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Weber S, Rey Álvarez LT, Ansede-Bermejo J, Cruz R, Del Real Á, Bühler J, Carracedo Á, Aybek S. The impact of genetic variations in the serotonergic system on symptom severity and clinical outcome in functional neurological disorders. J Psychosom Res 2024; 186:111909. [PMID: 39236646 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpsychores.2024.111909] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2024] [Revised: 08/28/2024] [Accepted: 08/28/2024] [Indexed: 09/07/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We studied gene-environment, as well as gene-gene interaction to elucidate their effects on symptom severity and predict clinical outcomes in functional neurological disorders (FND). METHODS Eighty-five patients with mixed FND were genotyped for ten single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) from seven different stress-related genes. We tested cross-sectionally the association between genotype and the symptomatology of FND (symptom severity assessed with the examiner-based clinical global impression score [CGI] and age of onset). Clinical outcome was assessed in 52 patients who participated in a follow-up clinical visit after eight months (following their individual therapies as usual). We tested longitudinally the association between genotype and clinical outcome in FND. We examined the contribution of each SNP and their interaction between them to FND symptomatology and outcome. RESULTS We identified a nominal association between tryptophan hydroxylase 1 (TPH1) rs1800532 and symptom severity (CGI1) in FND under a codominant model (T/T: ßT/T = 2.31, seT/T = 0.57; G/T: ßG/T = -0.18, seG/T = 0.29, P = 0.035), with minor allele (T) carriers presenting more severe symptoms. An association was identified between TPH1 and clinical outcome, suggesting that major allele (G) carriers were more likely to have an improved outcome under a codominant model (G/T: ORG/T = 0.18, CIG/T = [0.02-1.34]; T/T: ORT/T = 2.08, CIT/T = [0.30-14.53], P = 0.041). Our analyses suggested a significant gene-gene interaction for TPH2 (rs4570625) and OXTR (rs2254298) on symptom severity, and a significant gene-gene interaction for TPH1, TPH2 and BDNF (rs1491850) on clinical outcome. CONCLUSION FND might arise from a complex interplay between individual predisposing risk genes involved in the serotonergic pathway and their gene-gene interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samantha Weber
- Department of Neurology, Psychosomatic Medicine Unit, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; University of Zurich, Psychiatric University Hospital Zurich, Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Lucía Trinidad Rey Álvarez
- Department of Neurology, Psychosomatic Medicine Unit, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Juan Ansede-Bermejo
- Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Raquel Cruz
- Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Álvaro Del Real
- Medicine and Psychiatry Department, University of Cantabria, Santander, Spain
| | - Janine Bühler
- Department of Neurology, Psychosomatic Medicine Unit, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ángel Carracedo
- Centro Nacional de Genotipado (CEGEN), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Centre for Biomedical Network Research on Rare Diseases (CIBERER), Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Madrid, Spain; Centro Singular de Investigación en Medicina Molecular y Enfermedades Crónicas (CIMUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Santiago de Compostela, Spain; Fundación Pública Galega de Medicina Xenómica, Sistema Galego de Saúde (SERGAS), Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Selma Aybek
- Department of Neurology, Psychosomatic Medicine Unit, Inselspital Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland; Faculty of Science and Medicine, University of Fribourg, 1700 Fribourg, Switzerland.
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Grigorenko EL. The extraordinary "ordinary magic" of resilience. Dev Psychopathol 2024:1-18. [PMID: 39363871 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579424000841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/05/2024]
Abstract
In this essay, I will briefly sample different instances of the utilization of the concept of resilience, attempting to complement a comprehensive representation of the field in the special issue of Development and Psychopathology inspired by the 42nd Minnesota Symposium on Child Psychology, hosted by the Institute of Child Development at the University of Minnesota and held in October of 2022. Having established the general context of the field, I will zoom in on some of its features, which I consider "low-hanging fruit" and which can be harvested in a systematic way to advance the study of resilience in the context of the future of developmental psychopathology.
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Genetic associations with resilience to potentially traumatic events and vantage sensitivity to social support. Arch Psychiatr Nurs 2022; 40:147-157. [PMID: 36064238 DOI: 10.1016/j.apnu.2022.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2021] [Revised: 05/30/2022] [Accepted: 07/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Stress responses and mental health outcomes greatly vary when individuals are exposed to potentially traumatic events (PTEs). The Differential Susceptibility Model (DSM) (Pluess, 2015) suggests individual differences in stress responses are influenced by gene-environment interactions, with genes conferring reactivity. While individuals can be resilient (or vulnerable) to PTEs, they can also have vantage sensitivity (or resistance) to social support. This study examined whether selected genotypes moderated the effect of PTEs and social support on mental health. METHODS This cross-sectional candidate gene study included 450 college students (M age = 20.4, 79.3 % women) who provided buccal cells for genotyping and completed measures of psychosocial variables. DNA was genotyped for 12 genetic variants. RESULTS Hierarchical regression revealed that the Mental Health Inventory (MHI) was associated with the Trauma History Questionnaire (THQ), rs1800795 in IL-6, and THQ × rs1800795 [R2 = 0.10, F(3, 418) = 15.68, p < .01]. The MHI was associated with the Social Support Survey (SSS), rs4680 in COMT, and SSS × rs4680 [R2 = 0.24, F(3, 429) = 44.19, p < .01]. Only THQ and SSS survived multiple testing corrections. DISCUSSION Findings partially support the DSM that the G/G genotype of rs1800795 in IL-6 is associated with resilience to PTEs, and the Met/Met genotype of rs4680 in COMT is associated with vantage sensitivity to social support. Limitations include cross-sectional design, limited PTE measurement, small convenience sample, and noncorrection for multiple significance test. Clinicians need to view resilience holistically and understand resilience is associated with psychosocial and genetic factors.
