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Body Mass Index as a Proxy Indicator for Poor Oral Hygiene Habits in Adult Diabetic Patients. Zdr Varst 2022; 61:209-215. [PMID: 36348968 PMCID: PMC9597898 DOI: 10.2478/sjph-2022-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2022] [Accepted: 09/06/2022] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To analyse if body mass index (BMI) could be used as a fast proxy indicator of poor oral hygiene habits (POHH) among the adult population with diabetes mellitus. METHODS Adults, aged 25-74, from the Slovenian 2016 nationwide cross-sectional survey based on the Countrywide Integrated Non-Communicable Disease Intervention (CINDI) Health Monitor methodology, who reported being diabetic, were included in the study (n=560). We assessed the relationship between POHH and BMI, adjusted to confounders, using multiple binary logistic regression. RESULTS In the total sample, the POHH prevalence was 50.9%. Taking into account BMI, POHH prevalence in participants with normal BMI values was only 37.8%, in the overweight group it was 1.22-times higher (46.0%), while in the obese group it was 1.63-times higher (61.6%) (p<0.001). Also, the odds for POHH were 2.64-times higher in the obese group in comparison to the normal BMI group (95% CI: 1.55-4.51; p<0.001). After adjustment for confounders, this OR decreased only moderately (OR=2.45; 95% CI: 1.35-4.44; p=0.003). CONCLUSIONS BMI could be used as a readily assessable, fast, simple, and cheap tool indicating higher odds for having POHH among the diabetic population. By defining the high-risk group it could be easier for physicians and dentists to take further referrals and actions for promoting oral health in this group. The suggested tool can save time and could have an important positive impact on the quality of life of diabetics, as well as on health expenditures.
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Madhuri M, Kulkarni S, Doshi D, Reddy S, Adepu S, Reddy S. Oral health status and self- assessment of oral health risk factors among South Indian diabetic patients. Indian J Dent Res 2021; 32:140-146. [PMID: 34810379 DOI: 10.4103/ijdr.ijdr_508_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The disease profile of the world is changing at an astonishingly fast rate. It is essential that the impending nature of chronic disease is recognized and acted on urgently. India leads the world with the largest number of diabetics earning the dubious distinction of being termed the "diabetic capital" of the world. Aim To assess and compare the oral health status and related oral health risk factors among diabetic patients in Hyderabad and Secunderabad. Settings A cross sectional study was carried out in various diagnostic centers among 801 patients aged 30 years and above. Methods and Materials Oral health status and self-assessed data on related oral risk factors were measured using modified World Health Organization (WHO) assessment form and oral health questionnaire for adults 2013. Statistical Analysis Comparison of mean scores of the variables based on gender was assessed using ANOVA. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results Females had higher proportion of untreated caries (362; 85%) and DMFT (Decayed, Missing and Filled Teeth; 375; 88%) compared to males. On the basis of loss of attachment, the mean number of sextants with no loss of attachment was mostly noted among female subjects. Conclusion In the present study, though gingivitis was seen in higher percentage (82%), the presence of periodontal disease was relatively low (68.3%). It can be concluded that diabetic subjects may have poor oral health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukkavilli Madhuri
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Suhas Kulkarni
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Dolar Doshi
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srikanth Reddy
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Srilatha Adepu
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Sahithi Reddy
- Department of Public Health Dentistry, Panineeya Institute of Dental Sciences and Research Centre, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Yamamoto Y, Morozumi T, Hirata T, Takahashi T, Fuchida S, Toyoda M, Nakajima S, Minabe M. Effect of Periodontal Disease on Diabetic Retinopathy in Type 2 Diabetic Patients: A Cross-sectional Pilot Study. J Clin Med 2020; 9:E3234. [PMID: 33050355 PMCID: PMC7600038 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9103234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Both periodontal disease and diabetes are common chronic inflammatory diseases. One of the major problems with type 2 diabetes is that unregulated blood glucose levels damage the vascular endothelium and cause complications. A bidirectional relationship between periodontal disease and diabetic complications has been reported previously. However, whether periodontal disease affects the presence of diabetic complications has not been clarified. Therefore, we examined the effect of the periodontal disease status on diabetic complications in patients with type 2 diabetes. Periodontal doctors examined the periodontal disease status of 104 type 2 diabetic patients who visited a private diabetes medical clinic once a month between 2016 and 2018. The subject's diabetic status was obtained from their medical records. Bayesian network analysis showed that bleeding on probing directly influenced the presence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients. In addition, bleeding on probing was higher in the diabetic retinopathy group (n = 36) than in the group without diabetic retinopathy (n = 68, p = 0.006, Welch's t-test). Bleeding on probing represents gingival inflammation, which might affect the presence of diabetic retinopathy in type 2 diabetes patients who regularly visit diabetic clinics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuko Yamamoto
- Department of Dental Hygiene, Kanagawa Dental University, Junior College, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Toshiya Morozumi
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Takahisa Hirata
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.H.); (M.M.)
