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Navabi N, Afshari Z, Kamyabi H, Mohammadi M. Side effects and short effects of using three common mouthwashes on oral health and quality of life: A quasi-experimental study. Int J Dent Hyg 2024; 22:681-688. [PMID: 37793064 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12761] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/06/2023] [Indexed: 10/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Antiseptic mouthwashes are useful adjuncts to daily brushing and flossing for the control of dental plaque and gingivitis. The objective of the present study was to compare the effect of three mouthwashes: chlorhexidine, essential oils and cetylpyridinium chloride on oral health-related quality of life, gingival health, tongue coating and also to compare their potential side effects after 2-week consumption. METHODS Sixty participants were enrolled in this study and were divided into four groups (three mouthwash groups plus no mouthwash group). At the beginning, scaling and cleaning were performed and the following parameters were recorded: oral health impact profile (OHIP-5) questionnaire, tongue coating index, modified gingival index, calculus surface index, modified Lobene stain index and a questionnaire for side effects. Each group has followed up in 2 weeks. Data were analysed using paired t-test, ANOVA, Fisher's exact test and Pearson chi-square. RESULTS At the end of second week, all three mouthwashes significantly improved OHIP-5 score and reduced modified gingival index whereas essential oils and cetylpyridinium chloride significantly reduced tongue coating index when compared to control group (p < 0.05). The differences between four groups were significant for calculus formation, dental staining and reported burning sensation and changes of taste sensation and perception (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION The use of all three mouthwashes has been effective in controlling and reducing gingivitis and tongue coating; however, it appeared that essential oils has the minimum and Chlorhexidine has the maximum side effects. Moreover, the use of all three mouthwashes has been examined to improve the quality of life. Overall, essential oils mouthwash has the best performance among these three mouthwashes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nader Navabi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dentistry School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | | | - Homa Kamyabi
- Department of Oral Medicine, Dentistry School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
| | - Mohammad Mohammadi
- Department of Periodontics, Dentistry School, Kerman University of Medical Sciences, Kerman, Iran
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Ding L, Wang Y, Jiang Z, Tang X, Mao B, Zhao J, Chen W, Zhang Q, Cui S. Effects of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM1214 and Ligilactobacillus salivarius CCFM1215 on halitosis: a double-blind, randomized controlled trial. Food Funct 2024. [PMID: 39028146 DOI: 10.1039/d4fo02280g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/20/2024]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of known probiotic species Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM1214 and Ligilactobacillus salivarius CCFM1215 on halitosis, the oral status, and the oral microbiome. In a double-blind, randomized controlled trial that lasted for five weeks, 43 participants were divided into an oral probiotics group and a control group and given probiotics or control powder for the first four weeks, with the fifth week being the discontinuation period. 33 participants (probiotics group = 21, control group = 12) completed the entire experiment in the end. Oral samples were taken as part of oral health examinations during the baseline period (day 0) and four weeks after (day 28). The nucleotide sequence of the V3-V4 region of 16S rRNA was determined to examine the impact of intervention and time on the oral microbiome. The effects of L. plantarum CCFM1214 and L. salivarius CCFM1215 on the number of Fusobacterium nucleatum in gingival crevicular fluid (GCF) samples of participants were detected by quantitative PCR. After the intervention, L. plantarum CCFM1214 and L. salivarius CCFM1215 significantly reduced the levels of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) and the quantity of F. nucleatum in GCF samples, where the average DNA copy number per ng (log) of F. nucleatum decreased from 7.12 ± 0.04 to 6.01 ± 0.09. The β diversity of the probiotics group, on the whole, tended to be more concentrated and stable after the intervention. In addition, after probiotic intervention, the abundance of Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium increased, while the abundance of Fusobacterium, Acinetobacter, Porphyromonas, and Aggregatibacter decreased significantly. In general, L. plantarum CCFM1214 and L. salivarius CCFM1215 can alleviate halitosis and considerably lower the value of VSCs and improve the oral microbiota in participants with halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijiang Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Yueyan Wang
- Wuxi Stomatological Hospital, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214000, P. R. China
| | - Zhentao Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
| | - Xin Tang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Bingyong Mao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Jianxin Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Wei Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Qiuxiang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
| | - Shumao Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Resources, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China.
- School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi, Jiangsu 214122, P. R. China
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Zheng S, Deng R, Huang G, Ou Z, Shen Z. Effects of honokiol combined with resveratrol on bacteria responsible for oral malodor and their biofilm. J Oral Microbiol 2024; 16:2361402. [PMID: 38860120 PMCID: PMC11164056 DOI: 10.1080/20002297.2024.2361402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/23/2024] [Indexed: 06/12/2024] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the effect of honokiol combined with resveratrol on bacteria responsible for oral malodor and their biofilm. Method This study investigated drug's MIC, FICI and dynamic bactericidal susceptibility activities against Pg and Fn. The effects of drugs on biofilm metabolic activity, biofilm total amount, and biofilm microstructure were determined by CCK-8 experiment, semi-quantitative adhesion experiment and SEM, respectively. The effects of drugs on biofilm genes, extracellular polysaccharides, proteins and DNA content were determined by qRT-PCR, phenol-sulfuric acid method, BCA method and Nano Drop one C, respectively. Results The combination had synergistic antibacterial effect on Pg and Fn. 1/2×MIC and 1×MIC combination inhibit the whole process of Pg and Fn growth. The results showed that the combination effectively reduce biofilm metabolic activity and total amount, and destroy biofilm microstructure. The results showed that the combination downregulate the gene expression both Pg and Fn, reduce extracellular polysaccharides and DNA of Pg, and reduce extracellular proteins and DNA of Fn. Conclusion This study showed that the combination had a synergistic antibacterial effect on Pg and Fn, reduced the biofilm extracellular matrix, inhibited biofilm formation, and downregulated the expression of genes related to biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiqian Zheng
- Research and Development Department (R&D), Guangdong Botanical Beauty Care Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Rongrong Deng
- Research and Development Department (R&D), Guangdong Botanical Beauty Care Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Gengjiu Huang
- Research and Development Department (R&D), Guangdong Botanical Beauty Care Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhiwen Ou
- Research and Development Department (R&D), Guangdong Botanical Beauty Care Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhibin Shen
- Research and Development Department (R&D), Guangdong Botanical Beauty Care Biotechnology Co. Ltd., Guangzhou, China
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Peeran SW, Murugan M, Doggalli N, Fageeh H, Ibrahim W, Al-Ak'hali MS, Basheer SN. Herbal Composite Preparation and Investigating its Efficiency to Inhibit Biofilm Formation and Virulence Factors of Prevotella Intermedia and Porphyromonas Gingivalis - Formulation of Mouthwash Using a Herbal Composite and Evaluating its Anti-microbial Activity. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2024; 16:S1574-S1584. [PMID: 38882878 PMCID: PMC11174225 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_998_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2023] [Revised: 11/09/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2024] Open
Abstract
Herbal composite preparation was studied with the aim of inhibiting the virulence factors of two dental pathogens: Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. A novel herbal composite was developed using the herbal extracts of Wrightia tinctoria and Bauhinia variegata. During the study, the following observations were noted. The minimal inhibitory concentration of Wrightia tinctoria and Bauhinia variegata composites (WBc) was obtained for the test concentration of 20 μg/ml (16 ± 0.57 mm and 15 ± 0.75 mm of inhibitory zones against Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively). Biofilm inhibition assay results revealed about 0.51 ± 1.25 mg/ml and 0.53 ± 0.57 mg/ml of minimal biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) against Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively. The effect of WBc on lactic acid production showed that 200 μg/ml and 400 μg/ml concentrates reduced up to 80% and 70% in Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis, respectively. Formulated herbal mouthwash showed good stability under all three different test conditions (5°C, 25°C, and 40°C) as the color, odor, phase separation, and homogeneity were not changed for the period of 3 months. The anti-bacterial activity of formulated mouthwash (30 μg/ml) exhibited maximum inhibitory zones of about 18 ± 0.75 mm and 19 ± 1.05 mm against the respective test bacteria - Prevotella intermedia and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Amplification of mfa1 and clpB genes showed 246 bp and 294 bp fragments of P. gingivalis and 238 bp and 280 bp fragments of P. intermedia during agarose electrophoretic analysis. The docking report revealed -5.84 Kcal/Mol binding energy and found three hydrogen bonding between the quercetin and target protein, mfa1 of Porphyromonas gingivalis. The target protein, clpB of Prevotella intermedia, and quercetin had -6.72 Kcal/Mol binding energy and found four hydrogen bonds between them. The developed composite could be optimized in future to develop a novel and biocompatible herbal mouthwash for the prevention of different dental caries and gingival inflammation associated with dental biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Syed Wali Peeran
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Manohar Murugan
- Department of Microbiology, Sadakathullah Appa College (Autonomous), Tirunelveli, Tamil Nadu, India
| | | | - Hytham Fageeh
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Wael Ibrahim
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohammed Sultan Al-Ak'hali
- Department of Preventive Dental Sciences, Division of Periodontics, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Syed Nahid Basheer
- Department of Conservative Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Faculty of Dentistry, Jazan University, KSA
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Khounganian RM, Alasmari ON, Aldosari MM, Alghanemi NM. Causes and Management of Halitosis: A Narrative Review. Cureus 2023; 15:e43742. [PMID: 37727189 PMCID: PMC10506127 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.43742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Halitosis is defined as the presence of an unpleasant odor in exhaled air, regardless of its cause. In most patients with halitosis, the condition causes embarrassment and interferes with social interactions and daily life. Furthermore, bad breath can be a sign of an underlying disease. Understanding the factors and causes that lead to halitosis and its manifestations could facilitate proper management of this condition. To properly diagnose and treat patients, healthcare professionals, including primary care physicians and dental professionals, must be familiar with the etiology and appropriate management of the disease. Consequently, this review aims to provide practitioners with up-to-date information on the etiological factors of halitosis to facilitate the establishment of preventive measures and provide accurate diagnosis and management.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Osama N Alasmari
- Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, SAU
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Ahmed MM. A Cross-Sectional Study to Evaluate Dental Professionals' Knowledge of Antiplaque Mouth Rinse Agents and their Application in Periodontal Practice. JOURNAL OF PHARMACY AND BIOALLIED SCIENCES 2023; 15:S1006-S1009. [PMID: 37694042 PMCID: PMC10485443 DOI: 10.4103/jpbs.jpbs_251_23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2023] [Revised: 03/19/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 09/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Mouth rinse agents reduce inflammation and microbial burden, improving periodontal clinical parameters. Yet, improper clinical use of these compounds might have several deleterious repercussions. Given the lack of research on the knowledge and application of antiplaque mouth rinse agents, this research was conducted. Methods The research is an electronic survey wherein responses were gathered for ten items with predetermined answers in addition to covariate data. The questions were conceived to illuminate the level of knowledge possessed by dental professionals and their utilization pattern in periodontal practice. The data gathered underwent quantitative statistical analysis. Results Participants in the study included 100 dental professionals from various disciplines, all of whom agreed that mouth rinses are a vital adjuvant in periodontal therapy. Most acknowledged being aware of the various mouth rinse agents, but their knowledge and application of mouth rinses were largely confined to chlorhexidine gluconate, with little consideration being given to alternative antiplaque agents. Conclusion Little knowledge exists among dental professionals regarding mouth rinse agents and their appropriate application. Dental schools, clinical advisory organizations, and other establishments could educate dental professionals on the specific guidelines for utilizing antiplaque mouth rinses in a dental context, especially as an adjunct to periodontal therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Muzammil Moin Ahmed
- Department of Dental Hygiene, College of Applied Health Sciences in Ar Rass, Qassim University, Al Qassim, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia
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Pérez-Nicolás C, Pecci-Lloret MP, Guerrero-Gironés J. Use and efficacy of mouthwashes in elderly patients: A systematic review of randomized clinical trials. Ann Anat 2023; 246:152026. [PMID: 36402239 DOI: 10.1016/j.aanat.2022.152026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 10/18/2022] [Accepted: 10/31/2022] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION A higher prevalence of oral problems has been observed in the elderly population. One of the treatment options for some of these pathologies is the administration of mouthwashes combined with mechanical removal techniques. Besides, each type of oral rinse treats certain oral diseases, and it should be selected for each specific situation. OBJECTIVE To determine the use and efficacy of mouthwashes in the elderly as a treatment for various pathologies, to indicate the most common kinds of mouth-rinses used, the diseases treated with them, their efficacy in each treatment, and their effectiveness when they are combined with other treatments. MATERIAL AND METHODS The review has been carried out following the PRISMA 2020 Statement. Individualized bibliographic searches were performed in five databases. Randomized clinical trials are included in patients over 60 years old where mouthwashes were administered to treat or prevent specific diseases. The PICO question aimed to assess what type of mouthwashes elderly patients use, what they use them for, and their efficacy. Study selection, data extraction, and quality analysis were achieved using the RoB-2 guide. RESULTS Thirteen articles were chosen to perform the qualitative analysis. The bibliometric analysis was carried out. We have eleven randomized controlled clinical trials and two uncontrolled. The mouthwash more used was chlorhexidine, followed by essential oils and fluorides. The most studied pathologies were a periodontal disease, caries, candidiasis, denture stomatitis, and xerostomia. Chlorhexidine used weekly is effective as antiplaque and antigingivitis. Fluorides effectively prevent and reverse caries; nystatin and essential oils to treat candidiasis; and pilocarpine rinse to manage xerostomia. CONCLUSIONS The included studies show that mouthwashes are widely extended in the elderly population, and each sort is specifically designed for treating a particular condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudia Pérez-Nicolás
- Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
| | - María Pilar Pecci-Lloret
- Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain.
