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Ma SY, Zhou QN, Cai S, Zhou Y, Zhang XY, Feng XY, Diao S, Xi JQ, Yu GX, Shang JJ, Yang NY. A comparative study of microbial changes in dental plaque before and after single- and multiappointment treatments in patients with severe early childhood caries. BMC Oral Health 2024; 24:695. [PMID: 38879477 PMCID: PMC11179330 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-024-04458-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Accepted: 06/07/2024] [Indexed: 06/19/2024] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The status of dental caries is closely related to changes in the oral microbiome. In this study, we compared the diversity and structure of the dental plaque microbiome in children with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) before and after general anaesthesia and outpatient treatment. METHODS Forty children aged 3 to 5 years with S-ECC who had completed whole-mouth dental treatment under general anaesthesia (C1) or in outpatient settings (C2) were selected, 20 in each group. The basic information and oral health status of the children were recorded, and the microbial community structure and diversity of dental plaque before treatment (C1, C2), the day after treatment(C2_0D), 7 days after treatment (C1_7D, C2_7D), 1 month after treatment (C1_1M, C2_1M), and 3 months after treatment (C1_3M, C2_3M) were analysed via 16 S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology. RESULTS (1) The alpha diversity test showed that the flora richness in the multiappointment group was significantly greater at posttreatment than at pretreatment (P < 0.05), and the remaining alpha diversity index did not significantly differ between the 2 groups (P > 0.05). The beta diversity analysis revealed that the flora structures of the C1_7D group and the C2_3M group were significantly different from those of the other time points within the respective groups (P < 0.05). (2) The core flora existed in both the pre- and posttreatment groups, and the proportion of their flora abundance could be altered depending on the caries status of the children in both groups. Leptotrichia abundance was significantly (P < 0.05) lower at 7 days posttreatment in both the single- and multiappointment groups. Corynebacterium and Corynebacterium_matruchotii were significantly more abundant in the C1_1M and C1_3M groups than in the C1 and C1_7D groups (P < 0.05). Streptococcus, Haemophilus and Haemophilus_parainfluenzae were significantly more abundant in the C1_7D group than in the other groups (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION A single session of treatment under general anaesthesia can cause dramatic changes in the microbial community structure and composition within 7 days after treatment, whereas treatment over multiple appointments may cause slow changes in oral flora diversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi Ying Ma
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Stomatological Hospital affiliated Suzhou Vocational Health College, Suzhou, 215000, China
| | - Qing Nan Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shuang Cai
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Yan Zhou
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao Yu Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Xiao Yu Feng
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Shu Diao
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Jin Qiu Xi
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China
| | - Guo Xia Yu
- Department of Stomatology, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, National Center for Children's Health, Beijing, 100045, China
| | - Jia Jian Shang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
| | - Ning Yan Yang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Beijing Stomatological Hospital & School of Stomatology, Capital Medical University, Beijing, 100050, China.
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Macambira DVDC, Almeida Júnior JSD, Silveira CFDM, Sarrazin SLF, Moraes TMP, da Silva BA, Minervino AHH, Moraes WP, Barata LES. Antimicrobial Activity on Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis of Cyperus articulatus Ethanolic Extracts. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2024; 13:689. [PMID: 38475535 DOI: 10.3390/plants13050689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2023] [Revised: 02/16/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Oral diseases are one of the biggest public health problems worldwide, caused by opportunistic pathogens such as Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis. Cyperus articulatus (priprioca) is a plant conventionally used in traditional medicine in the Amazon region. However, little is known about the possible dentistry-related uses of extracts from the rhizomes and solid waste generated by the extraction of essential oils from this vegetable. This study aimed to investigate the chemical composition of volatile compounds and antimicrobial activity through the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration test (MIC and assessment of the toxicity by Hens Egg Test-Chorion Allantoic Membrane (HET-CAM) of the ethanolic extracts from Cyperus articulatus intact rhizomes and solid waste. We identified sesquiterpenes as the main constituents, strong antimicrobial activity of the ethanolic extract of intact rhizomes against S. mutans (MIC = 0.29 mg/mL), moderate antimicrobial activity against E. faecalis of the extract obtained from the solid waste (MIC = 1.17 mg/mL), and absence of toxicity for both tested extracts. The absence of irritation and the antibacterial activity of the ethanolic extract from C. articulatus rhizomes and solid waste reveal its potential for use in the alternative control of bacteria that cause oral infections and may present economic viability as a raw material for dental products.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - José Sousa de Almeida Júnior
- PhD Program Society, Nature and Development, Federal University of Western Pará (PPGSND-UFOPA), Santarém 68040-255, PA, Brazil
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, UFOPA, Santarém 68040-255, PA, Brazil
| | | | | | - Tânia Mara Pires Moraes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, UFOPA, Santarém 68040-255, PA, Brazil
| | - Bruno Alexandre da Silva
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciências da Saúde, Instituto de Saúde Coletiva da UFOPA, Santarém 68040-255, PA, Brazil
| | | | - Waldiney Pires Moraes
- Laboratório de Farmacologia Experimental, Universidade Federal do Oeste do Pará, UFOPA, Santarém 68040-255, PA, Brazil
| | - Lauro Euclides Soares Barata
- PhD Program Society, Nature and Development, Federal University of Western Pará (PPGSND-UFOPA), Santarém 68040-255, PA, Brazil
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3
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Rajala O, Mäntynen M, Loimaranta V. Pine-Oil-Derived Sodium Resinate Inhibits Growth and Acid Production of Streptococcus mutans In Vitro. Dent J (Basel) 2024; 12:40. [PMID: 38392244 PMCID: PMC10887496 DOI: 10.3390/dj12020040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Revised: 02/02/2024] [Accepted: 02/12/2024] [Indexed: 02/24/2024] Open
Abstract
S. mutans is a key pathogen in dental caries initiation and progression. It promotes oral biofilm dysbiosis and biofilm acidification. Sodium resinate is a salt of pine-oil-derived resin which has antimicrobial properties. Pine-oil-derived resin consists of terpenes, diterpenes, and abietic acids. The aim of this study was to determine the effects of pine (Pinus sylvestris) oil resinate (RS) on growth and acid production of cariogenic S. mutans strains in planktonic form and biofilm. The S. mutans type strain NCTC10449 and clinical isolate CI2366 were grown on 96-well plates for testing of RS effects on growth and biofilm formation, and on plates with integrated pH-sensitive optical ensors for real-time measurements of the effects of RS on bacterial acid production. We found that even short-time exposure to RS inhibits the growth and acid production of S. mutans in the planktonic phase and biofilms. In addition, RS was able to penetrate the biofilm matrix and reduce acid production inside S. mutans biofilm. RS thus shows potential as a novel antibacterial agent against cariogenic bacteria in biofilm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Otto Rajala
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Matias Mäntynen
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Vuokko Loimaranta
- Institute of Dentistry, University of Turku, Lemminkäisenkatu 2, 20520 Turku, Finland
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Shih TM, Hsiao JF, Shieh DB, Tsai GE. Acidic Microenvironment-Sensitive Core-Shell Microcubes: The Self-assembled and the Therapeutic Effects for Caries Prevention. Eur J Dent 2023; 17:863-870. [PMID: 36535661 PMCID: PMC10569861 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-1757464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The aim of this study was to develop a new material with integrated interface design that could achieve the purpose of environmental-sensing controlled release against cariogenic bacteria. Furthermore, this material can rebalance oral flora and serve as a preventive and reparative measure of dental caries. MATERIALS AND METHODS NaF@PAA@HA@polyelectrolytes@HA@PAA particles were synthesized using the method of two-solution phases precipitation followed by biocompatible polymers coating layer by layer. The structure of the particles was confirmed by transmission electron microscope. The fluoride release profile was measured by fluoride ion electrode. Antimicrobial activity against the cariogenic microorganisms was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive spectrum. The efficacy experiments were conducted on tooth enamel slides to evaluated fluoride absorption and antibacterial activity of the prototype toothpaste containing microcube particles RESULTS: The structure of NaF@PAA@HA@polyelectrolytes@HA@PAA particles showed a core surrounded by tooth-adhesion polymer layers in thin fin or filament structure. The loaded concentration of fluoride in the particles' core was 148,996 ± 28,484 ppm. NaF@PAA@HA@polyelectrolytes@HA@PAA particles showed selective inhibition of cariogenic microorganisms over probiotic strains and stronger fluoride adhesion on tooth enamel. A burst release (over 80%) of fluoride from the particle-containing toothpaste was observed under cariogenic acidic environment (pH < 5), while it remained extremely low under neutral environment. Compared with the best results of commercial toothpastes, our prototype toothpaste increased enamel fluoride uptake by 8-fold in normal enamel slides and by 11-fold in the slides with induced white spot lesions after either 1- or 7-day treatment. The prototype toothpaste also showed better inhibition of cariogenic microorganisms than the commercial brands. The coverage area of cariogenic bacteria under our toothpaste treatment was 73% on normal enamel slides compared with the commercial brands, while it was 69% in the induced white spot lesions. CONCLUSIONS In our study, an intelligent toothpaste was developed that selectively inhibits cariogenic bacteria by microenvironment proton-triggered fluoride release. Such novel design would accomplish a favorable flora balance for optimal long-term oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsai-Miao Shih