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Di Benedetto MG, Scassellati C, Cattane N, Riva MA, Cattaneo A. Neurotrophic factors, childhood trauma and psychiatric disorders: A systematic review of genetic, biochemical, cognitive and imaging studies to identify potential biomarkers. J Affect Disord 2022; 308:76-88. [PMID: 35378148 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2022.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Exposure to traumatic experience represents one of the key environmental factors influencing the risk for several psychiatric disorders, in particular when suffered during childhood, a critical period for brain development, characterized by a high level of neuroplasticity. Abnormalities affecting neurotrophic factors might play a fundamental role in the link between childhood trauma (CT) and early life stress (ELS) and psychiatric disorders. METHODS A systematic review was conducted, considering genetic, biochemical and expression studies along with cognitive and brain structure imaging investigations, based on PubMed and Web of Science databases (available up until November 2021), to identify potential neuroplasticity related biomarkers associated both with CT/ELS and psychiatric disorders. The search was followed by data abstraction and study quality assessment (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale). RESULTS 103 studies met our eligibility criteria. Among them, 65 were available for genetic, 30 for biochemical and 3 for mRNA data; 45 findings were linked to specific symptomatology/pathologies, 16 with various cognitive functions, 19 with different brain areas, 6 on methylation and 36 performed on control subjects for the Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF); whereas 4 expression/biochemical studies covered Neurotrophin 4 (NT-4), Vascular Endothelium Growth Factor (VEGF), Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), Fibroblast Growth Factor (FGF), and Transforming Growth Factor β1 (TGF-β1). LIMITATIONS Heterogeneity of assessments (biological, psychological, of symptomatology, and CT/ELS), age range and ethnicity of samples for BDNF studies; limited studies for other neurotrophins. CONCLUSIONS Results support the key role of BDNF (in form of Met allele) as biomarker, both at genetic and biochemical level, in mediating the effect of CT/ELS in psychiatric disorders, passing through specific cognitive functions and specific brain region architecture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Di Benedetto
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Catia Scassellati
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Nadia Cattane
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Andrea Riva
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy
| | - Annamaria Cattaneo
- Biological Psychiatry Unit, IRCCS Istituto Centro S. Giovanni di Dio Fatebenefratelli, Brescia, Italy; Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Milan, Italy.
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Cahill S, Chandola T, Hager R. Genetic Variants Associated With Resilience in Human and Animal Studies. Front Psychiatry 2022; 13:840120. [PMID: 35669264 PMCID: PMC9163442 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2022.840120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Resilience is broadly defined as the ability to maintain or regain functioning in the face of adversity and is influenced by both environmental and genetic factors. The identification of specific genetic factors and their biological pathways underpinning resilient functioning can help in the identification of common key factors, but heterogeneities in the operationalisation of resilience have hampered advances. We conducted a systematic review of genetic variants associated with resilience to enable the identification of general resilience mechanisms. We adopted broad inclusion criteria for the definition of resilience to capture both human and animal model studies, which use a wide range of resilience definitions and measure very different outcomes. Analyzing 158 studies, we found 71 candidate genes associated with resilience. OPRM1 (Opioid receptor mu 1), NPY (neuropeptide Y), CACNA1C (calcium voltage-gated channel subunit alpha1 C), DCC (deleted in colorectal carcinoma), and FKBP5 (FKBP prolyl isomerase 5) had both animal and human variants associated with resilience, supporting the idea of shared biological pathways. Further, for OPRM1, OXTR (oxytocin receptor), CRHR1 (corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1), COMT (catechol-O-methyltransferase), BDNF (brain-derived neurotrophic factor), APOE (apolipoprotein E), and SLC6A4 (solute carrier family 6 member 4), the same allele was associated with resilience across divergent resilience definitions, which suggests these genes may therefore provide a starting point for further research examining commonality in resilience pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie Cahill
- Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Faculty of Humanities, Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Tarani Chandola
- Faculty of Humanities, Cathie Marsh Institute for Social Research, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
- Methods Hub, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Reinmar Hager
- Evolution, Infection and Genomics, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
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Measuring resilience in children: a review of recent literature and recommendations for future research. Curr Opin Psychiatry 2021; 34:10-21. [PMID: 33105167 DOI: 10.1097/yco.0000000000000663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Understanding variability in developmental outcomes following exposure to early life adversity (ELA) has been an area of increasing interest in psychiatry, as resilient outcomes are just as prevalent as negative ones. However, resilient individuals are understudied in most cohorts and even when studied, resilience is typically defined as an absence of psychopathology. This review examines current approaches to resilience and proposes more comprehensive and objective ways of defining resilience. RECENT FINDINGS Of the 36 studies reviewed, the most commonly used measure was the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (n = 6), followed by the Child Behavior Checklist (n = 5), the Resilience Scale for Chinese Adolescents (n = 5), the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (n = 4), and the Child and Youth Resilience Scale (n = 3). SUMMARY This review reveals that studies tend to rely on self-report methods to capture resilience which poses some challenges. We propose a complementary measure of child resilience that relies on more proactive behavioral and observational indicators; some of our preliminary findings are presented. Additionally, concerns about the way ELA is characterized as well as the influence of genetics on resilient outcomes prompts further considerations about how to proceed with resiliency research.