| | - Julia Guerrero-Gironés
- Gerodontology and Special Care Dentistry Unit, Morales Meseguer Hospital, Faculty of Medicine, University of Murcia, 30100 Murcia, Spain
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Chewing Gums as a Drug Delivery Approach for Oral Health. Int J Dent 2022; 2022:9430988. [PMID: 35769942 PMCID: PMC9236808 DOI: 10.1155/2022/9430988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/26/2022] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Drug delivery approaches with the shortest therapeutic period and the lowest side effects have always been considered a sublime target in the medical sciences. Among many delivery methods, chewing gum could be perceived as a promising drug carrier that can carry several types of drugs for oral health. These drug carriers could represent optimal therapeutic time and lower side effects due to their sustained release capability and lower required thresholds for the drug compared with other delivery approaches. The convenient use in the oral cavity's local environment and the ability to locally carry multiple drugs are considered the main advantages of this delivery approach. Aim This review aimed to explore chewing gum as a promising drug carrier that can carry several types of drugs for oral health. Materials and Methods Articles were searched for on PubMed, ISI, SCOPUS, Google Patents, the Royal Society of Chemistry website, and electronic databases using MESH terms and the following keywords: (“Gum” OR “Chewing gum”) and (“Drug delivery OR Drug delivery systems”) in the English language. No time limit was applied, and all documents as of August 30th, 2020 were retrieved. Results Gum-drug interactions, mechanisms of release, and formulations of the drugs might all play a role in this versatile delivery method. Accordingly, chewing gum-based carriers may be presented as a plausible candidate for drug delivery in oral diseases. Conclusion Gum-driven drugs could be introduced as promising candidates for treating oral diseases due to their ability to deliver the proper local dosages of active ingredients, short contact time, biocompatibility, and biodegradable chemical structures.
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Xiang L, Rojo R, Prados-Frutos JC. Evaluation of the Efficacy of Lacer Hali TM Treatment on the Management of Halitosis: A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Trial. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10112256. [PMID: 34071005 PMCID: PMC8197132 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10112256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2021] [Revised: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Halitosis of oral origin is very common in the general population. Due to their antimicrobial properties, chlorhexidine-based products are widely used in the management of this condition, but these are associated with reversible side effects. In this study we evaluated the efficacy of Lacer HaliTM mouthrinse and toothpaste in subjects with intraoral halitosis after several applications under normal conditions of use. Methods: In this randomized clinical trial with mouth rinse and toothpaste, single-center, double-blinded, parallel participants were assigned to an experimental group (Lacer HaliTM,, n = 20), a positive control group (HalitaTM, n = 20), and a placebo group (n = 20). The active duration of the study was 18 days. The clinical follow-up evaluations were performed at five time points (T0, T1, T2, T3, and T4). The intensity of halitosis was evaluated by organoleptic measurement and the portable gas chromatograph OralChromaTM. The data were analyzed using generalized mixed linear models. Results: Sixty patients completed the study. Lacer HaliTM, in comparison with HalitaTM, did not show statistically significant differences at any time during the study except for the levels of hydrogen sulfide and total volatile sulfur compounds at 15 days, where HalitaTM was better. Compared to the placebo treatment, Lacer HaliTM, was significantly more efficient, in terms of both the organoleptic evaluations at 8 days and the levels of hydrogen sulfide. Conclusions: Lacer HaliTM is an alternative to chlorhexidine-based toothpaste and mouthwashes in the management of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laiqi Xiang
- Doctoral Program in Health Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avenida Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain;
- Practice of Dentistry and Halitosis at Core Centro Dental, 28001 Madrid, Spain
| | - Rosa Rojo
- Faculty of Dentistry, Alfonso X el Sabio University, Villanueva de la Cañada, 28691 Madrid, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-918-109-200
| | - Juan Carlos Prados-Frutos
- Department of Medicine Specialties and Public Health, Faculty of Health Sciences, Rey Juan Carlos University, Avenida de Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain;
- IDIBO Group, Health, IDIBO Group (Research, Development and Innovation Group in Dental Biomaterials), Rey Juan Carlos University, Avenida de Atenas s/n, 28922 Alcorcón, Madrid, Spain
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Alzoman H, Alzahrani A, Alwehaiby K, Alanazi W, AlSarhan M. Efficacy of Arabic Coffee and Black Tea in Reducing Halitosis: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled, Crossover Clinical Trial. Healthcare (Basel) 2021; 9:250. [PMID: 33804328 PMCID: PMC8000802 DOI: 10.3390/healthcare9030250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2021] [Revised: 02/17/2021] [Accepted: 02/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the study was to objectively evaluate the short-term effect of Arabic coffee and black tea on oral halitosis. This study was a single-center, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, crossover clinical trial on 17 healthy individuals. During the initial visit, pre-treatment breath samples were collected from each subject and analyzed using portable gas chromatography (OralChroma™). Four interventions were evaluated, with Arabic coffee and black tea as the test intervention tools, mouthwash containing a solution (0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride, and 0.14% zinc lactate (CHX-CPC-Zn)) as a positive control, and drinking water as a negative control. Halitosis was induced by rinsing with 10 mL solution of L-cysteine for 30 s. Twenty minutes later, a breath sample was taken to record the baseline volatile sulfur compounds (VSC) levels (T0). Then, the participants were asked to rinse with 10 mL of a randomly-assigned solution for 30 s. Sixty minutes later, another breath sample was recorded (T1). Finally, after 120 min, the final breath sample was recorded (T2). It was found that rinsing with Arabic coffee decreased the level of H2S both in the first hour (T1) and the second hour (T2). The reduction was significantly greater at T1 (p = 0.017). There was a similar result after the volunteers rinsed with black tea. At T2, Arabic coffee showed a substantially greater reduction in H2S (p < 0.001). On the contrary, using CHX-CPC-Zn showed a significant and continuous decrease in H2S values in the breath throughout the experiment (p < 0.001). Water showed no significant impact on the level of VSC (p = 0.71). This study demonstrates that black tea and Arabic coffee had inhibitory effects on halitosis that was greater in the first hour and was not sustained over a long period. Additionally, Arabic coffee had a greater inhibitory effect on halitosis than black tea.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamad Alzoman
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
| | - Ahmed Alzahrani
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (K.A.); (W.A.)
| | - Khaled Alwehaiby
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (K.A.); (W.A.)
| | - Waleed Alanazi
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia; (A.A.); (K.A.); (W.A.)