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Jui-Fu Hsiao
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei City, Taiwan
| | - Dar-Bin Shieh
- School of Dentistry and Institute of Oral Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Applied Nanomedicine and Core Facility Center, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Department of Stomatology, National Cheng Kung University Hospital, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Guochuan Emil Tsai
- Department of Research and Development, SyneuRx International (Taiwan) Corp., New Taipei City, Taiwan
- Department of Psychiatry and Biobehavioral Sciences, UCLA School of Medicine, Los Angeles, California, United States
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5
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Yang Z, Cai T, Li Y, Jiang D, Luo J, Zhou Z. Oral microbial communities in 5-year-old children with versus without dental caries. BMC Oral Health 2023; 23:400. [PMID: 37328866 PMCID: PMC10276436 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-023-03055-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Caries in young children has received more and more attention. The study of the oral microbiota may help to understand the polymicrobial etiology of dental caries. OBJECTIVES To investigate the diversity and structure of microbial communities in saliva samples from 5-year-old children with versus without dental caries. METHODS A total of 36 saliva samples were collected from 18 children with high caries (HB group) and from 18 children without caries (NB group). Then, 16S rDNA was amplified from bacterial samples using polymerase chain reaction, and high-throughput sequencing was performed using Illumina Novaseq platforms. RESULTS Sequences were clustered into operational taxonomic units (OTUs), which were distributed among 16 phyla, 26 classes, 56 orders, 93 families, 173 genera, and 218 species. Firmicutes, Bacteroides, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Fusobacteria, Patescibacteria, Epsilonbacteraeota, Cyanobacteria, Acidobacteria and Spirochaetes were basically the same in different groups, but their relative abundances were different. The core microbiome was defined as the species from 218 shared microbial taxa. The alpha diversity test showed that there were no significant differences in microbial abundance and diversity between the high caries and no caries groups. The results from principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) and hierarchical clustering showed that the two groups had similar microorganisms. The biomarkers of different groups were defined by LEfSe analysis to identify potential caries-related and health-related bacteria. Co-occurrence network analysis of dominant genera showed that oral microbial communities in the no caries group were more complex and aggregated than those in the high caries group. Finally, the PICRUSt algorithm was used to predict the function of the microbial communities from saliva samples. The obtained results showed that mineral absorption was greater in the no caries group than in the high caries group. BugBase was used to determine phenotypes present in microbial community samples. The obtained results showed that Streptococcus was greater in the high caries group than in the no caries group. CONCLUSION Findings of this study provide a comprehensive understanding of the microbiological etiology of dental caries in 5-year-old children and are expected to provide new methods for its prevention and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhengyan Yang
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400015, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Ting Cai
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400015, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Yueheng Li
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400015, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Dan Jiang
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China
| | - Jun Luo
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400015, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China.
| | - Zhi Zhou
- Stomatological Hospital of Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, 400015, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Biomedical Engineering of Higher Education, Chongqing, 400015, China.
- Chongqing Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Biomedical Sciences, Chongqing, 400015, China.
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6
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Abstract
Dental caries is a multifactorial biofilm- and sugar-dependent disease. This study investigated the influence of different agents on the induction of surviving Streptococcus mutans cells after successive treatment cycles and characterized the biofilms formed by these cells recovered posttreatment. The agents (with their main targets listed in parentheses) were compound 1771 (lipoteichoic acids), 4′ hydroxychalcone (exopolysaccharides), myricetin (exopolysaccharides), tt-farnesol (cytoplasmatic membrane), sodium fluoride (enolase—glycolysis), chlorhexidine (antimicrobial), and vehicle. Recovered cells from biofilms were generated from exposure to each agent during 10 cycles of consecutive treatments (modeled on a polystyrene plate bottom). The recovered cell counting was different for each agent. The recovered cells from each group were grown as biofilms on saliva-coated hydroxyapatite discs (culture medium with sucrose/starch). In S. mutans biofilms formed by cells recovered from biofilms previously exposed to compound 1771, 4′ hydroxychalcone, or myricetin, cells presented higher expression of the 16S rRNA, gyrA (DNA replication and transcription), gtfB (insoluble exopolysaccharides), and eno (enolase—glycolysis) genes and lower quantities of insoluble dry weight and insoluble exopolysaccharides than those derived from other agents. These findings were confirmed by the smaller biovolume of bacteria and/or exopolysaccharides and the biofilm distribution (coverage area). Moreover, preexposure to chlorhexidine increased exopolysaccharide production. Therefore, agents with different targets induce cells with distinct biofilm formation capacities, which is critical for developing formulations for biofilm control. IMPORTANCE This article addresses the effect of distinct agents with distinct targets in the bacterial cell (cytoplasmatic membrane and glycolysis), the cell’s extracellular synthesis of exopolysaccharides that are important for cariogenic extracellular matrix construction and biofilm buildup in the generation of cells that persisted after treatment, and how these cells form biofilms in vitro. For example, if preexposure to an agent augments the production of virulence determinants, such as exopolysaccharides, its clinical value may be inadequate. Modification of biofilm formation capacity after exposure to agents is critical for the development of formulations for biofilm control to prevent caries, a ubiquitous disease associated with biofilm and diet.
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7
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Ma R, Hou R, Guo JL, Zhang XY, Cao SJ, Huang XB, Wu R, Wen YP, Zhao Q, Du SY, Lin JC, Bai Y, Yan QG, Qi DW. The Plaque Microbiota Community of Giant Panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca) Cubs With Dental Caries. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2022; 12:866410. [PMID: 35573790 PMCID: PMC9097603 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2022.866410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/04/2022] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries severely hinders efficient access to adequate energy in wildlife. Different food supplies will develop characteristic plaque, and the microorganisms of these plaque are closely related to dental health. Here, plaque samples from panda cubs with caries and caries-free were collected for 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing. All sequences clustered into 337 operational taxonomic units (OTUs; 97% identity), representing 268 independent species belonging to 189 genera, 98 families, 51 orders, 24 classes, and 13 phyla. Two groups shared 218 OTUs, indicating the presence of a core plaque microbiome. α diversity analysis showed that the microbial diversity in plaques with caries exceeded that of caries-free. The dominant phyla of plaque microbiota included Proteobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, Fusobacteria, and Actinobacteria. The dominant genera included unclassified Neisseriaceae, Actinobacillus, Lautropia, Neisseria, Porhyromonas, unclassified Pasteurellaceae, Moraxella, Streptococcus, Bergeywlla and Capnocytophaga. β diversity analysis showed that the plaque microbial community structure was different between two groups. Using LEfSe analysis, 19 differentially abundant taxa were identified as potential biomarkers. Finally, function predictions analysis showed All the energy related metabolic pathways on KEGG level 2 were enriched in caries-active group. Consistent with the mainstream caries-causing narrative, our results illuminate the lack of information regarding the oral microflora composition and function within giant panda cubs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Ma
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
| | - Jun-Liang Guo
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiu-Yue Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Bio-Resources and Eco-Environment, Ministry of Education, College of Life Science, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - San-Jie Cao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiao-Bo Huang
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Rui Wu
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi-Ping Wen
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qin Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Sen-Yan Du
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ju-Chun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yu Bai
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi-Gui Yan
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- Key Laboratory of Animal Disease and Human Health of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Dun-Wu Qi, ; Qi-Gui Yan,
| | - Dun-Wu Qi
- Sichuan Key Laboratory of Conservation Biology for Endangered Wildlife, Chengdu Research Base of Giant Panda Breeding, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Dun-Wu Qi, ; Qi-Gui Yan,
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8
