytokines including thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP), a cytokine linking innate and T-helper type 2-adaptive immune responses. Moreover, the viral synapse upregulates the non-coding microRNA miR-375, known to control TSLP, and transfection of keratinocytes with anti-miR-375 blocks significantly TSLP secretion. Thus, the secretion of TSLP by keratinocytes is induced by the viral synapse in a miR-375 controlled manner. At the tissue level, these signals translate into the epidermal redistribution of Langerhans cells and formation of conjugates with T-cells, recapitulating the initial events observed in human foreskin infection by HIV-1. These results open new possibilities for designing strategies to block mucosal HIV-1 transmission, the major pathway by which HIV-1 spreads worldwide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Zhou
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - L Xu
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - A Sennepin
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - C Federici
- INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - Y Ganor
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - D Tudor
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
| | - D Damotte
- Anatomy and Pathological Cytology Service, GH Cochin-St Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
| | | | - M Zerbib
- Urology Service, GH Cochin-St Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
| | - M Bomsel
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Infection, Immunity and Inflammation Department, Cochin Institute, Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France.,INSERM, U1016, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR 8104, Paris, France
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15
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Sennepin A, Real F, Duvivier M, Ganor Y, Henry S, Damotte D, Revol M, Cristofari S, Bomsel M. The Human Penis Is a Genuine Immunological Effector Site. Front Immunol 2017; 8:1732. [PMID: 29312291 PMCID: PMC5735067 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.01732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The human penis is a main portal of entry for numerous pathogens, and vaccines able to control resulting infections locally are highly desirable. However, in contrast to the gastrointestinal or vaginal mucosa, the penile immune system and mechanisms inducing a penile immune response remain elusive. In this descriptive study, using multiparametric flow cytometry and immunohistochemistry, we characterized mucosal immune cells such as B, T, and natural killer (NK) cells from the urethra, fossa, and glans of human adult penile tissues. We show that memory B lymphocytes and CD138+ plasma cells are detected in all penile compartments. CD4+ and CD8+ T lymphocytes reside in the epithelium and lamina propria of the penile regions and have mostly a resting memory phenotype. All penile regions contain CD56dim NK cells surface expressing the natural cytotoxicity receptor NKp44 and the antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity receptor CD16. These cells are also able to spontaneously secrete pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-17 and IL-22. Finally, CCR10 is the main homing receptor detected in these penile cells although, together with CCR3, CCR6, and CCR9, their expression level differs between penile compartments. Unlike antigen-presenting cells which type differ between penile regions as we reported earlier, urethral, fossa, and glans content in immune B, T, and NK cells is comparable. However, median values per each analysis suggest that the glans, containing higher number and more activated NK cells together with higher number of terminally differentiate effector CD8+ T cells, is a superior effector site than the urethra and the fossa. Thus, the human penis is an immunologically active tissue containing the cellular machinery required to induce and produce a specific and effective response against mucosal pathogens. It can therefore be considered as a classic mucosal effector site, a feature that must be taken into account for the elaboration of efficient strategies, including vaccines, against sexually transmitted infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexis Sennepin
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Fernando Real
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Marine Duvivier
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Yonatan Ganor
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Sonia Henry
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Diane Damotte
- Anatomy and Pathological Cytology Service, GH Cochin-Saint Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
| | - Marc Revol
- Plastic Surgery Service, Saint Louis Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Morgane Bomsel
- Laboratory of Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Department of Infection, Immunity and Inflammation, Cochin Institute, INSERM, Paris, France.,CNRS, UMR8104, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
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16
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Wang H, Chen N, Huo R, Yang J, Li X, Xing N. Evaluation of clinical curative effects of disposable stitching instrument in redundant prepuce patients. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:298-302. [PMID: 28672929 PMCID: PMC5488508 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.4453] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the clinical curative effect of disposable stitching instrument operation in patients with redundant prepuce or phimosis. A total of 102 cases of patients with circumcision were randomly selected (from June 2013 to December 2014) from the department of plastic and aesthetic surgery of our hospital and were randomly divided into control and observation groups (n=51). Patients in the control group were treated by traditional circumcision operation, while patients in the observation group were treated by novel disposable circumcision stitching instrument. Operation time, bleeding volume, incision healing time, postoperative complications and incision aesthetic satisfaction in the groups were observed. As a result, intraoperative bleeding volume of patients in the observation group was significantly less in comparison to the control group. Operation time and incision healing time of patients in the observation group was shorter than that of the control group. Additionally, the incidence of postoperative complications of patients in the observation group was noted to be lower than that of the control group. On the other hand, the incision aesthetic satisfaction of patients in the observation group was higher than that of the control group. Blood vessel counting and nerve fiber counting of tissue specimen in the observation group were more than those of the control group. Postoperative VAS scores of patients in the observation group were significantly lower than that of the control group. Each rating scale scores of EPQ of patients in the observation group improved significantly compared with that of the control group. In conclusion, the present findings show that disposable circumcision stitching instrument operation is more advantageous in comparison to the traditional procedure along with minimal compilations and better post surgery health condition of patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haitao Wang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Ningjie Chen
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Ran Huo
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China
| | - Jincun Yang
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Xia Li
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Shandong Provincial Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250021, P.R. China.,Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
| | - Nan Xing
- Department of Burn and Plastic Surgery, Weihai Municipal Hospital, Dalian Medical University, Weihai, Shandong 264200, P.R. China
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17
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Behrens AJ, Seabright GE, Crispin M. Targeting Glycans of HIV Envelope Glycoproteins for Vaccine Design. CHEMICAL BIOLOGY OF GLYCOPROTEINS 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/9781782623823-00300] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The surface of the envelope spike of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is covered with a dense array of glycans, which is sufficient to impede the host antibody response while maintaining a window for receptor recognition. The glycan density significantly exceeds that typically observed on self glycoproteins and is sufficiently high to disrupt the maturation process of glycans, from oligomannose- to complex-type glycosylation, that normally occurs during glycoprotein transit through the secretory system. It is notable that this generates a degree of homogeneity not seen in the highly mutated protein moiety. The conserved, close glycan packing and divergences from default glycan processing give a window for immune recognition. Encouragingly, in a subset of individuals, broadly neutralizing antibodies (bNAbs) have been isolated that recognize these features and are protective in passive-transfer models. Here, we review the recent advances in our understanding of the glycan shield of HIV and outline the strategies that are being pursued to elicit glycan-binding bNAbs by vaccination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna-Janina Behrens
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Gemma E. Seabright