| | - Toru Takahashi
- Department of Health and Nutrition, Faculty of Human Health, Kanazawa Gakuin University, 10 Sue-machi, Kanazawa 9201392, Ishikawa, Japan;
| | - Shinya Fuchida
- Department of Disaster Medicine and Dental Sociology, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan;
| | - Masami Toyoda
- Nakajima Internal Medicine Clinic, 1-17 Yonegahamadori, Yokosuka 2380011, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Shigeru Nakajima
- Nakajima Internal Medicine Clinic, 1-17 Yonegahamadori, Yokosuka 2380011, Kanagawa, Japan; (M.T.); (S.N.)
| | - Masato Minabe
- Division of Periodontology, Department of Oral Interdisciplinary Medicine, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, 82 Inaoka, Yokosuka 2388580, Kanagawa, Japan; (T.H.); (M.M.)
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Diabetes mellitus and poor glycemic control increase the occurrence of coronal and root caries: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig 2020; 24:3801-3812. [DOI: 10.1007/s00784-020-03531-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Accepted: 08/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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Santhiya B, Puranik M, Sowmya KR. Association between health locus of control and oralhealth status in type 2 diabetics - A cross sectional comparative study. JOURNAL OF INDIAN ASSOCIATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH DENTISTRY 2020. [DOI: 10.4103/jiaphd.jiaphd_48_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
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Almusawi MA, Gosadi I, Abidia R, Almasawi M, Khan HA. Potential risk factors for dental caries in Type 2 diabetic patients. Int J Dent Hyg 2018; 16:467-475. [PMID: 29749033 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/15/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diabetic patients are known to be at higher risk for dental caries. However, the role of potential risk factors such as blood glucose, salivary glucose and glycaemic control in the occurrence of dental caries in type 2 diabetes (T2D) is not clearly understood so far, and therefore, it was evaluated in this study. MATERIALS AND METHODS This cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 T2D patients from Saudi Arabia. The caries risk assessment was evaluated using the guidelines of Caries Management by Risk Assessment (CAMBRA). Cariogenic bacteria load in saliva was determined by a chair-side test kit. The levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), salivary glucose and HbA1c were analysed. RESULTS Majority of the patients had dental caries (84%), exposed root surfaces (92%) and heavy plaque (73%), whereas 66% of patients suffered from xerostomia. The frequency of patients with high counts of Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacilli (LB) were 78% and 42%, respectively. There were significant associations between dental caries risk and FBG, HbA1c and salivary glucose. After categorizing the patients into 3 categories of glycaemic control, we observed a significant association between glycaemic control and dental caries risk. CONCLUSION Type 2 diabetes patients are at high risk for dental caries, which is directly associated with FBG, HbA1c and salivary glucose. This is the first study measuring dental caries and its risk factors in T2D patients from Saudi Arabia.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Almusawi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - I Gosadi
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - R Abidia
- College of Dentistry, Dar Al Uloom University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - M Almasawi
- Dr. Abdulaziz Al Ajaji Dental Polyclinics, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - H A Khan