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Li S, Huang S, Guo Y, Zhang Y, Zhang L, Li F, Tan K, Lu J, Chen Z, Guo Q, Tang Y, Teng F, Yang F. Geographic Variation Did Not Affect the Predictive Power of Salivary Microbiota for Caries in Children With Mixed Dentition. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2021; 11:680288. [PMID: 34222048 PMCID: PMC8250437 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2021.680288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dental caries is one of the most prevalent chronic oral diseases, affecting approximately half of children worldwide. The microbial composition of dental caries may depend on age, oral health, diet, and geography, yet the effect of geography on these microbiomes is largely underexplored. Here, we profiled and compared saliva microbiota from 130 individuals aged 6 to 8 years old, representing both healthy children (H group) and children with caries-affected (C group) from two geographical regions of China: a northern city (Qingdao group) and a southern city (Guangzhou group). First, the saliva microbiota exhibited profound differences in diversity and composition between the C and H groups. The caries microbiota featured a lower alpha diversity and more variable community structure than the healthy microbiota. Furthermore, the relative abundance of several genera (e.g., Lactobacillus, Gemella, Cryptobacterium and Mitsuokella) was significantly higher in the C group than in the H group (p<0.05). Next, geography dominated over disease status in shaping salivary microbiota, and a wide array of salivary bacteria was highly predictive of the individuals’ city of origin. Finally, we built a universal diagnostic model based on 14 bacterial species, which can diagnose caries with 87% (AUC=86.00%) and 85% (AUC=91.02%) accuracy within each city and 83% accuracy across cities (AUC=92.17%). Although the detection rate of Streptococcus mutans in populations is not very high, it could be regarded as a single biomarker to diagnose caries with decent accuracy. These findings demonstrated that despite the large effect size of geography, a universal model based on salivary microbiota has the potential to diagnose caries across the Chinese child population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Li
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Shi Huang
- Department of Pediatrics and Center for Microbiome Innovation at Jacobs School of Engineering, University of California, San Diego, CA, United States
| | - Yi Guo
- Department of Computer Science and Technology, The Key Laboratory of Embedded System and Service Computing, Ministry of Education, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Lijuan Zhang
- Stomatology Department, Women & Children's Health Care Hospital of Linyi, Linyi, China
| | - Fan Li
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China
| | - Kaixuan Tan
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Jie Lu
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Zhenggang Chen
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Qingyuan Guo
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Yongping Tang
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Single-Cell Center, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, China
| | - Fang Yang
- School of Stomatology, Qingdao University, Qingdao, China.,Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, Qingdao, China
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9
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Abstract
Ecologists have long recognized the importance of spatial scale in understanding structure-function relationships among communities of organisms within their environment. Here, we review historical and contemporary studies of dental plaque community structure in the context of three distinct scales: the micro (1-10 µm), meso (10-100 µm) and macroscale (100 µm to ≥1 cm). Within this framework, we analyze the compositional nature of dental plaque at the macroscale, the molecular interactions of microbes at the microscale, and the emergent properties of dental plaque biofilms at the mesoscale. Throughout our analysis of dental plaque across spatial scales, we draw attention to disease and health-associated structure-function relationships and include a discussion of host immune involvement in the mesoscale structure of periodontal disease-associated biofilms. We end with a discussion of two filamentous organisms, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Corynebacterium matruchotii, and their relevant contributions in structuring dental plaque biofilms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Alex M. Valm
- Department of Biological Sciences, The University at Albany, State University of New York, Albany, New York, USA
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10
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Leão IF, Araújo N, Scotti CK, Mondelli R, de Amoêdo Campos Velo MM, Bombonatti J. The Potential of a Bioactive, Pre-reacted, Glass-Ionomer Filler Resin Composite to Inhibit the Demineralization of Enamel in Vitro. Oper Dent 2021; 46:E11-E20. [PMID: 33882141 DOI: 10.2341/19-151-l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/06/2020] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
CLINICAL RELEVANCE A prereacted, glass-ionomer filler fluoride-containing resin composite had lower remineralization potential than glass-ionomer cements but was able to inhibit enamel demineralization; thus, it may be an option for restoring dental surfaces for patients at high risk of caries. SUMMARY Evidence is lacking on the use of surface prereacted glass-ionomer filler resin composites to inhibit demineralization and that simulate real clinical conditions. The present laboratory study evaluated the potential of such composites to prevent demineralization and quantified fluoride (F) and other ions released from restorative materials after a dynamic pH-cycling regimen applied to the tooth material interface in vitro. The pH-cycling regimen was assessed by measuring surface hardness (SH) along with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). METHODS AND MATERIALS Ninety blocks of bovine enamel were subjected to composition analysis with EDX, and were further categorized based on SH. The blocks were randomly divided into 6 treatment groups (n=15 each): F IX (Fuji IX Extra; GC Corporation); IZ (Ion Z, FGM); F II (Fuji II LC, GC Corporation); B II (Beautifil II, Shofu); F250 (Filtek Z250 XT, 3M ESPE); and NT (control, no treatment). The blocks were subjected to a dynamic pH-cycling regimen at 37°C for 7 days concurrently with daily alternations of immersion in demineralizing/remineralizing solutions. EDX was conducted and a final SH was determined at standard distances from the restorative materials (150, 300, and 400 μm). RESULTS The EDX findings revealed a significant increase in F concentration and a decrease in Ca2+ in the enamel blocks of group B II after the pH-cycling regimen (p<0.05). SH values for groups F IX, IZ, and F II were greater than those for groups B II, F250, and NT at all distances from the materials. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that each of 3 restorative materials, F IX, IZ, and F II, partially inhibited enamel demineralization under a dynamic pH-cycling regimen.
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Sustained Antibacterial Effect and Wear Behavior of Quaternary Ammonium Contact-Killing Dental Polymers after One-Year of Hydrolytic Degradation. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/app11083718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
This study intended to investigate the long-term antibacterial effect, mechanical performance, and surface topography of new anticaries dental composites. While most artificial aging studies of dental resins lasted for 30–90 days, this study prolonged the water-aging to one year to be more clinically relevant. The base resin was loaded with dimethylaminohexadecyl methacrylate (DMAHDM) at 3 or 5 wt.% and nano-sized amorphous calcium phosphate (NACP) at 20 wt.%. Composites were subjected to one-year water storage and wear. Following water aging, samples were evaluated for flexural strength, elastic modulus, and microbiological assays. Biofilm plate counting method, metabolic assay, colorimetric quantification of lactic acid, and Baclight bacterial viability assay were measured after one year. Topography changes (ΔRa, ΔRq, ΔRv, ΔRt) were examined after wear and observed by scanning electron microscopy. Biofilm assays and topography changes data were analyzed via one-way ANOVA and Tukey’s tests. Mechanical properties and normalized data were verified using a t-test. The flexural strength values for the formulations that contained 5% DMAHDM-20% NACP, 3% DMAHDM, and 5% DMAHDM were reduced significantly (p < 0.05) in relation to the baseline but the values were still above the ISO standards. No significant differences were observed between the groups concerning the topography changes, except for the ΔRt, where there was a significant increase in the 5% DMAHDM-20% NACP group. All the groups demonstrated robust biofilm-inhibition, with slightly reduced antibacterial properties following water aging. The aged samples reduced the total microorganisms, total streptococci, and mutans streptococci by 1.5 to 3-log, compared to the experimental control. The new formulations containing DMAHDM and NACP were able to sustain the antibacterial performance after one-year of aging. Mechanical properties and surface topography were slightly affected over time.
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12
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Zheng H, Xie T, Li S, Qiao X, Lu Y, Feng Y. Analysis of oral microbial dysbiosis associated with early childhood caries. BMC Oral Health 2021; 21:181. [PMID: 33827534 PMCID: PMC8028703 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-021-01543-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background "Core microbes" play a key role in the development of caries and lead to microbial disorders. Our goal was to detect the core microbes associated with the microbiota imbalance in early childhood caries (ECC). Methods Fifteen caries-free children and fifteen high-caries (DMFT ≥ 10) children aged 4–6 years old were recruited according to the diagnostic criteria of caries suggested by the WHO. The 16S rRNA genes from samples of plaque in saliva were amplified by PCR, and the PCR products were sequenced by the Illumina Miseq platform. The sequencing results were analyzed by professional software to determine the composition and structure of the saliva microorganisms. Results There were statistically significant differences between the groups regarding the relative abundance of Streptococcus mutans (Wilcoxon rank-sum test, P < 0.05). No significant difference was found between the groups regarding other species or functional genes. Conclusion S. mutans, together with other pathogens, may play a prominent role and act as "core microbes" in the occurrence and development of early childhood caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zheng
- Stomatological Key Laboratory of Fujian College and University and Department of Orthodontics, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Tengfei Xie
- Fujian Provincial Engineering Research Center of Oral Biomaterial and Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Shaokai Li
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Xiaotong Qiao
- School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, China
| | - Youguang Lu
- Institute of Stomatology and Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Middle Yangqiao Road, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
| | - Yan Feng
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases and Department of Preventive Dentistry, School and Hospital of Stomatology, Fujian Medical University, 246 Middle Yangqiao Road, Fuzhou, 350000, China.