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
| | - Max Crispin
- Oxford Glycobiology Institute, Department of Biochemistry, University of Oxford South Parks Road Oxford OX1 3QU UK
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18
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Yasen A, Herrera R, Rosbe K, Lien K, Tugizov SM. Release of HIV-1 sequestered in the vesicles of oral and genital mucosal epithelial cells by epithelial-lymphocyte interaction. PLoS Pathog 2017; 13:e1006247. [PMID: 28241053 PMCID: PMC5344537 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Oropharyngeal mucosal epithelia of fetuses/neonates/infants and the genital epithelia of adults play a critical role in HIV-1 mother-to-child transmission and sexual transmission of virus, respectively. To study the mechanisms of HIV-1 transmission through mucosal epithelium, we established polarized tonsil, cervical and foreskin epithelial cells. Analysis of HIV-1 transmission through epithelial cells showed that approximately 0.05% of initially inoculated virions transmigrated via epithelium. More than 90% of internalized virions were sequestered in the endosomes of epithelial cells, including multivesicular bodies (MVBs) and vacuoles. Intraepithelial HIV-1 remained infectious for 9 days without viral release. Release of sequestered intraepithelial HIV-1 was induced by the calcium ionophore ionomycin and by cytochalasin D, which increase intracellular calcium and disrupt the cortical actin of epithelial cells, respectively. Cocultivation of epithelial cells containing HIV-1 with activated peripheral blood mononuclear cells and CD4+ T lymphocytes led to the disruption of epithelial cortical actin and spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes. Treatment of epithelial cells with proinflammatory cytokines tumor necrosis factor-alpha and interferon gamma also induced reorganization of cortical actin and release of virus. Inhibition of MVB formation by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated silencing of its critical protein hepatocyte growth factor-regulated tyrosine kinase substrate (Hrs) expression reduced viral sequestration in epithelial cells and its transmission from epithelial cells to lymphocytes by ~60-70%. Furthermore, inhibition of vacuole formation of epithelial cells by siRNA-inactivated rabankyrin-5 expression also significantly reduced HIV-1 sequestration in epithelial cells and spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes. Interaction of the intercellular adhesion molecule-1 of epithelial cells with the function-associated antigen-1 of lymphocytes was important for inducing the release of sequestered HIV-1 from epithelial cells and facilitating cell-to-cell spread of virus from epithelial cells to lymphocytes. This mechanism may serve as a pathway of HIV-1 mucosal transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aizezi Yasen
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Rossana Herrera
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kristina Rosbe
- Department of Otolaryngology, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Kathy Lien
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
| | - Sharof M. Tugizov
- Department of Medicine, University of California–San Francisco, San Francisco, California, United States of America
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19
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Prodger JL, Gray RH, Shannon B, Shahabi K, Kong X, Grabowski K, Kigozi G, Nalugoda F, Serwadda D, Wawer MJ, Reynolds SJ, Liu CM, Tobian AAR, Kaul R. Chemokine Levels in the Penile Coronal Sulcus Correlate with HIV-1 Acquisition and Are Reduced by Male Circumcision in Rakai, Uganda. PLoS Pathog 2016; 12:e1006025. [PMID: 27898732 PMCID: PMC5127584 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2016] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Individual susceptibility to HIV is heterogeneous, but the biological mechanisms explaining differences are incompletely understood. We hypothesized that penile inflammation may increase HIV susceptibility in men by recruiting permissive CD4 T cells, and that male circumcision may decrease HIV susceptibility in part by reducing genital inflammation. We used multi-array technology to measure levels of seven cytokines in coronal sulcus (penile) swabs collected longitudinally from initially uncircumcised men enrolled in a randomized trial of circumcision in Rakai, Uganda. Coronal sulcus cytokine levels were compared between men who acquired HIV and controls who remained seronegative. Cytokines were also compared within men before and after circumcision, and correlated with CD4 T cells subsets in foreskin tissue. HIV acquisition was associated with detectable coronal sulcus Interleukin-8 (IL-8 aOR 2.26, 95%CI 1.04–6.40) and Monokine Induced by γ-interferon (MIG aOR 2.72, 95%CI 1.15–8.06) at the visit prior to seroconversion, and the odds of seroconversion increased with detection of multiple cytokines. Coronal sulcus chemokine levels were not correlated with those in the vagina of a man’s female sex partner. The detection of IL-8 in swabs was significantly reduced 6 months after circumcision (PRR 0.59, 95%CI 0.44–0.87), and continued to decline for at least two years (PRR 0.29, 95%CI 0.16–0.54). Finally, prepuce IL-8 correlated with increased HIV target cell density in foreskin tissues, including highly susceptible CD4 T cells subsets, as well as with tissue neutrophil density. Together, these data suggest that penile inflammation increases HIV susceptibility and is reduced by circumcision. The per-contact risk of infection with HIV through sexual exposure is low and highly variable. Understanding the biological basis for this variability could help in the development of new methods to prevent infection. There is some evidence that penile inflammation, even in the absence of any clinical symptoms, may increase HIV-susceptibility by recruiting CD4 T cells, the immune cell type that is the principal target of HIV. We analyzed soluble inflammatory mediators in prepuce swabs collected longitudinally from initially HIV-negative men enrolled in a randomized controlled trial of adult circumcision. We found that these inflammatory mediators were elevated in men who went on to acquire HIV. We also found that higher levels of these mediators were associated with an increased density of HIV-susceptible target cells in the underlying foreskin tissue and that circumcision reduced their levels, which may help to explain why circumcision reduces HIV risk by 60% or more. Together, these data suggest that penile inflammation, in the absence of genital infections, increases HIV susceptibility and is reduced by adult male circumcision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica L Prodger
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Ronald H Gray
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Brett Shannon
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Xiangrong Kong
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Kate Grabowski
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland
| | | | | | | | - Maria J Wawer
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland.,Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Steven J Reynolds
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda.,Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland.,Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Department of Infectious Diseases, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Cindy M Liu
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, George Washington University, Washington, District of Columbia.,Translational Genomics Research Institute, Flagstaff, Arizona
| | - Aaron A R Tobian
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda.,Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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20
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Morris BJ, Wamai RG, Krieger JN, Banerjee J, Klausner JD. Male circumcision to prevent syphilis in 1855 and HIV in 1986 is supported by the accumulated scientific evidence to 2015: Response to Darby. Glob Public Health 2015; 12:1315-1333. [PMID: 26564989 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2015.1104371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
An article by Darby disparaging male circumcision (MC) for syphilis prevention in Victorian times (1837-1901) and voluntary medical MC programs for HIV prevention in recent times ignores contemporary scientific evidence. It is one-sided and cites outlier studies as well as claims by MC opponents that support the author's thesis, but ignores high quality randomised controlled trials and meta-analyses. While we agree with Darby that risky behaviours contribute to syphilis and HIV epidemics, there is now compelling evidence that MC helps reduce both syphilis and HIV infections. Although some motivations for MC in Victorian times were misguided, others, such as protection against syphilis, penile cancer, phimosis, balanitis and poor hygiene have stood the test of time. In the absence of a cure or effective prophylactic vaccine for HIV, MC should help lower heterosexually acquired HIV, especially when coupled with other interventions such as condoms and behaviour. This should save lives, as well as reducing costs and suffering. In contrast to Darby, our evaluation of the evidence leads us to conclude that MC would likely have helped reduce syphilis in Victorian times and, in the current era, will help lower both syphilis and HIV, so improving global public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J Morris
- a School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney , Sydney , NSW , Australia