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Nestor PG, O'Donovan K, Lapp HE, Hasler VC, Boodai SB, Hunter R. Risk and protective effects of serotonin and BDNF genes on stress-related adult psychiatric symptoms. Neurobiol Stress 2019; 11:100186. [PMID: 31440532 PMCID: PMC6700400 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2019.100186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2019] [Revised: 06/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We focused on individual risk by examining childhood adversity and current psychiatric symptoms in a sample of 100 college students genotyped for both the serotonin transporter (5-HTTLPR) and the brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF). Naturally occurring allelic variation in 5-HTTLPR (short/long) and BDNF (valine/methionine) have been strongly implicated in stress-related psychiatric risk, but the combined effects of these alleles on psychological functioning have yet to be fully elucidated. Univariate analysis revealed gene-environment correlations linking heightened psychiatric risk with past childhood adversity for short but not long 5-HTTLPR allelic carriers and for valine (Val) but not methionine (Met) BDNF allelic carriers. Multivariate analyses revealed a significant gene x gene interaction with results showing that risk varied systematically depending on both 5-HTTLPR and BDNF alleles, independent of childhood adversity. Hierarchical regression analyses indicated that approximately 11% of the variance in symptoms of depression could be specifically accounted for by the epistatic interaction of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF val66Met polymorphisms. Allelic group analyses indicated lowest risk, as measured by depression and anxiety, for allelic carriers of 5-HTTLPR-short and BDNF Met, followed by 5-HTTLPR-long and BDNF-Val, 5-HTTLPR-short and BDNF-Val, and 5-HTTLPR-long and BDNF-Met. Results suggest that protective or risk-enhancing effects on stress-related psychiatric functioning may depend on specific allelic combinations of 5-HTTLPR and BDNF.
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Niitsu K, Rice MJ, Houfek JF, Stoltenberg SF, Kupzyk KA, Barron CR. A Systematic Review of Genetic Influence on Psychological Resilience. Biol Res Nurs 2018; 21:61-71. [DOI: 10.1177/1099800418800396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
When exposed to adversity, some individuals are at an increased risk of posttraumatic stress disorder, experiencing persistent biopsychosocial disturbances, whereas others adapt well, described as resilience. Resilience is a complex biopsychosocial phenomenon conceptualized as adaptation to adversity influenced by an individual’s genetic variants, epistasis, epigenetics, and gene-by-environment interactions. Studies on psychological resilience have focused on behavioral and psychosocial variables with far less examination of the genetic contributions. The purpose of this review is to identify specific genetic variants contributing to the biological capacity for psychological resilience. PubMed and PsycINFO were searched using the following key words: psychological resilience AND genotype(s). Additional articles were identified from the Human Genome Epidemiology Navigator using the term resilience, psychological. Ten studies met the criteria. Six genes were empirically associated with psychological resilience: serotonin-transporter-linked polymorphic region ( 5-HTTLPR), dopamine receptor D4, brain-derived neurotrophic factor ( BDNF), corticotropin-releasing hormone receptor 1, oxytocin receptor and regulator of G-protein signaling 2 . The findings of this systematic review suggest that the L/L or L’/L’ genotype of 5-HTTLPR and rs25531 in children/adolescents and the S/S or S’/S’ genotype in adults are most frequently related to resilience. Additionally, the Val/Val genotype of rs6265 in BDNF in Caucasians was also associated with resilience. There are numerous factors contributing to the complexity of determining the genetic influence on resilience including analysis of rs25531, assumptions of the mode of inheritance, operationalization of resilience, demographic and population characteristics, sample size, and other types of genetic influence including epistasis and epigenetics. While current evidence is supportive, further investigation of the genetic influence on resilience is required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kosuke Niitsu
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Michael J. Rice
- College of Nursing, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Julia F. Houfek
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | | | - Kevin A. Kupzyk
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Cecilia R. Barron
- College of Nursing, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
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Abstract
Although emerging findings in psychiatric and behavioral genetics create hope for improved prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disorders, the introduction of such data as evidence in criminal and civil proceedings raises a host of ethical, legal, and social issues. Should behavioral and psychiatric genetic data be admissible in judicial proceedings? If so, what are the various means for obtaining such evidence, and for what purposes should its admission be sought and permitted? How could-and should-such evidence affect judicial outcomes in criminal and civil proceedings? And what are the potential implications of using behavioral and psychiatric genetic evidence for individuals and communities, and for societal values of equality and justice? This article provides an overview of the historical and current developments in behavioral genetics. We then explore the extent to which behavioral genetic evidence has-and should-affect determinations of criminal responsibility and sentencing, as well as the possible ramifications of introducing such evidence in civil courts, with a focus on tort litigation and child custody disputes. We also consider two ways in which behavioral genetic evidence may come to court in the future-through genetic theft or the subpoena of a litigant's biospecimen data that was previously obtained for clinical or research purposes-and the concerns that these possibilities raise. Finally, we highlight the need for caution and for approaches to prevent the misuse of behavioral genetic evidence in courts.