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de Alvarenga JA, de Barros PP, de Camargo Ribeiro F, Rossoni RD, Garcia MT, Dos Santos Velloso M, Shukla S, Fuchs BB, Shukla A, Mylonakis E, Junqueira JC. Probiotic Effects of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 to Inhibit Streptococcus mutans in a Gellan-Based Formulation. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 13:506-517. [PMID: 32980974 DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09712-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Streptococcus mutans is considered to be a major bacterium involved in dental caries, and the control of virulence mechanisms is fundamental to prevent disease. Probiotics present a promising preventive method; however, the use of probiotics requires its incorporation into delivery materials to facilitate oral colonization. Thus, we performed a comprehensive study examining preventive effects of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4-enriched gellan hydrogel materials to inhibit S. mutans in planktonic and biofilm states, addressing its influence in the production of extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and altered gene expression of several cariogenic virulence factors. L. paracasei 28.4, a strain isolated from the oral cavity of a caries-free individual, was incorporated in three gellan hydrogels (0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% w/v). The pretreatment with probiotic-gellan formulations provided a release of L. paracasei cells over 24 h that was sufficient to inhibit the planktonic growth of S. mutans, independent of the gellan concentrations and pH variations. This pretreatment also had inhibitory activity against S. mutans biofilms, exhibiting a reduction of 0.57 to 1.54 log10 in CFU/mL (p < 0.0001) and a decrease of 68.8 to 71.3% in total biomass (p < 0.0001) compared with the control group. These inhibitory effects were associated with the decreased production of EPS by 80% (p < 0.0001) and the downregulation of luxS, brpA, gbpB, and gtfB genes. The gellan formulation containing L. paracasei 28.4 exhibited probiotic effects for preventing S. mutans growth, biofilm formation, and production of cariogenic factors to suggest possible use in tooth decay prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janaína Araújo de Alvarenga
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Patrícia Pimentel de Barros
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil.
| | - Felipe de Camargo Ribeiro
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Rodnei Dennis Rossoni
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Maíra Terra Garcia
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Marisol Dos Santos Velloso
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
| | - Shashank Shukla
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Beth Burgwyn Fuchs
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School & Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Anita Shukla
- School of Engineering, Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Eleftherios Mylonakis
- Rhode Island Hospital, Alpert Medical School & Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - Juliana Campos Junqueira
- Department of Biosciences and Oral Diagnosis, Institute of Science and Technology, São Paulo State University/UNESP, Av. Francisco José Longo 777, São Dimas, São José dos Campos, SP, 12245-000, Brazil
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Gieroba B, Krysa M, Wojtowicz K, Wiater A, Pleszczyńska M, Tomczyk M, Sroka-Bartnicka A. The FT-IR and Raman Spectroscopies as Tools for Biofilm Characterization Created by Cariogenic Streptococci. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E3811. [PMID: 32471277 PMCID: PMC7313032 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21113811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) and Raman spectroscopy and mapping were applied to the analysis of biofilms produced by bacteria of the genus Streptococcus. Bacterial biofilm, also called dental plaque, is the main cause of periodontal disease and tooth decay. It consists of a complex microbial community embedded in an extracellular matrix composed of highly hydrated extracellular polymeric substances and is a combination of salivary and bacterial proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, nucleic acids, and inorganic ions. This study confirms the value of Raman and FT-IR spectroscopies in biology, medicine, and pharmacy as effective tools for bacterial product characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Gieroba
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (B.G.); (M.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Mikolaj Krysa
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (B.G.); (M.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Kinga Wojtowicz
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (B.G.); (M.K.); (K.W.)
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.W.); (M.P.)
| | - Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Department of Industrial and Environmental Microbiology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland; (A.W.); (M.P.)
| | - Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Medical University of Białystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-230 Białystok, Poland;
| | - Anna Sroka-Bartnicka
- Department of Biopharmacy, Medical University of Lublin, Chodzki 4a, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (B.G.); (M.K.); (K.W.)
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
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Yu J, Huang X, Zhou X, Han Q, Zhou W, Liang J, Xu HHK, Ren B, Peng X, Weir MD, Li M, Cheng L. Anti-caries effect of resin infiltrant modified by quaternary ammonium monomers. J Dent 2020; 97:103355. [PMID: 32380134 DOI: 10.1016/j.jdent.2020.103355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 04/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Resin infiltrant is used in early enamel caries. However, commercial resin infiltrant lacks persistent antibacterial activity. Dimethylaminododecyl methacrylate (DMADDM) was added to resin infiltrant to give it sustainable antibacterial properties and inhibit demineralization. METHODS After the application of resin infiltrant to bovine enamel, cytotoxicity, surface roughness, and aesthetics were assessed. A multi-species biofilm was incubated on the enamel disk before and one month after microbial-aging. After a 48-h anaerobic incubation, biomass accumulation, metabolic activity, and lactic acid were analyzed using a crystal violet assay, an MTT (3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, and a lactic acid assay. Biofilm structure and composition were determined by live/dead staining, exopolysaccharide (EPS) staining, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). The depth and content of demineralization were tested by transverse microradiography (TMR). RESULTS Incorporating DMADDM did not increase the cytotoxicity or change the physical properties when the mass fraction of the DMADDM was 2.5-10 %. The modification decreased the amount of bacterial biofilm, metabolic activity, lactic acid production, EPS, and the proportion of Streptococcus mutans in the biofilms. It also provided anti-demineralization effects. The surface roughness and antibacterial ability were not changed after one month of microbial-aging. CONCLUSION The incorporation of DMADDM improved the antibacterial and anti-demineralization effects of the material. It demonstrated a sustained antibacterial effect. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE The antibacterial modification might be a potential choice for future clinical applications to inhibit early enamel caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinzhao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China; Department of Endodontics, Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510280, China
| | - Xiaoyu Huang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xuedong Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Qi Han
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Wen Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Jingou Liang
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Hockin H K Xu
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Biao Ren
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Xian Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China
| | - Michael D Weir
- Department of Advanced Oral Sciences and Therapeutics, University of Maryland School of Dentistry, Baltimore, MD, 21201, USA
| | - Mingyun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
| | - Lei Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Department of Cariology and Endodontics, West China Hospital of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Centre for Oral Diseases, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, China.