| | - Richard G Wamai
- b Department of African-American Studies , Northeastern University , Boston , MA , USA
| | - John N Krieger
- c Section of Urology, University of Washington School of Medicine and VA Puget Sound Health Care System , Seattle , WA , USA
| | - Joya Banerjee
- d Jhpiego, an affiliate of Johns Hopkins University , Washington , DC , USA
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- e Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine , David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles , CA , USA
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Ribeiro CMS, Sarrami-Forooshani R, Geijtenbeek TBH. HIV-1 border patrols: Langerhans cells control antiviral responses and viral transmission. Future Virol 2015. [DOI: 10.2217/fvl.15.79] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Langerhans cells (LCs) reside in the mucosal epithelia and are refractory to HIV-1 infection; HIV-1 capture by C-type lectin receptor langerin and subsequent targeting to Birbeck granules prevents infection. Furthermore, LCs restrict transmission of CXCR4-using HIV-1 variants, which underscores the role of immature LCs as gatekeepers in the selection of HIV-1 variants. Interaction of langerin on LCs with hyaluronic acid on dendritic cells facilitates cross-presentation of HIV-1 to CD8+ T cells. Activation of LCs upon inflammation bypasses the langerin-dependent barrier, which favors cross-presentation and increases susceptibility of LCs to HIV-1 infection. These recent developments not only highlight the plasticity of LCs but also define an important role for LC-dendritic cell crosstalk at the periphery in directing adaptive immune responses to viruses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla MS Ribeiro
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Ramin Sarrami-Forooshani
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Teunis BH Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Wamai RG, Morris BJ, Bailey RC, Klausner JD, Boedicker MN. Male circumcision for protection against HIV infection in sub-Saharan Africa: the evidence in favour justifies the implementation now in progress. Glob Public Health 2015; 10:639-66. [PMID: 25613581 PMCID: PMC6352987 DOI: 10.1080/17441692.2014.989532] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
This article responds to a recent 'controversy study' in Global Public Health by de Camargo et al. directed at three randomised controlled trials (RCTs) of male circumcision (MC) for HIV prevention. These trials were conducted in three countries in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) and published in 2005 and 2007. The RCTs confirmed observational data that had accumulated over the preceding two decades showing that MC reduces by 60% the risk of HIV infection in heterosexual men. Based on the RCT results, MC was adopted by global and national HIV policy-makers as an additional intervention for HIV prevention. Voluntary medical MC (VMMC) is now being implemented in 14 SSA countries. Thus referring to MC for HIV prevention as 'debate' and viewing MC through a lens of controversy seems mistaken. In their criticism, de Camargo et al. misrepresent and misinterpret current science supporting MC for HIV prevention, omit previous denunciations of arguments similar to theirs, and ignore evidence from ongoing scientific research. Here we point out the flaws in three areas de Camargo et al. find contentious. In doing so, we direct readers to growing evidence of MC as an efficacious, safe, acceptable, relatively low-cost one-off biomedical intervention for HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G. Wamai
- Department of African-American Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Brian J. Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Robert C. Bailey
- Division of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Klausner
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles, California, USA
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Berzofsky JA, Franchini G. Human/Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Transmission and Infection at Mucosal Sites. Mucosal Immunol 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-415847-4.00075-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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24
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Hirbod T, Kong X, Kigozi G, Ndyanabo A, Serwadda D, Prodger JL, Tobian AA, Nalugoda F, Wawer MJ, Shahabi K, Rojas OL, Gommerman JL, Broliden K, Kaul R, Gray RH. HIV acquisition is associated with increased antimicrobial peptides and reduced HIV neutralizing IgA in the foreskin prepuce of uncircumcised men. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004416. [PMID: 25275513 PMCID: PMC4183701 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The foreskin is the site of most HIV acquisition in uncircumcised heterosexual men. Although HIV-exposed, seronegative (HESN) uncircumcised men demonstrate HIV-neutralizing IgA and increased antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) in the foreskin prepuce, no prospective studies have examined the mucosal immune correlates of HIV acquisition. METHODS To assess the association of foreskin immune parameters with HIV acquisition, antimicrobial peptides and IgA with the capacity to neutralize a primary clade C HIV strain were quantified by blinded investigators, using sub-preputial swabs collected longitudinally during a randomized trial of male circumcision for HIV prevention in Rakai, Uganda. RESULTS Participants were 99 men who acquired HIV (cases) and 109 randomly selected controls who remained HIV seronegative. At enrollment, 44.4% of cases vs. 69.7% of controls demonstrated IgA neutralization (adjusted OR = 0.31; 95% CI, 0.16-0.61). IgA neutralization was detected in 38.7% of cases and 70.7% of controls at the last seronegative case visit prior to HIV acquisition and the comparable control visit (adjusted OR 0.21; 95% CI, 0.11-0.39). Levels of the α-defensins and secretory leukocyte protease inhibitor (SLPI) were over ten-fold higher in the foreskin prepuce of cases who acquired HIV, both at enrollment (mean 4.43 vs. 3.03 and 5.98 vs. 4.61 log(n) pg/mL, P = 0.005 and 0.009, respectively), and at the last seronegative visit (mean 4.81 vs. 3.15 and 6.46 vs. 5.20 log(n) pg/mL, P = 0.0002 and 0.013). CONCLUSIONS This prospective, blinded analysis is the first to assess the immune correlates of HIV acquisition in the foreskin. HIV-neutralizing IgA, previously associated with the HESN phenotype, was a biomarker of HIV protection, but other HESN associations correlated with increased HIV acquisition. This emphasizes the importance of prospective epidemiological studies or in vitro tissue studies to define the impact of mucosal parameters on HIV risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Hirbod
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Xiangrong Kong
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | | | - David Serwadda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
- School of Public Health, College of Medicine, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - Jessica L. Prodger
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Aaron A. Tobian
- Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, Maryland, United States of America
| | | | - Maria J. Wawer
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - Kamnoosh Shahabi
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Olga L. Rojas
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | | | - Kristina Broliden
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rupert Kaul
- Departments of Medicine and Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
- * E-mail:
| | - Ronald H. Gray
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska University Hospital, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
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25
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Lemos MP, Lama JR, Karuna ST, Fong Y, Montano SM, Ganoza C, Gottardo R, Sanchez J, McElrath MJ. The inner foreskin of healthy males at risk of HIV infection harbors epithelial CD4+ CCR5+ cells and has features of an inflamed epidermal barrier. PLoS One 2014; 9:e108954. [PMID: 25268493 PMCID: PMC4182607 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0108954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Male circumcision provides partial protection against multiple sexually transmitted infections (STIs), including HIV, but the mechanisms are not fully understood. To examine potential vulnerabilities in foreskin epithelial structure, we used Wilcoxon paired tests adjusted using the false discovery rate method to compare inner and outer foreskin samples from 20 healthy, sexually active Peruvian males who have sex with males or transgender females, ages 21–29, at elevated risk of HIV infection. No evidence of epithelial microtrauma was identified, as assessed by keratinocyte activation, fibronectin deposition, or parakeratosis. However, multiple suprabasal tight junction differences were identified: 1) inner foreskin stratum corneum was thinner than outer (p = 0.035); 2) claudin 1 had extended membrane-bound localization throughout inner epidermis stratum spinosum (p = 0.035); 3) membrane-bound claudin 4 was absent from inner foreskin stratum granulosum (p = 0.035); and 4) occludin had increased membrane deposition in inner foreskin stratum granulosum (p = 0.042) versus outer. Together, this suggests subclinical inflammation and paracellular transport modifications to the inner foreskin. A setting of inflammation was further supported by inner foreskin epithelial explant cultures secreting higher levels of GM-CSF (p = 0.029), IP-10 (p = 0.035) and RANTES (p = 0.022) than outer foreskin, and also containing an increased density of CCR5+ and CD4+ CCR5+ cells (p = 0.022). Inner foreskin dermis also secreted more RANTES than outer (p = 0.036), and had increased density of CCR5+ cells (p = 0.022). In conclusion, subclinical changes to the inner foreskin of sexually active males may support an inflammatory state, with availability of target cells for HIV infection and modifications to epidermal barriers, potentially explaining the benefits of circumcision for STI prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria P. Lemos