| | - Mohammed AlSarhan
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh 11545, Saudi Arabia;
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Wylleman A, Vuylsteke F, Dekeyser C, Teughels W, Quirynen M, Laleman I. Alternative therapies in controlling oral malodour: a systematic review. J Breath Res 2021; 15. [PMID: 33227726 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7163/abcd2b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Is there a role for alternative therapies in controlling intra-oral halitosis? Treatments other than tongue cleaning and anti-halitosis products containing zinc, chlorhexidine and cetylpyridinium chloride were considered as alternative therapies. Four databases were searched (PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science and The Cochrane Library). Inclusion criteria were: examination of alternative halitosis therapies, study population with oral malodour, a (negative or positive) control group and evaluation of breath odour via organoleptic and/or instrumental assessment. Data were extracted for descriptive analysis. The screening of 7656 titles led to the inclusion of 26 articles. Analysis showed heterogeneity concerning the population of interest (from cysteine-induced to genuine halitosis), the examined treatment and the reported outcomes. This made a meta-analysis impossible. Essential oils, fluoride-containing products and herbal substances were the most studied. Results varied enormously and none of the active ingredients had an unambiguously positive effect on the malodour. The risk of bias was assessed as high in all articles. Given the fact that little evidence was found for each of the investigated treatments, it could be concluded that there is currently insufficient evidence that alternative therapies are of added value in the treatment of halitosis.Clinical relevanceScientific rationale:Halitosis is a common problem causing social isolation. Out of embarrassment, patients search the internet, leading to many questions about alternative solutions (e.g. oil pulling, herbs). This is the first systematic review on these alternative therapies.Principal findings: Results varied among studies. Some promising results were found for fluoride-containing toothpastes and probiotics. For other products (such as herbal and antibacterial products and essential oils) results were inconsistent. Long-term follow-up studies on these products are scarce. Moreover, the quality of the studies was poor.Practical implications:No clear evidence was found to support a certain alternative anti-halitosis therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Wylleman
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, Belgium.,Equally contributing first authors.,Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed
| | - F Vuylsteke
- KU, Leuven, Belgium.,Equally contributing first authors
| | - C Dekeyser
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - W Teughels
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - M Quirynen
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, Belgium
| | - I Laleman
- Section of Periodontology, Department of Oral Health Sciences, KU Leuven & Dentistry, University Hospitals Leuven, Kapucijnenvoer 33, Leuven 3000, Belgium
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Alsaffar D, Alzoman H. Efficacy of antioxidant mouthwash in the reduction of halitosis: A randomized, double blind, controlled crossover clinical trial. J Dent Sci 2020; 16:621-627. [PMID: 33854711 PMCID: PMC8025192 DOI: 10.1016/j.jds.2020.10.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Background/purpose Halitosis is the unpleasant and offensive odour in exhaled air, which is linked to the presence of volatile sulphur compounds (VSC). Different mouthwashes have been used to treat halitosis. The objective of this study was to test the effect of an antioxidant (AO) mouthwash, and mouthwash containing [0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride, and 0.14% zinc lactate (CHX-CPC-Zn)] on VSC. Material and methods Thirty-five subjects with halitosis participated in this clinical trial. At the baseline visit, a breath sample was taken and analyzed for the level of hydrogen sulphide (H2S), methyl mercaptan (CH3SH), and dimethyl sulphide (CH3SCH3) using portable gas chromatography (OralChroma™). Two mouthwashes were randomly provided to each subject in addition to saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) as control. Subjects were instructed to rinse with 20 ml of the mouthwash for 1 min twice daily for 2 weeks. At second visit, post-treatment breath sample was taken. Afterward, the patient was asked to refrain from using mouthwash for a washout period of 1 week. A similar procedure was repeated for each mouthwash interval. Results No significant differences in VSC level between all three groups were detected at baseline. A significant reduction in VSC level was obtained after using CHX-CPC-Zn mouthwash. On other hand, both AO mouthwash and saline had no significant impact on the level of VSC. Conclusion CHX-CPC-Zn mouthwash has a significant effect on VSC level reduction in subjects with confirmed halitosis. Besides, using AO mouthwash regularly for 2 weeks did not have any impact on improving the level of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Duaa Alsaffar
- Graduate Program in Periodontics, Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hamad Alzoman
- Department of Periodontics and Community Dentistry, College of Dentistry, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Hsieh YL, Yao JC, Hsieh SC, Teng NC, Chu YT, Yu WX, Chen CH, Chang LY, Huang CS, Lee TH, Kareiva A, Yang JC. The In Vivo Toxicity and Antimicrobial Properties for Electrolyzed Oxidizing (EO) Water-Based Mouthwashes. MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 13:E4299. [PMID: 32993124 PMCID: PMC7579534 DOI: 10.3390/ma13194299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2020] [Revised: 09/13/2020] [Accepted: 09/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The objective of this study was to verify the feasibility of electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water as a mouthwash through the evaluation of its in vivo toxicity by embryonic zebrafish and antimicrobial efficacy against Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans). METHODOLOGY Each 1.5-3.0 g of sodium chloride (NaCl), sodium bromide (NaBr), or calcium chloride (CaCl2) were added into an electrolyzer with 300 mL of DD water to produce electrolyzed oxidizing (EO) water. A zebrafish embryo assay was used to evaluate acute toxicity of specimens. Antimicrobial property was conducted with 100 μL microbial count of 1 × 108 cfu/mL S. mutans to blend with each 10 mL specimen of chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate or hypochlorous acid (HOCl) for various time points. The concentration of viable microorganisms was assessed according to individually standardized inoculum by a plate-count method. RESULTS Among the EO water produced from NaCl, NaBr, and CaCl2, the EO water from NaCl showed a relatively low mortality rate of zebrafish embryos and was chosen for a detailed investigation. The mortality rates for the groups treated with EO water containing 0.0125% and 0.0250% HOCl were not statically different from those of a negative control, however the mortality rate was 66.7 ± 26.2% in 0.2% CHX gluconate for the same treatment time of 0.5 min. All of the HOCl or 2.0% CHX gluconate groups showed >99.9% antimicrobial effectiveness against S. mutans; while the 0.2% CHX gluconate group showed a bacterial reduction rate of 87.5% and 97.1% for treatment times of 0.5 min and 1.0 min, respectively. CONCLUSIONS Except for the 0.2% CHX gluconate, all the HOCl specimens and 2.0% CHX gluconate revealed similar antimicrobial properties (>99.9%) against S. mutans. The EO water comprised of both 0.0125% and 0.0250% HOCl showed >99.9% antimicrobial efficacy but with little in vivo toxicity, illuminating the possibility as an alternative mouthwash for dental and oral care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ling Hsieh
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Jiun-Cheng Yao
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Sung-Chih Hsieh
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (N.-C.T.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Nai-Chia Teng
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (N.-C.T.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - You-Tai Chu
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Wen-Xin Yu
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Chung-He Chen
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Liang-Yu Chang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Ching-Shuan Huang
- School of Dentistry, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (S.-C.H.); (N.-C.T.); (C.-S.H.)
| | - Tzu-Hsin Lee
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
| | - Aivaras Kareiva
- Institute of Chemistry, Vilnius University, Naugarduko 24, LT-03225 Vilnius, Lithuania;
| | - Jen-Chang Yang
- Graduate Institute of Nanomedicine and Medical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan; (Y.-L.H.); (J.-C.Y.); (Y.-T.C.); (W.-X.Y.); (C.-H.C.); (L.-Y.C.); (T.-H.L.)
- Research Center of Biomedical Device, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan
- International Ph.D. Program in Biomedical Engineering, College of Biomedical Engineering, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan
- Research Center of Digital Oral Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110–52, Taiwan
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Renvert S, Noack MJ, Lequart C, Roldán S, Laine ML. The Underestimated Problem of Intra-Oral Halitosis in Dental Practice: An Expert Consensus Review. Clin Cosmet Investig Dent 2020; 12:251-262. [PMID: 32753975 PMCID: PMC7342603 DOI: 10.2147/ccide.s253765] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Approximately 90% of halitosis cases originate within the oral cavity (intra-oral halitosis). With a focus on intra-oral halitosis, this narrative review article provides a current summary of the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of halitosis and discusses practical considerations for healthcare professionals (HCPs), including dentists, dental hygienists, general practitioners, community pharmacists, nurses and medical specialists. MEDLINE and PubMed were searched up to 31 December 2019. Additional information was sourced from reference lists of relevant published literature. Full-text articles which reported on the epidemiology, diagnosis and management of halitosis were considered for inclusion. Halitosis affects substantial numbers of individuals globally and is an underestimated problem in dental practice. Current estimates of the prevalence of halitosis, in addition to diagnostic methods and management considerations for halitosis, are discussed. Although not a life-threatening condition, halitosis has a significant impact on patients’ quality of life and can result in psychological consequences including social, professional and affective limitations. Using a simple step-wise approach for diagnosis and treatment, dentists and dental hygienists are ideally placed to respond to an initial consultation for halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Renvert
- Department of Oral Health, Kristianstad University, Kristianstad, Sweden.,School of Dental Science, Trinity College, Dublin, Ireland.,Blekinge Institute of Technology, Karlskrona, Sweden
| | - Michael J Noack
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Christophe Lequart
- Private practice, Sorigny, Union Française pour la Santé Bucco-Dentaire (UFSBD), Paris, France
| | - Silvia Roldán
- ETEP (Etiology and Therapy of Periodontal Diseases) Research Group, University Complutense, Madrid, Spain
| | - Marja L Laine
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Luzzi L, Chrisopoulos S, Kapellas K, Brennan DS. Oral hygiene behaviours among Australian adults in the National Study of Adult Oral Health (NSAOH) 2017-18. Aust Dent J 2020; 65 Suppl 1:S79-S84. [PMID: 32583594 DOI: 10.1111/adj.12769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This paper examines oral hygiene behaviours (tooth brushing, mouthwash use and dental floss) by a range of explanatory variables. METHODS Explanatory variables included age, sex, region, income, area-based SES, dental insurance and visiting pattern. The data reported were collected in the interview survey in NSAOH 2017-18. RESULTS A higher percentage of females brushed with toothpaste at least daily (98.0%) and used floss in the last week (62.6%) than males (94.6% and 48.5% respectively). There was an income gradient in tooth brushing. Higher percentages brushed in the high income (96.8%) than middle (96.2%) and low-income tertiles (93.6%). A higher percentage of the high-income tertile (58.2%) flossed than the lower tertile (53.3%). Those with unfavourable visit patterns had lower percentages who brushed daily (92.7%) than the intermediate (96.7%) or favourable (98.2%) groups. There was a gradient in flossing by visiting, with a lower percentage flossing for the unfavourable visiting group (38.5%) than for the intermediate (52.8%) or favourable groups (67.6%). CONCLUSIONS Oral hygiene behaviours were associated with gender, socioeconomic status and dental visiting. A higher percentage of women brushed and flossed than men. Lower socioeconomic status and those with unfavourable visiting patterns had lower frequencies of brushing and flossing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liana Luzzi
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Sergio Chrisopoulos
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Kostas Kapellas
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - David S Brennan
- Australian Research Centre for Population Oral Health, Adelaide Dental School, The University of Adelaide, SA, Australia
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Carrouel F, Conte MP, Fisher J, Gonçalves LS, Dussart C, Llodra JC, Bourgeois D. COVID-19: A Recommendation to Examine the Effect of Mouthrinses with β-Cyclodextrin Combined with Citrox in Preventing Infection and Progression. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9041126. [PMID: 32326426 PMCID: PMC7230644 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9041126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 04/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Considered to be a major portal of entry for infectious agents, the oral cavity is directly associated with the evolutionary process of SARS-CoV-2 in its inhalation of ambient particles in the air and in expectorations. Some new generations of mouth rinses currently on the market have ingredients that could contribute to lower the SARS-CoV-2 viral load, and thus facilitate the fight against oral transmission. If chlorhexidine, a usual component of mouth rinse, is not efficient to kill SARS-CoV-2, the use of a mouth rinses and/or with local nasal applications that contain β-cyclodextrins combined with flavonoids agents, such as Citrox, could provide valuable adjunctive treatment to reduce the viral load of saliva and nasopharyngeal microbiota, including potential SARS-CoV-2 carriage. We urge national agencies and authorities to start clinical trials to evaluate the preventive effects of βCD-Citrox therapeutic oral biofilm rinses in reducing the viral load of the infection and possibly disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Florence Carrouel
- University Lyon 1, Laboratory “Health Systemic Process”, EA4129, 69008 Lyon, France;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-4-78-78-57-44
| | - Maria Pia Conte
- Department of Public Health and Infectious Diseases, Sapienza University of Rome, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Julian Fisher
- THEnet, Training for Health Equity Network, New York, NY 10023, USA;
| | | | - Claude Dussart
- Lyon Public Hospices, Central Pharmacy, EA4129, 69002 Lyon, France;
| | - Juan Carlos Llodra
- Department of Preventive and Community Dentistry, University of Granada, 18010 Granada, Spain;
| | - Denis Bourgeois
- University Lyon 1, Laboratory “Health Systemic Process”, EA4129, 69008 Lyon, France;
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Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Bixa orellana extract and blue LED in the reduction of halitosis-A randomized, controlled clinical trial. Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther 2020; 30:101751. [PMID: 32294559 DOI: 10.1016/j.pdpdt.2020.101751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to evaluate the reduction of halitosis when using antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with Bixa orellana extract and blue light-emitting diode (LED). METHODS Forty-four UNINOVE students or employees with a diagnosis of sulfide (H2S) ≥ 112 ppb in gas chromatography were selected. The patients were randomly divided in groups: Group 1 (n = 15): aPDT with annatto and LED; Group 2 (n = 14): tongue scraping; Group 3 (n = 15): tongue scraping and aPDT. For aPDT, a wasBixa orellana extract used in a concentration of 20 % w/v (Fórmula e Ação®, São Paulo, Brazil) on the tongue for 2 min, associated with a blue-violet LED (Valo Cordless Ultradent® Products, Inc., South Jordan, UT, USA) (395-480 nm). Six points were irradiated on the back of the tongue, at wavelength 395-480 nm for 20 s, energy of 9.6 J and radiant energy of 6.37 J/cm2 per point. The results were compared before, immediately after treatment and 7 days after. The Friedman test was used for the intragroup analysis and the Kruskal Wallis test for the intergroup analysis. RESULTS In all groups, there was a difference between baseline and the value immediately after the treatment. In Groups 1 and 3, there was no difference between the baseline and the 7 days control. CONCLUSION There was an immediate reduction of halitosis, but the reduction was not maintained after 7days.