- Department of Biochemistry, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Awareness of oral complications and oral hygiene habits of subjects with diagnosed Diabetes Mellitus. BALKAN JOURNAL OF DENTAL MEDICINE 2018. [DOI: 10.2478/bjdm-2018-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/Aim: The aim was to evaluate Diabetes Mellitus (DM) patients' awareness of their risk for oral and dental complications, to evaluate their oral health behaviors, assess their sources of related information, and to detect the influence of their awareness on oral health and dental management. Material and Methods: Total of 240 DM patients presenting to a university outpatient dental facility for routine care completed a self-administered questionnaire about demographic socioeconomic characteristics, oral health care and awareness on oral complications of DM. Dental status of each patient was recorded. Data were analyzed with Chi- square test; p was set as 0.05. Results: The patients' mean age was 52.85 years; the majority had Type 2 DM (72.1%) and 61.7% were females. Two thirds of the patients had tooth loss; 65% brushed daily and used toothpick for interproximal cleaning (35%). Only 12.9% had regular dental visits and 37.5% reported their oral health as 'poor'. DM patients rarely received guidance from their health care professionals regarding their oral health (28.3%). Even though 62.5% were aware of oral complications of DM, only 46.3% knew that oral health may affect DM. The patients with Type 1 and Type 2 DM had similar perceptions about their oral health status (p=0.15>0.05). However, insulin users were more aware of the interaction between oral health and DM (p>0.05), and were more likely to consider their oral health as 'poor' (p>0.05). Conclusions: DM patients' awareness of the effect of DM on oral health was higher than that of the effect of oral health on DM management. Medical health care providers were failing to provide the necessary information regarding these issues when compared to dentists.
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Kiedrowicz M, Dembowska E, Banach J, Safranow K, Pynka S. A comparison of the periodontal status in patients with type 2 diabetes based on glycated haemoglobin levels and other risk factors. Adv Med Sci 2015; 60:156-61. [PMID: 25723568 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2014] [Revised: 12/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The aim of this study was to compare the periodontal status in patients with type 2 diabetes based on glycated haemoglobin levels and other risk factors. MATERIAL/METHODS 75 patients with DM2 were grouped according to glycemic control: 40 subjects with HbA1c<7.0% and 35 subjects with HbA1c≥7.0%. We performed measurements of HbA1c, C-reactive protein (CRP), Approximal Plaque Index (API), Gingival Severity Index (GSI), tooth mobility (TM) as well as periodontal parameters such as probing depth (PD) and clinical attachment level (CAL). Age, gender and duration of the disease were analyzed too. RESULTS No significant differences in PD, CAL, API, GSI and TM were found between the analyzed groups. HbA1c positively correlated with CRP (p=0.046) and the duration of DM2 (p=0.012) but not with the periodontal parameters. Patients' age was positively correlated with both the duration of DM2 (p=0.002) and CAL (p=0.034). Regardless of HbA1c, men had significantly worse periodontal parameters compared to women (respectively: PD 2.73mm vs. 2.18mm, p=0.01; CAL 3.84mm vs. 2.54mm, p=0.005; proportion of deep pockets 9.06% vs. 2.97%, p=0.01; proportion of teeth with grade 2 mobility 9.14% vs. 2.8%, p=0.02). CONCLUSIONS The selected group of patients attending the Diabetes Outpatient Clinic showed a similar periodontal status with regard to glycated haemoglobin levels and other risk factors except gender. Male gender turned out to be a significant risk factor for periodontal disease in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Elżbieta Dembowska
- Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Jadwiga Banach
- Department of Periodontology, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Safranow
- Department of Biochemistry and Medical Chemistry, Pomeranian Medical University, Szczecin, Poland
| | - Sławomir Pynka
- Diabetes Outpatient Clinic, M. Curie Hospital, Szczecin, Poland