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | - Shelly T. Karuna
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Youyi Fong
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | | | | | - Raphael Gottardo
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
| | - Jorge Sanchez
- Asociación Civil Impacta Salud y Educación, Lima, Perú
| | - M. Juliana McElrath
- Vaccine and Infectious Disease Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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26
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Jayathunge PHM, McBride WJH, MacLaren D, Kaldor J, Vallely A, Turville S. Male Circumcision and HIV Transmission; What Do We Know? Open AIDS J 2014; 8:31-44. [PMID: 25317221 PMCID: PMC4192839 DOI: 10.2174/1874613601408010031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 07/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Male circumcision (MC) has been shown to be protective against heterosexual HIV transmission and is being explored in some parts of the world as a means of combating the epidemic. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that MC be considered as an important component of HIV prevention in high prevalence settings. We review evidence that demonstrates that the inner foreskin is likely to be the main portal of entry for the HIV virus in males. Whether removal of the inner foreskin accounts for all the protection afforded by circumcision is yet to be established. The proposed mechanisms of protection range from inherent immunohistological factors of foreskin such as difference in thickness of keratin layer and density of target cells for HIV between inner and outer foreskin to physiological mechanisms that follow male circumcision such as drying of secretions underneath foreskin after sexual intercourse, loss of microbiome that attract target cells to the genital mucosa and lack of priming the genital mucosa with less abundant sexual transmitted infections among circumcised men. The aim of this review is to give an updated account on the mechanisms proposed so far on the demonstrated 50-70% protection from HIV transmission through heterosexual intercourse, by male circumcision.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parana H M Jayathunge
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - William J H McBride
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - David MacLaren
- College of Medicine and Dentistry, James Cook University, Cairns, Queensland, Australia
| | - John Kaldor
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Andrew Vallely
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Stuart Turville
- The Kirby Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
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27
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Gong Z, Kessans SA, Song L, Dörner K, Lee HH, Meador LR, LaBaer J, Hogue BG, Mor TS, Fromme P. Recombinant expression, purification, and biophysical characterization of the transmembrane and membrane proximal domains of HIV-1 gp41. Protein Sci 2014; 23:1607-18. [PMID: 25155369 DOI: 10.1002/pro.2540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2014] [Revised: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The transmembrane subunit (gp41) of the envelope glycoprotein of HIV-1 associates noncovalently with the surface subunit (gp120) and together they play essential roles in viral mucosal transmission and infection of target cells. The membrane proximal region (MPR) of gp41 is highly conserved and contains epitopes of broadly neutralizing antibodies. The transmembrane (TM) domain of gp41 not only anchors the envelope glycoprotein complex in the viral membrane but also dynamically affects the interactions of the MPR with the membrane. While high-resolution X-ray structures of some segments of the MPR were solved in the past, they represent the post-fusion forms. Structural information on the TM domain of gp41 is scant and at low resolution. Here we describe the design, expression and purification of a protein construct that includes MPR and the transmembrane domain of gp41 (MPR-TMTEV-6His), which reacts with the broadly neutralizing antibodies 2F5 and 4E10 and thereby may represent an immunologically relevant conformation mimicking a prehairpin intermediate of gp41. The expression level of MPR-TMTEV-6His was improved by fusion to the C-terminus of Mistic protein, yielding ∼ 1 mg of pure protein per liter. The isolated MPR-TMTEV-6His protein was biophysically characterized and is a monodisperse candidate for crystallization. This work will enable further investigation into the structure of MPR-TMTEV-6His, which will be important for the structure-based design of a mucosal vaccine against HIV-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Gong
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287-1604; The Center for Applied Structural Discovery, The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, 85287
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28
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Sarrami-Forooshani R, Mesman AW, van Teijlingen NH, Sprokholt JK, van der Vlist M, Ribeiro CMS, Geijtenbeek TBH. Human immature Langerhans cells restrict CXCR4-using HIV-1 transmission. Retrovirology 2014; 11:52. [PMID: 24990163 PMCID: PMC4227116 DOI: 10.1186/1742-4690-11-52] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2013] [Accepted: 06/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Sexual transmission is the main route of HIV-1 infection and the CCR5-using (R5) HIV-1 is predominantly transmitted, even though CXCR4-using (X4) HIV-1 is often abundant in chronic HIV-1 patients. The mechanisms underlying this tropism selection are unclear. Mucosal Langerhans cells (LCs) are the first immune cells to encounter HIV-1 and here we investigated the role of LCs in selection of R5 HIV-1 using an ex vivo epidermal and vaginal transmission models. Results Immature LCs were productively infected by X4 as well as R5 HIV-1. However, only R5 but not X4 viruses were selectively transmitted by immature LCs to T cells. Transmission of HIV-1 was depended on de novo production of HIV-1 in LCs, since it could be inhibited by CCR5 fusion inhibitors as well as reverse transcription inhibitors. Notably, the activation state of LCs affected the restriction in X4 HIV-1 transmission; immune activation by TNF facilitated transmission of X4 as well as R5 HIV-1. Conclusions These data suggest that LCs play a crucial role in R5 selection and that immature LCs effectively restrict X4 at the level of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Teunis B H Geijtenbeek
- Department of Experimental Immunology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
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29
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Shen R, Richter HE, Smith PD. Interactions between HIV-1 and mucosal cells in the female reproductive tract. Am J Reprod Immunol 2014; 71:608-17. [PMID: 24689653 PMCID: PMC4073589 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Accepted: 02/26/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Worldwide, the heterosexual route is the prevalent mode of HIV-1 transmission, and the female reproductive tract accounts for approximately 40% of all HIV-1 transmissions. HIV-1 infection in the female reproductive tract involves three major events: entry through the mucosal epithelium, productive infection in subepithelial mononuclear cells, and delivery to lymph nodes to initiate systemic infection. Here, we provide a focused review of the interaction between HIV-1 and mucosal epithelial cells, lymphocytes, macrophages, and dendritic cells in female genital mucosa. Increased understanding of these interactions could illuminate new approaches for interdicting HIV-1 heterosexual transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruizhong Shen
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Holly E. Richter
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Phillip D. Smith
- Department of Medicine (Gastroenterology), University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
- VA Medical Center, Birmingham, AL, USA
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30
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Morris BJ, Hankins CA, Tobian AAR, Krieger JN, Klausner JD. Does Male Circumcision Protect against Sexually Transmitted Infections? Arguments and Meta-Analyses to the Contrary Fail to Withstand Scrutiny. ISRN UROLOGY 2014; 2014:684706. [PMID: 24944836 PMCID: PMC4040210 DOI: 10.1155/2014/684706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