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18
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Reshetnyak VY, Nesterova OV, Admakin OI, Dobrokhotov DA, Avertseva IN, Dostdar SA, Khakimova DF. Evaluation of free and total fluoride concentration in mouthwashes via measurement with ion-selective electrode. BMC Oral Health 2019; 19:251. [PMID: 31747894 PMCID: PMC6868805 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-019-0908-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to compare free fluoride concentration and total fluoride concentration in mouthwashes. METHODS Fluorine-containing mouthwashes from various companies and manufacturers (Colgate Total Plax Classic Mint®, Colgate-Palmolive, New York, USA; Colgate Total Plax Gentle Mint®, Colgate-Palmolive, New York, USA; Colgate Total Plax Fresh Mint®, Colgate-Palmolive, New York, USA; Oral B Advantage®, Procter&Gamble, Cincinnati, USA; Reach Fresh Mint®, Johnson&Johnson, New Brunswick, USA; Foramen®, Laboratorios Foramen, Guarnizo, Spain; Lacalut Sensitive®, Dr. THEISS, Homburg, Germany; Sensodyne®, GlaxoSmithKline, London, UK; Vesna F®, Vita, Saint Petersburg, Russia; Lacalut Fresh®, Dr. THEISS, Homburg, Germany) were selected as study objects. Fluoride measurements were carried out using the fluoride selective electrode. RESULTS Free fluoride:total fluoride ratio was more than 80% for six samples (Colgate Total Plax Gentle Mint® - 88%, Colgate Total Plax Fresh Mint® - 99%, Oral B Advantage® - 92%, Reach Fresh Mint® - 92 and 89% for the mouthwash of another batch, Lacalut Sensitive® - 94%) and less than 63% for three samples (Colgate Total Plax Classic Mint® - 56%, Foramen® - 62%, Vesna F® - 61%). Two samples had more than 70% and less than 80% of unbound fluoride, respectively (Sensodyne® - 77%, another batch of Oral B Advantage® mouthwash - 74%). Rinse containing sodium monofluorophosphate (Na2PO3F) (Vesna F®) had more than 50% of free fluoride, while the rinse containing amine fluoride (AmF) (Lacalut Sensitive®) had 94%. The difference in the free fluoride:total fluoride ratio can be explained by binding of fluoride ions by components contained in mouthwashes, such as coloring agents and polymeric compounds. The lowest concentration of free fluoride ions (0.000093 mol/L) was observed for aluminum fluoride (AlF3) rinse (Lacalut Fresh®), while the total fluoride amount was not determined due to possible generation of strong fluoride complexes. This implies that fluoride ions will not be uptaken by tooth tissue and may even be washed away from it, compromising the efficacy of mouthwashes. CONCLUSIONS The differences in free fluoride: total fluoride ratio between analyzed mouthwashes reveal a need to develop a method for evaluation of free fluorides in mouthwashes for proper updating of national and international guidelines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Yu Reshetnyak
- Department of Chemistry in the Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Olga V Nesterova
- Department of Chemistry in the Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Oleg I Admakin
- Department of Prevention and Communal Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Denis A Dobrokhotov
- Department of Chemistry in the Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina N Avertseva
- Department of Chemistry in the Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Samira A Dostdar
- 5th year undergraduate student of the Institute of Pharmacy, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia
| | - Dinara F Khakimova
- Department of Prevention and Communal Dentistry, Institute of Dentistry, Sechenov University, Moscow, Russia.
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Srisilapanan P, Roseman J, Likitsatian T. Clinical effect of toothpaste and mouth rinse containing zinc lactate on oral malodor reduction. J Clin Exp Dent 2019; 11:e346-e352. [PMID: 31110614 PMCID: PMC6522105 DOI: 10.4317/jced.55418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2018] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background This study aimed to investigate the effect of toothpaste and mouth rinse containing 0.14% zinc lactate on the reduction of three volatile oral malodor gases. Material and Methods Ten subjects with good health were recruited to take part in a crossover design study with a 7-day washout period. They were randomly assigned to use the test (toothpaste and rinse containing 0.14% zinc lactate) or placebo (negative control) treatment regimens within the two-week period. All subjects were asked to refrain from tooth brushing and eating in the morning prior to the gas collection periods. The assessment of malodor measured the quantity of three volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) using an OralChromaTM device. Oral gas collecting was divided into four time periods; before breakfast and the morning oral hygiene practice (baseline); after oral hygiene at 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours. After the baseline assessment, each subject used the test or placebo treatment regimen for 7 days. After 7 and 14 days, subjects returned to the study site to repeat the same procedures with different products. Kruskal-Wallis was used to analyze the mean differences of malodor gases between the two test regimens. Results The baseline mean of total VSCs in test and control groups was 6.5±3.7 and 1.7±9.3 ng/10 ml, respectively. The percent reduction of H2S at 30 minutes, 1 hour and 2 hours was statistically significant (p<0.005) in both treatments. The percent reduction of (CH3)2S and total VSCs in both treatments after 1 hour was statistically significant (p<0.005). Conclusions The test treatment regimen was more effective than the placebo treatment regimen. Key words:Zinc lactate, molodor, volatile sulphur compound, mouth rinse, toothpaste.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeffrey Roseman
- Professor Emeritus, Department of Epidemiology, UAB School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, Alabama, USA
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Jamali Z, Alipour M, Ebrahimi S, Aghazadeh M. Effect of Halita mouthwash on oral halitosis treatment: A randomized triple-blind clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2019; 13:31-35. [PMID: 31217916 PMCID: PMC6571524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background . Halitosis (oral malodor) is a common problem all over the world and its prevalence has been estimated at 23‒ 50%. Halitosis originates from oral cavity in 85% of patients. This clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the Halita mouthwash in oral halitosis treatment. Methods . Fifty subjects with an organoleptic score of >2 at baseline participated in this triple-blinded clinical trial. Subjects were divided into 2 groups. Group I subjects (N=25) were instructed to rinse with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash twice a day for 1 week. Group II subjects (N=25) used Halita mouthwash with the same instruction. Halitosis was evaluated at baseline and one week after using the mouthwashes by organoleptic method. Data were analyzed with chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests (P<0.05). Results . In the Halita group subjects exhibited 2.04±0.65 reduction in OLS. OLS reduction in the chlorhexidine group was 1.95±0.74. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion . Based on the results, Halita mouthwash has the same effect on oral halitosis as routine 0.2% CHX mouthwash. Halita mouthwash has fewer side effects because of lower concentration of chlorhexidine. Therefore 0.2% CHX mouthwash could be replaced by Halita mouthwash for the treatment of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jamali
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Alipour
- Research Assistant, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Syamand Ebrahimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marzie Aghazadeh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Jamali Z, Alipour M, Ebrahimi S, Aghazadeh M. Effect of Halita mouthwash on oral halitosis treatment: A randomized triple-blind clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects 2019. [DOI: 10.15171/joddd.2019.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Background. Halitosis (oral malodor) is a common problem all over the world and its prevalence has been estimated at 23‒ 50%. Halitosis originates from oral cavity in 85% of patients. This clinical trial was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of the Halita mouthwash in oral halitosis treatment. Methods. Fifty subjects with an organoleptic score of >2 at baseline participated in this triple-blinded clinical trial. Subjects were divided into 2 groups. Group I subjects (N=25) were instructed to rinse with 0.2% chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash twice a day for 1 week. Group II subjects (N=25) used Halita mouthwash with the same instruction. Halitosis was evaluated at baseline and one week after using the mouthwashes by organoleptic method. Data were analyzed with chi-squared and Mann-Whitney U tests (P<0.05). Results. In the Halita group subjects exhibited 2.04±0.65 reduction in OLS. OLS reduction in the chlorhexidine group was 1.95±0.74. Statistical analysis showed no significant difference between the two groups (P>0.05). Conclusion. Based on the results, Halita mouthwash has the same effect on oral halitosis as routine 0.2% CHX mouthwash. Halita mouthwash has fewer side effects because of lower concentration of chlorhexidine. Therefore 0.2% CHX mouthwash could be replaced by Halita mouthwash for the treatment of halitosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zahra Jamali
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Mahdieh Alipour
- Research Assistant, Dental and Periodontal Research Center, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Syamand Ebrahimi
- Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Marzie Aghazadeh
- Department of Oral Medicine, Faculty of Dentistry, Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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Song IS, Lee JE, Park JB. The Effects of Various Mouthwashes on Osteoblast Precursor Cells. Open Life Sci 2019; 14:376-383. [PMID: 33817172 PMCID: PMC7874790 DOI: 10.1515/biol-2019-0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
This study examined whether or not various mouthwashes have significant effects on the viability or morphology of mouse osteoblast-like cells. Mouse calvarial preosteoblast cells were cultured and prepared, then treated with a 0.12% chlorhexidine digluconate solution containing essential oils with or without alcohol, and a cetylpyridinium chloride solution, and sodium fluoride, respectively. Each well was treated with one of six mouthwashes for either 30 sec, 1.5 min, or 4.5 min. The viability of the treated cells was quantitatively analyzed by a Cell Counting Kit-8. The viability of osteogenic progenitor cells decreased significantly irrespectively of the types of mouthwashes. The changes of cell morphology were seen in all groups of mouthwashes; however, they were more noticeable on the chlorhexidine digluconate-treated group. A progressive increase in treatment time over 30 sec did not seem to deteriorate cellular viability. There was no significant difference in viability or morphological change between different formulations of the same brand. Although various mouthwashes without alcohol as an ingredient are available, nonalcoholic mouthwashes were not likely to be less harmful to the cells. Collectively, commercially available mouthwashes could inhibit cell viability and alter the morphology of osteoblastic precursor cells irrespectively of brands, treatment time, or alcohol content.