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Ram-Mohan N, Meyer MM. Comparative Metatranscriptomics of Periodontitis Supports a Common Polymicrobial Shift in Metabolic Function and Identifies Novel Putative Disease-Associated ncRNAs. Front Microbiol 2020; 11:482. [PMID: 32328037 PMCID: PMC7160235 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2020.00482] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease that deteriorates bone supporting teeth afflicting ∼743 million people worldwide. Bacterial communities associated with disease have been classified into red, orange, purple, blue, green, and yellow complexes based on their roles in the periodontal pocket. Previous metagenomic and metatranscriptomics analyses suggest a common shift in metabolic signatures in disease vs. healthy communities with up-regulated processes including pyruvate fermentation, histidine degradation, amino acid metabolism, TonB-dependent receptors. In this work, we examine existing metatranscriptome datasets to identify the commonly differentially expressed transcripts and potential underlying RNA regulatory mechanisms behind the metabolic shifts. Raw RNA-seq reads from three studies (including 49 healthy and 48 periodontitis samples) were assembled into transcripts de novo. Analyses revealed 859 differentially expressed (DE) transcripts, 675 more- and 174 less-expressed. Only ∼20% of the DE transcripts originate from the pathogenic red/orange complexes, and ∼50% originate from organisms unaffiliated with a complex. Comparison of expression profiles revealed variations among disease samples; while specific metabolic processes are commonly up-regulated, the underlying organisms are diverse both within and across disease associated communities. Surveying DE transcripts for known ncRNAs from the Rfam database identified a large number of tRNAs and tmRNAs as well as riboswitches (FMN, glycine, lysine, and SAM) in more prevalent transcripts and the cobalamin riboswitch in both more and less prevalent transcripts. In silico discovery identified many putative ncRNAs in DE transcripts. We report 15 such putative ncRNAs having promising covariation in the predicted secondary structure and interesting genomic context. Seven of these are antisense of ribosomal proteins that are novel and may involve maintaining ribosomal protein stoichiometry during the disease associated metabolic shift. Our findings describe the role of organisms previously unaffiliated with disease and identify the commonality in progression of disease across three metatranscriptomic studies. We find that although the communities are diverse between individuals, the switch in metabolic signatures characteristic of disease is typically achieved through the contributions of several community members. Furthermore, we identify many ncRNAs (both known and putative) which may facilitate the metabolic shifts associated with periodontitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil Ram-Mohan
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
| | - Michelle M Meyer
- Department of Biology, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA, United States
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Nadelman P, Monteiro A, Balthazar CF, Silva HL, Cruz AG, de Almeida Neves A, Fonseca-Gonçalves A, Maia LC. Probiotic fermented sheep’s milk containing Lactobacillus casei 01: Effects on enamel mineral loss and Streptococcus counts in a dental biofilm model. J Funct Foods 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2019.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
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18
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Zhu C, Yuan C, Ao S, Shi X, Chen F, Sun X, Zheng S. The Predictive Potentiality of Salivary Microbiome for the Recurrence of Early Childhood Caries. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:423. [PMID: 30619773 PMCID: PMC6302014 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Accepted: 11/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate the variation of the salivary microbiota in the recurrence of early childhood caries (ECC), and to explore and verify the potential microbial indicators of ECC recurrence. Saliva samples from kindergarten children were tracked every 6 months for 1 year. Finally, in total 28 children and 84 samples were placed on the analysis phase: 7 children with ECC recurrence made up the ECC-recurrence (ER) group, 6 children without ECC recurrence constituted the non-ECC-recurrence (NER) group, and 15 children who kept ECC-free were set as the ECC-free (EF) group. DNA amplicons of the V3-V4 hypervariable region of the bacterial 16S rDNA were generated and sequencing was performed using Illumina MiSeq PE250 platform. No statistically significant differences of the Shannon indices were found in both cross-sectional and longitudinal comparisons. Furthermore, both principal coordinates analysis (PCoA) and heatmap plots demonstrated that the salivary microbial community structure might have potentiality to predict ECC recurrence at an early phase. The relative abundance of Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Leptotrichia, and Capnocytophaga differed significantly between the ER and NER groups at baseline. The values of area under the curve (AUC) of the four genera and their combined synthesis in the prediction for ECC recurrence were 0.857, 0.833, 0.786, 0.833, and 0.952, respectively. The relative abundance of Fusobacterium, Prevotella, Leptotrichia, and Capnocytophaga and their combination showed satisfactory accuracy in the prediction for ECC recurrence, indicating that salivary microbiome had predictive potentiality for recurrence of this disease. These findings might facilitate more effective strategy to be taken in the management of the recurrence of ECC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ce Zhu
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Chao Yuan
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuang Ao
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangru Shi
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Chen
- Central Laboratory, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Xiangyu Sun
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
| | - Shuguo Zheng
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Peking University School and Hospital of Stomatology, National Engineering Laboratory for Digital and Material Technology of Stomatology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Digital Stomatology, Beijing, China
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Edlund A, Yang Y, Yooseph S, He X, Shi W, McLean JS. Uncovering complex microbiome activities via metatranscriptomics during 24 hours of oral biofilm assembly and maturation. MICROBIOME 2018; 6:217. [PMID: 30522530 PMCID: PMC6284299 DOI: 10.1186/s40168-018-0591-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 05/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Dental plaque is composed of hundreds of bacterial taxonomic units and represents one of the most diverse and stable microbial ecosystems associated with the human body. Taxonomic composition and functional capacity of mature plaque is gradually shaped during several stages of community assembly via processes such as co-aggregation, competition for space and resources, and by bacterially produced reactive agents. Knowledge on the dynamics of assembly within complex communities is very limited and derives mainly from studies composed of a limited number of bacterial species. To fill current knowledge gaps, we applied parallel metagenomic and metatranscriptomic analyses during assembly and maturation of an in vitro oral biofilm. This model system has previously demonstrated remarkable reproducibility in taxonomic composition across replicate samples during maturation. RESULTS Time course analysis of the biofilm maturation was performed by parallel sampling every 2-3 h for 24 h for both DNA and RNA. Metagenomic analyses revealed that community taxonomy changed most dramatically between three and six hours of growth when pH dropped from 6.5 to 5.5. By applying comparative metatranscriptome analysis we could identify major shifts in overall community activities between six and nine hours of growth when pH dropped below 5.5, as 29,015 genes were significantly up- or down- expressed. Several of the differentially expressed genes showed unique activities for individual bacterial genomes and were associated with pyruvate and lactate metabolism, two-component signaling pathways, production of antibacterial molecules, iron sequestration, pH neutralization, protein hydrolysis, and surface attachment. Our analysis also revealed several mechanisms responsible for the niche expansion of the cariogenic pathogen Lactobacillus fermentum. CONCLUSION It is highly regarded that acidic conditions in dental plaque cause a net loss of enamel from teeth. Here, as pH drops below 5.5 pH to 4.7, we observe blooms of cariogenic lactobacilli, and a transition point of many bacterial gene expression activities within the community. To our knowledge, this represents the first study of the assembly and maturation of a complex oral bacterial biofilm community that addresses gene level functional responses over time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Edlund
- Genomic Medicine Group, J. Craig Venter Institute, 4120 Capricorn Lane, La Jolla, CA, 92137, USA.
| | - Youngik Yang
- National Marine Biodiversity Institute of Korea, 75, Jansang-ro 101beon-gil, Janghang-eup, Seocheon-gun, Chungcheongnam-do, 33662, Korea
| | - Shibu Yooseph
- Department of Computer Science, University of Central Florida, 4328 Scorpius Street, Orlando, FL, 32816, USA
| | - Xuesong He
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Wenyuan Shi
- The Forsyth Institute, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Jeffrey S McLean
- Department of Periodontics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, 98195, USA.
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Cogan NG, Li J, Fabbri S, Stoodley P. Computational Investigation of Ripple Dynamics in Biofilms in Flowing Systems. Biophys J 2018; 115:1393-1400. [PMID: 30195936 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpj.2018.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 07/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Biofilms are collections of microorganisms that aggregate using a self-produced matrix of extracellular polymeric substance. It has been broadly demonstrated that many microbial infections in the body, including dental plaque, involve biofilms. While studying experimental models of biofilms relevant to mechanical removal of oral biofilms, distinct ripple patterns have been observed. In this work, we describe a multiphase model used to approximate the dynamics of the biofilm removal process. We show that the fully nonlinear model provides a better representation of the experimental data than the linear stability analysis. In particular, we show that the full model more accurately reflects the relationship between the apparent wavelength and the external forcing velocities, especially at mid-to-low velocities at which the linear theory neglects important interactions. Finally, the model provides a framework by which the removal process (presumably governed by highly nonlinear behavior) can be studied.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas G Cogan
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida.