We critically evaluate a recent article by Van Howe involving 12 meta-analyses that concludes, contrary to current evidence, that male circumcision increases the risk of various common sexually transmitted infections (STIs). Our detailed scrutiny reveals that these meta-analyses (1) failed to include results of all relevant studies, especially data from randomized controlled trials, (2) introduced bias through use of inappropriate control groups, (3) altered original data, in the case of human papillomavirus (HPV), by questionable adjustments for "sampling bias," (4) failed to control for confounders through use of crude odds ratios, and (5) used unnecessarily complicated methods without adequate explanation, so impeding replication by others. Interventions that can reduce the prevalence of STIs are important to international health. Of major concern is the global epidemic of oncogenic types of HPV that contribute to the burden of genital cancers. Meta-analyses, when well conducted, can better inform public health policy and medical practice, but when seriously flawed can have detrimental consequences. Our critical evaluation leads us to reject the findings and conclusions of Van Howe on multiple grounds. Our timely analysis thus reaffirms the medical evidence supporting male circumcision as a desirable intervention for STI prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Morris
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Catherine A. Hankins
- Department of Global Health, Academic Medical Centre and Amsterdam Institute for Global Health and Development, University of Amsterdam, 1100DE, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
- Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology, Faculty of Epidemiology and Population Health, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK
| | - Aaron A. R. Tobian
- Department of Pathology, School of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
| | - John N. Krieger
- Section of Urology University of Washington School of Medicine and VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Jeffrey D. Klausner
- Division of Infectious Diseases and Program in Global Health, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
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31
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Liu A, Yang Y, Liu L, Meng Z, Li L, Qiu C, Xu J, Zhang X. Differential compartmentalization of HIV-targeting immune cells in inner and outer foreskin tissue. PLoS One 2014; 9:e85176. [PMID: 24454812 PMCID: PMC3893184 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0085176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2013] [Accepted: 11/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Ex vivo foreskin models have demonstrated that inner foreskin is more susceptible to HIV-1 infection than outer foreskin. In the present study we characterized the compartition of HIV-1 target cells and quantified these cells in the epidermis and dermis of inner and outer foreskins using immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry. Our data showed that the epidermis of the inner foreskin was more enriched with CD4+ T cells and Langerhans cells (LCs), with the co-expression of CCR5 and α4β7 receptors, than the outer foreskin. Interestingly, the vast majority of CD4+ T cells and LCs expressed CCR5, but not CXCR4, indicating that the inner foreskin might capture and transmit R5-tropic HIV strains more efficiently. In addition, lymphoid aggregates, composed of T cells, macrophages and dendritic cells (DCs) in the dermis, were closer to the epithelial surface in the inner foreskin than in the outer foreskin. As dendritic cells are able to capture and pass HIV particles to susceptible target cells, HIV may be able to more efficiently infect the inner foreskin by hijacking the augmented immune communication pathways in this tissue. After the inoculation of HIV-1 particles in a foreskin explant culture model, the level of p24 antigen in the supernatant from the inner foreskin was slightly higher than that from the outer foreskin, although this difference was not significant. The present study is the first to employ both CCR5 and α4β7 to identify HIV target cells in the foreskin. Our data demonstrated that the inner foreskin was more enriched with HIV target immune cells than the outer foreskin, and this tissue was structured for efficient communication among immune cells that may promote HIV transmission and replication. In addition, our data suggests the R5-tropism of HIV sexual transmission is likely shaped through the inherent receptor composition on HIV target cells in the mucosa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aiping Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Lu Liu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zhefeng Meng
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Liangzhu Li
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chao Qiu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Jianqing Xu
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (XZ)
| | - Xiaoyan Zhang
- Shanghai Public Health Clinical Center and Institutes of Biomedical Sciences, Key Laboratory of Medical Molecular Virology, Shanghai Medical College of Fudan University, Shanghai, China
- * E-mail: (JX); (XZ)
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32
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DC) present in the genital tract are one of the first cells to encounter HIV during sexual mucosal transmission. In addition they are able to efficiently transfer the virus to its main target cells, CD4(+) T-lymphocytes. As such an understanding of how HIV interacts with and manipulates DCs is of key importance for the design of mucosal vaccines and microbicides. However working with these cells is difficult for several reasons. Firstly, immature DCs are difficult to infect due to their high endocytic capacity and mature DCs are usually resistant to infection. Secondly, tissue DCs are inherently difficult to isolate, which results in small yields and the cells are prone to maturation as a result of extraction. Here we describe how to isolate CD1a expressing Langerhans cells from the epidermis and CD1a(+), CD14(+) and perhaps BDCA3(+) DCs from the dermis. We also describe how to produce the model monocyte-derived DC (MDDC) by cytokine stimulation of CD14(+) monocytes, which results in the production of large numbers of immature cells. We also describe methods by which high titer HIV stocks can be generated to infect a significant proportion of DCs and also methods for determining the titer of such stocks.
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Harman AN, Kim M, Nasr N, Sandgren KJ, Cameron PU. Tissue dendritic cells as portals for HIV entry. Rev Med Virol 2013; 23:319-33. [PMID: 23908074 DOI: 10.1002/rmv.1753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2013] [Revised: 06/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/27/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) are found at the portals of pathogen entry such as the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, gastrointestinal and genital tracts where they represent the first line of contact between the immune system and the foreign invaders. They are found throughout the body in multiple subsets where they express unique combinations of C-type lectin receptors to best aid them in detection of pathogens associated with their anatomical location. DCs are important in the establishment in HIV infection for two reasons. Firstly, they are one of the first cells to encounter the virus, and the specific interaction that occurs between these cells and HIV is critical to HIV establishing a foothold infection. Secondly and most importantly, HIV is able to efficiently transfer the virus to its primary target cell, the CD4(+) T lymphocyte, in which it replicates explosively. Infection of CD4(+) T lymphocytes via DCs is far more efficient than direct infection. This review surveys the various DCs subsets found within the human sexual mucosa and their interactions with HIV. Mechanisms of HIV uptake are discussed as well as how the virus then traffics through the DC and is transferred to T cells. Until recently, most research has focussed on vaginal transmission despite the increased transmission rate associated with anal intercourse. Here, we also discuss recent advances in our understanding of HIV transmission in the colon.
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The adult penile urethra is a novel entry site for HIV-1 that preferentially targets resident urethral macrophages. Mucosal Immunol 2013; 6:776-86. [PMID: 23187317 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2012.116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The penile urethra is routinely targeted by sexually transmitted bacterial and viral pathogens, and also represents a probable site for HIV type-1 (HIV-1) entry. Yet, the mechanisms of urethral HIV-1 transmission are unknown. To describe the initial steps of penile HIV-1 entry, we obtained whole penile tissues from individuals undergoing elective gender reassignment and developed ex vivo polarized explants of different penile epithelia, as well as in vitro immunocompetent reconstructed urethra. In penile explants, 1 h exposure to cell-associated HIV-1 results in higher HIV-1 entry into the urethra, whereas the fossa navicularis and glans are relatively resistant to HIV-1. CCR5+/CD4+ urethral macrophages are the initial cells infected by HIV-1, which exit the epithelial compartment following inoculation with cell-associated HIV-1 that induces decreased CCL2/MCP-1 production. Urethral T cells are mostly CD8+ or naive CD4+, and not infected by HIV-1 on its early entry. In urethral reconstructions, efficient translocation of cell-associated HIV-1 depends on viral tropism (R5>X4) and can be decreased by gp41-specific IgAs. Cell-free HIV-1 is inefficient at urethral penetration. Our results identify the male urethra as a novel entry site for HIV-1 that targets resident urethral macrophages. These results might explain the incomplete prophylactic efficacy of male circumcision in reducing HIV-1 transmission.