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Affiliation(s)
- In-Seok Song
- Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Korea University Anam Hospital, Seoul, 02841, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Eun Lee
- Department of Periodontics, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
| | - Jun-Beom Park
- Department of Periodontics, Seoul St Mary's Hospital, College of Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea, 222, Banpo-daero, Seocho-gu, Seoul, 06591, Republic of Korea
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Gonçalves MLL, da Mota ACC, Deana AM, Guedes GH, Cavalcante LADS, Prates RA, Horliana ACRT, Pavani C, Motta LJ, Bitencourt GDB, Fernandes KPS, Salgueiro MDCC, Mesquita-Ferrari RA, da Silva DFT, França CM, Bussadori SK. Photodynamic therapy with Bixa orellana extract and LED for the reduction of halitosis: study protocol for a randomized, microbiological and clinical trial. Trials 2018; 19:590. [PMID: 30373650 PMCID: PMC6206672 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-018-2913-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Halitosis is an unpleasant breath odour that can interfere with the professional life, social life and quality of life of people who suffer from it. A modality of treatment that has been increasing in dentistry is antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT). Bixa orellana, popularly known as "urucum" is a plant native to Brazil. The seeds are used to produce a dye that is largely used in the food, textile, paint and cosmetic industries. The aim of this study is to verify whether aPDT with Bixa orellana extract and blue light-emitting diodes (LEDs) is effective in reducing halitosis. This method will also be compared with tongue scraping, the most commonly used conventional method for tongue coating removal, and the association of both methods will be evaluated. METHODS/DESIGN A randomized clinical trial will be conducted at the dental clinic of the Universidade Nove de Julho. Thirty-nine patients will be divided by block randomization into three groups (n = 13) according to the treatment to be performed. In Group 1, tongue scraping will be performed by the same operator in all patients for analysis of the immediate results. Patients will also be instructed on how to use the scraper at home. Group 2 will be treated with aPDT with Bixa orellana extract and the LED light curing device: Valo Cordless Ultradent®. Six points in the tongue dorsum with a distance of 1 cm between them will be irradiated. The apparatus will be pre-calibrated at wavelength 395-480 nm for 20 s and 9.6 J per point. In Group 3, patients will be submitted to the tongue scraping procedure, as well as to the previously explained aPDT. Oral air collection with the Oral Chroma™ and microbiological collections of the tongue coating shall be done before, immediately after and 7 days after treatment for comparison. DISCUSSION Halitosis treatment is a topic that still needs attention. The results of this trial could support decision-making by clinicians regarding aPDT using blue LEDs for treating halitosis on a daily basis, as most dentists already have this light source in their offices. TRIAL REGISTRATION ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03346460 . Registered on 17 November 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marcela Leticia Leal Gonçalves
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
| | - Ana Carolina Costa da Mota
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
| | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
| | - Guelton Hirano Guedes
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
| | | | - Renato Araújo Prates
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
| | | | - Christiane Pavani
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
| | - Lara Jansiski Motta
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
| | - Greice de Brito Bitencourt
- Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
| | - Kristianne Porta Santos Fernandes
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
| | | | - Raquel Agnelli Mesquita-Ferrari
- Rehabilitation Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
| | - Daniela Fátima Teixeira da Silva
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
| | - Cristiane Miranda França
- Biomaterials and Biomechanics, School of Dentistry, Oregon Health and Science University, 2730 S.W. Moody Ave, Portland, OR 97201 USA
| | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Biophotonics Applied to Health Sciences, Universidade Nove de Julho, Vergueiro Street, 235/249, Liberdade, São Paulo, SP ZIP 01504-001 Brazil
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Kang JH, Kim DJ, Choi BK, Park JW. Inhibition of malodorous gas formation by oral bacteria with cetylpyridinium and zinc chloride. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 84:133-138. [PMID: 28987726 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2017] [Revised: 06/21/2017] [Accepted: 09/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The antimicrobial efficacy of zinc- (ZnCl2) and cetylpyridinium-chloride (CPC) and their inhibition capacity on volatile sulfur compound (VSC) production by oral bacterial strains were investigated. DESIGN Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC) and growth curves were determined for ZnCl2, CPC, and CPC with ZnCl2 solutions against eight oral microorganisms (Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans, Fusobacterium nucleatum, Porphyromonas gingivalis, Prevotella intermedia, Treponema denticola, Tannerella forsythia, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans) known to be involved in the pathophysiology of both halitosis and periodontal disease. Gas chromatography was applied to measure VSCs (H2S, CH3SH, (CH3)2S) production levels of each strains following exposure to the solutions. RESULTS ZnCl2 and CPC effectively inhibited growth of all eight strains. ZnCl2 was generally more effective than CPC in suppressing bacterial growth excluding A. actinomycetemcomitans, P. intermedia, and T. forsythia. Synergism between CPC and ZnCl2 was shown in A. actinomycetemcomitans. The MIC for CPC was significantly lower than ZnCl2. VSC production was detected in five bacterial strains (A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, T. denticola, and T. forsythia). Each bacterial strain showed unique VSCs production profiles. H2S was produced by F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and T. denticola, CH3SH by all five strains and (CH3)2S by A. actinomycetemcomitans, F. nucleatum, P. gingivalis, and T. denticola. Production of CH3SH, the most malodorous component among the three major VSCs from mouth air was evident in F. nucleatum and T. forsythia. CONCLUSION Both ZnCl2 and CPC effectively inhibit bacterial growth causative of halitosis and periodontal disease, resulting in a direct decrease of bacterial VSCs production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeong Hyun Kang
- Department of Oral medicine and Orofacial pain, Institute of Oral Health Science, Ajou University School of Medicine, 164, World cup-ro, Yeongtong-gu, Suwon, Gyeonggi-do, 16499, Republic of Korea
| | - Dae Jeong Kim
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Bong Kyu Choi
- Department of Oral Microbiology and Immunology, School of Dentistry, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Woon Park
- Department of Oral Medicine and Oral Diagnosis, School of Dentistry and Dental Research Institute, Seoul National University, 101, Daehak-ro, Jongno-gu, Seoul, 03080, Republic of Korea.
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Joshipura KJ, Muñoz-Torres FJ, Morou-Bermudez E, Patel RP. Over-the-counter mouthwash use and risk of pre-diabetes/diabetes. Nitric Oxide 2017; 71:14-20. [PMID: 28939409 DOI: 10.1016/j.niox.2017.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2017] [Revised: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/18/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Over-the-counter mouthwash comprises part of routine oral care for many; however, potential adverse effects of the long-term daily use have not been evaluated. Most mouthwash contain antibacterial ingredients, which could impact oral microbes critical for nitric oxide formation, and in turn predispose to metabolic disorders including diabetes. Our aim was to evaluate longitudinally the association between baseline over-the-counter mouthwash use and development of pre-diabetes/diabetes over a 3-year follow-up. MATERIALS AND METHODS The San Juan Overweight Adults Longitudinal Study (SOALS) recruited 1206 overweight/obese individuals, aged 40-65, and free of diabetes and major cardiovascular diseases; 945 with complete follow-up data were included in the analyses. We used Poisson regression models adjusting for baseline age, sex, smoking, physical activity, waist circumference, alcohol consumption, pre-hypertension/hypertension status; time between visits was included in the models as an offset. RESULTS Many participants (43%) used mouthwash at least once daily and 22% at least twice daily. Participants using mouthwash ≥ twice daily at baseline, had a significantly elevated risk of pre-diabetes/diabetes compared to less frequent users (multivariate IRR = 1.55, 95% CI: 1.21-1.99), or non-users of mouthwash (multivariate IRR = 1.49; 95% CI: 1.13-1.95). The effect estimates were similar after adding income, education, oral hygiene, oral conditions, sleep breathing disorders, diet (processed meat, fruit, and vegetable intake), medications, HOMA-IR, fasting glucose, 2hr post load glucose or CRP to the multivariate models. Both associations were also significant among never-smokers and obese individuals. Mouthwash use lower than twice daily showed no association, suggesting a threshold effect at twice or more daily. CONCLUSIONS Frequent regular use of over-the-counter mouthwash was associated with increased risk of developing pre-diabetes/diabetes in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaumudi J Joshipura
- Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, School of Dental Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA; Department of Epidemiology, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Francisco J Muñoz-Torres
- Center for Clinical Research and Health Promotion, University of Puerto Rico Medical Sciences Campus, School of Dental Medicine, San Juan, PR, USA
| | | | - Rakesh P Patel
- Department of Pathology and Center for Free Radical Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, USA
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Patil S, Acharya S, Hathiwala S, Singhal DK, Srinivasan SR, Khatri S. Evaluation of the Efficacy of G32 (Commercially Available Ayurvedic Preparation) in Reducing Halitosis - A Randomized Controlled Trial. J Clin Diagn Res 2017; 11:ZC79-ZC83. [PMID: 29207840 PMCID: PMC5713862 DOI: 10.7860/jcdr/2017/27380.10678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/29/2017] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Oral malodour is a social malady affecting people of all the age groups. Effective management of oral malodour is the key to improve the quality of life of such people. AIM To evaluate the effectiveness of ayurvedic medication, G32 in controlling oral malodour and comparing the effects with Chlorhexidine (CHX). MATERIALS AND METHODS This was a single blind randomized controlled trial with parallel study design conducted at a hospital in the city of Udupi in Southern India. A total of 40 patients suffering with oral malodour, aged 17-35 years, were included in this trial. After inclusion into the study, the subjects were examined twice, with a one-week interval between both examinations. Volatile Sulphur Compounds (VSCs), gingival, plaque and tongue coating scores were assessed at both examinations. Subjects were randomly allocated to G32 group - ayurvedic formulation (intervention group) and CHX group (control group), and were provided with the respective formulations enough to be used twice daily for a period of one week. The difference between the mean scores of VSCs, plaque, and gingivitis and tongue coating were compared within the intervention and control groups, respectively, using paired t-test. RESULTS Both test and control groups showed a significant reduction in VSCs, plaque and gingivitis levels. The percentage reductions in VSCs, plaque and gingivitis were found to be similar among the two groups. There was no significant difference between the preintervention and postintervention scores in both the groups. CONCLUSION G32, an ayurvedic medication, can be an effective tool to deal with oral malodour.