| | - Jian Li
- Department of Mathematics, Florida State University, Tallahassee, Florida
| | - Stefania Fabbri
- National Center for Advanced Tribology at Southampton, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK
| | - Paul Stoodley
- National Center for Advanced Tribology at Southampton, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK; Department of Microbial Infection and Immunity, Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio
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Sun TZ, Teng F, Jia SB, Tang YP, Jiang M, Huang S, Yuan X, Li XL, Yang F. [Salivary microbial communities associated with severe early childhood caries]. HUA XI KOU QIANG YI XUE ZA ZHI = HUAXI KOUQIANG YIXUE ZAZHI = WEST CHINA JOURNAL OF STOMATOLOGY 2018; 36:150-155. [PMID: 29779275 DOI: 10.7518/hxkq.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To compare the salivary microbial profiles of healthy subjects and those with severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) by using high-throughput sequencing. METHODS Salivary samples were obtained from children with S-ECC (group C, n=24) and healthy children (group H, n=24). Total metagenomic DNA was extracted, and DNA amplicons of the V1-V3 hypervariable region of the 16S rRNA gene were generated and subjected to 454 sequencing. The characteristics of oral microbial communities from the two groups were compared based on microbial diversity and taxonomy assignment. RESULTS First, the microbial richness was significantly higher in group C than group H (P<0.05). Second, the microbial community structure was significantly different for the groups H and C (P<0.01). In addition, caries microbiota was significantly conserved in group C (P<0.001). High expression of suspected cariogenic microorganisms in group C (P<0.1) and health related microorganisms in group H (P<0.1) were identified. Finally, models of caries risk assessment were proposed to distinguish caries from healthy subjects with over 70% accuracy. CONCLUSIONS Salivary microbiota and certain taxa, such as caries-associated taxa (Prevotella), may be useful to screen/assess the children's risk of developing caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tong-Zheng Sun
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, The Affiliatel Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Fei Teng
- Qingdao Biological Energy Process Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China;Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Song-Bo Jia
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, The Affiliatel Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Yong-Ping Tang
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, The Affiliatel Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Ming Jiang
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, The Affiliatel Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Shi Huang
- Qingdao Biological Energy Process Research Institute of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266100, China
| | - Xiao Yuan
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, The Affiliatel Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiao-Lan Li
- Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
| | - Fang Yang
- Stomatology Center, Qingdao Municipal Hospital, The Affiliatel Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China;Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Diseases, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou 510055, China
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22
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Tomczyk M, Sosnowska K, Pleszczyńska M, Strawa J, Wiater A, Grochowski DM, Tomczykowa M, Winnicka K. Hydrogel Containing an Extract of Tormentillae Rhizoma for the Treatment of Biofilm-Related Oral Diseases. Nat Prod Commun 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1701200328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
In the present study, hydrogels containing the dried extract of tormentil ( Potentilla erecta (L.) Raeusch., Rosaceae) were designed and qualitatively evaluated regarding their viscosity, thixotropy, and texture properties. As mucoadhesiveness is a crucial factor determining drug retention within the oral cavity, mucoadhesive properties expressed as the work of adhesion and maximum detachment force under the presence of porcine buccal mucosa and two different models of mucoadhesive layers: mucin and gelatin discs were evaluated. The fingerprints of the analyzed tormentil extract were established by using a LC-ESI-MS method. The dominating compounds of the tested extract are oligomeric proanthocyanidins and agrimoniin. This study reveals that designed hydrogels are promising semi-solid delivery systems for the dry extract of tormentil with beneficial mucoadhesive, thixotropic, and texture characteristics and may be utilized as platforms for tormentil delivery to the oral cavity in periodontal diseases. In vitro evaluation of the efficacy of the tormentil hydrogel against cariogenic Streptococcus mutans biofilms was also performed. The hydrogel significantly reduced artificial biofilm formation. For all Streptococci, complete inhibition was revealed at a final concentration of the extract of 2 mg/mL. These beneficial characteristics, as well as the anti-biofilm activity, enable its use for dental care, but further clinical studies are required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michał Tomczyk
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Sosnowska
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Jakub Strawa
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Institute of Microbiology and Biotechnology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, ul. Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland
| | - Daniel M. Grochowski
- Department of Pharmacognosy, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Monika Tomczykowa
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy with the Division of Laboratory Medicine, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Winnicka
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Medical University of Bialystok, ul. Mickiewicza 2a, 15-222 Bialystok, Poland
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Cury JA, de Oliveira BH, dos Santos APP, Tenuta LMA. Are fluoride releasing dental materials clinically effective on caries control? Dent Mater 2016; 32:323-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dental.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Tian J, Qin M, Ma W, Xia B, Xu H, Zhang Q, Chen F. Microbiome interaction with sugar plays an important role in relapse of childhood caries. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:294-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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25
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Miyagawa T, Fujita T, Yumoto H, Yoshimoto T, Kajiya M, Ouhara K, Matsuda S, Shiba H, Matsuo T, Kurihara H. Azithromycin recovers reductions in barrier function in human gingival epithelial cells stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-α. Arch Oral Biol 2015; 62:64-9. [PMID: 26655749 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2015.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The gingival epithelium plays an important role in protecting against the invasion of periodontal pathogens, and the permeability of gingival epithelial cells has been implicated in the initiation of periodontitis. Azithromycin (AZM) has been used in the treatment of chronic inflammatory airway diseases because it regulates cell-cell contact in airway epithelial cells. Therefore, AZM may also regulate barrier function in gingival epithelial cells. In the present study, we examined the effects of AZM on the permeability of human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC) under inflammatory conditions in vitro. MATERIALS AND METHODS HGEC were stimulated by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) in the presence of AZM or p38 MAP kinase and ERK inhibitors. Permeability was assessed based on transepithelial electrical resistance (TER). The expression of E-cadherin, phosphorylated p38 MAP kinase, and ERK was analyzed by Western blotting. RESULTS TNF-α decreased TER in HGEC, and AZM and the p38 MAP kinase and ERK inhibitors recovered this decrease. AZM inhibited the phosphorylation of ERK and p38 MAP kinase in TNF-α-stimulated HGEC. Furthermore, AZM recovered the decrease in E-cadherin expression in HGEC stimulated with TNF-α. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that AZM regulated gingival epithelial permeability through p38 MAP kinase and ERK signaling, and may contribute to suppress the inflammation in gingival tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tsuyoshi Miyagawa
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Tsuyoshi Fujita
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan.
| | - Hiromichi Yumoto
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Tetsuya Yoshimoto
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Mikihito Kajiya
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Kazuhisa Ouhara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Shinji Matsuda
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Hideki Shiba
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
| | - Takashi Matsuo
- Department of Conservative Dentistry, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School, Japan
| | - Hidemi Kurihara
- Department of Periodontal Medicine, Division of Applied Life Science, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Japan
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26
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Extracellular Glycoside Hydrolase Activities in the Human Oral Cavity. Appl Environ Microbiol 2015; 81:5471-6. [PMID: 26048943 DOI: 10.1128/aem.01180-15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Accepted: 05/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbohydrate availability shifts when bacteria attach to a surface and form biofilm. When salivary planktonic bacteria form an oral biofilm, a variety of polysaccharides and glycoproteins are the primary carbon sources; however, simple sugar availabilities are limited due to low diffusion from saliva to biofilm. We hypothesized that bacterial glycoside hydrolase (GH) activities would be higher in a biofilm than in saliva in order to maintain metabolism in a low-sugar, high-glycoprotein environment. Salivary bacteria from 13 healthy individuals were used to grow in vitro biofilm using two separate media, one with sucrose and the other limiting carbon sources to a complex carbohydrate. All six GHs measured were higher in vitro when grown in the medium with complex carbohydrate as the sole carbon source. We then collected saliva and overnight dental plaque samples from the same individuals and measured ex vivo activities for the same six enzymes to determine how oral microbial utilization of glycoconjugates shifts between the planktonic phase in saliva and the biofilm phase in overnight dental plaque. Overall higher GH activities were observed in plaque samples, in agreement with in vitro observation. A similar pattern was observed in GH activity profiles between in vitro and ex vivo data. 16S rRNA gene analysis showed that plaque samples had a higher abundance of microorganisms with larger number of GH gene sequences. These results suggest differences in sugar catabolism between the oral bacteria located in the biofilm and those in saliva.
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27
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Pleszczyńska M, Wiater A, Janczarek M, Szczodrak J. (1→3)-α-D-Glucan hydrolases in dental biofilm prevention and control: A review. Int J Biol Macromol 2015; 79:761-78. [PMID: 26047901 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2015.05.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 05/28/2015] [Accepted: 05/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
Dental plaque is a highly diverse biofilm, which has an important function in maintenance of oral and systemic health but in some conditions becomes a cause of oral diseases. In addition to mechanical plaque removal, current methods of dental plaque control involve the use of chemical agents against biofilm pathogens, which however, given the complexity of the oral microbiome, is not sufficiently effective. Hence, there is a need for development of new anti-biofilm approaches. Polysaccharides, especially (1→3),(1→6)-α-D-glucans, which are key structural and functional constituents of the biofilm matrix, seem to be a good target for future therapeutic strategies. In this review, we have focused on (1→3)-α-glucanases, which can limit the cariogenic properties of the dental plaque extracellular polysaccharides. These enzymes are not widely known and have not been exhaustively described in literature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Pleszczyńska
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Adrian Wiater
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Monika Janczarek
- Department of Genetics and Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
| | - Janusz Szczodrak
- Department of Industrial Microbiology, Maria Curie-Skłodowska University, Akademicka 19, 20-033 Lublin, Poland.
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Fontana CR, Song X, Polymeri A, Goodson JM, Wang X, Soukos NS. The effect of blue light on periodontal biofilm growth in vitro. Lasers Med Sci 2015; 30:2077-86. [PMID: 25759232 DOI: 10.1007/s10103-015-1724-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2014] [Accepted: 02/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
We have previously shown that blue light eliminates the black-pigmented oral bacteria Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Prevotella nigrescens, and Prevotella melaninogenica. In the present study, the in vitro photosensitivity of the above black-pigmented microorganisms and four Fusobacteria species (Fusobacterium nucleatum ss. nucleatum, F. nucleatum ss. vincentii, F. nucleatum ss. polymorphum, Fusobacterium periodonticum) was investigated in pure cultures and human dental plaque suspensions. We also tested the hypothesis that phototargeting the above eight key periodontopathogens in plaque-derived biofilms in vitro would control growth within the dental biofilm environment. Cultures of the eight bacteria were exposed to blue light at 455 nm with power density of 80 mW/cm2 and energy fluence of 4.8 J/cm2. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis of bacteria was performed to demonstrate the presence and amounts of porphyrin molecules within microorganisms. Suspensions of human dental plaque bacteria were also exposed once to blue light at 455 nm with power density of 50 mW/cm2 and energy fluence of 12 J/cm2. Microbial biofilms developed from the same plaque were exposed to 455 nm blue light at 50 mW/cm2 once daily for 4 min (12 J/cm2) over a period of 3 days (4 exposures) in order to investigate the cumulative action of phototherapy on the eight photosensitive pathogens as well as on biofilm growth. Bacterial growth was evaluated using the colony-forming unit (CFU) assay. The selective phototargeting of pathogens was studied using whole genomic probes in the checkerboard DNA-DNA format. In cultures, all eight species showed significant growth reduction (p < 0.05). HPLC demonstrated various porphyrin patterns and amounts of porphyrins in bacteria. Following phototherapy, the mean survival fractions were reduced by 28.5 and 48.2% in plaque suspensions and biofilms, respectively, (p < 0.05). DNA probe analysis showed significant reduction in relative abundances of the eight bacteria as a group in plaque suspensions and biofilms. The cumulative blue light treatment suppressed biofilm growth in vitro. This may introduce a new avenue of prophylactic treatment for periodontal diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla R Fontana
- Applied Molecular Photomedicine Laboratory, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA. .,Department of Clinical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of São Paulo State (UNESP), 1621 Expedicionarios do Brasil Street, Araraquara, SP, 14801-960, Brazil.