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Increased parasympathetic activity and ability to generate positive emotion: The influence of the BDNF Val66Met polymorphism on emotion flexibility. MOTIVATION AND EMOTION 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s11031-018-9679-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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The importance of gene-environment interactions in human obesity. Clin Sci (Lond) 2017; 130:1571-97. [PMID: 27503943 DOI: 10.1042/cs20160221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The worldwide obesity epidemic has been mainly attributed to lifestyle changes. However, who becomes obese in an obesity-prone environment is largely determined by genetic factors. In the last 20 years, important progress has been made in the elucidation of the genetic architecture of obesity. In parallel with successful gene identifications, the number of gene-environment interaction (GEI) studies has grown rapidly. This paper reviews the growing body of evidence supporting gene-environment interactions in the field of obesity. Heritability, monogenic and polygenic obesity studies provide converging evidence that obesity-predisposing genes interact with a variety of environmental, lifestyle and treatment exposures. However, some skepticism remains regarding the validity of these studies based on several issues, which include statistical modelling, confounding, low replication rate, underpowered analyses, biological assumptions and measurement precision. What follows in this review includes (1) an introduction to the study of GEI, (2) the evidence of GEI in the field of obesity, (3) an outline of the biological mechanisms that may explain these interaction effects, (4) methodological challenges associated with GEI studies and potential solutions, and (5) future directions of GEI research. Thus far, this growing body of evidence has provided a deeper understanding of GEI influencing obesity and may have tremendous applications in the emerging field of personalized medicine and individualized lifestyle recommendations.
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Fuemmeler BF, Lee CT, Soubry A, Iversen ES, Huang Z, Murtha AP, Schildkraut JM, Jirtle RL, Murphy SK, Hoyo C. DNA Methylation of Regulatory Regions of Imprinted Genes at Birth and Its Relation to Infant Temperament. GENETICS & EPIGENETICS 2016; 8:59-67. [PMID: 27920589 PMCID: PMC5127604 DOI: 10.4137/geg.s40538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2016] [Revised: 10/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/22/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND DNA methylation of the differentially methylated regions (DMRs) of imprinted genes is relevant to neurodevelopment. METHODS DNA methylation status of the DMRs of nine imprinted genes in umbilical cord blood leukocytes was analyzed in relation to infant behaviors and temperament (n = 158). RESULTS MEG3 DMR levels were positively associated with internalizing (β = 0.15, P = 0.044) and surgency (β = 0.19, P = 0.018) behaviors, after adjusting for birth weight, gender, gestational age at birth, maternal age at delivery, race/ethnicity, education level, smoking status, parity, and a history of anxiety or depression. Higher methylation levels at the intergenic MEG3-IG methylation regions were associated with surgency (β = 0.28, P = 0.0003) and PEG3 was positively related to externalizing (β = 0.20, P = 0.01) and negative affectivity (β = 0.18, P = 0.02). CONCLUSION While the small sample size limits inference, these pilot data support gene-specific associations between epigenetic differences in regulatory regions of imprinted domains at birth and later infant temperament.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernard F Fuemmeler
- Department of Health Behavior and Policy, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA, USA
| | - Chien-Ti Lee
- Department of Family Life, Brigham Young University, Provo, UT, USA
| | - Adelheid Soubry
- Department of Public Health and Primary Care, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Edwin S Iversen
- Department of Statistical Science, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Zhiqing Huang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Amy P Murtha
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Joellen M Schildkraut
- Department of Public Health Sciences, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | - Randy L Jirtle
- Department of Oncology, McArdle Laboratory for Cancer Research, School of Medicine and Public Health, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA.; Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences, Institute of Sport and Physical Activity Research (ISPAR), University of Bedfordshire, University Square, Luton, UK
| | - Susan K Murphy
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
| | - Cathrine Hoyo
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Duke University Medical Center, Durham, NC, USA
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Serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region (5-HTTLPR) genotype moderates the longitudinal impact of early caregiving on externalizing behavior. Dev Psychopathol 2016; 27:7-18. [PMID: 25640827 DOI: 10.1017/s0954579414001266] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
We examined caregiver report of externalizing behavior from 12 to 54 months of age in 102 children randomized to care as usual in institutions or to newly created high-quality foster care. At baseline no differences by group or genotype in externalizing were found. However, changes in externalizing from baseline to 42 months of age were moderated by the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region genotype and intervention group, where the slope for short-short (S/S) individuals differed as a function of intervention group. The slope for individuals carrying the long allele did not significantly differ between groups. At 54 months of age, S/S children in the foster care group had the lowest levels of externalizing behavior, while children with the S/S genotype in the care as usual group demonstrated the highest rates of externalizing behavior. No intervention group differences were found in externalizing behavior among children who carried the long allele. These findings, within a randomized controlled trial of foster care compared to continued care as usual, indicate that the serotonin transporter linked polymorphic region genotype moderates the relation between early caregiving environments to predict externalizing behavior in children exposed to early institutional care in a manner most consistent with differential susceptibility.