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Kiser PF, Mesquita PM, Herold BC. A perspective on progress and gaps in HIV prevention science. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2012; 28:1373-8. [PMID: 22966871 DOI: 10.1089/aid.2012.0277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
In the past few years, the transdisciplinary field of HIV prevention has reached several milestones. Topically applied tenofovir gel provided significant protection from sexual transmission of HIV in a large-scale clinical trial and oral Truvada (emtricitabine/tenofovir disoproxil fumarate) was recently approved for preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP) following two successful clinical trials in men and women. These achievements are tempered by the disappointing results of other clinical trials, which highlight the complexities of prevention research. In this perspective, we discuss scientific and developmental gaps for topical chemoprophylaxis of the sexual transmission of HIV, which depends on the complex interactions between the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of drugs, formulation and delivery systems, anatomic site of transmission, and host mucosal immune defenses. Despite the considerable time and resources devoted to unraveling the initial steps in sexual transmission of HIV, current knowledge is based on animal models and human explanted tissue, which may not fully recapitulate what happens clinically. Understanding these events, including the role that sex hormones, semen, and mucosal secretions play in transmission, and the interplay between innate immunity, the mucosal environment, and drug efficacy is paramount. This drives some of the most pressing questions in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick F. Kiser
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Pedro M.M. Mesquita
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
| | - Betsy C. Herold
- Departments of Pediatrics and Microbiology-Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York
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Pique C, Jones KS. Pathways of cell-cell transmission of HTLV-1. Front Microbiol 2012; 3:378. [PMID: 23109932 PMCID: PMC3479854 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2012.00378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2012] [Accepted: 10/03/2012] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
The deltaretroviruses human T cell lymphotropic virus type 1 (HTLV-1) and human T cell lymphotropic virus type 2 (HTLV-2) have long been believed to differ from retroviruses in other genera by their mode of transmission. While other retroviruses were thought to primarily spread by producing cell-free particles that diffuse through extracellular fluids prior to binding to and infecting target cells, HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 were believed to transmit the virus solely by cell–cell interactions. This difference in transmission was believed to reflect the fact that, relative to other retroviruses, the cell-free virions produced by HTLV-infected cells are very poorly infectious. Since HTLV-1 and HTLV-2 are primarily found in T cells in the peripheral blood, spread of these viruses was believed to occur between infected and uninfected, T cells, although little was known about the cellular and viral proteins involved in this interaction. Recent studies have revealed that the method of transmission of HTLV is not unique: other retroviruses including human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) are also transmitted from cell-to-cell, and this method is dramatically more efficient than cell-free transmission. Moreover, cell–cell transmission of HTLV-1, as well as HIV, can occur following interactions between dendritic cells and T cells, as well as between T cells. Conversely, other studies have shown that cell-free HTLV-1 is not as poorly infectious as previously thought, since it is capable of infecting certain cell types. Here we summarize the recent insights about the mechanisms of cell–cell transmission of HTLV-1 and other retroviruses. We also review in vitro and in vivo studies of infection and discuss how these finding may relate to the spread of HTLV-1 between individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudine Pique
- CNRS UMR 8104, INSERM U567, Université Paris-Descartes, Institut Cochin Paris, France
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Morris BJ, Wamai RG. Biological basis for the protective effect conferred by male circumcision against HIV infection. Int J STD AIDS 2012; 23:153-9. [PMID: 22581866 DOI: 10.1258/ijsa.2011.011228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Here we provide an up-to-date review of research that explains why uncircumcised men are at higher risk of HIV infection. The inner foreskin is a mucosal epithelium deficient in protective keratin, yet rich in HIV target cells. Soon after sexual exposure to infected mucosal secretions of a HIV-positive partner, infected T-cells from the latter form viral synapses with keratinocytes and transfer HIV to Langerhans cells via dendrites that extend to just under the surface of the inner foreskin. The Langerhans cells with internalized HIV migrate to the basal epidermis and then pass HIV on to T-cells, thus leading to the systemic infection that ensues. Infection is exacerbated in inflammatory states associated with balanoposthitis, the presence of smegma and ulceration - including that caused by infection with herpes simplex virus type 2 and some other sexually transmitted infections (STIs). A high foreskin surface area and tearing of the foreskin or associated frenulum during sexual intercourse also facilitate HIV entry. Thus, by various means, the foreskin is the primary biological weak point that permits HIV infection during heterosexual intercourse. The biological findings could explain why male circumcision protects against HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Morris
- Basic & Clinical Genomics Laboratory, School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
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38
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No difference in keratin thickness between inner and outer foreskins from elective male circumcisions in Rakai, Uganda. PLoS One 2012; 7:e41271. [PMID: 22815984 PMCID: PMC3399815 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0041271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2012] [Accepted: 06/19/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
It has been hypothesized that increased HIV acquisition in uncircumcised men may relate to a more thinly keratinized inner foreskin. However, published data are contradictory and potentially confounded by medical indications for circumcision. We tested the hypothesis that the inner foreskin was more thinly keratinized than the outer foreskin using tissues from 19 healthy, HIV-uninfected men undergoing routine prophylactic circumcision in Rakai, Uganda. Sections from 3 foreskin anatomic sites (inner, outer, and frenar band) were snap-frozen separately. Two independent laboratories each separately stained, imaged, and measured keratin thicknesses in a blinded fashion. There was no significant difference in keratin thickness between the inner (mean = 14.67±7.48 µm) and outer (mean = 13.30±8.49 µm) foreskin, or between the inner foreskin and the frenar band (mean = 16.91±12.42 µm). While the frenar band showed the greatest intra-individual heterogeneity in keratin thickness, there was substantial inter-individual variation seen in all regions. Measurements made by the two laboratories showed high correlation (r = 0.741, 95% CI, 0.533-0.864). We conclude that, despite inter- and intra-individual variability, keratin thickness was similar in the inner and outer foreskin of healthy Ugandan men, and that reduced keratin thickness is not likely to make the inner foreskin more susceptible to HIV acquisition.
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Abstract
From the publication of the first AIDS issue onwards, major advances have been made in the field of innate immunity during HIV infection. Innate immunity can be defined as the first and unspecific lines of defense constitutively present and ready to be mobilized upon infection. Although a large body of literature adamantly highlights that innate immunity is a critical weapon of defense against HIV and its simian parents (simian immunodeficiency virus, SIV), innate immunity is still underexplored. Focusing on innate immunity may open new paths for the development of innovative therapeutics and vaccine strategies against HIV. Understanding innate immunity may shed light on the natural protection occurring in rare HIV-1-infected individuals who control their infection. This review focuses on innate mechanisms sensing HIV-1 entry and controlling HIV-1 infection, as well as promoting inflammation and shaping adaptive immunity.
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The role of HIV-1 Vpr in promoting the infection of nondividing cells and in cell cycle arrest. Curr Opin HIV AIDS 2012; 7:187-94. [PMID: 22274659 DOI: 10.1097/coh.0b013e32835049e0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW The search for the role(s) that HIV-1 Vpr and its HIV2/SIV paralogs Vpr and Vpx play in viral infection and pathogenesis showed that all three engage CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complexes. This association triggers ubiquitination and degradation of cellular substrates. The identity of the ubiquitin ligase substrates is only now beginning to be revealed. This review focuses on recent work that has identified one such substrate and exposed new cellular restrictions to infection. RECENT FINDINGS Three groups have now described cellular factors that restrict HIV-1 infection in cells of the myeloid lineage. One of these factors, sterile alpha motif- and metal-dependent phosphohydrolase domain-containing protein 1 (SAMHD1), was shown to be depleted through the CRL4 ubiquitin ligase complex in the presence of HIV-2/SIV Vpx. The other restriction can be defeated by Vpx in the absence of at least one part of the ubiquitin ligase complex that triggers SAMHD1 depletion.Another group has shown that the previously described upregulation of natural killer-cell ligands on the surface of HIV-1-infected cells requires the actions of both the cytidine deaminase APOBEC3G and uracil-N-glycosylase 2 in association with HIV-1 Vpr. SUMMARY As more cellular interaction partners are identified for HIV-1 Vpr and its paralogs from other viruses, details are emerging about Vpr function. The recent findings have highlighted the existence of two new human proteins that can act to combat HIV infection and have revealed how HIV-1 proteins act in concert to modulate the interaction between natural killer cells and HIV-1 infected cells.
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Patterson KB, Prince HA, Kraft E, Jenkins AJ, Shaheen NJ, Rooney JF, Cohen MS, Kashuba ADM. Penetration of tenofovir and emtricitabine in mucosal tissues: implications for prevention of HIV-1 transmission. Sci Transl Med 2012; 3:112re4. [PMID: 22158861 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3003174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 272] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A mainstay of strategies to prevent HIV-1 transmission is to use antiretroviral therapy (ART) for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP). Critical to the design and interpretation of PrEP prevention trials is the ability to make accurate pharmacological measurements of ART drugs in human genital and colorectal mucosal tissues, the principal route of HIV transmission. Here, we evaluated two drugs that are preferentially used for PrEP: tenofovir (TFV) disoproxil fumarate (TDF) and emtricitabine (FTC). A single oral dose of TDF/FTC (Truvada) was administered to 15 healthy individuals. Over the next 14 days, TFV and FTC were measured in blood plasma and genital secretions using a sensitive assay (lower level of quantification, 0.1 ng/ml). The active intracellular phosphorylated metabolites of these drugs [TFV diphospate (TFV-DP) and FTC triphosphate (FTC-TP)] were measured in homogenates prepared from rectal, vaginal, and cervical tissues. TFV and FTC were detected in blood plasma 14 days after administration of a single dose. The area under the concentration-time curve from 24 hours to 14 days (AUC(1-14d)) for FTC in genital secretions was 27-fold greater than in blood plasma, whereas the AUC(1-14d) for TFV was only 2.5-fold greater in genital secretions than in blood plasma. In rectal tissue, TFV and TFV-DP concentrations were detectable for 14 days and were 100-fold higher than the concentrations in vaginal and cervical tissues. Vaginal and cervical tissue concentrations of FTC were 10- to 15-fold higher than in rectal tissue. Despite high concentrations of FTC in vaginal and cervical tissue, FTC-TP concentrations in all tissue types were detected for only 2 days after dose. The exposure to TFV, TFV-DP, FTC, and FTC-TP was wide ranging depending on the type of mucosal tissue. These results demonstrate the need for detailed pharmacological studies to improve the application of ART for PrEP to prevent transmission of HIV.