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Affiliation(s)
- Snehal Patil
- Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, School of Dental Sciences, Krishna Institute of Medical Sciences Deemed University, Karad, Western Maharashtra, India
| | - Shashidhar Acharya
- Professor and Head, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, India
| | - Siddhi Hathiwala
- Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Guru Gobind Dental College and Research Centre, Burhanpur, India
| | - Deepak Kumar Singhal
- Reader, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Manipal College of Dental Sciences, Manipal, India
| | - Samuel Raj Srinivasan
- Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Thaimoogambika Dental College, Chennai, India
| | - Sachin Khatri
- Assistant Professor, Department of Public Health Dentistry, Government Dental College, Nagpur, India
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Deutscher H, Derman S, Barbe AG, Seemann R, Noack MJ. The effect of professional tooth cleaning or non-surgical periodontal therapy on oral halitosis in patients with periodontal diseases. A systematic review. Int J Dent Hyg 2017; 16:36-47. [PMID: 28836329 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The aim of this systematic review was to give the best available evidence on the impact of professional tooth cleaning (PTC) and scaling and root planing (SRP) on oral halitosis in patients with periodontal diseases. MATERIAL AND METHODS Three databases were screened for relevant studies. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or controlled clinical trials (CCT) were included. The primary outcome in all included studies was volatile sulphur compounds (VSC) measured by Halimeter or OralChroma and organoleptic scores as secondary outcome. Only studies investigating healthy adults except for periodontitis or gingivitis were included. The considered intervention strategies were professional tooth cleaning and non-surgical periodontal treatment. For both strategies, additional oral hygiene instructions (OHI) were possible. Two independent reviewers performed the study selection and quality assessment. SEARCH RESULTS After abstract and title screening and subsequent full-text reading of potential papers, a placebo-controlled RCT could not be found. However, eight studies or particular arms used PTC or SRP as sole interventions and were included in this review. All trials or study arms included showed a positive effect on VSC levels or organoleptic scores after intervention. CONCLUSIONS Based on best available evidence, PTC and SRP in combination with oral hygiene instructions reduced VSC values in patients with oral halitosis and/or periodontal diseases, independent of tongue cleaning and the use of mouth rinses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hcd Deutscher
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Shm Derman
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - A G Barbe
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - R Seemann
- Department of Preventive-, Restorative - and Pediatric Dentistry, zmk Bern, University Bern, Switzerland
| | - M J Noack
- Department of Operative Dentistry and Periodontology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
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Mugita N, Nambu T, Takahashi K, Wang PL, Komasa Y. Proteases, actinidin, papain and trypsin reduce oral biofilm on the tongue in elderly subjects and in vitro. Arch Oral Biol 2017; 82:233-240. [PMID: 28662376 DOI: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2017.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/30/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Dental plaque is a causative factor for oral disease and a potential reservoir for respiratory infection in the elderly. Therefore, there is a critical need for the development of effective methods to remove oral biofilm. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of proteases on oral biofilm formation andremoval. DESIGN The in vivo effect of actinidin, a cysteine protease, on the removal of tongue coating was assessed after orally taking a protease tablet. Effects of the proteases trypsin, papain and actinidin on Actinomyces monospecies biofilm and multispecies biofilm that was reconstructed using a plaque sample from the tongue coating were investigated using the microtiter plate method. Antimicrobial tests and limited proteolysis of fimbrial shaft proteins were also performed to clarify underlying mechanisms of oral biofilm removal. RESULTS Tablets containing actinidin removed tongue coating in elderly subjects. Oral Actinomyces biofilm was significantly reduced by the proteases papain, actinidin and trypsin. Papain and trypsin effectively digested the major fimbrial proteins, FimP and FimA, from Actinomyces. Actinidin, papain and trypsin reduced multispecies biofilm that was reconstructed in vitro. Papain and trypsin inhibited formation of multispecies biofilm in vitro. CONCLUSIONS This study shows that proteases reduced oral biofilm in vivo in elderly subjects and in vitro, and suggests that protease digests fimbriae and inhibits biofilm formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naho Mugita
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Graduate School of Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, 573-1121 Japan.
| | - Takayuki Nambu
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, 573-1121 Japan.
| | - Kazuya Takahashi
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, 573-1121 Japan
| | - Pao-Li Wang
- Department of Bacteriology, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, 573-1121 Japan
| | - Yutaka Komasa
- Department of Geriatric Dentistry, Osaka Dental University, 8-1 Kuzuha-Hanazono, Hirakata, 573-1121 Japan
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Van der Sluijs E, Van der Weijden GA, Hennequin-Hoenderdos NL, Slot DE. The effect of a tooth/tongue gel and mouthwash regimen on morning oral malodour: A 3-week single-blind randomized clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2017; 16:92-102. [PMID: 28544762 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12291] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/25/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
AIM To compare the effects of a regimen consisting of a tooth/tongue gel, tongue cleaner and mouthwash with the effects of using standard fluoride dentifrice on the organoleptic oral malodour score (ORG) and volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs). MATERIALS AND METHODS A total, 66 non-dental students participated in a 3-week parallel, single-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial. The test group used a tongue cleaner, a tooth/tongue gel and mouthwash containing amine fluoride/stannous fluoride and zinc lactate as oral malodour counteractive. The control group used a standard fluoride dentifrice. Measurements were taken in the morning at baseline, at days 1, 7 and 21. The primary outcome was the ORG score. The secondary outcome, the VSC measurement, was assessed using OralChroma™ (H2 S, CH3 SH, (CH3 )2 S) and Halimeter® . Tongue coating thickness and tongue discoloration were scored. At baseline and day 21, the participants' self-perceptions were assessed. RESULTS At day 1 for the ORG, H2 S, CH3 SH and Halimeter® readings, a significant decrease was observed in the test group. At day 21, the decrease in H2 S and the Halimeter® outcomes were maintained for the test group, and a significant increase in tongue surface discoloration was observed. The test group evaluated their "morning breath upon awakening" as significantly better (P=.001) after 21 days. CONCLUSION A significant overnight effect on morning oral malodour was observed for most of the parameters in favour of the test group. At day 21, the effect of prolonged use was significant for H2 S and the Halimeter® readings, although not for the primary ORG outcome parameter.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van der Sluijs
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G A Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N L Hennequin-Hoenderdos
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Ramadhani A, Kawada-Matsuo M, Komatsuzawa H, Oho T. Recombinant Sox Enzymes from Paracoccus pantotrophus Degrade Hydrogen Sulfide, a Major Component of Oral Malodor. Microbes Environ 2017; 32:54-60. [PMID: 28260736 PMCID: PMC5371076 DOI: 10.1264/jsme2.me16140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is emitted from industrial activities, and several chemotrophs possessing Sox enzymes are used for its removal. Oral malodor is a common issue in the dental field and major malodorous components are volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), including H2S and methyl mercaptan. Paracoccus pantotrophus is an aerobic, neutrophilic facultatively autotrophic bacterium that possesses sulfur-oxidizing (Sox) enzymes in order to use sulfur compounds as an energy source. In the present study, we cloned the Sox enzymes of P. pantotrophus GB17 and evaluated their VSC-degrading activities for the prevention of oral malodor. Six genes, soxX, soxY, soxZ, soxA, soxB, and soxCD, were amplified from P. pantotrophus GB17. Each fragment was cloned into a vector for the expression of 6×His-tagged fusion proteins in Escherichia coli. Recombinant Sox (rSox) proteins were purified from whole-cell extracts of E. coli using nickel affinity chromatography. The enzyme mixture was investigated for the degradation of VSCs using gas chromatography. Each of the rSox enzymes was purified to apparent homogeneity, as confirmed by SDS-PAGE. The rSox enzyme mixture degraded H2S in dose- and time-dependent manners. All rSox enzymes were necessary for degrading H2S. The H2S-degrading activities of rSox enzymes were stable at 25–80°C, and the optimum pH was 7.0. The amount of H2S produced by periodontopathic bacteria or oral bacteria collected from human subjects decreased after an incubation with rSox enzymes. These results suggest that the combination of rSox enzymes from P. pantotrophus GB17 is useful for the prevention of oral malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atik Ramadhani
- Department of Preventive Dentistry, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences
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Costa da Mota AC, França CM, Prates R, Deana AM, Costa Santos L, Lopes Garcia R, Leal Gonçalves ML, Mesquita Ferrari RA, Porta Santos Fernandes K, Kalil Bussadori S. Effect of photodynamic therapy for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents - a controlled, microbiological, clinical trial. JOURNAL OF BIOPHOTONICS 2016; 9:1337-1343. [PMID: 27248838 DOI: 10.1002/jbio.201600067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 05/05/2016] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Halitosis can exert a negative influence on the social relations of adolescents and affect one's self-image. The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and microbiological effect of antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) on halitosis in adolescents. Forty-six individuals aged 12 to 19 years were randomly allocated: Group 1 - treatment with photodynamic therapy; Group 2 - treatment with a tongue scraper and Group 3 - treatment with a tongue scraper and photodynamic therapy. The count of bacterial colony-forming units per milliliter was used for the microbiological analysis. Statistical analysis involved the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by the Student-Newman-Keuls test. ANOVA was used for the determination of colony-forming units after treatment. The level of significance for all statistical tests was 5% (p < 0.05). After treatment, a statistically significant reduction in total volatile sulfur compounds was found in all groups (p < 0.001), with the largest reduction (median: 0) found in Group 3 (tongue scraper and photodynamic therapy). Moreover, a statistically significant difference was found between treatment with aPDT and a tongue scraper alone (p < 0.001). The present findings demonstrate an option for the treatment of halitosis in adolescents, with an immediate effect and without the mechanical aggression to the toungue. Clinical Trials: NCT02007993.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cristiane Miranda França
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Renato Prates
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Alessandro Melo Deana
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Larissa Costa Santos
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
| | - Rubia Lopes Garcia
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
| | | | | | | | - Sandra Kalil Bussadori
- Biophotonics Applied to Science Health, Nove de Julho Universit, R. Vergueiro 235, São Paulo, Brasil