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Brett ZH, Sheridan M, Humphreys K, Smyke A, Gleason MM, Fox N, Zeanah C, Nelson C, Drury S. A neurogenetics approach to defining differential susceptibility to institutional care. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BEHAVIORAL DEVELOPMENT 2015; 39:150-160. [PMID: 25663728 PMCID: PMC4317330 DOI: 10.1177/0165025414538557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
An individual's neurodevelopmental and cognitive sequelae to negative early experiences may, in part, be explained by genetic susceptibility. We examined whether extreme differences in the early caregiving environment, defined as exposure to severe psychosocial deprivation associated with institutional care compared to normative rearing, interacted with a biologically informed genoset comprising BDNF (rs6265), COMT (rs4680), and SIRT1 (rs3758391) to predict distinct outcomes of neurodevelopment at age 8 (N = 193, 97 males and 96 females). Ethnicity was categorized as Romanian (71%), Roma (21%), unknown (7%), or other (1%). We identified a significant interaction between early caregiving environment (i.e., institutionalized versus never institutionalized children) and the a priori defined genoset for full-scale IQ, two spatial working memory tasks, and prefrontal cortex gray matter volume. Model validation was performed using a bootstrap resampling procedure. Although we hypothesized that the effect of this genoset would operate in a manner consistent with differential susceptibility, our results demonstrate a complex interaction where vantage susceptibility, diathesis stress, and differential susceptibility are implicated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Anna Smyke
- Tulane University School of Medicine, USA
| | | | | | | | - Charles Nelson
- Boston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, USA
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Developmental alterations in anxiety and cognitive behavior in serotonin transporter mutant mice. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2014; 231:4119-33. [PMID: 24728652 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-014-3554-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2013] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE A promoter variant of the serotonin transporter (SERT) gene is known to affect emotional and cognitive regulation. In particular, the "short" allelic variant is implicated in the etiology of multiple neuropsychiatric disorders. Heterozygous (SERT(+/-)) and homozygous (SERT(-/-)) SERT mutant mice are valuable tools for understanding the mechanisms of altered SERT levels. Although these genetic effects are well investigated in adulthood, the developmental trajectory of altered SERT levels for behavior has not been investigated. OBJECTIVES We assessed anxiety-like and cognitive behaviors in SERT mutant mice in early adolescence and adulthood to examine the developmental consequences of reduced SERT levels. Spine density of pyramidal neurons was also measured in corticolimbic brain regions. RESULTS Adult SERT(-/-) mice exhibited increased anxiety-like behavior, but these differences were not observed in early adolescent SERT(-/-) mice. Conversely, SERT(+/-) and SERT(-/-) mice did display higher spontaneous alternation during early adolescence and adulthood. SERT(+/-) and SERT(-/-) also exhibited greater neuronal spine densities in the orbitofrontal but not the medial prefrontal cortices. Adult SERT(-/-) mice also showed an increased spine density in the basolateral amygdala. CONCLUSIONS Developmental alterations of the serotonergic system caused by genetic inactivation of SERT can have different influences on anxiety-like and cognitive behaviors through early adolescence into adulthood, which may be associated with changes of spine density in the prefrontal cortex and amygdala. The altered maturation of serotonergic systems may lead to specific age-related vulnerabilities to psychopathologies that develop during adolescence.
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De Fruyt F, De Clercq B. Antecedents of Personality Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence: Toward an Integrative Developmental Model. Annu Rev Clin Psychol 2014; 10:449-76. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-clinpsy-032813-153634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Filip De Fruyt
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
| | - Barbara De Clercq
- Department of Developmental, Personality and Social Psychology, Ghent University, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium; ,
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Li JJ, Lee SS. Negative emotionality mediates the association of 5-HTTLPR genotype and depression in children with and without ADHD. Psychiatry Res 2014; 215:163-9. [PMID: 24287203 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2013.10.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 09/06/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The 44-base-pair polymorphism in the promoter region of the serotonin transporter gene (5-HTTLPR) has been implicated in the etiology of depression, but relatively little is known about potential mediators of this association. Although dimensions of temperament are likely to be proximal to the neurobiological and genetic factors underlying depression, studies have yet to formally evaluate temperament as a potential causal pathway. We examined individual differences in dimensions of temperament [negative emotionality (NE), prosociality (PRO), and daring (DA)] as potential mediators of 5-HTTLPR genotype and child depression. Using a multiple mediation framework, we tested the association of child 5-HTTLPR genotype and these dimensions of temperament with multi-informant ratings of child depression in a sample of 218 children with and without attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). The long allele of 5-HTTLPR was associated with higher NE and lower PRO, but not DA. High NE mediated the association of 5-HTTLPR genotype and separate parent and teacher ratings of depression. ADHD status did not moderate the mediational role of NE for 5-HTTLPR and depression. Results suggest that NE may constitute a pathway between 5-HTTLPR and child depression. The role of genetic variation and temperament dimensions as intermediate traits in the development of depression is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- James J Li
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, United States
| | - Steve S Lee
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles, 1285 Franz Hall, Box 951563, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1563, United States.