| | - Xiaoqing Song
- Applied Molecular Photomedicine Laboratory, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Angeliki Polymeri
- Applied Molecular Photomedicine Laboratory, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - J Max Goodson
- Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Xiaoshan Wang
- Epidemiology and Biostatistics Core, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
| | - Nikolaos S Soukos
- Applied Molecular Photomedicine Laboratory, Department of Applied Oral Sciences, The Forsyth Institute, 245 First Street, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA.
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Chen L, Qin B, Du M, Zhong H, Xu Q, Li Y, Zhang P, Fan M. Extensive description and comparison of human supra-gingival microbiome in root caries and health. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0117064. [PMID: 25658087 PMCID: PMC4319720 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0117064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 12/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Knowledge of the polymicrobial etiology of root caries is limited. To conduct a comprehensive research study on root caries, we utilized 454-pyrosequencing of 16S rRNA gene libraries and quantitative PCR to compare supra-gingival bacterial communities from healthy sites and carious sites of 21 patients with root caries (Patient-controls and Patient-cases) and the sites of 21 healthy individuals (Healthy-controls) from two nursing homes. Healthy-controls and Patient-cases showed no significant differences in terms of biomass, species richness, and species diversity. However, as for beta diversity based on either community membership metric (unweighted UniFrac) or community structure metric (weighted UniFrac), Healthy-controls and Patient-cases were clearly distinguished from each other, appearing more variable in the community membership and structure in root caries microbiome but relatively conserved in the health microbiome. The Patient-controls group was at an intermediate stage between Healthy-controls and Patient-cases, but was more inclined to the former. Demonstrated in both relative abundance and prevalence of species in health and root caries, Propionibacterium acidifaciens, Streptococcus mutans, Olsenella profusa, Prevotella multisaccharivorax, and Lactobacillus crispatus were found to be most associated with root caries, whereas Delftia acidovorans, Bacteroidetes[G-2] sp., Lachnospiraceae[G-3] sp., and Prevotella intermedia are most associated with health. Our study provides a basis for further elucidating the microbial etiology of root caries in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Chen
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Microbiology Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Endodontics, Guangdong Provincial Stomatological Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Minquan Du
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Microbiology Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Prevention, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | | | - Qingan Xu
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Microbiology Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- Department of Endodontics, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Yuhong Li
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Microbiology Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ping Zhang
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, United States of America
- * E-mail: (MWF); (PZ)
| | - Mingwen Fan
- The State Key Laboratory Breeding Base of Basic Science of Stomatology (Hubei-MOST) & Key Laboratory of Oral Microbiology Ministry of Education, School & Hospital of Stomatology, Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
- * E-mail: (MWF); (PZ)
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Fujita T, Yoshimoto T, Matsuda S, Kajiya M, Kittaka M, Imai H, Iwata T, Uchida Y, Shiba H, Kurihara H. Interleukin-8 induces DNA synthesis, migration and down-regulation of cleaved caspase-3 in cultured human gingival epithelial cells. J Periodontal Res 2014; 50:479-85. [PMID: 25244101 DOI: 10.1111/jre.12230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE Migration of the junctional epithelium occurs in association with the formation of a periodontal pocket. Although the migration of junctional epithelium is known to be related to the proliferation and migration of gingival junctional epithelial cells, the mechanism has not been clarified. In patients with periodontitis, the levels of interleukin-8 (IL-8) in both gingival tissue and gingival crevicular fluid are dramatically increased. IL-8 has broad bioactive functions. In this study, we examined the role of IL-8 in DNA synthesis, migration and protection against apoptosis in cultured human gingival epithelial cells (HGEC). MATERIAL AND METHODS DNA synthesis was estimated by measuring the incorporation of bromodeoxyuridine. The migration of gingival epithelial cells was assessed in a wound-healing assay. The expression of integrin beta-1 was analyzed using immunofluorescence confocal microscopy and western blotting. Cleaved caspase-3 was detected using western blotting and a Caspase-Glo assay kit. RESULTS IL-8 increased the synthesis of DNA in HGEC, and the maximal effect was seen at 25 or 50 ng/mL of IL-8. In addition, 50 ng/mL of IL-8 induced cell migration, and a neutralizing antibody of integrin beta-1 inhibited the migration. IL-8 also activated expression of integrin beta-1. Furthermore, IL-8 reduced the Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans-induced increase in caspase-3 expression in HGEC. CONCLUSION IL-8 may facilitate the migration of gingival junctional epithelium by enhancing DNA synthesis, migration and preventing apoptosis of gingival epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Fujita
- Division of Applied Life Science, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Yoshimoto
- Division of Applied Life Science, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - S Matsuda
- Division of Applied Life Science, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Kajiya
- Division of Applied Life Science, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - M Kittaka
- Division of Applied Life Science, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H Imai
- Division of Applied Life Science, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - T Iwata
- Division of Applied Life Science, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - Y Uchida
- Division of Applied Life Science, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H Shiba
- Division of Applied Life Science, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
| | - H Kurihara
- Division of Applied Life Science, Department of Periodontal Medicine, Institute of Biomedical & Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, Hiroshima, Japan
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31
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Bertoldi C, Pellacani C, Lalla M, Consolo U, Pinti M, Cortellini P, Cossarizza A. Herpes Simplex I virus impairs regenerative outcomes of periodontal regenerative therapy in intrabony defects. A pilot study. J Clin Periodontol 2012; 39:385-92. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-051x.2012.01850.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/25/2011] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Carlo Bertoldi
- Department of Specialistic Surgeries Head-Neck; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
| | - Chiara Pellacani
- Department of Specialistic Surgeries Head-Neck; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
| | - Michele Lalla
- Chair of Statistics; Department of Political Economy; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
| | - Ugo Consolo
- Department of Specialistic Surgeries Head-Neck; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
| | - Marcello Pinti
- Department of Biomedical Sciences; University of Modena and Reggio Emilia; Modena; Italy
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32
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Saliva microbiomes distinguish caries-active from healthy human populations. ISME JOURNAL 2011; 6:1-10. [PMID: 21716312 DOI: 10.1038/ismej.2011.71] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The etiology of dental caries remains elusive because of our limited understanding of the complex oral microbiomes. The current methodologies have been limited by insufficient depth and breadth of microbial sampling, paucity of data for diseased hosts particularly at the population level, inconsistency of sampled sites and the inability to distinguish the underlying microbial factors. By cross-validating 16S rRNA gene amplicon-based and whole-genome-based deep-sequencing technologies, we report the most in-depth, comprehensive and collaborated view to date of the adult saliva microbiomes in pilot populations of 19 caries-active and 26 healthy human hosts. We found that: first, saliva microbiomes in human population were featured by a vast phylogenetic diversity yet a minimal organismal core; second, caries microbiomes were significantly more variable in community structure whereas the healthy ones were relatively conserved; third, abundance changes of certain taxa such as overabundance of Prevotella Genus distinguished caries microbiota from healthy ones, and furthermore, caries-active and normal individuals carried different arrays of Prevotella species; and finally, no 'caries-specific' operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were detected, yet 147 OTUs were 'caries associated', that is, differentially distributed yet present in both healthy and caries-active populations. These findings underscored the necessity of species- and strain-level resolution for caries prognosis, and were consistent with the ecological hypothesis where the shifts in community structure, instead of the presence or absence of particular groups of microbes, underlie the cariogenesis.