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SOUSA JNLD, NÓBREGA DRDM, ARAKI ÂT. Perfil e percepção de diabéticos sobre a relação entre diabetes e doença periodontal. REVISTA DE ODONTOLOGIA DA UNESP 2014. [DOI: 10.1590/rou.2014.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUÇÃO: A periodontite é considerada um dos principais problemas de saúde em pacientes com diabetes e sua presença pode induzir resistência à insulina.OBJETIVO: avaliar o perfil e a percepção de pacientes com diabetes sobre a relação bidirecional entre diabetes e doença periodontal, assim como a integralidade da atenção primária à saúde destes pacientes.MÉTODO: Foi realizado um estudo epidemiológico de corte transversal, com 154 usuários cadastrados no programa HIPERDIA, em Unidades de Saúde da Família (USF), utilizando-se um questionário estruturado. Os dados foram registrados no SPSS e analisados por meio de estatística descritiva e inferencial, considerando-se um nível de significância de 5%.RESULTADO: A maioria dos pacientes pertencia ao gênero feminino (71,1%), apresentava baixa renda (73,2%) e escolaridade (42,5%), era não fumante (87,6%), com mais de 12 dentes perdidos (73,2%), escovavam os dentes duas vezes por dia (54,9%) e não utilizavam o fio dental (79,1%). Verificou-se associação estatisticamente significativa entre: gênero e número de escovações (pCONCLUSÃO: Os pacientes com diabetes apresentam elevada prevalência de dentes perdidos, carência de informações sobre os cuidados de higiene bucal e acerca da relação entre a doença periodontal e diabetes, o que evidencia a necessidade uma maior integração entre o Cirurgião-Dentista e a equipe médica.
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Movva LR, Ho DK, Corbet EF, Leung WK. Type-2 diabetes mellitus, metabolic control, serum inflammatory factors, lifestyle, and periodontal status. J Dent Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
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Giuca MR, Pasini M, Tecco S, Giuca G, Marzo G. Levels of salivary immunoglobulins and periodontal evaluation in smoking patients. BMC Immunol 2014; 15:5. [PMID: 24502245 PMCID: PMC3918004 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2172-15-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2013] [Accepted: 01/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to assess the level of salivary immunoglobulins and periodontal status in smokers and non-smokers. Materials and methods Unstimulated saliva of 30 subjects (mean age 24.2 ± 3.5 years) who were smokers (test group) and of 30 subjects (mean age 25.3 ± 3.8 years) who were non-smokers (control group) was collected and centrifugated; IgA, IgG, and IgM were measured with the colorimetric immunoenzymatic method. Moreover, the following periodontal clinical parameters were recorded for each subject: plaque index (PI), gingival index (GI), probing depth (PD), and clinical attachment level (CAL). Results A significantly (p< 0.05) lower Ig level was observed in smoking patients (IgA: 20.0 ± 1.2 mg/dl; IgM: 19.5 ± 1.6 mg/dl; IgG: 8.1 ± 1.4 mg/dl) compared to levels in the non-smoking control group (IgA: 234.1 ± 65.2 mg/dl; IgM: 121.0 ± 31.7 mg/dl; IgG: 1049.4 ± 102 mg/dl). In the test group, PI (2.2 ± 0.3), GI (2.4 ±0.5), PD (49.3 ± 9.2%), and CAL (49.3 ± 4.6%) were higher (p< 0.05) than those observed in the control group (PI: 0.8 ± 0.4; GI: 0.7 ± 0.3; PD: 10.6 ± 2.4%; CAL: 3.1 ± 0.8%). Conclusion Smoking subjects showed lower levels of salivary IgA, IgG, and IgM and a worse periodontal condition than non-smoking subjects. On the base of our study, as smoking subjects also had lower levels of IgA, IgG, and IgM in their saliva than non-smoking subjects, despite the fact that there is little evidence that the salivary Igs have a protective action against periodontitis and that the whole saliva does not result in whole from the salivary glands, it can be concluded that the deteriorated periodontal health conditions of these patients can be attributed in part to a lowering of the host’s defense due to a decrease in the quantity of Igs in salivary fluid.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Simona Tecco
- University of L'Aquila, School of Orthodontics, Pescara, Via Le Mainarde 26, Pescara IT 65124, Italy.
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