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Hornung OP, Heim CM. Gene-environment interactions and intermediate phenotypes: early trauma and depression. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:14. [PMID: 24596569 PMCID: PMC3925849 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Accepted: 02/01/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This review focuses on current research developments in the study of gene by early life stress (ELS) interactions and depression. ELS refers to aversive experiences during childhood and adolescence such as sexual, physical or emotional abuse, emotional or physical neglect as well as parental loss. Previous research has focused on investigating and characterizing the specific role of ELS within the pathogenesis of depression and linking these findings to neurobiological changes of the brain, especially the stress response system. The latest findings highlight the role of genetic factors that increase vulnerability or, likewise, promote resilience to depression after childhood trauma. Considering intermediate phenotypes has further increased our understanding of the complex relationship between early trauma and depression. Recent findings with regard to epigenetic changes resulting from adverse environmental events during childhood promote current endeavors to identify specific target areas for prevention and treatment schemes regarding the long-term impact of ELS. Taken together, the latest research findings have underscored the essential role of genotypes and epigenetic processes within the development of depression after childhood trauma, thereby building the basis for future research and clinical interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orla P. Hornung
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Christine M. Heim
- Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- *Correspondence: Christine M. Heim, Institute of Medical Psychology, Charité University Medicine Berlin, Luisenstraße 57, Berlin 10117, Germany e-mail:
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Nardi B, Marini A, Turchi C, Arimatea E, Tagliabracci A, Bellantuono C. Role of 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in the development of the inward/outward personality organization: a genetic association study. PLoS One 2013; 8:e82192. [PMID: 24358153 PMCID: PMC3864855 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0082192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Reciprocity with primary caregivers affects subjects' adaptive abilities toward the construction of the most useful personal meaning organization (PMO) with respect to their developmental environment. Within cognitive theory the post-rationalist approach has outlined two basic categories of identity construction and of regulation of cognitive and emotional processes: the Outward and the Inward PMO. The presence of different, consistent clinical patterns in Inward and Outward subjects is paralleled by differences in cerebral activation during emotional tasks on fMRI and by different expression of some polymorphisms in serotonin pathways. Since several lines of evidence support a role for the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism in mediating individual susceptibility to environmental emotional stimuli, this study was conducted to investigate its influence in the development of the Inward/Outward PMO. PMO was assessed and the 5-HTTLPR polymorphism investigated in 124 healthy subjects who were subdivided into an Inward (n = 52) and an Outward (n = 72) group. Case-control comparisons of short allele (S) frequencies showed significant differences between Inwards and Outwards (p = 0.036, χ2 test; p = 0.026, exact test). Genotype frequencies were not significantly different although values slightly exceeded p≤0.05 (p = 0.056, χ2 test; p = 0.059, exact test). Analysis of the 5-HTTLPR genotypes according to the recessive inheritance model showed that the S/S genotype increased the likelihood of developing an Outward PMO (p = 0.0178, χ2 test; p = 0.0143, exact test; OR = 3.43, CI (95%) = 1.188–9.925). A logistic regression analysis confirmed the association between short allele and S/S genotypes with the Outward PMO also when gender and age were considered. However none of the differences remained significant after correction for multiple testing, even though using the recessive model they approach significance. Overall our data seem to suggest a putative genetic basis for interindividual differences in PMO development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernardo Nardi
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Alessandra Marini
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Chiara Turchi
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
- * E-mail:
| | - Emidio Arimatea
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Adriano Tagliabracci
- Section of Legal Medicine, Department of Biomedical Sciences and Public Health, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Cesario Bellantuono
- Psychiatric Unit, Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Ancona, Italy
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Bobadilla L, Vaske J, Asberg K. Dopamine receptor (D4) polymorphism is related to comorbidity between marijuana abuse and depression. Addict Behav 2013; 38:2555-62. [PMID: 23796967 DOI: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2013.05.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
The rates of marijuana abuse are steadily increasing in the U.S. Data suggest that comorbid marijuana abuse and depression is associated with worse outcomes than either diagnosis. Genetic studies independently link the DRD4 gene polymorphism to substance use and to internalizing disorders, but no study has examined whether the DRD4 polymorphism is linked to comorbid marijuana use and depression in a population sample. This study examined associations between the DRD4 gene 48bp VNTR polymorphism and comorbidity between marijuana use frequency and depression in a diverse, non-clinical adolescent sample (n=1882; ages 14 to 18) from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health (Add Health). Multinomial regression analyses indicated that the odds of being comorbid for depressive symptoms and marijuana use are approximately 2.5≥ with the ≥7R/≥7R genotype than youths who carry the <7R/<7R genotype, controlling for the effects of ethnicity, gender, age, violent victimization, and alcohol related problems. Findings provide genetic clues for psychopathology characterized by prominent externalizing and internalizing features.