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Wessel SW, van der Mei HC, Slomp AM, van de Belt-Gritter B, Maitra A, Dodds MW, Busscher HJ. Magnolia bark extract increases oral bacterial cell surface hydrophobicity and improves self-perceived breath freshness when added to chewing gum. J Funct Foods 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jff.2016.06.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
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Seemann R, Filippi A, Michaelis S, Lauterbach S, John HD, Huismann J. Duration of effect of the mouthwash CB12 for the treatment of intra-oral halitosis: a double-blind, randomised, controlled trial. J Breath Res 2016; 10:036002. [PMID: 27328808 DOI: 10.1088/1752-7155/10/3/036002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Halitosis occurs in approximately 30% of the adult population and has a negative social and psychological impact on affected individuals. Mouthwashes may be used to prevent unpleasant odour, with long-duration of effect being a desirable attribute. The aim of this study was to assess the long-term efficacy of CB12 (a mixture of 0.3% zinc acetate and 0.025% chlorhexidine) for the treatment of intra-oral halitosis. Thirty-four subjects with confirmed intra-oral halitosis were randomized into a double-blind, controlled, cross-over study to one of 2 groups; (i) CB12-water-water or (ii) water-CB12-CB12. Each group comprised 3 treatments, each given evening and morning (12 h apart) on consecutive study days, with a 5 d washout between treatments. Intra-oral halitosis was assessed objectively by measuring concentrations of hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide and total volatile sulphur compound (VSC) concentrations and subjectively using organoleptic score (OLS). These were measured at baseline, 12 h after the evening rinse (i.e. 12 h overnight assessment) and 12 h after the daytime rinse (i.e. 12 h day time assessment). CB12 significantly reduced mean hydrogen sulphide, methyl mercaptan, dimethyl sulphide and VSC concentrations, with a duration of effect lasting 12 h, whether assessed overnight (all p ⩽ 0.0003 versus water) or during the day (all p ⩽ 0.0007 versus water). CB12's effect on OLS was also evident for 12 h overnight (p = 0.0043). CB12 was well-tolerated. In conclusion, CB12 showed a clear and durable effect on intra-oral halitosis which lasted at least 12 h, both during the day and overnight, with consistent effect on both objective and subjective variables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rainer Seemann
- Department of Preventive-, Restorative- and Pediatric Dentistry, zmk bern, University Bern, Freiburgstrasse 7, CH-3010 Bern, Switzerland. www.zmk.unibe.ch
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Wessel SW, van der Mei HC, Maitra A, Dodds MWJ, Busscher HJ. Potential benefits of chewing gum for the delivery of oral therapeutics and its possible role in oral healthcare. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1421-31. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1193154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Stefan W. Wessel
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Henny C. van der Mei
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | | | | | - Henk J. Busscher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Groningen and University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
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A randomized controlled trial evaluating the efficacy of a 67% sodium bicarbonate toothpaste on gingivitis. Int J Dent Hyg 2016; 15:e35-e41. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Mishra V, Shettar L, Bajaj M, Math AS. Comparison of a commercially available herbal and 0.2% chlorhexidine mouthrinse for prevention of oral malodor: A clinical trial. J Int Soc Prev Community Dent 2016; 6:S6-S11. [PMID: 27195230 PMCID: PMC4863486 DOI: 10.4103/2231-0762.181160] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Objectives: Despite the adverse effects of chlorhexidine (CHX) in the oral cavity, it is still the most commonly prescribed mouthrinse for halitosis control due to its excellent results. The purpose of this study was to compare the efficacy of a mouthrinse with herbal formulation for halitosis control with 0.2% CHX gluconate containing rinse and to simultaneously assess adverse effects caused by the herbal mouthrinse if any. Materials and Methods: Ninety-six systemically healthy subjects with chronic generalized gingivitis were recruited in the study and divided into three groups receiving 0.2% CHX gluconate mouthrinse, herbal mouthrinse, or negative control, respectively as Group A, B, and C. The halimeter scores and organoleptic scores were recorded for each subject at baseline and after scaling. Others parameters recorded were plaque index and gingival index. All scores were reassessed on the 7th and 14th day, respectively. Statistical analysis was performed using Kruskal–Wallis ANOVA, Mann–Whitney U-test, and Wilcoxon matched pairs test. Results: There was an overall reduction in the halimeter scores both in Group A and B subjects which were not statistically significant within the groups; this was in accordance with the decrease in the mean organoleptic scores. Reduction in Group C scores was the least and differed statistically from both Group A and B scores. Conclusions: The results indicate an equivalent reduction in breath odor by both the herbal mouthrinse and CHX. Furthermore, side effects were less, and patient compliance was more with the herbal mouthrinse, which can thus be prescribed more safely and with predictable outcomes for oral malodor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vandita Mishra
- Department of Periodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
| | - Leena Shettar
- Department of Periodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Mahesh Bajaj
- Department of Periodontics, SDM College of Dental Sciences and Hospital, Dharwad, Karnataka, India
| | - Abhishek Savir Math
- Department of Prosthodontics, Sri Sai College of Dental Surgery, Hyderabad, Telangana, India
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Nakano M, Shimizu E, Wakabayashi H, Yamauchi K, Abe F. A randomized, double-blind, crossover, placebo-controlled clinical trial to assess effects of the single ingestion of a tablet containing lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, and glucose oxidase on oral malodor. BMC Oral Health 2016; 16:37. [PMID: 27001471 PMCID: PMC4802841 DOI: 10.1186/s12903-016-0199-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The main components of oral malodor have been identified as volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) including hydrogen sulfide (H2S) and methyl mercaptan (CH3SH). VSCs also play an important role in the progression of periodontal disease. The aim of the present study was to assess the effects of the single ingestion of a tablet containing 20 mg of lactoferrin, 2.6 mg of lactoperoxidase, and 2.6 mg of glucose oxidase on VSCs in the mouth. Method Subjects with VSCs greater than the olfactory threshold in their mouth air ingested a test or placebo tablet in two crossover phases. The concentrations of VSCs were monitored at baseline and 10 and 30 min after ingestion of the tablets using portable gas chromatography. Results Thirty-nine subjects were included in the efficacy analysis based on a full analysis set (FAS). The concentrations of total VSCs and H2S at 10 min were significantly lower in the test group than in the placebo group (−0.246 log ng/10 ml [95 % CI −0.395 to −0.098], P = 0.002; −0.349 log ng/10 ml; 95 % CI −0.506 to −0.192; P < 0.001, respectively). In the subgroup analysis, a significant difference in the concentration of total VSCs between the groups was also observed when subjects were fractionated by sex (male or female) and age (20–55 or 56–65 years). The reducing effect on total VSCs positively correlated with the probing pocket depth (P = 0.035). Conclusions These results suggest that the ingestion of a tablet containing lactoferrin, lactoperoxidase, and glucose oxidase has suppressive effects on oral malodor. Trial registration This trial was registered with the University Hospital Medical Information Network Clinical Trial Registry (number: UMIN000015140, date of registration: 16/09/2014). Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12903-016-0199-7) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manabu Nakano
- Food Ingredients & Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa, 252-8583, Japan.
| | - Eiju Shimizu
- Shimizu Dental Clinic, 1066 Kamikobanamachi, Takasaki, 370-0077, Japan
| | - Hiroyuki Wakabayashi
- Food Ingredients & Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa, 252-8583, Japan
| | - Koji Yamauchi
- Food Ingredients & Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa, 252-8583, Japan
| | - Fumiaki Abe
- Food Ingredients & Technology Institute, Morinaga Milk Industry Co., Ltd., 5-1-83 Higashihara, Zama, Kanagawa, 252-8583, Japan
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Marchetti E, Casalena F, Capestro A, Tecco S, Mattei A, Marzo G. Efficacy of two mouthwashes on 3-day supragingival plaque regrowth: a randomized crossover clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 15:73-80. [PMID: 26522915 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/25/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the antiplaque effects of an alcohol-free essential oil (alcohol-free EO) mouthwash and an amine fluoride/stannous fluoride with zinc lactate (SnFl-Zn) mouthwash compared to a positive control of chlorhexidine (CHX) mouthwash, using an in vivo plaque regrowth model of 3 days. MATERIALS AND METHODS The study was designed as a double-masked, randomized, crossover clinical trial, involving 20 volunteers to compare two different mouthwashes, using a 3-day plaque accumulation model. After receiving thorough professional prophylaxis at baseline, over the next 3 days, each volunteer refrained from all oral hygiene measures and performed two daily rinses with 20 ml of the test mouthwashes. A 0.20% CHX rinse served as a positive control. At the end of each experimental period, plaque was assessed, and the panellists completed a questionnaire. Each subject underwent a 14-day washout period, and then, there was another allocation. RESULTS The SnFl-Zn mouthwash has shown a better inhibitory activity on plaque regrowth compared to the alcohol-free EO mouthwash in the whole mouth (plaque index = 1.93 against 2.45, respectively), but there was less of an effect compared to the CHX group, with an overall plaque index of 1.41. The differences of 0.52 between alcohol-free EO and SnFl-Zn and between SnFl-Zn and CHX and of 0.96 between alcohol-free EO and CHX were all statistically significant (P < 0.001). CONCLUSION The alcohol-free EO mouthwash seemed to have less of an inhibiting effect on plaque regrowth than the amine fluoride/SnFl-Zn mouthwash and the CHX control.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Marchetti
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - F Casalena
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - A Capestro
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - S Tecco
- Research Area in Dentofacial Orthopedics, Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - A Mattei
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
| | - G Marzo
- Department of Life, Health and Environmental Sciences, University of L'Aquila, L'Aquila, Italy
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Van der Weijden FA, Van der Sluijs E, Ciancio SG, Slot DE. Can Chemical Mouthwash Agents Achieve Plaque/Gingivitis Control? Dent Clin North Am 2015; 59:799-829. [PMID: 26427569 DOI: 10.1016/j.cden.2015.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Also note that structured abstracts are not allowed per journal style: What is the effect of a mouthwash containing various active chemical ingredients on plaque control and managing gingivitis in adults based on evidence gathered from existing systematic reviews? The summarized evidence suggests that mouthwashes containing chlorhexidine(CHX) and essential oils (EO) had a large effect supported by a strong body of evidence. Also there was strong evidence for a moderate effect of cetylpyridinium chloride(CPC). Evidence suggests that a CHX mouthwash is the first choice, the most reliable alternative is EO. No difference between CHX and EO with respect to gingivitis was observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fridus A Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Eveline Van der Sluijs
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian G Ciancio
- Department of Periodontics and Endodontics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA