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Prodger J, Gray R, Kigozi G, Nalugoda F, Galiwango R, Hirbod T, Wawer M, Hofer S, Sewankambo N, Serwadda D, Kaul R. Foreskin T-cell subsets differ substantially from blood with respect to HIV co-receptor expression, inflammatory profile, and memory status. Mucosal Immunol 2012; 5:121-8. [PMID: 22089029 PMCID: PMC3288185 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2011.56] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
The foreskin is the main site of heterosexual human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) acquisition in uncircumcised men, but functional data regarding T-cell subsets present at this site are lacking. Foreskin tissue and blood were obtained from Ugandan men undergoing elective adult circumcision. Tissue was treated by mechanical and enzymatic digestion followed by T-cell subset identification and assessment of cytokine production using flow cytometry. Foreskin CD4(+) T cells were predominantly an effector memory phenotype, and compared with blood they displayed a higher frequency of CCR5 expression (42.0% vs. 9.9%) and interleukin-17 production. There was no difference in T-regulatory cell frequency, but interferon-γ and tumor necrosis factor-α production were increased in foreskin CD8(+) T cells. These novel techniques demonstrate that the foreskin represents a proinflammatory milieu that is enriched for HIV-susceptible T-cell subsets. Further characterization of foreskin T-cell subsets may help to define the correlates of HIV susceptibility in the foreskin.
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Affiliation(s)
- J.L. Prodger
- Clinical Science Division, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - R. Gray
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - G. Kigozi
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | - F. Nalugoda
- Rakai Health Sciences Program, Kalisizo, Uganda
| | | | - T. Hirbod
- Department of Medicine, Solna, Center for Molecular Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Wawer
- Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, USA
| | - S.O.P. Hofer
- Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - N. Sewankambo
- College of Health Sciences, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - D. Serwadda
- Institute of Public Health, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - R. Kaul
- Clinical Science Division, Department of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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43
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44
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Tebit DM, Ndembi N, Weinberg A, Quiñones-Mateu ME. Mucosal transmission of human immunodeficiency virus. Curr HIV Res 2012; 10:3-8. [PMID: 22264040 PMCID: PMC3744389 DOI: 10.2174/157016212799304689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2011] [Revised: 10/01/2011] [Accepted: 11/11/2011] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Since the beginning of the AIDS pandemic, and following the discovery of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) as the etiological agent of the disease, it was clear that the virus gains access to the human host predominantly through the mucosal tissue after sexual exposure. As a consequence, the female genital tract (vaginal and cervical), as well as the rectal, penile, and oral mucosae have been extensively studied over the last thirty years towards a better understanding of--and to develop strategies to prevent--sexual HIV transmission. This review seeks to describe the biology of the events leading to HIV infection through the human mucosa and introduce some of the approaches attempted to prevent the sexual transmission of HIV.
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Affiliation(s)
- Denis M. Tebit
- Department of Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | - Aaron Weinberg
- School of Medicine, School of Dental Medicine, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
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45
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Darby R, Van Howe R. Not a surgical vaccine: there is no case for boosting infant male circumcision to combat heterosexual transmission of HIV in Australia. Aust N Z J Public Health 2011; 35:459-65. [PMID: 21973253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1753-6405.2011.00761.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To conduct a critical review of recent proposals that widespread circumcision of male infants be introduced in Australia as a means of combating heterosexually transmitted HIV infection. APPROACH These arguments are evaluated in terms of their logic, coherence and fidelity to the principles of evidence-based medicine; the extent to which they take account of the evidence for circumcision having a protective effect against HIV and the practicality of circumcision as an HIV control strategy; the extent of its applicability to the specifics of Australia's HIV epidemic; the benefits, harms and risks of circumcision; and the associated human rights, bioethical and legal issues. CONCLUSION Our conclusion is that such proposals ignore doubts about the robustness of the evidence from the African random-controlled trials as to the protective effect of circumcision and the practical value of circumcision as a means of HIV control; misrepresent the nature of Australia's HIV epidemic and exaggerate the relevance of the African random-controlled trials findings to it; underestimate the risks and harm of circumcision; and ignore questions of medical ethics and human rights. The notion of circumcision as a 'surgical vaccine' is criticised as polemical and unscientific. IMPLICATIONS Circumcision of infants or other minors has no place among HIV control measures in the Australian and New Zealand context; proposals such as these should be rejected.
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46
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Wamai RG, Morris BJ, Bailis SA, Sokal D, Klausner JD, Appleton R, Sewankambo N, Cooper DA, Bongaarts J, de Bruyn G, Wodak AD, Banerjee J. Male circumcision for HIV prevention: current evidence and implementation in sub-Saharan Africa. J Int AIDS Soc 2011; 14:49. [PMID: 22014096 PMCID: PMC3207867 DOI: 10.1186/1758-2652-14-49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Heterosexual exposure accounts for most HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa, and this mode, as a proportion of new infections, is escalating globally. The scientific evidence accumulated over more than 20 years shows that among the strategies advocated during this period for HIV prevention, male circumcision is one of, if not, the most efficacious epidemiologically, as well as cost-wise. Despite this, and recommendation of the procedure by global policy makers, national implementation has been slow. Additionally, some are not convinced of the protective effect of male circumcision and there are also reports, unsupported by evidence, that non-sex-related drivers play a major role in HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we provide a critical evaluation of the state of the current evidence for male circumcision in reducing HIV infection in light of established transmission drivers, provide an update on programmes now in place in this region, and explain why policies based on established scientific evidence should be prioritized. We conclude that the evidence supports the need to accelerate the implementation of medical male circumcision programmes for HIV prevention in generalized heterosexual epidemics, as well as in countering the growing heterosexual transmission in countries where HIV prevalence is presently low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard G Wamai
- Department of African-American Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Brian J Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Australia
| | - Stefan A Bailis
- Research & Education Association on Circumcision Health Effects, Bloomington, MN, USA
| | - David Sokal
- Behavioral and Biomedical Research, Family Health International, Research Triangle Park, NC, USA
| | - Jeffrey D Klausner
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco Department of Public Health, USA
| | - Ross Appleton
- College of Professional Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - David A Cooper
- Kirby Institute, St Vincents Hospital and University of New South Wales Sydney, Australia
| | - John Bongaarts
- Population Council, One Dag Hammarskjold Plaza, New York, NY, USA
| | - Guy de Bruyn
- Perinatal HIV Research Unit, New Nurses Home, Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Alex D Wodak
- Alcohol & Drug Unit, St Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
| | - Joya Banerjee
- Global Youth Coalition on HIV/AIDS, Pretoria, South Africa
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47