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Yildirim BO, Derksen JJ. Systematic review, structural analysis, and new theoretical perspectives on the role of serotonin and associated genes in the etiology of psychopathy and sociopathy. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2013; 37:1254-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2013.04.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2012] [Revised: 04/09/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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The brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met polymorphism moderates early deprivation effects on attention problems. Dev Psychopathol 2013; 24:1215-23. [PMID: 23062292 DOI: 10.1017/s095457941200065x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Adverse early care is associated with attention regulatory problems, but not all so exposed develop attention problems. In a sample of 612 youth (girls = 432, M = 11.82 years, SD = 1.5) adopted from institutions (e.g., orphanages) in 25 countries, we examined whether the Val66Met polymorphism of the brain-derived neurotrophic factor gene moderates attention problems associated with the duration of institutional care. Parent-reported attention problem symptoms were collected using the MacArthur Health and Behavior Questionnaire. DNA was genotyped for the brain-derived neurotrophic factor Val66Met (rs6265) single nucleotide polymorphism. Among youth from Southeast (SE) Asia, the predominant genotype was valine/methionine (Val/Met), whereas among youth from Russia/Europe and Caribbean/South America, the predominant genotype was Val/Val. For analysis, youth were grouped as carrying Val/Val or Met/Met alleles. Being female, being from SE Asia, and being younger when adopted were associated with fewer attention regulatory problem symptoms. Youth carrying at least one copy of the Met allele were more sensitive to the duration of deprivation, yielding an interaction that followed a differential susceptibility pattern. Thus, youth with Val/Met or Met/Met genotypes exhibited fewer symptoms than Val/Val genotypes when adoption was very early and more symptoms when adoption occurred later in development. Similar patterns were observed when SE Asian youth and youth from other parts of the world were analyzed separately.
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Ormel J, Oldehinkel AJ, Sijtsema J, van Oort F, Raven D, Veenstra R, Vollebergh WAM, Verhulst FC. The TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS): design, current status, and selected findings. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 2012; 51:1020-36. [PMID: 23021478 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 06/02/2012] [Accepted: 08/01/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objectives of this study were as follows: to present a concise overview of the sample, outcomes, determinants, non-response and attrition of the ongoing TRacking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS), which started in 2001; to summarize a selection of recent findings on continuity, discontinuity, risk, and protective factors of mental health problems; and to document the development of psychopathology during adolescence, focusing on whether the increase of problem behavior often seen in adolescence is a general phenomenon or more prevalent in vulnerable teens, thereby giving rise to diverging developmental pathways. METHOD The first and second objectives were achieved using descriptive statistics and selective review of previous TRAILS publications; and the third objective by analyzing longitudinal data on internalizing and externalizing problems using Linear Mixed Models (LMM). RESULTS The LMM analyses supported the notion of diverging pathways for rule-breaking behaviors but not for anxiety, depression, or aggression. Overall, rule-breaking (in both genders) and withdrawn/depressed behavior (in girls) increased, whereas aggression and anxious/depressed behavior decreased during adolescence. CONCLUSIONS TRAILS has produced a wealth of data and has contributed substantially to our understanding of mental health problems and social development during adolescence. Future waves will expand this database into adulthood. The typical development of problem behaviors in adolescence differs considerably across both problem dimensions and gender. Developmental pathways during adolescence suggest accumulation of risk (i.e., diverging pathways) for rule-breaking behavior. However, those of anxiety, depression and aggression slightly converge, suggesting the influence of counter-forces and changes in risk unrelated to initial problem levels and underlying vulnerability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan Ormel
- Interdisciplinary Center for Psychopathology and Emotion Regulation (ICPE), University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen, Groningen.