| | - Dagmar E Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam, VU University Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Feres M, Figueiredo LC, Faveri M, Guerra MC, Mateo LR, Stewart B, Williams M, Panagakos F. The efficacy of two oral hygiene regimens in reducing oral malodour: a randomised clinical trial. Int Dent J 2015; 65:292-302. [PMID: 26404947 DOI: 10.1111/idj.12183] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study compared the efficacy of two oral hygiene regimens in reducing oral malodour and the proportions of bacterial species involved in the production of volatile sulphur compounds. MATERIAL AND METHODS Seventy subjects who participated in a halitosis-induction phase and achieved an organoleptic score of ≥ 3.0 [time point 0 (T0)] randomised into two groups: brushing with regular fluoride toothpaste alone (control group) or brushing with regular fluoride toothpaste followed by rinsing with a 0.075% cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC) mouthwash (CPC group). Subjects followed their assigned oral hygiene regimen for 21 days. Then, they underwent an organoleptic examination and measurement of volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs) using a portable gas chromatograph, 12 hours after their last oral hygiene procedure (T1) and 4 hours after an on-site oral hygiene (T2). Microbiological samples (supragingival biofilm, tongue coating and saliva) were analysed using checkerboard DNA-DNA hybridisation. RESULTS Both therapies statistically significantly improved the organoleptic scores (P < 0.05), but the VSC levels and/or concentrations were reduced only in the CPC group (P < 0.05). In subjects rinsing with CPC, oral malodour scores were reduced by 49% at the 4-hour assessment (T2) compared with those not rinsing (P < 0.05). Red-complex pathogens were reduced more effectively in the CPC group than in the control group. CONCLUSIONS Brushing followed by rinsing with a 0.075% CPC mouthwash provided statistically significantly greater reductions in oral malodour, measured organoleptically and instrumentally, and in the proportions of red-complex species when compared with brushing alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magda Feres
- Departament of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | | | - Marcelo Faveri
- Departament of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - Marcelo C Guerra
- Departament of Periodontology, Guarulhos University, Guarulhos, Brazil
| | - Luis R Mateo
- LRM Statistical Consulting, LLC, West Orange, NJ, USA
| | - Bernal Stewart
- Dental Clinic, Colgate - Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | | | - Foti Panagakos
- Dental Clinic, Colgate - Palmolive Company, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Van der Sluijs E, Slot DE, Bakker EWP, Van der Weijden GA. The effect of water on morning bad breath: a randomized clinical trial. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 14:124-34. [PMID: 26081039 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To assess the effects of water on the parameters of 'morning bad breath' (MBB) and to evaluate whether there is a difference between rinsing with water and drinking a glass of water. MATERIALS AND METHODS A total of 50 participants were recruited and were randomly divided into two equal groups. One group rinsed with 15 ml of water for 30 s, and another group drank 200 ml of water within 30 s. Clinical assessments were carried out during one visit between 7:30 am and 12:00 pm. Pre- and post-intervention measures were assessed organoleptically as primary outcome parameters, and a secondary outcome parameter was assessed using both the Halimeter(®) and OralChroma(™) apparatuses to evaluate volatile sulphur compounds (VSCs), hydrogen sulphide (H2 S), methyl mercaptan (CH3 SH) and dimethyl sulphide ((CH3 )2 S). In addition, the presence of tongue coating (discoloration/thickness) and tongue fissures was assessed. RESULTS All 50 participants completed the study. In both groups, a significant reduction in the organoleptic score and the OralChroma(™) H2 S and CH3 SH readings was obtained after the intervention. Both regimens resulted in a CH3 SH reduction of approximately 60%, whereas the reduction in H2 S was between 30% and 50%. The acceptable change between pre- and post-assessments of the clinical parameters was not significantly different between the drinking and rinsing groups. CONCLUSION Rinsing with water or drinking a glass of water had a statistically significant effect on the MBB parameters. No significant difference was obtained between the two regimens.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Van der Sluijs
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - D E Slot
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - E W P Bakker
- Master Degree Program Evidence Based Practice AMC-UvA, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - G A Van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology, Academic Center for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA), University of Amsterdam and VU University, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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Erovic Ademovski S, Lingström P, Renvert S. The effect of different mouth rinse products on intra-oral halitosis. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 14:117-23. [DOI: 10.1111/idh.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2015] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- S Erovic Ademovski
- Section for Health and Society; Kristianstad University; Kristianstad Sweden
| | - P Lingström
- Department of Cariology; Institute of Odontology; The Sahlgrenska Academy; University of Gothenburg; Sweden
| | - S Renvert
- Section for Health and Society; Kristianstad University; Kristianstad Sweden
- School of Dental Science; Trinity College; Dublin Ireland
- Blekinge Institute of Technology; Karlskrona Sweden
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Slot DE, De Geest S, van der Weijden FA, Quirynen M. Treatment of oral malodour. Medium-term efficacy of mechanical and/or chemical agents: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol 2015; 42 Suppl 16:S303-16. [DOI: 10.1111/jcpe.12378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Dagmar E. Slot
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Sophie De Geest
- Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; University Hospitals & Dentistry Leuven; Leuven Belgium
| | - Fridus A. van der Weijden
- Department of Periodontology; Academic Centre for Dentistry Amsterdam (ACTA); Amsterdam The Netherlands
| | - Marc Quirynen
- Periodontology; Department of Oral Health Sciences; Katholieke Universiteit Leuven; University Hospitals & Dentistry Leuven; Leuven Belgium
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Mendes L, Coimbra J, Pereira AL, Resende M, Pinto MG. Comparative effect of a new mouthrinse containing chlorhexidine, triclosan and zinc on volatile sulphur compounds: a randomized, crossover, double-blind study. Int J Dent Hyg 2015; 14:202-8. [PMID: 25727335 DOI: 10.1111/idh.12132] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM The aims of this study were to compare the volatile sulphur compounds (VSC)-reducing effect of two commercial mouthrinses using a morning bad breath model and to assess the role of mechanical plaque control (MPC) when performed previously to mouthrinse use. PATIENTS AND METHODS Eleven volunteers with good oral health were enrolled in a double-blind, randomized, six-step crossover design study with a 7-day washout period. Two commercial mouthrinses were tested using a saline solution (NaCl 0.9%) as a negative control: one mouthrinse contained 0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.05% cetylpyridinium chloride and 0.14% zinc lactate (CHX-CPC-Zn), while the other contained 0.05% chlorhexidine, 0.15% triclosan and 0.18% zinc pidolate (CHX-triclosan-Zn). A portable sulphide monitor (Halimeter(®) ) was used for VSC quantification. Measurements were made at baseline, and 1, 3 and 5 h after rinsing. Significant differences were detected by analysis of variance. RESULTS No significant differences between groups were detected at baseline. We were unable to demonstrate a significant influence of mechanical plaque control on the reduction of VSC levels when performed before mouthrinse use (P = 0.631). Both mouthrinses effectively lowered VSC levels in all test intervals (P < 0.05). No statistically significant differences were found between mouthrinses in any of the test intervals (P = 0.629, 0.069 and 0.598 at 1, 3 and 5 h). CONCLUSION This study demonstrated that CHX-CPC-Zn and CHX-triclosan-Zn have significant and similar effects in reducing VSC levels, which persist for at least 5 h. Such effects were independent of previous MPC, which failed to improve on the results of mouthrinse use alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Mendes
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - J Coimbra
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - A L Pereira
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - M Resende
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
| | - M G Pinto
- Department of Periodontology, Faculty of Dental Medicine of Oporto, Oporto University, Porto, Portugal
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45
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Soares LG, Jonski G, Tinoco EMB, Young A. Short-term effect of strontium- and zinc-containing toothpastes and mouthrinses on volatile sulphur compounds in morning breath: a randomized, double-blind, cross-over clinical study. Eur J Oral Sci 2015; 123:72-9. [DOI: 10.1111/eos.12169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Léo G. Soares
- Department of Periodontology; Universidade Estadual do Rio; Rio de Janeiro-RJ Brazil
| | - Grazyna Jonski
- Clinical Research Laboratory; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
| | - Eduardo M. B. Tinoco
- Department of Periodontology; Universidade Estadual do Rio; Rio de Janeiro-RJ Brazil
| | - Alix Young
- Department of Cariology and Gerodontology; Institute of Clinical Dentistry; Faculty of Dentistry; University of Oslo; Oslo Norway
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Aung EE, Ueno M, Zaitsu T, Furukawa S, Kawaguchi Y. Effectiveness of three oral hygiene regimens on oral malodor reduction: a randomized clinical trial. Trials 2015; 16:31. [PMID: 25622725 PMCID: PMC4324034 DOI: 10.1186/s13063-015-0549-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/05/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Breath odor is a nuisance problem for many people around the world. Bad breath affects social interactions of people in daily life by causing personal discomfort and emotional stress. There are chemical and mechanical methods for controlling oral malodor. Many studies of various mouth rinse applications and tongue cleaning procedures have been conducted. However, few studies have compared the effect of simultaneous chemical and mechanical procedures on the reduction of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs) in subjects with oral malodor. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of different oral hygiene procedures on reduction of VSCs in subjects with oral malodor. Methods Thirty male volunteers who matched with study criteria were divided randomly into two groups. Both groups performed tooth brushing, mouth washing with chlorine dioxide, tongue cleaning and combination of those in different sequence for five weeks. Total VSCs of subjects were measured with a Breathtron®, and oral health status was also examined. Quantitative analyses were performed using the Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS 16.0). Results There were no significant differences in oral health status between the two groups at the baseline. No significant decrease in oral malodor was detected after one week of tooth brushing. Significant reductions in VSCs were shown by adding mouthwash or tongue cleaning to tooth brushing from the second week to fourth week (P <0.01). The greatest reduction in VSCs was found at the fifth week after the practice of all three oral hygiene regimens. Conclusions Tooth brushing alone does not significantly reduce oral malodor. Mouth washing and tongue cleaning significantly reduce oral malodor, but combining tooth brushing, mouth washing and tongue cleaning regimens is most effective for oral malodor reduction. The results of this study could contribute to the formulation of appropriate preventive strategies against oral malodor not only for the general public but also for dental professionals serving as oral malodor-related service providers. Trial registration Registration number - ClinicalTrials.gov NCT02113137. Registration date – April 7th, 2014. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13063-015-0549-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ei Ei Aung
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Masayuki Ueno
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Takashi Zaitsu
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Sayaka Furukawa
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
| | - Yoko Kawaguchi
- Department of Oral Health Promotion, Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Tokyo Medical and Dental University, 1-5-45 Yushima, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, 113-8549, Japan.
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