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Morris BJ, Waskett JH, Gray RH, Halperin DT, Wamai R, Auvert B, Klausner JD. Exposé of misleading claims that male circumcision will increase HIV infections in Africa. J Public Health Afr 2011; 2:e28. [PMID: 28299069 PMCID: PMC5345501 DOI: 10.4081/jphia.2011.e28] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2011] [Accepted: 07/06/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite over two decades of extensive research showing that male circumcision protects against heterosexual acquisition of HIV in men, and that includes findings from large randomized controlled trials leading to acceptance by the WHO/UNAIDS and the Cochrane Committee, opponents of circumcision continue to generate specious arguments to the contrary. In a recent issue of the Journal of Public Health in Africa, Van Howe and Storms claim that male circumcision will increase HIV infections in Africa. Here we review the statements they use in support of their thesis and show that there is no scientific basis to such an assertion. We also evaluate the statistics used and show that when these data are properly analyzed the results lead to a contrary conclusion affirming the major role of male circumcision in protecting against HIV infection in Africa. Researchers, policy makers and the wider community should rely on balanced scholarship when assessing scientific evidence. We trust that our assessment may help refute the claims by Van Howe and Storms, and provide reassurance on the importance of circumcision for HIV prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Morris
- School of Medical Sciences, University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Jake H. Waskett
- Circumcision Independent Reference and Commentary Service, Radcliffe, Manchester, UK
| | - Ronald H. Gray
- Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Daniel T. Halperin
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Richard Wamai
- Department of African-American Studies, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey D. Klausner
- Divisions of AIDS & Infectious Diseases, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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48
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Tobian AAR, Gray RH. Male foreskin and oncogenic human papillomavirus infection in men and their female partners. Future Microbiol 2011; 6:739-45. [DOI: 10.2217/fmb.11.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Persistent high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) infection causes cervical cancer, the third leading cause of cancer mortality in women worldwide. High rates of HR-HPV and cervical cancer occur in sub-Saharan Africa and are exacerbated by the HIV epidemic, making prevention of HR-HPV and HIV priorities. Male circumcision reduces HIV acquisition in men. As presented in this article, randomized controlled trial data also demonstrate that male circumcision reduces penile HR-HPV infection in both HIV-negative and -positive men. Male circumcision of HIV-negative men also reduces the prevalence and incidence of HR-HPV infections in their female partners. However, male circumcision of HIV-positive men has no effect on HR-HPV infection in their female partners. These data demonstrate that male circumcision is most effective prior to sexual debut, and the presence of the male foreskin facilitates HIV and HR-HPV infection in men and their female partners. Additional studies that utilize the foreskin mucosa obtained at the time of male circumcision are needed to assess the mucosal microenvironment in HIV and HR-HPV coinfections to develop additional preventive and therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ronald H Gray
- Department of Population, Family & Reproductive Health, Johns Hopkins University, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University, Carnegie 667, 600 N. Wolfe St, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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49
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Zhou Z, Barry de Longchamps N, Schmitt A, Zerbib M, Vacher-Lavenu MC, Bomsel M, Ganor Y. HIV-1 efficient entry in inner foreskin is mediated by elevated CCL5/RANTES that recruits T cells and fuels conjugate formation with Langerhans cells. PLoS Pathog 2011; 7:e1002100. [PMID: 21738469 PMCID: PMC3128116 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1002100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 04/16/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Male circumcision reduces acquisition of HIV-1 by 60%. Hence, the foreskin is an HIV-1 entry portal during sexual transmission. We recently reported that efficient HIV-1 transmission occurs following 1 h of polarized exposure of the inner, but not outer, foreskin to HIV-1-infected cells, but not to cell-free virus. At this early time point, Langerhans cells (LCs) and T-cells within the inner foreskin epidermis are the first cells targeted by the virus. To gain in-depth insight into the molecular mechanisms governing inner foreskin HIV-1 entry, foreskin explants were inoculated with HIV-1-infeceted cells for 4 h. The chemokine/cytokine milieu secreted by the foreskin tissue, and resulting modifications in density and spatial distribution of T-cells and LCs, were then investigated. Our studies show that in the inner foreskin, inoculation with HIV-1-infected cells induces increased CCL5/RANTES (1.63-fold) and decreased CCL20/MIP-3-alpha (0.62-fold) secretion. Elevated CCL5/RANTES mediates recruitment of T-cells from the dermis into the epidermis, which is blocked by a neutralizing CCL5/RANTES Ab. In parallel, HIV-1-infected cells mediate a bi-phasic modification in the spatial distribution of epidermal LCs: attraction to the apical surface at 1 h, followed by migration back towards the basement membrane later on at 4 h, in correlation with reduced CCL20/MIP-3-alpha at this time point. T-cell recruitment fuels the continuous formation of LC-T-cell conjugates, permitting the transfer of HIV-1 captured by LCs. Together, these results reveal that HIV-1 induces a dynamic process of immune cells relocation in the inner foreskin that is associated with specific chemokines secretion, which favors efficient HIV-1 entry at this site.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhicheng Zhou
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Cell Biology and Host Pathogen Interactions Department, Cochin Institute, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U1016, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
| | - Nicolas Barry de Longchamps
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Electron Microscopy Platform, Cochin Institute, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
| | - Alain Schmitt
- INSERM, U1016, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Electron Microscopy Platform, Cochin Institute, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
| | - Marc Zerbib
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Urology Service, GH Cochin-St Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
| | - Marie-Cécile Vacher-Lavenu
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, GH Cochin-St Vincent de Paul, Paris, France
| | - Morgane Bomsel
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Cell Biology and Host Pathogen Interactions Department, Cochin Institute, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U1016, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Yonatan Ganor
- Mucosal Entry of HIV-1 and Mucosal Immunity, Cell Biology and Host Pathogen Interactions Department, Cochin Institute, CNRS (UMR 8104), Paris, France
- INSERM, U1016, Paris, France
- Université Paris Descartes, Paris, France
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Morris BJ, Gray RH, Castellsague X, Bosch FX, Halperin DT, Waskett JH, Hankins CA. The Strong Protective Effect of Circumcision against Cancer of the Penis. Adv Urol 2011; 2011:812368. [PMID: 21687572 PMCID: PMC3113366 DOI: 10.1155/2011/812368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2010] [Accepted: 03/09/2011] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Male circumcision protects against cancer of the penis, the invasive form of which is a devastating disease confined almost exclusively to uncircumcised men. Major etiological factors are phimosis, balanitis, and high-risk types of human papillomavirus (HPV), which are more prevalent in the glans penis and coronal sulcus covered by the foreskin, as well as on the penile shaft, of uncircumcised men. Circumcised men clear HPV infections more quickly. Phimosis (a constricted foreskin opening impeding the passage of urine) is confined to uncircumcised men, in whom balanitis (affecting 10%) is more common than in circumcised men. Each is strongly associated with risk of penile cancer. These findings have led to calls for promotion of male circumcision, especially in infancy, to help reduce the global burden of penile cancer. Even more relevant globally is protection from cervical cancer, which is 10-times more common, being much higher in women with uncircumcised male partners. Male circumcision also provides indirect protection against various other infections in women, along with direct protection for men from a number of genital tract infections, including HIV. Given that adverse consequences of medical male circumcision, especially when performed in infancy, are rare, this simple prophylactic procedure should be promoted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brian J. Morris
- School of Medical Sciences and Bosch Institute, Sydney Medical School, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW 2006, Australia
| | - Ronald H. Gray
- Population and Family Planning, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Xavier Castellsague
- Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), IDIBELL, CIBERESP, RTICC, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - F. Xavier Bosch
- Institut Català d'Oncologia (ICO), IDIBELL, CIBERESP, RTICC, 08908 L'Hospitalet de Llobregat, Catalonia, Spain
| | - Daniel T. Halperin
- Department of Global Health and Population, Harvard School of Public Health, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jake H. Waskett
- Circumcision Independent Reference and Commentary Service, Radcliffe, Manchester M261JR, UK
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