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Drury SS, Gleason MM, Theall KP, Smyke AT, Nelson CA, Fox NA, Zeanah CH. Genetic sensitivity to the caregiving context: the influence of 5httlpr and BDNF val66met on indiscriminate social behavior. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:728-35. [PMID: 22133521 PMCID: PMC4084933 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2011] [Revised: 11/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
Evidence that gene×environment interactions can reflect differential sensitivity to the environmental context, rather than risk or resilience, is increasing. To test this model, we examined the genetic contribution to indiscriminate social behavior, in the setting of a randomized controlled trial of foster care compared to institutional rearing. Children enrolled in the Bucharest Early Intervention Project (BEIP) were assessed comprehensively before the age of 30 months and subsequently randomized to either care as usual (CAUG) or high quality foster care (FCG). Indiscriminate social behavior was assessed at four time points, baseline, 30 months, 42 months and 54 months of age, using caregiver report with the Disturbances of Attachment Interview (DAI). General linear mixed-effects models were used to examine the effect of the interaction between group status and functional polymorphisms in Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) and the Serotonin Transporter (5htt) on levels of indiscriminate behavior over time. Differential susceptibility, relative to levels of indiscriminate behavior, was demonstrated in children with either the s/s 5httlpr genotype or met 66 BDNF allele carriers. Specifically children with either the s/s 5httlpr genotype or met66 carriers in BDNF demonstrated the lowest levels of indiscriminate behavior in the FCG and the highest levels in the CAUG. Children with either the long allele of the 5httlpr or val/val genotype of BDNF demonstrated little difference in levels of indiscriminate behaviors over time and no group×genotype interaction. Children with both plasticity genotypes had the most signs of indiscriminate behavior at 54 months if they were randomized to the CAUG in the institution, while those with both plasticity genotypes randomized to the FCG intervention had the fewest signs at 54 months. Strikingly children with no plasticity alleles demonstrated no intervention effect on levels of indiscriminate behavior at 54 months. These findings represent the first genetic associations reported with indiscriminate social behavior, replicate previous gene×gene×environment findings with these polymorphisms, and add to the growing body of literature supporting a differential susceptibility model of gene×environment interactions in developmental psychopathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stacy S Drury
- Tulane University Health Sciences Center, 1440 Canal St TB 52, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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Effects of divorce on Dutch boys' and girls' externalizing behavior in Gene × Environment perspective: Diathesis stress or differential susceptibility in the Dutch Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey study? Dev Psychopathol 2012; 24:929-39. [DOI: 10.1017/s0954579412000454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
AbstractThe effects of divorce on children's behavioral development have proven to be quite varied across studies, and most developmental and family scholars today appreciate the great heterogeneity in divorce effects. Thus, this inquiry sought to determine whether select dopaminergic genes previously associated with externalizing behavior and/or found to moderate diverse environmental effects (dopamine receptors D2 and D4, catechol-O-methyltransferase) might moderate divorce effects on adolescent self-reported externalizing problems; and, if so, whether evidence of gene–environment (G × E) interaction would prove consistent with diathesis–stress or differential-susceptibility models of environmental action. Data from the first and third wave of the Dutch Tracking Adolescents' Individual Lives Survey (n = 1,134) revealed some evidence of G × E interaction reflecting diathesis–stress but not differential susceptibility. It is intriguing that some evidence pointed to “vantage sensitivity,” which are benefits accruing to those with a specific genotype when their parents remained together, the exact opposite of diathesis–stress. The limits of this work are considered, especially with regard to the conditions for testing differential susceptibility, and future directions are outlined.
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Nederhof E. The mismatch hypothesis of psychiatric disease. Physiol Behav 2012; 106:689-90. [DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2012.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 02/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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Nederhof E, Schmidt MV. Mismatch or cumulative stress: toward an integrated hypothesis of programming effects. Physiol Behav 2011; 106:691-700. [PMID: 22210393 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2011.12.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2011] [Revised: 11/10/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
This paper integrates the cumulative stress hypothesis with the mismatch hypothesis, taking into account individual differences in sensitivity to programming. According to the cumulative stress hypothesis, individuals are more likely to suffer from disease as adversity accumulates. According to the mismatch hypothesis, individuals are more likely to suffer from disease if a mismatch occurs between the early programming environment and the later adult environment. These seemingly contradicting hypotheses are integrated into a new model proposing that the cumulative stress hypothesis applies to individuals who were not or only to a small extent programmed by their early environment, while the mismatch hypothesis applies to individuals who experienced strong programming effects. Evidence for the main effects of adversity as well as evidence for the interaction between adversity in early and later life is presented from human observational studies and animal models. Next, convincing evidence for individual differences in sensitivity to programming is presented. We extensively discuss how our integrated model can be tested empirically in animal models and human studies, inviting researchers to test this model. Furthermore, this integrated model should tempt clinicians and other intervenors to interpret symptoms as possible adaptations from an evolutionary biology perspective.
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Johnson W, Penke L, Spinath FM. Understanding Heritability: What it is and What it is Not. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF PERSONALITY 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/per.835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Commentators generally found our exposition of the concept of heritability helpful for psychologists, suggesting that we largely accomplished our primary goal. Many provided supplemental and helpful perspectives on concepts we addressed. A few of the comments indicated that we may not have been completely successful in making clear our secondary goal, which was to outline how heritability estimates confound a plethora of influences. In this response, we thus emphasize that we do not claim that specific kinds of complexity, or, even worse, intractable complexity, pervade the genetics of behavioural traits. Rather, our claim is that genetics is riddled with complexity of many degrees and kinds, and heritability is a poor indicator of either degree or kind of underlying genetic complexity. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wendy Johnson
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
- Department of Psychology, University of Minnesota-Twin Cities, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Lars Penke
- Centre for Cognitive Ageing and Cognitive Epidemiology, Department of Psychology, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland, UK
| | - Frank M. Spinath
- Department of Psychology, Saarland University, Saarbruecken, Germany
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