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Liu J, Wu C, Huang IH, Merritt J, Qi F. Differential response of Streptococcus mutans towards friend and foe in mixed-species cultures. MICROBIOLOGY-SGM 2011; 157:2433-2444. [PMID: 21565931 DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.048314-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
In the oral biofilm, the 'mitis' streptococci are among the first group of organisms to colonize the tooth surface. Their proliferation is thought to be an important factor required for antagonizing the growth of cariogenic species such as Streptococcus mutans. In this study, we used a three-species mixed culture to demonstrate that another ubiquitous early colonizing species, Veillonella parvula, can greatly affect the outcome of the competition between a pair of antagonists such as S. mutans and Streptococcus gordonii. Transcriptome analysis further revealed that S. mutans responds differentially to its friend (V. parvula) and foe (S. gordonii). In the mixed culture with S. gordonii, all but one of the S. mutans sugar uptake and metabolic genes were downregulated, while genes for alternative energy source utilization and H₂O₂ tolerance were upregulated, resulting in a slower but persistent growth. In contrast, when cultured with V. parvula, S. mutans grew equally well or better than in monoculture and exhibited relatively few changes within its transcriptome. When V. parvula was introduced into the mixed culture of S. mutans and S. gordonii, it rescued the growth inhibition of S. mutans. In this three-species environment, S. mutans increased the expression of genes required for the uptake and metabolism of minor sugars, while genes required for oxidative stress tolerance were downregulated. We conclude that the major factors that affect the competition between S. mutans and S. gordonii are carbohydrate utilization and H₂O₂ resistance. The presence of V. parvula in the tri-species culture mitigates these two major factors and allows S. mutans to proliferate, despite the presence of S. gordonii.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinman Liu
- College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Chenggang Wu
- College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - I-Hsiu Huang
- College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Justin Merritt
- College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
| | - Fengxia Qi
- College of Dentistry, The University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA
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Xie G, Chain PSG, Lo CC, Liu KL, Gans J, Merritt J, Qi F. Community and gene composition of a human dental plaque microbiota obtained by metagenomic sequencing. Mol Oral Microbiol 2011; 25:391-405. [PMID: 21040513 DOI: 10.1111/j.2041-1014.2010.00587.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Human dental plaque is a complex microbial community containing an estimated 700 to 19,000 species/phylotypes. Despite numerous studies analysing species richness in healthy and diseased human subjects, the true genomic composition of the human dental plaque microbiota remains unknown. Here we report a metagenomic analysis of a healthy human plaque sample using a combination of second-generation sequencing platforms. A total of 860 million base pairs of non-human sequences were generated. Various analysis tools revealed the presence of 12 well-characterized phyla, members of the TM-7 and BRC1 clade, and sequences that could not be classified. Both pathogens and opportunistic pathogens were identified, supporting the ecological plaque hypothesis for oral diseases. Mapping the metagenomic reads to sequenced reference genomes demonstrated that 4% of the reads could be assigned to the sequenced species. Preliminary annotation identified genes belonging to all known functional categories. Interestingly, although 73% of the total assembled contig sequences were predicted to code for proteins, only 51% of them could be assigned a functional role. Furthermore, ~2.8% of the total predicted genes coded for proteins involved in resistance to antibiotics and toxic compounds, suggesting that the oral cavity is an important reservoir for antimicrobial resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Xie
- Oralgen Database, Genome Science Group, Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, NM 87545, USA.
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Giacaman RA, Araneda E, Padilla C. Association between biofilm-forming isolates of mutans streptococci and caries experience in adults. Arch Oral Biol 2010; 55:550-4. [PMID: 20538259 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2010.05.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2010] [Revised: 04/30/2010] [Accepted: 05/17/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Although it is still controversial, mutans streptococci (MS) have been typically considered the primary etiological agents of dental caries. Besides the acidogenic and aciduric properties, extracellular polysaccharide synthesis leading to biofilm formation from sugar constitutes one of the key virulence factors of MS. The aim of this study was to investigate whether biofilm formation by MS was associated to an increased experience of caries in young adults. METHODS A cross sectional study with a total of 96 randomly selected patients aged 15-27 years old was carried out. DMFT was determined by clinical examination and bite-wing radiographs. A sample of stimulated saliva was obtained and seeded on agar plates to culture MS. Colonies with and without biofilm formation were identified and quantified. RESULTS When the total MS count was considered, levels of MS were not associated with higher caries experience. 50% of the patients showed at least one biofilm-forming colony. Patients with biofilm-forming colonies showed significantly higher DMFT (p<0.001) than individuals whose plates did not reveal the structure surrounding the colony, but only at the low and moderate MS count. CONCLUSION Biofilm formation in MS appears to be associated with higher caries experience in individuals with low counts of the cariogenic microorganism.
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Sampaio FC, Pereira MDSV, Dias CS, Costa VCO, Conde NCO, Buzalaf MAR. In vitro antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia ferrea Martius fruits against oral pathogens. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2009; 124:289-294. [PMID: 19397986 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2009.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 04/19/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
AIM In the Amazon region of Brazil, the fruits of Caesalpinia ferrea Martius (Brazilian ironwood) are widely used as an antimicrobial and healing medicine in many situations including oral infections. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of Caesalpinia ferrea Martius fruit extract against oral pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS Polyphenols estimation and spectral analysis ((1)H NMR) of the methanol extract were carried out. The microorganisms Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis and Lactobacillus casei were tested using the microdilution method for planktonic cells (MIC) and a multispecies biofilm model. Chlorhexidine was used as positive control. RESULTS Polyphenols in the extract were estimated at 7.3% and (1)H NMR analysis revealed hydroxy phenols and methoxilated compounds. MIC values for Candida albicans, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis and Lactobacillus casei were 25.0, 40.0, 66.0, 100.0, 66.0 microg/mL, respectively. For the biofilm assay, chlorhexidine and plant extract showed no growth at 10(-4) and 10(-5) microbial dilution, respectively. At 10(-4) and 10(-5) the growth values (mean+/-SD) of the negative controls (DMSO and saline solution) for Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sp. and Candida albicans were 8.1+/-0.7, 7.0+/-0.6 and 5.9+/-0.9 x 10(6)CFU, respectively. CONCLUSION Caesalpinia ferrea fruit extract can inhibit in vitro growth of oral pathogens in planktonic and biofilm models supporting its use for oral infections.
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Fontana M, Young DA, Wolff MS. Evidence-based caries, risk assessment, and treatment. Dent Clin North Am 2009; 53:149-61, x. [PMID: 19215749 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2008.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Dental caries is a dietary and host-modified biofilm disease process, transmissible early in life that, if left untreated, will cause destruction of dental hard tissues. If allowed to progress, the disease will result in the development of caries lesions on tooth surfaces, which initially are noncavitated (eg, white spots), and eventually can progress to cavitation. The "medical model," where the etiologic disease-driving agents are balanced against protective factors, in combination with risk assessment, offers the possibility of patient-centered disease prevention and management before there is irreversible damage done to the teeth. This article discusses how to use evidence supporting risk assessment and management strategies for the caries process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margherita Fontana
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, Indiana University School of Dentistry, 1121 W. Michigan Street, Room DS-406, Indianapolis, IN 46202, USA.
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Sissons CH, Anderson SA, Wong L, Coleman MJ, White DC. Microbiota of plaque microcosm biofilms: effect of three times daily sucrose pulses in different simulated oral environments. Caries Res 2007; 41:413-22. [PMID: 17713343 DOI: 10.1159/000104801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To explore the Ecological Plaque Hypothesis for dental caries. To test modification of the microbiota of dental plaque microcosm biofilms by sucrose pulsing during growth in two different simulated oral fluids, and with a urea-induced plaque pH elevation. METHODS Plaque microcosm biofilms were cultured in an 'artificial mouth' with and without 6-min 5% w/v sucrose pulses every 8 h in an environment of continuously supplied saliva-like defined medium with mucin (DMM), or basal medium mucin (BMM, a high-peptone-yeast extract oral fluid analogue), and also in DMM + 10 mmol/l urea, with sucrose pulsing. Forty plaque species were quantified by checkerboard DNA:DNA hybridization analysis. RESULTS Sucrose pulsing extended rapid plaque growth in DMM and BMM, inducing major microbiota changes in DMM but not in BMM. In DMM, some streptococci and lactobacilli were unaffected while others implicated in caries, together with Candida albicans and Capnocytophaga gingivalis, increased. Aerobic, microaerophilic and major anaerobic species decreased. Elevation of the pH(max) from 6.4 to 7.0 had almost no effect on the microbiota. BMM plaques were distinct from DMM plaques with particularly low levels of Candida albicans and Actinomyces. CONCLUSIONS Modest sucrose exposure in a saliva-like environment causes profound changes in the developmental self-organization of plaque microcosms, supporting the Ecological Plaque Hypothesis. Nevertheless, there is significant stability in microbial composition with varying pH near neutrality. Increases in levels of specific bacteria in response to sucrose could be characteristic of organisms particularly important in caries.
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Affiliation(s)
- C H Sissons
- Dental Research Group, Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, Wellington School of Medicine and Health Sciences, University of Otago, Wellington, New Zealand.
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